EVALUATION OF SEA LION PREDATION IN THE BONNEVILLE DAM TAILRACE

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EVALUATION OF SEA LION PREDATION IN THE BONNEVILLE DAM TAILRACE Robert J. Stansell Sean C. Tackley Karrie M. Gibbons Fisheries Field Unit USACE Portland District

USACE, ODFW, WDFW, CRITFC, NOAA Objectives/Results Pinniped Abundance Pinniped Predation Deterrent Activities Removal Program Movement Patterns Weight Gain Data

Observation Area, Bonneville Dam, 2002-2010 N WASHINGTON Hamilton Island Columbia River Robins Island Bradford Island Cascades Island Spillway PH2 Tanner Creek PH1 Primary Observation Area OREGON

RESULTS: PINNIPED ABUNDANCE Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus California sea lion Zalophus californianus Harbor seal Phoca vitulina

Minimum Estimated Pinniped Abundance at Bonneville Dam (Season Total), 2002-2009 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 California Sea Lions Steller Sea Lions Harbor Seals Total Pinnipeds 30 104 99 81+ 72 71 82 54 0 3 2 4 10 9 17 26 1 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 31 109 103 86+ 85 82 101 82

60 Daily Average and Maximum California Sea Lion Abundance, 2002-2009 50 Mean (SD) Maximum Daily California Sea Lion Abundance 40 30 20 10 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

30 Daily Average and Maximum Steller Sea Lion Abundance, 2002-2009 25 Mean (SD) Maximum Daily Steller Sea Lion Abundance 20 15 10 5 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

DAILY CALIFORNIA SEA LION ABUNDANCE, 2002-2010 60 NUMBER OF ZALOPHUS 50 40 30 20 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 10 0 1/1 1/8 1/15 1/22 1/29 2/5 2/12 2/19 2/26 3/4 3/11 3/18 3/25 4/1 4/8 4/15 4/22 4/29 5/6 5/13 5/20 5/27 DATE

DAILY STELLER SEA LION ABUNDANCE AT BONNEVILLE DAM, 2002-2010 NUMBER OF EJU 35 30 25 20 15 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 10 5 0 1/1 1/8 1/15 1/22 1/29 2/5 2/12 2/19 2/26 3/4 3/11 3/18 3/25 4/1 4/8 4/15 4/22 4/29 5/6 5/13 5/20 5/27 DATE

BUILDING STRONG

MARCH 1, 2010, 0630 TRAP ONE TRAP TWO TRAPS THREE AND FOUR

BUILDING STRONG

RESULTS: PREDATION

Annual Salmonid Passage and Estimated Consumption by Pinnipeds, Bonneville Dam Year Bonneville Dam Salmonid Passage Expanded Salmonid Estimated Consumption % of Run (Jan 1- May31) Adjusted Salmonid Estimated Consumption % of Run (Jan 1- May31) 2002 284,733 1,010 0.4% - - 2003 217,185 2,329 1.1% - - 2004 186,804 3,533 1.9% - - 2005 82,006 2,920 3.4% - - 2006 105,063 3,023 2.8% 3,401 3.1% 2007 88,474 3,859 4.2% 4,355 4.7% 2008 147,543 4,446 2.9% 4,927 3.2% 2009 186,060 4,489 2.4% 4,960 2.7%

Salmonid Consumption by California and Steller Sea Lions at Bonneville Dam, 2002-2009 Year Expanded Salmonid Consumption CSL Salmonid Consumption per California Sea Lion Maximum # Salmonids Caught by Individual CSL Expanded Salmonid Consumption SSL Salmonid Consumption per Steller Sea Lion 2002 1,010 33.7 51 0 0 2003 2,329 22.4 52 0 0 2004 3,516 35.1 35 13 7 2005* 2,904 35.9 11* 16 4 2006 2,944 40.9 79 76 8 2007 3,846 54.2 64 13 1 2008 4,294 52.4 107 176 10 2009 4,014 74.3 157 475 18 * - Observers not trained on individual ID of CSL due to late start.

CLEPTOPARASITISM (Stealing Prey) Year Total Steals ZCA From ZCA EJU From ZCA Other ZCA Sal. Take EJU Sal. Take ZCA Adj. Catch EJU Adj. Catch 2008 303 161 135 7 4294 176 4159 311 2009 490 152 324 14 4014 475 3690 799

Cummulative Salmonid Catch at Bonneville Dam, 2002-2010 Number of Salmonids 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1500 1000 500 0 1/1 1/8 1/15 1/22 1/29 2/5 2/12 2/19 2/26 3/4 3/11 3/18 3/25 4/1 4/8 4/15 4/22 4/29 5/6 5/13 5/20 5/27 Date

Cumulative Salmonid Counts for Bonneville Dam, 2002-2010 300000.0 Number of Salmonids 250000.0 200000.0 150000.0 100000.0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 50000.0 0.0 1-Jan 8-Jan 15-Jan 22-Jan 29-Jan 5-Feb 12-Feb 19-Feb 26-Feb 4-Mar 11-Mar 18-Mar 25-Mar 1-Apr 8-Apr 15-Apr 22-Apr 29-Apr 6-May 13-May 20-May 27-May Date

Daily Passage and Expanded Catch of Chinook and Steelhead by Pinnipeds at Bonneville Dam, 2009 180.0 10000 160.0 140.0 120.0 Chinook Take Steelhead Take Chinook Passage Steelhead Passage 9000 8000 7000 Estimated Take 100.0 80.0 60.0 6000 5000 4000 3000 Salmonid Passage 40.0 2000 20.0 1000 0.0 0 1-Jan 8-Jan 15-Jan 22-Jan 29-Jan 5-Feb 12-Feb 19-Feb 26-Feb 5-Mar 12-Mar 19-Mar 26-Mar 2-Apr 9-Apr 16-Apr 23-Apr 30-Apr 7-May 14-May 21-May 28-May Date

Cummulative Observed Daily Sturgeon Catch at Bonneville Dam, 2006-2010 1000 900 800 700 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Number of Sturgeon 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1-Jan 8-Jan 15-Jan 22-Jan 29-Jan 5-Feb 12-Feb 19-Feb 26-Feb 4-Mar 11-Mar 18-Mar 25-Mar 1-Apr 8-Apr 15-Apr 22-Apr 29-Apr 6-May 13-May 20-May 27-May Date

Sturgeon Predation at Bonneville Year Dam Tailrace, 2006-2010 Observed Catch Estimated Catch Adjusted Catch 2006 264 315 413 2007 360 467 664 2008 606 792 1,139 2009 758 1,241 1,710 2010* 914 ~1,300 ~1,500 * Through March 10, 2010

Estimated Chinook, Steelhead, and Sturgeon Take by Steller Sea Lions at Bonneville Dam, 2009 60 50 40 Chinook Steelhead Sturgeon Number of Fish 30 20 10 0 13-Jan 20-Jan 27-Jan 3-Feb 10-Feb 17-Feb 24-Feb 3-Mar 10-Mar 17-Mar 24-Mar 31-Mar 7-Apr 14-Apr 21-Apr 28-Apr 5-May 12-May 19-May 26-May Date

Length Distribution of Sturgeon Taken by Pinnipeds at Bonneville Dam, 2006-2010 300 250 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 200 Number of Sturgeon 150 100 50 0 UNK. <2' 2'-<3' 3'-<4' 4'-<5' 5'-<6' 6'-<7' >7' Size (Feet)

Year Total Hours Observed Expanded Pacific Lamprey Consumption Estimate Percent of Total Observed Fish Catch 2002 662 47 5.6% 2003 1,356 317 11.3% 2004 553 816 12.8% 2005 1,108 810 25.1% 2006 3,647 424 9.8% 2007 4,433 143 2.6% 2008 5,131 145 2.0% 2009 3,455 102 1.4%

RESULTS: DETERRENTS, TRAPPING AND REMOVAL

Deterrent Measures at Bonneville Dam, 2010 SLED s and FOG s installed and still effective (No entry into fishways observed after installed). ADD s installed near entrances and activated, no effect noticed. Hazing by USDA (land) and States (boat) continued, limited effectiveness. Trapping and removal program (15 removed in 2009, 11 in 2008).

Trapping (ODFW and WDFW) Up to 4 floating traps ODFW and WDFW Located near corner collector outfall at PH2, old Navigation Lock, forebay (C697), Astoria 3 Objectives: Remove Calif. sea lions that meet permit criteria (At Bonn. 5d, seen to take salmon, individually identifiable) Brand, acoustic tag, and release Calif. sea lions not on the list and in 2010 up to 10 Stellers

Trapping and Removal Results, 2008-2010 In 2008, 6 were trapped and sent to Sea World, 1 died under anesthesia, 4 died from a trap closure incident (3 not on list), 4 were branded and released. In 2009, 4 were trapped and sent to zoos/aquariums, 11 were euthanized after failing health exams, 5 were branded and given acoustic tags and released, 1 was already branded but given an acoustic tag and released. Total of 26 removed to through 2009 from list of 87 (only about 30 still likely to return in 2010). Note 6 additional removed so far as of March 10, 2010

Year Removal Program Targeting Biggest Problem Individuals So Far Salmonid Consumption per Removed CSL Salmonid Consumption per Remaining CSL Days Present per Removed CSL Days Present per Remaining CSL 2002 12.5 9.9 6.3 5.2 2003 28.5 8.4 15.5 6.3 2004 7.1 4.0 10.1 7.6 2005 2.6 1.6 10.9 7.1 2006 23.8 12.4 28.3 18.2 2007 18.6 12.4 28.5 16.6 2008 30.9 17.9 38.8 14.4 2009

Acoustic Antenna Array Locations

Acoustic Tracks for C926

Acoustic Track for C697

Weight Gains for Bonneville Pinnipeds 2 Heaviest California sea lions ever weighed on record were Bonneville animals (1,454lbs, 1,151lbs) C319 weight gain recorded (+339lbs in 5 months) C265 weight gain recorded (+484lbs in 2.5 months) C697 weight gain recorded (weighed April 2009, locked up into forebay May 2009, captured/weighed February 2010, gained about 250 lbs.

MAY 2008 ~ Astoria, OR Bonneville residents Astoria residents Photo by M. Tennis

Summary - Key points 1. Physical barriers effectively block access to fishways. 2. 4 years of active non lethal deterrence efforts failed to reduce predation on salmonids and sturgeon at the dam. 3. Trapping and removal program working for California sea lion abundance, but full benefits not know until after 5 years (ODFW estimates 800 to 1,700 salmon saved so far), but: 4. Steller sea lions beginning to become more of a problem with increasing abundance and more predation on both white sturgeon and salmon species and stealing prey. 5. Salmonid catch totals continue to increase (4,489; 2.4% of run in 2009). Higher if unidentified fish are included. 6. California Sea lions coming earlier each year (some in fall), and having impact on early spring Chinook stocks.

I couldn t eat another salmon.i feel sick

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