Productivity, Energy, and Resources Symbiosis Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism Hitching a ride Using an organism for shelter Using abandoned parts after death (hermit crabs) http://www.scubaduba.com/gallery/shark2.jpg
Mutualism Relationship benefiting both species Parasitism Relationship benefiting one species but harming another http://mybay.umd.edu/parasites.html http://mybay.umd.edu/parasites.html Other Facets of Life Response to Stimuli Growth and Reproduction
Response to Stimuli Certain marine organisms have developed unique methods for responding to stimuli in a water world Schooling of Fishes Fish schooling safety in numbers mass movements confuse predators fish need to react in unison very quickly http://www.walindi.com/walindiphoto/gallery/jpegs/31barracudaschool432.jpg http://science.howstuffworks.com/shark2.htm Other Communication How do marine mammals communicate locations and reproductive windows? How do sea turtles find the same beaches for spawning and egg laying year after year?
Use of Sonar Dolphins and whales Send signal, receive altered reflections Is it structure, or prey? There is evidence that dolphins can see sound distributions http://www.hearingresearch.net/files/dolphinbiosonar.htm Sonar Interference Location of both prey and underwater structure using sonar is important Nutrition Navigation Increasing evidence that ship sonar is causing mass strandings http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12533135/ http://www.savebiogems.org/images/whales/whales_main.jpg Growth and Reproduction Broadcast spawning http://fla-keys.com/newsletter/200508/ Oviparous spawning http://www.cefe.cnrs.fr/ecogev/sitegb/artemia.htm
Growth and Reproduction Viviparous Reproduction http://www.pvmirror.com/nature/164-humbackwhale-ing.html http://www.shark.ch/information/reproduction/index.html http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~perni/private/diving/galapagos/diving/diving.html Reproduction in the Oceans In all cases, reproduction involves uniting the sexes in a vast environment. Perhaps the most important facet in marine production is the methods by which organisms find each other Common locations for breeding Relies on timing and geolocation Broadcast spawning Increases diversity but relies on timing Mass breeding Marine Reproduction Broadcast spawning http://www.ag.auburn.edu/fish/image_gallery/details.php?image_id=209 http://thumbnail.search.aolcdn.com/truveo/images/thumbnails/64/b0/64b001adb8d3b6.jpg http://www.sfgate.com/getoutside/1996/feb/anogeninfo.html http://www.lib.noaa.gov/korea/main_species/abalone.files/fsdyh003.gif http://www.ocregister.com/newsimages/sports/2005/05/050305vent1.jpg http://www.onep.go.th/projects/neric/images/fish01.jpg
Coral Reefs What is a coral? http://www.mbari.org/seminars/2001/spring2001/may2_raskoff.html http://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/invertebrates/facts/cnidarians/ http://www.answers.com/topic/coral http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/corals/media/supp_coral01a.html Coral Habitats Tropics Low nutrients Small temperature range Abundant sunlight
The Coral Niche Likes Low nutrients Abundant sunlight Limited temperature range Tidal or current flow Low sedimentation Dislikes Nutrients Turbity/sedimentation Low temperatures High temperatures Stagnant water Coral Reef Habitat Predation Natural Coral Stessors Sedimentation
Changing Coral Reef Stressors http://www3.aims.gov.au/ibm/pages/news/sediment-trapping.html http://news.mongabay.com/2008/0818-hance_oceans.html http://www.stormcenter.com/media/envirocast/archive/060912/ http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/visions/coral/image3.html ENSO and Climate Change History of El Nino 1957-58 1965-66 1972-73 1977-78 1982-83 1987-88 1991-95 1997-98 2002-03 7-10 y pseudocyclicity History of La Nina 1950-51 1955-57 1964-65 1970-72 1973-76 1988-89 1998-99 2000-01 Has this periodicity changed through time? Coral Drilling
Coral Core Record from Coral Core Marine Effects of El Nino Bleaching of coral reefs
Changing Coral Stressors Diseases Bleaching (thermal stress) Land use change Ocean acidification Sea level rise Sewage and nutrients