RED SEA URCHIN BRITISH COLUMBIA. Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. Sometimes known as Uni, Urchin Roe SUMMARY

RED SEA URCHIN BRITISH COLUMBIA Strongylocentrotus franciscanus Sometimes known as Uni, Urchin Roe SUMMARY Red Sea Urchins, members of the phylum Echinodermata ( spiny skin ) are moderately abundant along the coasts of northeast Canada. Sea Urchins are prolific breeders and can live over 20 years. They are hand-caught by divers, so bycatch is minimal with no damage to the habitat. Sea Urchins graze on kelp (a type of seaweed) and are eaten by many animals like sea otters, and therefore are an important link in the marine ecosystem. Chef Barton Seaver describes them this way: They have a soft texture with an intense briny bite. They have a lingering ocean flavor that is quite potent. Criterion Points Final Score Color Life History 3.25 2.40-4.00 Abundance 2.25 1.60-2.39 Habitat Quality and Fishing Gear Impacts 4.00 0.00-1.59 Management 3.50 Bycatch 4.00 Final Score 3.40 Color

LIFE HISTORY Core Points (only one selection allowed) If a value for intrinsic rate of increase ( r ) is known, assign the score below based on this value. If no r-value is available, assign the score below for the correct age at 50% maturity for females if specified, or for the correct value of growth rate ('k'). If no estimates of r, age at 50% maturity, or k are available, assign the score below based on maximum age. 1.00 Intrinsic rate of increase <0.05; OR age at 50% maturity >10 years; OR growth rate <0.15; OR maximum age >30 years. 2.00 Intrinsic rate of increase = 0.05-0.15; OR age at 50% maturity = 5-10 years; OR a growth rate = 0.16 0.30; OR maximum age = 11-30 years. 3.00 Intrinsic rate of increase >0.16; OR age at 50% maturity = 1-5 years; OR growth rate >0.30; OR maximum age <11 years. The intrinsic rate of increase is unknown for Red Sea Urchin, however, model predictions suggest r = 0.35 (Ramirez-Felix and Manzo-Monroy, 2000). The Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada states that Red Sea Urchins become sexually mature at around 2 years old when the test reaches 50 mm (2 inches) diameter (DFO1, undated). Red Sea Urchins reach a maximum size of 190-200 mm test diameter (DFO1, undated). Growth rate is dependent on food supply. The only growth rate (k) found was 0.13 (Ebert et al., 1999). A recent study using radiocarbon analysis concludes that the maximum age of Red Sea Urchins varies throughout its range, from 50 years in southern California to over 100 years in Washington State and Alaska (Ebert and Southon, 2003). Points of Adjustment (multiple selections allowed) -0.25 Species has special behaviors that make it especially vulnerable to fishing pressure (e.g., spawning aggregations; site fidelity; segregation by sex; migratory bottlenecks; unusual attraction to gear; etc.). -0.25 Species has a strategy for sexual development that makes it especially vulnerable to fishing pressure (e.g., age at 50% maturity >20 years; sequential hermaphrodites; extremely low fecundity). -0.25 Species has a small or restricted range (e.g., endemism; numerous evolutionarily significant units; restricted to one coastline; e.g., American lobster; striped bass; endemic reef fishes). The Red Sea Urchin is restricted to the northeast Pacific coastline ranging from Alaska to Cedros Island, in Baja California, Mexico (Ebert et al., 1994).

-0.25 Species exhibits high natural population variability driven by broad-scale environmental change (e.g. El Nino; decadal oscillations). +0.25 Species does not have special behaviors that increase ease or population consequences of capture OR has special behaviors that make it less vulnerable to fishing pressure (e.g., species is widely dispersed during spawning). Red Sea Urchins are widely dispersed in shallow water along the northeast Pacific coast, and undergo multiple spawning events. Red Sea Urchins spawn synchronously with males releasing sperm first, which stimulates the females to release eggs. The abundance and distribution of males influences fertilization success (Levitan, 2002). Poor fertilization success occurs if there are less than 2 Urchins per square meter (CDFG, 2001). Fertilization success peaks at 1-3 male Urchins per square meter (Levitan, 2004), and in areas with slow water currents (Levitan et al., 1992). The larvae drift in the water current for 27-131 days (Rogers-Bennett, 2007) before settling a long way from where they were spawned, and often under adult Urchins. +0.25 Species has a strategy for sexual development that makes it especially resilient to fishing pressure (e.g., age at 50% maturity <1 year; extremely high fecundity). Red Sea Urchins are broadcast spawners. They have extremely high fecundity with females releasing several million eggs during a single spawning event (CDFG, 2001). In British Columbia, spawning mainly occurs between March and September (DFO2, undated). +0.25 Species is distributed over a very wide range (e.g., throughout an entire hemisphere or ocean basin; e.g., swordfish; tuna; Patagonian toothfish). +0.25 Species does not exhibit high natural population variability driven by broad-scale environmental change (e.g., El Nino; decadal oscillations). 3.25 Points for Life History

ABUNDANCE Core Points (only one selection allowed) Compared to natural or un-fished level, the species population is: 1.00 Low: Abundance or biomass is <75% of BMSY or similar proxy (e.g., spawning potential ratio). 2.00 Medium: Abundance or biomass is 75-125% of BMSY or similar proxy; OR population is approaching or recovering from an overfished condition; OR adequate information on abundance or biomass is not available. The Red Sea Urchin population in British Columbia is considered to be healthy due to a precautionary approach to management (DFO, 1999; DFO, 2007). 3.00 High: Abundance or biomass is >125% of BMSY or similar proxy. Points of Adjustment (multiple selections allowed) -0.25 The population is declining over a generational time scale (as indicated by biomass estimates or standardized CPUE). -0.25 Age, size or sex distribution is skewed relative to the natural condition (e.g., truncated size/age structure or anomalous sex distribution). -0.25 Species is listed as "overfished" OR species is listed as "depleted", "endangered", or "threatened" by recognized national or international bodies. The Red Sea Urchin is not considered to be overfished and is thought to be sustainable (DFO, 2007). Only 2% of the recruited population is harvested each year (DFO, 2001). -0.25 Current levels of abundance are likely to jeopardize the availability of food for other species or cause substantial change in the structure of the associated food web. +0.25 The population is increasing over a generational time scale (as indicated by biomass estimates or standardized CPUE). +0.25 Age, size or sex distribution is functionally normal. Age/size distribution data is not available, but since a low percentage of the population is being exploited (2% of the recruited population) (DFO, 2001), it is assumed that age, sex and size distribution is functionally normal. However, no points were added due to a lack of information.

+0.25 Species is close to virgin biomass. +0.25 Current levels of abundance provide adequate food for other predators or are not known to affect the structure of the associated food web. Current levels of Red Sea Urchins provide adequate food for their predators and the structure of the food web is not affected. Sea otters are a major predator of Red Sea Urchins and can reduce the population to a level where a fishery is no longer viable (DFO, 2007). Sea Urchins need to remain above a critical density level to maintain their optimal habitats. When their density falls below the critical level, their grazing rate is insufficient to control algae growth and their habitat will be lost or become one favored by their predators such as crabs (Chen 2008). Current levels of Sea Urchins in British Columbia are sufficient to prevent this 'habitat switch'. 2.25 Points for Abundance HABITAT QUALITY AND FISHING GEAR IMPACTS Core Points (only one selection allowed) Select the option that most accurately describes the effect of the fishing method upon the habitat that it affects 1.00 The fishing method causes great damage to physical and biogenic habitats (e.g., cyanide; blasting; bottom trawling; dredging). 2.00 The fishing method does moderate damage to physical and biogenic habitats (e.g., bottom gillnets; traps and pots; bottom longlines). 3.00 The fishing method does little damage to physical or biogenic habitats (e.g., hand picking; hand raking; hook and line; pelagic long lines; mid-water trawl or gillnet; purse seines). In the commercial fishery Red Sea Urchins are hand-picked off rocks by divers or by using an urchin rake, and are measured to confirm they are above legal size. Urchins are stored in brailer nets or mesh bags and lifted to the surface where they are tagged, stored and processed (ADFG, undated; ODFW, undated). This method does little damage to the physical environment.

Red Sea Urchins are harvested for their gonads referred to as roe or uni'. Most are packed and shipped to Japan, and the rest is used in sushi restaurants worldwide (ODFW, undated). The roe yield accounts for 5-15 % of the animal s body weight (DFO, 1999). Points of Adjustment (multiple selections allowed) -0.25 Habitat for this species is so compromised from non-fishery impacts that the ability of the habitat to support this species is substantially reduced (e.g., dams; pollution; coastal development). -0.25 Critical habitat areas (e.g., spawning areas) for this species are not protected by management using time/area closures, marine reserves, etc. -0.25 No efforts are being made to minimize damage from existing gear types OR new or modified gear is increasing habitat damage (e.g., fitting trawls with roller rigs or rockhopping gear; more robust gear for deep-sea fisheries). -0.25 If gear impacts are substantial, resilience of affected habitats is very slow (e.g., deep water corals; rocky bottoms). +0.25 Habitat for this species remains robust and viable and is capable of supporting this species. Shallow coastal areas (< 125m depth) are thought to be robust and capable of supporting this species. +0.25 Critical habitat areas (e.g., spawning areas) for this species are protected by management using time/area closures, marine reserves, etc. Red Sea Urchins spawn throughout their range. Time/area closures are set up in British Columbia to aid in recovery of the population, and to monitor environmental effects on Urchin populations without the influence of harvesting (DFO2, undated; DFO, 2001). +0.25 Gear innovations are being implemented over a majority of the fishing area to minimize damage from gear types OR no innovations necessary because gear effects are minimal. Gear effects on the habitat are minimal.

+0.25 If gear impacts are substantial, resilience of affected habitats is fast (e.g., mud or sandy bottoms) OR gear effects are minimal. Gear effects on the habitat are minimal. 4.00 Points for Habitat Quality and Fishing Gear Impacts MANAGEMENT Core Points (only one selection allowed) Select the option that most accurately describes the current management of the fisheries of this species. 1.00 Regulations are ineffective (e.g., illegal fishing or overfishing is occurring) OR the fishery is unregulated (i.e., no control rules are in effect). 2.00 Management measures are in place over a major portion over the species' range but implementation has not met conservation goals OR management measures are in place but have not been in place long enough to determine if they are likely to achieve conservation and sustainability goals. 3.00 Substantial management measures are in place over a large portion of the species range and have demonstrated success in achieving conservation and sustainability goals. In British Columbia the Red Sea Urchin fishery is managed by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), with input from the Pacific Urchin Harvesters Association (PUHA). The Red Sea Urchin has two main fisheries in British Columbia and California, with smaller fisheries in Oregon, Washington State, and Alaska. The British Columbia fishery is divided into two regions: the south coast and the north coast (DFO, 2001). Fishing began off the southern coast, with the northern coast opening in 1984 (Muse, 1998). The commercial Red Sea Urchin fishery began in 1971 (DFO, 2001), but expanded in 1978 (Muse, 1998). The fishery operated under unlimited entry until 1991 when limited entry was introduced (Muse, 1998). Landings peaked at 12,700 tons in 1992, but have since declined to 4,886 tons in 2001 (DFO, 2001). Management measures include seasonal or all-year closures, harvesting districts, vessel licensing and regulations, limited number of permits issued to divers including individual

quota programs and compulsory logbooks, a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) fixed at 2% of estimated biomass, and dockside monitoring. There is a minimum legal test diameter of 90 mm to allow for 3-5 years of spawning before harvest (DFO, 2001). A coast-wide quota was set in 2001 at 4,885.9 tons of which 83% was allocated to northern British Columbia, and 17% to the southern region. Quotas were introduced in 1993 to stabilize the fishing industry (DFO, 2001). During the 2006-2007 fishing season 50% of the annual TAC was not harvested and only 66% of the licenses were used. This was blamed on bad weather, poor gonad quality and lower market demand in Japan due to competition from Russia (DFO, 2007). The 2007/2008 Red Sea Urchin Integrated Fisheries Management Plan states that there is no concern about the Red Sea Urchin stocks, and due to the precautionary approach to management, conservation goals are being met (DFO, 2007). As a result the British Columbia fishery is considered to be sustainable. Points of Adjustment (multiple selections allowed) -0.25 There is inadequate scientific monitoring of stock status, catch or fishing effort. -0.25 Management does not explicitly address fishery effects on habitat, food webs, and ecosystems. Sea Urchins have an important relationship with kelp and sea otters. Sea Urchins feed on kelp and are preyed upon by sea otters. If the majority of kelp diminishes the food web collapses. Urchins can reach low numbers if over-preyed upon by sea otters, and otter numbers can be reduced if the urchin is overfished. This food web relationship is known but not integrated into management plans. At present a commercial fishery does not exist where large numbers of otters are present (DFO, 2001; DFO, 2007). In addition, Sea Urchin density determines the amount or biomass of algae, and thus determines habitat type. The density parameter is not considered in the assessment and management of Sea Urchins. -0.25 This species is overfished and no recovery plan or an ineffective recovery plan is in place. -0.25 Management has failed to reduce excess capacity in this fishery or implements subsidies that result in excess capacity in this fishery.

+0.25 There is adequate scientific monitoring, analysis and interpretation of stock status, catch and fishing effort. Fishery managers monitor catch and the status of the Red Sea Urchin population. Stock assessments are made using surplus production models which have determined that 2% of the recruited Urchin biomass can be harvested each year. Biomass is calculated for each of 29 statistical districts off British Columbia (DFO, 2001). The Department of Fisheries and Oceans issues annual fishery updates and Integrated Fisheries Management Plans. Harvest log data is collected from divers' logbooks and dockside monitoring. Members of the fishery pay fees to conduct research through independent contractors which conduct surveys of fishing beds, fishing vessels and processing plants (DFO, 2001). +0.25 Management explicitly and effectively addresses fishery effects on habitat, food webs, and ecosystems. +0.25 This species is overfished and there is a recovery plan (including benchmarks, timetables and methods to evaluate success) in place that is showing signs of success OR recovery plan is not needed. No recovery plan is needed because the fishery is sustainable and not overfished. +0.25 Management has taken action to control excess capacity or reduce subsidies that result in excess capacity OR no measures are necessary because fishery is not overcapitalized. British Columbia has a limited entry Red Sea Urchin fishery with 110 issued licenses, and a coast-wide quota set at 4,885.6 tons. Individual quotas are calculated by dividing the total quota by the number of licenses in each region (DFO, 2001; DFO, 2007). Logbooks must be surrendered containing information on harvesting location, water depth, time spent diving, and number of Urchins harvested. 3.50 Points for Management

BYCATCH Core Points (only one selection allowed) Select the option that most accurately describes the current level of bycatch and the consequences that result from fishing this species. The term, "bycatch" used in this document excludes incidental catch of a species for which an adequate management framework exists. The terms, "endangered, threatened, or protected," used in this document refer to species status that is determined by national legislation such as the U.S. Endangered Species Act, the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (or another nation's equivalent), the IUCN Red List, or a credible scientific body such as the American Fisheries Society. 1.00 Bycatch in this fishery is high (>100% of targeted landings), OR regularly includes a "threatened, endangered or protected species." 2.00 Bycatch in this fishery is moderate (10-99% of targeted landings) AND does not regularly include "threatened, endangered or protected species" OR level of bycatch is unknown. 3.00 Bycatch in this fishery is low (<10% of targeted landings) and does not regularly include "threatened, endangered or protected species." Bycatch is very low because the fishery is highly selective. Urchins are harvested by divers either via hand-picking or using urchin rakes. Some Urchins are destroyed while trying to remove them from the rocks, and others need to be broken open to check gonad quality. Without including breakage to check for gonad quality, breakage accounts for about 10% of what is harvested off British Columbia (Muse, 1998). As long as the Urchin is not damaged undersized individuals can be placed back on the rock and will survive. Points of Adjustment (multiple selections allowed) -0.25 Bycatch in this fishery is a contributing factor to the decline of "threatened, endangered, or protected species" and no effective measures are being taken to reduce it. -0.25 Bycatch of targeted or non-targeted species (e.g., undersize individuals) in this fishery is high and no measures are being taken to reduce it. -0.25 Bycatch of this species (e.g., undersize individuals) in other fisheries is high OR bycatch of this species in other fisheries inhibits its recovery, and no measures are being taken to reduce it. -0.25 The continued removal of the bycatch species contributes to its decline.

+0.25 Measures taken over a major portion of the species range have been shown to reduce bycatch of "threatened, endangered, or protected species" or bycatch rates are no longer deemed to affect the abundance of the "protected" bycatch species OR no measures needed because fishery is highly selective (e.g., harpoon; spear). No measures needed because the fishery is highly selective. Red Sea Urchins are harvested via hand-picking or using urchin rakes. +0.25 There is bycatch of targeted (e.g., undersize individuals) or non-targeted species in this fishery and measures (e.g., gear modifications) have been implemented that have been shown to reduce bycatch over a large portion of the species range OR no measures are needed because fishery is highly selective (e.g., harpoon; spear). No measures are needed because the fishery is highly selective. Urchins are measured once picked, and as long as they are not damaged the undersized individuals can be placed back on the rock and will survive. In British Columbia about 10% of individuals are lost due to breakage (Muse, 1998). +0.25 Bycatch of this species in other fisheries is low OR bycatch of this species in other fisheries inhibits its recovery, but effective measures are being taken to reduce it over a large portion of the range. Bycatch of Red Sea Urchins in other fisheries is generally low. However, studies have found that sea urchins in general suffer high mortality in fishing industries that use beam trawls (Kaiser and Spencer, 1995). +0.25 The continued removal of the bycatch species in the targeted fishery has had or will likely have little or no impact on populations of the bycatch species OR there are no significant bycatch concerns because the fishery is highly selective (e.g., harpoon; spear). There are no significant bycatch concerns because the fishery is highly selective. 4.00 Points for Bycatch

REFERENCES Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG). Undated. Sea urchin fisheries in Alaska. Available at: http://www.cf.adfg.state.ak.us/geninfo/shellfsh/seaurchin/seaurchinhome.php California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG). 2001. Red Sea Urchin. In: California s Living Marine Resources: A status report. Available at: www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/status/red_sea_urchin. pdf Chen, Y. 2008. Personal communication. Ebert, T.A., S.C. Schroeter, J.D. Dixon, and P. Kalvass. 1994. Settlement patterns of red and purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and S. purpuratus) in California, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 111: 41-52. Ebert, T.A., J.D. Dixon, S.C. Schroeter, P.E. Kalvass, N.T. Richmond, W.A. Bradbury, and D.A. Woodby. 1999. Growth and mortality of red sea urchins Strongylocentrotus franciscanus across a latitudinal gradient. Marine Ecology Progress Series 190: 189-209. Ebert, T.A. and J.R. Southon. 2003. Red sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) can live over 100 years: confirmation with A-bomb 14carbon. Fishery Bulletin 101(4): 915-922. Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO1). Undated. Sea urchin biology. Available at: http://wwwops2.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/xnet/content/shellfish/sea_urchin/biology_urchin.htm Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO2). Undated. Commercial fishery notices: closures. Available at: http://www-ops2.pac.dfo- mpo.gc.ca/xnet/content/fns/index.cfm?pg=fishery_search&lang=en &ID=commercial Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO). 1999. Discussion on a precautionary approach for management of the red sea urchin fishery in British Columbia. Research document 99/094. Available at: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/csas/publications/resdocs- DocRech/1999/1999_ 094_e.htm Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO). 2001. Red sea urchin. Stock status report C6-09. Available at: http://www-comm.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/publications/speciesbook/invertebrates/redurchin.html Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO). 2007. Pacific Region Integrated Fisheries Management Plan, red sea urchin by dive, September 15, 2007 to July 31, 2008. Kaiser, M.J. and B.E. Spencer. 1995. Survival of by-catch from a beam trawl. Marine Ecology Progress Series 126: 31-38. Levitan, D.R. 2002. Density-dependent selection on gamete traits in three congeneric sea urchins. Ecology 83(2): 464-479.

Levitan, D.R. 2004. Density-dependent sexual selection in external fertilizers: variances in male and female fertilization success along the continuum from sperm limitation to sexual conflict in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. The American Naturalist 164(3): 298-309. Levitan, D.R., M.A. Sewell, and Chia, F-S. 1992. How distribution and abundance influence fertilization success in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. Ecology 73(1): 248-254. Muse, B. 1998. Management of the British Columbia sea urchin fisheries. Alaska Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission. CFEC 98-2N. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW). Undated. Sea urchins. Available at: http://www.dfw.state.or.us/mrp/shellfish/commercial/urchin.asp Ramirez-Felix Hector, E. and G. Manzo-Monroy. 2000. Evaluation of the use of two fishery access rights; concessions and permits, in a red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) fishery in Santo Tom s, Baja California, Mexico. IIFET 2000 Conference. Available at: http://oregonstate.edu/dept/iifet/2000/abstracts/ramirez-felix.html Rogers-Bennett, L. 2007. The ecology of Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and S. purpuratus In: Edible sea urchins: biology and ecology. Ed. J.M. Lawrence.