Autonomous Environmental Profiling Moorings for Coastal Monitoring Jeffrey W. Book Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, MS
Introduction There are many reasons to monitor coastal environments such as marine protection, harbor protection, coastal science research, and environmental prediction. This can be technologically challenging due to fishing activity, navigation, biofouling, strong currents, etc. Fixed location resources offer distinct advantages over moving resources such as ease of interpretation and greatly reduced risk of system loss. Highly desired features Real-time reporting Water column profiles Autonomous control
Background Collecting Data Recovery by Pop-Up float Recovery by Ballast Drop Recovery if upside-down The Barny Trawl-Resistant Bottom Mount
Shallow water Environmental Profiler in Trawl-resistant Real-time configuration (SEPTR) SEPTR Cartoon no water column exposure the majority of deployment 1-24 programmable casts per day Deployment Protected Configuration ADCP Measurements Profiling Configuration CTD, Waves, & Optics Measurements Near Real Time Data Transmission Satellite Comms.
Shallow water Environmental Profiler in Trawl-resistant Real-time configuration (SEPTR) Deployment of Mooring Measured Time-series of Temperature Profiles Operational Surface Expression SEPTR technology enables near-real-time monitoring of waves and profiles of ocean velocity, temperature, salinity, and optics in heavily-fished, coastal waters.
Shallow water Environmental Profiler in Trawl-resistant Real-time configuration (SEPTR) 2 independent recovery buoys profiling CTD ADCP Temperature Optics trawl resistant shape on bottom Currents Sound Speed 4 3.5 3 NRL-SWAN forecasted vs. measurements by SEPTR (U102)at B90 SWAN -0 hrs SWAN -24 hrs SEPTR Waves 2.5 H s (m) 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 03/01 03/05 03/09 03/13 03/17 03/21 Month/Day, 2006 G:\DART2006\WANG\WAVEmodels\NRLSWAN\SWANnest\2006032212.nc sigpr00.m
GS5-12 GS4 GS3 GS2 GS1 30 m DART A90 (SEPTR) Cape Gargano A20 (BARNY) 100 m Manfredonia Gulf of Manfredonia 20 m 50 m B50 (SEPTR) B75 (SEPTR) B90 (SEPTR) Wave Buoy Met. Buoy Temp. Chain DART Summer 2006 Field Experiment
Eddy Activity Observed by SEPTR DART
Eddy Activity Observed by SEPTR DART A90 B90 B75 B50 Near Surface Currents (cm/s) 135 deg. T
Shallow water Environmental Profiler in Trawl-resistant Real-time configuration (SEPTR) Adriatic Sea Adriatic Sea Experiments 2006 2 month long field demonstrations DART BIOSPACE Mooring Straw Plan 6.2 Dynamics of the Adriatic in Real Time (DART) winter experiment 5 SEPTR Moorings 111 total profiles (best 71 profiles) summer experiment 4 SEPTR Moorings 302 total profiles (best 102 profiles) #Y Monterey Bay, CA #Y #Y #Y % #Y Biospace_moorings5.shp Lineb.shp % Oasis_moor.dbf Earth Cover (coastl) Hydrography (hydline) 0-50 51-100 101-200 201-1000 1001-3000 Earth Cover (coastl) Earth Cover (coastl) 6.1 BIOSPACE Monterey Bay Experiment 2008 2 week long demonstration 2 SEPTR Moorings 91 total profiles (best 53 profiles) N % W E 0.00004 0 0.00004 0.00008 Miles Damariscotta, ME S 6.2 Unattended Sea-bed Power for In-water Operations Damariscotta Maine Experiment 2009 & 2010 10, 6, & 20 day long demonstrations 1 SEPTR Mooring each year 139 total profiles (best 91 profiles) demonstration of benthic fuel cell charging SEPTR mooring
Simple Schematic: Benthic Microbial Fuel Cell
BUG equipped SEPTR
BUG equipped SEPTR before deployment on the bottom recovery after 2 ½ months
divers cover anodes 09/16 divers bury anodes 09/01 divers cover anodes 09/07 Under SEPTR Anode #1, Kaufman #409 Beside SEPTR Anode #2, Kaufman #408 Anode #3, Kaufman #406-G shorted Anode #4, Kaufman #410 Anode #5, Kaufman #404 exposed Anode #6 Kaufman #407 inefficient Anode #7 Kaufman #411 Anode #8 shorted, Kaufman #405
SEPTR batteries were recharged (slightly) in 2009 and in 2010 2010 charging batteries 1A&B odd & even days (charging 09/07) Batteries 2A&B odd & even days (no charging)
SEPTR Optical puck 2 backscattering channels & fluorescence Chlorophyll-a from fluorescence Monterey Bay, CA Chlorophyll-a from fluorescence Chlorophyll-a from fluorescence Adriatic Sea, Italy Damariscotta Maine
Technical Needs Optics sampling from 1 fluorescence channel and 2 backscatter channels are not sufficient for advanced ocean optics research topics. Additional optics sensors are needed Globalstar has transmission issues due to lack of satellites, bent pipe principle, etc. Iridium performs better for most metrics Transmission loss due to wave activity should be reduced if possible Should use commercial parts where ever possible to reduce reliance on one of a kind manufacturing. Should use a standard computer operating system rather than a unique and proprietary operating system
profiling unit Technical Challenge Beam Attenuation Meter (BAM) 7 Channel Irradiance Sensor (OCR-507) additional Optical puck added to profiler
Invention profile unit (top view) test deployment in pool (BOPPERS cover removed) antenna (extended) 7 wavelength irradiance sensor backscattering, fluorescence optical pucks profile unit (bottom view) backscattering sensor fluorescence sensor beam attenuation meter
Bio-Optical Physical Pop-up Environmental Reconnaissance System (BOPPERS) Physical measurements: temperature, salinity, pressure, currents, waves. Bio-optical measurements: beam-attenuation coefficient, backscattering coefficient at 3 wavelengths, downwelling irradiance at 7 wavelengths, phytoplankton pigment (chlorophyll, phycoerythrin) and dissolved organic matter fluorescence. profiling unit acoustic doppler current profiler winch batteries
Summary SEPTR has successfully demonstrated that a coastal profiling mooring can be successfully used for environmental monitoring due to technical achievements allowing enclosure in a trawl-resistant housing. Coastal monitoring works best when profiling moorings are used in groups to resolve dynamic features like eddies. Persistent powering of these moorings using renewable energy is under development. BOPPERS is an innovation from SEPTR with significantly better optics sampling, better data transmission, and ease of reproduction. The platform is adaptable and with a few changes can used for other types of environmental sampling and/or data transmission relay. The Ocean Sciences Branch at NRL is generally interested in the development of new ocean sensing technology and interested in government/commercial partnerships for such endeavors.
Hank Perkins (NRL) Acknowledgements Alessandro Carta, Emanuel Coelho, Vittorio Grandi, and Lavinio Gualdesi (NURC/CMRE) Rick Gould, Mark Hulbert, and Andrew Quaid (NRL) Bill Hughes, Berry McCormick, and Richard Smith (QinetiQ North America, Trey Technology) Carey Harrington and David McNeal (QinetiQ North America) funding from the Office of Naval Research with additional support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Shallow water Environmental Profiler in Trawl-resistant Real-time configuration (SEPTR) SEPTR Specifications 100 meter profiles 1-24 programmable profiles per day Battery power allows for 4 profiles per day for 1 month duration Sensors ADCP velocity CTD & calculated SVP Significant wave height & spectra 2 Backscatter channels & Chl Globalstar satellite communications 5-10 minute duration transmission of near real-time data Trawl-resistant shape 2.2 meter diameter variable weight, 570-760 kg 70 cm height off bottom Proven design at sea 5 field demonstrations 643 profiles in real sea conditions POC Dr. Jeff Book, jeff.book@nrlssc.navy.mil