Answers to Sample questions Chapter 5 Mark scheme 1. In pre-industrial Britain, peasant sport was described as occasional and rural. Explain when and where festival sports and games would take place. (3) Festival days /local gentry Holy days/church days/wakes Church grounds used/church patronage Village green/common land/street/road/fields During less busy times of year/agricultural seasons Public house/baiting pit/bull ring/market place 2. Outline the main characteristics of festival sports and games in pre-industrial Britain. (5) Limited/few/simplistic rules/unorganised Mob/large numbers taking part/mass participation Rural/large space used/no boundaries Violent/rough/cruel/blood sports/aggressive Prizes to winners/wagering/bets placed/gambling Patronage by upper classes Localised/played local teams Would last all day/ no time limits Basic/natural equipment/low cost/bladders used instead of balls 3. Outline the main values and characteristics associated with public school athleticism. (5) All round body and mind/holistic approach Health/fitness/endurance/stamina Leadership/responsibility/teamwork Temperament/discipline Integrity/honour/pride Owned by or under licence to Pearson Education Limited 2008 1
Sportsmanship/fair play/abiding by rules/taking part more important than winning Muscular Christianity Keeping out trouble/confined to school grounds 4. How was sport used as a means of social control within the public schools? (3) Keeping boys out of trouble/positive recreation Catharsis/getting rid of aggression/frustration Means of settling scores/arguments Educational values Confined to school grounds 5. Explain why the Olympic Games have been used as a political stage by nations and groups. (5) Hitler s use of the Olympic Games in Germany in 1936/first example of the Games as global political showcase TV coverage (from 1968) lead to increased exposure of the Olympic Games and opportunities for propaganda Success of hosting the Olympic Games can have benefits to tourism and the economy Use of the Olympic Games as a shop window: Protest groups recognise the event as a chance to put their protest on a world stage; Boycotts of the Olympic Games (1980 and 1984) by superpowers; Black Power in 1968. Black September in 1972 Many associate the top of the medal table with positive attributes so achieving a high ranking here can promote a country politically Taking part in the Olympic Games gives a chance for smaller nations to put themselves on the map/eastern bloc Olympic Games can bring nations together physically and so politically, e.g. reconciliation of North and South Korea, South Africa, success of Iraqi football team at Athens Beijing (2008)/Athens (2004) /Australia (200) the best Olympic Games ever staged put these countries in a good light on an international level 2 Owned by or under licence to Pearson Education Limited 2008
6. Explain, using examples, how sport in the UK is becoming increasingly influenced by Americanisation. (3) Increasing reliance on commercial/private sector funding/advertising American influence of sport/adapting practices that have developed in US sport Use of franchises Increasing influence of the media (a key financial influence in US sport)/selling media rights Sport acting as a high profile for advertisers and sponsors/commercial use of Olympic festoon/influence of Peter Uberroth Adoption of names /changing image of clubs/ club sponsors/changing club badges Matches as part of an entertainment package/cheer leaders/razzamatazz/few play many watch phenomenon A move towards gamesmanship/win ethic dominates in US sport An increase in the amount of money performers/athletes/players can earn 7. Discuss the pressures that led the Olympic Movement to withdraw the term amateur in the late 1980s. (3) Money from commercial sponsors/media has influenced the move towards an open status of Olympic performers Huge media influence on both the organisation and funding of the modern Olympic Games Audience attracts commercial sponsors/top programme TV companies are willing to pay huge amounts for exclusive screening rights/nbc paid 1.6 billion for TV rights until 2012 Olympic performers can become stars/household names New sports, such as tennis, needed to accommodate professional performers Pressures from nations, such as US, to allow dream team basketball players to compete in the Olympic Games Huge financial rewards may lead to an increase in deviance Owned by or under licence to Pearson Education Limited 2008 3
8. Outline the reasons why sports performers in the twenty-first century are tempted to use deviant methods in their pursuit of victory. (3) Pressure of Americanisation/increasing commercial sponsorship of athletes High reward for winning a gold medal increases the chance of deviance Increase in the extrinsic rewards now available to successful performers Since the 1980s sponsors are keen to associate themselves with athletes The end justifies the means/many athletes gamble as the potential rewards are worth the risk of getting caught Systemic use of drugs by countries, such as China and East Germany/superpower competition Spectators/ TV demands the highest, fastest, strongest Vast variety of drugs/difficult to control, e.g. EPO/the increase in technology and sports medicine means that cheats are usually one step ahead of the IOC Lack of funding into drug control by international sports bodies IOC has no real power over out-of-competition testing or testing in a home country 8. Explain how the concept of sportsmanship differs form the concept of gamesmanship. Explain why sport in the twenty-first century appears to be adopting the concept of gamesmanship. (3) 3 marks for 3 of (including the first): Gamesmanship encompasses the win ethic/and sportsmanship encompasses the traditional recreational ethic Increase in the extrinsic rewards now available to successful performers Since 1980s, sponsors have been keen to associate themselves with athletes Sportsmanship was linked to amateurism and upper class culture, whereas the Olympic Games are now professional and openly linked to gamesmanship Change in background/culture of competitors through the twentieth century, and a move away from public school values Winning relies on fractions of time/distance/ any advantage can be crucial High reward for gamesmanship/end justifies the means/potential rewards are worth taking risks for 4 Owned by or under licence to Pearson Education Limited 2008
Spectators/ TV want highest, fastest, strongest and thus gamesmanship is encouraged Counter argument there is no increase in gamesmanship, we are just more aware/media coverage/investigation 9. Define and explain the use of the term professional foul in modern sport. (3) 3 marks for 3 of (including the first): Professional foul is a deliberate act/ to prevent a score or success Reflects the win at all costs attitude developing in global sport Move away from sportsmanship or recreational ethic It is an example of gamesmanship and not sportsmanship The end result justifies the means 11. What is the role of the World Anti-Drugs Agency in attempting to control deviance in global sport? Outline the problems WADA face in carrying out this role. (12) 12 marks for 6 of (including two of the first four): WADA take a lead role in setting the banned list of drugs WADA work at encouraging all nations and sports to sign up to the anti-doping code WADA aim to set universal standards of fair play and codes of conduct WADA aim to create role models for national and grass roots organisations/players to follow Global games under intense media spotlight/scrutiny Global bodies take lead role in drugs testing/prevention Global sports bodies are often acting retrospectively/always a step behind the deviants/drug takers Advances in technology mean it is very difficult for global sports bodies to control their sports Advances in commercialism/win ethic means pressure to deviate is greater in the twenty-first century Problems over weighing up commercial pressure/employment laws and banning deviant athletes Cultural values vary, for example cheating may be difficult to perceive Monitoring and implementation are more difficult on a global scale than at a national level Owned by or under licence to Pearson Education Limited 2008 5
11. It is suggested that the rules and structures that modern sports use are now out of date and belong to the nineteenth century when they were introduced. Outline how sports have developed over the last two centuries and discuss the idea that they need to modernise their rules and structures. (12) 12 marks for 6 of: In early nineteenth century most performers were gentleman amateurs/amateur status tended to maintain the ethic of sportsmanship The Olympic movement is based around the public school ideal of taking part/the only attitude prevalent at the time As sport moves into twentieth century it becomes an activity for all including the working class/professional sport appears For most of twentieth century the Olympic Games maintains an amateur status Games played in the twenty-first century are based on rules established in the nineteenth century Political use of the Olympics in 60s and 70s led to some erosion of the ideal/the emergence of state sponsored athletes in the Eastern bloc/mirrored by development in US of college sponsored athletes Need to win for nation/political system led to some deviance Suggested that drug abuse became a central part of the East European sports system By 1990s commercial pressure on sport and athletes led to a change of focus Media pressure to have the best at the Olympics led to professional athletes, such as dream teams flouting amateur rules Pressure to have sports, such as tennis, in the Olympic also led to professionals taking part High reward for winning a gold medal increases the chance of deviance Much more pressure on athletes and sports political and commercial Advances in technology fuel the debate Does sports performance rely on technology rather than skill? : Has technology in performance advanced beyond that of technology in officiating? Huge and increasing media influence on both the organisation and funding of the modern Olympic Games TV now has the power to control the timing and scheduling of events Rise in deviance/rewards for winning now mean athletes are prepared to bend rules/drug taking Changing rules to enhance entertainment/ attract media and sponsorship contracts 6 Owned by or under licence to Pearson Education Limited 2008