Kayaking Tripping Program

Kayaking Tripping Program

Copyright 2016 by the Ontario Recreational Canoeing and Kayaking Association. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the written permission of the Ontario Recreational Canoeing and Kayaking Association. Published by the Ontario Recreational Canoeing and Kayaking Association. ISBN 978-0-9811849-5-1 Ontario Recreational Canoeing and Kayaking Association 93A Industrial Parkway South Aurora, ON. L4G 3V5 phone: 416-426-7016 fax: 416-426-7363 e-mail: info@orcka.ca website: www.orcka.ca

Kayak Tripping KAYAK TRIPPING COURSE PRESENTATIONS The Kayak Tripping curriculum emphasises leadership and risk management in a kayak tripping environment. The paddling skills are also important as they are the foundation for kayak tripping. There is a progression of the safety and paddling skills required in the various levels of the kayak tripping discipline. All the kayak tripping courses are to be done in appropriately loaded kayaks conditions in moderate paddling conditions, specifically: Wind Calm to < 29 km/h in protected inland waters (to 18 km/h in offshore conditions in large bodies of water such as Great Lakes or similar) Sea state < 0.5 m waves to 1 m waves in protected inland waters (rippled to 0.6 m waves in offshore conditions in large bodies of water such as Great Lakes or similar). Moderately exposed coastline with easy landing conditions readily available Kayak Tripping Level 1 Learn to Kayak Trip Kayak Tripping Level 1 provides an introduction to kayak tripping for those with little or no tripping experience in kayaks. The emphasis is on wilderness kayak camping skills and safety. Upon completion of Kayak Tripping Level 1, the successful participant should have the knowledge, skills and confidence to plan and execute overnight and short multi-night trips with other equally qualified kayakers in conditions consistent with their paddling skills. Though this course is an introduction into Kayak Tripping, the object is for kayaker to have gained sufficient skills to function comfortably as a member of a kayak trip under the guidance of experienced trippers or to plan small kayak trips in sheltered areas. It is expected that this course will prepare paddlers to progressively build their kayak tripping experience in a safe manner. Kayak Tripping Level 1 may be completed as one course or as two separate courses (Level 1A & 1B). The course will cover the safety, skills and theory components of Kayak Tripping Level 1 and will include a two-night kayak trip. The materials to be included in this Kayak Tripping Level 1, 1A and 1B courses are described on pages KT3 to KT5 (overview) and on pages KT6 to KT10 (detailed criteria). Kayak Tripping Level 2 Multi-day Trip Leader Kayak Tripping Level 2 is designed for those kayak trippers looking at organising, leading and/or guiding multi-day trips kayak trips. Kayak Tripping Level 1 skills are reviewed and expanded upon and new skills and theory are introduced to enhance the leadership ability of the candidate. The course involves a kayak trip, stressing organisation, safety, leadership, and risk and crisis management. Upon completion of Kayak Tripping Level 2, the successful candidate should have the knowledge, skills and confidence to plan and lead single or multi-day trips with kayakers of equal or less experience in conditions in conditions consistent with their paddling skills. The Kayak Tripping Level 2 course provides the risk management and leadership with the ORCKA Coastal Kayaking skills providing the competence in paddling skills required for leading a trip. Additional details on the recommended standards for kayak trip leaders can be found in Kayak Trip Leader Standards for the Conduct of the Trip Component of ORCKA Program. Kayak Tripping Level 2 is presented as one course., or may be divided into segments and includes a minimum three-night kayak trip. The materials to be included in the course are described on pages KT11 to KT12 (overview) and on pages KT13 to KT19 (detailed criteria). KT1

ORCKA Kayaking Program Kayak Tripping Instructor 2 Kayak Tripping Instructor 2 is an Instructor Level Course and is presented by the Ontario Recreational Canoeing and Kayaking Association and/or by ORCKA Organisational Members, with the approval of the ORCKA Board of Directors. The course is to be run in sheltered to moderate conditions with appropriate wind and waves (sea states). Several of the manoeuvres are to be performed in near-maximum course sea states. The course is to take at least 45 hours (a minimum of five days including the kayak trip). The course materials are described on pages KT21 to KT26. KT2

Kayak Tripping KAYAK TRIPPING LEVEL 1 LEARN TO KAYAK TRIP Kayak Tripping Level 1 provides an introduction to kayak tripping for those with little or no tripping experience. Emphasis is on wilderness kayak camping skills and safety. Upon completion of Kayak Tripping Level 1, the successful participant should have the knowledge, skills and confidence to plan and execute overnight and short multi-night trips with other equally qualified kayakers in conditions consistent with their paddling skills. Though this course is an introduction into Kayak Tripping, the object is for kayaker to have gained sufficient skills to function comfortably as a member of a kayak trip under the guidance of experienced trippers or to plan small kayak trips in sheltered areas. It is expected that this course will prepare paddlers to progressively build their kayak tripping experience in a safe manner. Prerequisites OVERVIEW OF KAYAK TRIPPING LEVEL 1 ORCKA Flatwater Kayaking or Flatwater Kayaking Level B, equivalent certification or comparable skills and experience (with the permission of the Course Director) Kayak Type A suitable kayak for this course must be able to carry adequate cargo within the kayak for an overnight or multi-night trip at least one sealed bulkhead and a closed cockpit. Course Conditions Sheltered to Moderate. Wind Calm to < 29 km/h in protected inland waters (to 18 km/h in offshore conditions in large bodies of water such as Great Lakes or similar). Sea state < 0.5 m waves to 1 m waves in protected inland waters (rippled to 0.6 m waves in offshore conditions in large bodies of water such as Great Lakes or similar). Note: Several manoeuvres are to be performed in kayaks loaded with gear for tripping. Course Location Moderate. Moderately exposed coastline with easy landing conditions readily available. Course Presentation Kayak Tripping Level 1 may be completed as one course. The recommended minimum time for the course is eight hours of instruction and practice over three days including a two-night kayak trip. Extending the recommended minimum number of hours may be necessary to accomplish this end. Offering the course with a three-night kayak trip means much of the instruction and practice could be covered during the trip. The Instructor to Participant ratio is 1:6 and for the trip component one Instructor and a leader are needed. Kayak Tripping Level 1 may also be completed as two separate Courses. If two separate certification courses are chosen, two separate overnight kayak trips should be included, one as part of each course. The recommended minimum time for each of Kayak Tripping Level 1A and 1B is four to six hours each of instruction and practice in addition to the overnight kayak trip. This method provides fewer safety and theory items to be dealt with at any one time and more hands on experience and may be beneficial to some groups. KT3

ORCKA Kayaking Program OVERVIEW OF KAYAK TRIPPING LEVEL 1 (con t) Safety Theory Safety review Kayak design and construction Rescue of a swimmer Kayaking first aid Towing rescue Repair kit Recovery of a kayak Weather Peer rescue Environmental practices and concerns Assisted roll rescue Kayaking tripping resources Unassisted self-rescue Touring Communications Trip planning Skills Personal risk management Launching and removing kayak Personal and Group Safety Equipment Kayaking Navigation Packing Kayak trip Food and menu planning Campsites and shelters Fires and stoves Ropes and knots Prerequisites OVERVIEW OF KAYAK TRIPPING LEVEL 1A ORCKA Flatwater or Flatwater Kayaking Level B, equivalent certification or comparable skills and experience (with the permission of the Course Director) Safety Safety review Rescue of a swimmer Peer rescue Assisted roll Communications Skills Launching and removing kayak Kayaking Packing Campsites and shelters Ropes and knots Theory Kayaking first aid Weather Environmental practices and concerns Touring Trip planning Personal risk management Navigation Kayak trip KT4

Kayak Tripping OVERVIEW OF KAYAK TRIPPING LEVEL 1B Prerequisites ORCKA Kayak Tripping Level 1A Safety Skills Towing rescue Recovery of a kayak Peer rescue Unassisted self-rescue Kayaking Food and menu planning Navigation Fires and stoves Kayak trip Theory Kayak design and construction Kayaking first aid Repair kit Weather Kayak tripping resources Touring Trip planning Personal risk management Personal and Group Safety Equipment Navigation Kayak trip KT5

ORCKA Kayaking Program SAFETY All safety manoeuvres are to be performed while wearing a PFD and all paddling equipment required for the particular paddling environment of this course. All appropriate safety procedures will be conducted with loaded kayaks with equivalent to camping, safety and personal gear for an overnight trip. Candidates are to be comfortable being in deep water in course conditions with a PFD. Safety Review The candidate must be able to demonstrate mastery of all safety procedures as outlined in ORCKA Flatwater Kayaking under the ORCKA Kayak Tripping Level 1 conditions. Rescue of a Swimmer (a) The candidate as a swimmer will get to shore by holding on to the rescuer s kayak while the rescuer paddles to shore (the victim may assist in moving to shore). (b) The candidate as a rescuer will get a swimmer to shore by having the swimmer climb onto the bow or stern of the rescuer s kayak; the rescuer will paddle to shore. The candidate should be aware of the suitability of these techniques in different situations and the inherent dangers in various water conditions. Towing Rescue (a) The candidate will get a swamped kayak, its former occupant (swimmer) and gear to shore. The victim will take hold of the rescuer s kayak and may assist in moving to shore. (b) The candidate will tow a kayak and incapacitated kayaker for at least 25 metres and demonstrate an emergency release. When a towline is attached to the kayak for towing purposes, it must be a quick release line. The candidate should be aware of the suitability of these techniques in different situations and the inherent dangers in various water conditions. Recovery of a Kayak The candidate will approach a swamped or capsized kayak and manoeuvre it to the shore. The kayak can be bumped or towed, as circumstances dictate. If a towline is attached to the kayak for towing purposes, it must be a quick release line. Empty the kayak using either a shallow water or shore-based technique. The procedure is not complete until all equipment from the loaded kayak has been retrieved and reloaded into the kayak. Peer Rescue (a) The candidate will take part in a kayak over kayak rescue (bow tip-out, T-rescue, X-rescue) as the victim and will be assisted in re-entering the kayak. The kayak will be empty or near-empty of water. (b) The candidate will take part in a kayak over kayak rescue (bow tip-out, T-rescue, X-rescue) as the rescuer and will assist the victim in re-entering the kayak as necessary. The kayak will be empty or near-empty of water. KT6

Kayak Tripping Assisted Roll Rescue While floating in water of adequate depth to be considered safe, the candidate will voluntarily capsize the kayak, remain in the cockpit and signal for an assisted roll rescue. When the rescuer arrives, the victim will roll up. The rescuer may present the bow, stern or side of the kayak or the paddle to assist with the victim s roll. Candidates should perform this rescue as victim and rescuer. The candidate, as victim, must show confidence and control. Unassisted Self-rescue Several methods of self rescue will be demonstrated in unloaded or loaded kayaks including unassisted roll rescue and paddle float self rescue. Communications The candidate will demonstrate knowledge of and will practice appropriate communication signals within the group while on this Course. These may be voice, whistle, hand, and/or paddle signals, as decided upon by the group. The candidate will aware of what to do in the event of a capsize. This topic should be covered by the 1A candidates and reviewed for the 1B candidates. During the 1B course, the candidate should be aware of the available emergency communication methods such as cell/satellite phones, VHF marine radios, flares, signal mirrors, strobe lights, EPIRBs (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon/PLBs (Personal Locator Beacon)/SPOT Satellite GPS Messenger device, and light signals. SKILLS All appropriate skills are to be performed while wearing a PFD and all paddling equipment required for the particular paddling environment of the Course. Launching and Removing Kayak (Loaded Kayak) The candidate will demonstrate the launching of a loaded kayak from different types of shorelines. Care must be shown to preserve the integrity of the kayak and the kayaker. As such, the candidate may be assisted in the launch (using peers and/or devices). The candidate will similarly demonstrate landing and removal of the loaded kayak from the water at different types of shorelines. The conditions will include waves at the shoreline beyond what were experienced in ORCKA Flatwater Kayaking conditions. Kayaking (Loaded Kayak) The candidate will demonstrate competence in the kayaking skills of ORCKA Flatwater Level. The candidate must show an ability to control the kayak in moderately rough water (waves not to exceed 0.6 m in height in protected inland waters (1 m waves in offshore conditions in large bodies of water such as Great Lakes or similar). This must be demonstrated on both Kayak Tripping Level 1A (with reduced paddling conditions of waves not to exceed 0.3 m in height (or 0.5m in offshore conditions)) and Kayak Tripping Level 1B Courses. The candidate should be able to perform the above, (a) and (b), with a kayak loaded with with equivalent to camping, safety and personal gear for an overnight trip. KT7

ORCKA Kayaking Program Packing The candidate will demonstrate approved methods of waterproof packing of food, sleeping bag, tent, personal effects, etc. The candidate will show how to properly load a kayak with the tripping gear. Gear must be distributed to preserve the kayaks trim. Gear must be packed so that items that may be required throughout the trip are accessible. Food and Menu Planning (a) The candidate will show a good basic knowledge of appropriate and interesting trip foods. He must also discuss the importance of good nutrition for kayak tripping and know how to translate nutritional needs into suitable camping menus considering the following: caloric needs, portability, cost, taste, variety, ease of preparation, food allergies, and food preparation. (b) The candidates should be able to prepare a menu for a five-day wilderness kayak trip. (c) All candidates will assist in the meal preparations on the kayak trip. Campsites and Shelters The candidate will describe the essential and desirable attributes of a good campsite. The candidate will be involved in the selection of campsites, with these attributes in mind. The candidate will demonstrate the ability to pitch several types of tents. He/she will also demonstrate how to erect a kitchen tarp. Fires and Stoves (a) The candidate should be familiar with the operation of several types of stoves suitable for kayak tripping and have practice in their operation. (b) The candidate will describe various methods of setting up a fire for purposes of warming, cooking or baking. The candidate may carefully demonstrate one such method. (c) The candidate should be able to describe the advantages and disadvantages of the use of stoves and fires, considering safety and environmental impact. Ropes and Knots THEORY The candidate should be aware of different types of rope and which are more applicable to the kayak tripping situation. The candidate should be able to perform knots and hitches that are useful for the following: (a) Rigging towing lines (b) Securing to shore and other boats (c) Setting up a clothesline (d) Setting up a tarp (e) Hanging food (f) Joining ropes (g) Securing kayaks and equipment to a vehicle or storage rack KT8

Kayak Tripping Kayak Design and Construction The candidate should know the advantages and disadvantages of various kayak designs that may be used in a tripping context. He/she should be familiar with different construction methods and materials used in the manufacture of tripping kayaks. Kayaking First Aid (a) The essential items of a basic first aid kit, their uses and wilderness first aid training will be discussed. (b) The signs, symptoms and prevention of each of the following will be discussed: hypothermia, overexposure to sun and wind, dehydration and heat disorders (cramp, exhaustion and stroke. (c) The candidate must describe at least two methods of purifying drinking water and discuss the appropriate use of such methods. Repair Kit (a) The candidate must be aware of common kayak and equipment repair items and tools. (b) The candidate should be able to discuss common kayak damage and how to improvise in-the-field repairs. Equipment maintenance should be an integral part of these discussions. Weather Interpretation The candidate will demonstrate knowledge of the influence of wind, rain, and lightning on trip procedures. He/she should be familiar with at least 4 items of traditional weather lore useful to kayak trippers. Environmental Practices and Concerns (a) The candidate will demonstrate an understanding of the concept of no trace camping. The candidate must indicate knowledge of the active layer of soil, proper toilet, cooking fire, disposal of grey water, and garbage procedures. (b) The candidate should be aware of the effects of certain industries on our waterways and of current concerns of the kayaking community with regard to public issues involved in wilderness preservation, public access and travel. (c) How to provide protection from biting insects by attention to clothing, shelter, campsite location, repellents, and bug hats and jackets or suits will be discussed. The basics of the habits and habitations of mosquitoes, black flies, deer flies, sand flies, wasps, ticks, etc. will also be discussed. (d) Appropriate measures that should be taken to avoid encounters with or when encountering potentially dangerous animals; namely bears, deer, moose, snakes and rabid animals will be discussed. A sound working knowledge of how to store food and maintain a clean campsite and thus avoid molestation from bears, raccoons and other animals will be discussed and should be demonstrated on the course trip. Kayak Tripping Resources The candidate should be aware of the Ontario Recreational Canoeing and Kayaking Association, provincial and national parks, conservation authorities, kayaking schools, kayaking clubs, outfitters, books, magazines, websites, and films/videos which pertain to kayaking tripping. The candidate should KT9

ORCKA Kayaking Program also be made aware of topographical maps, hydrological charts, Tide and Current tables and Chart #1, and locations where he/she can further paddling skills in a safe environment. Trip Planning TOURING The candidate must have sufficient skill and knowledge to plan a five-day kayak trip of his/her own. This would include such things as: why, where, when, who, what, and how. The kayak trip that is part of the Course will serve as a model for this exercise. Personal Risk Management (a) Each candidate must be aware of his/her personal limitations and responsibilities to others in the group. (b) The candidate should understand that good judgement is important in assessing their abilities and limitations and not to exceed them in dealing with waves, wind, weather conditions, boat traffic and remoteness of paddling location. (c) The candidate must demonstrate an awareness of good judgement with respect to travel in rough water. Personal and Group Safety Equipment a) The candidate should be able to produce a list of all personal and group gear necessary for a five-day wilderness kayak trip and explain why the various items are included. He/she should also be able to describe the characteristics of quality tripping gear. b) The candidate must demonstrate a reasonable knowledge of appropriate clothing to be taken on various types of trips, taking into account the possible extreme changes in temperature, the likelihood of heavy and extended rain, cold water, wind, and buggy conditions. The candidate should be able to justify all other personal effects, including toilet articles (soaps, etc.), flashlight, knife, whistle, compass, etc. Navigation The candidate will demonstrate an ability to use a compass and topographical maps and charts. He/she must be able to orient the map/chart to a chosen direction of travel; take compass bearings from the map/chart and relate these to the field; pinpoint his/her location several times on the map/chart during the kayak trip, using the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) or degrees/minutes/seconds markings. Kayak Trip The candidate must participate in a two-night kayak trip. The kayaks are to be loaded with the camping, safety and personal gear required for the trip. Each person should (as much as is possible and practical) put into practice the safety, skills and theory materials outlined in the Course. If Kayak Tripping Level 1 is divided into 2 courses (1A and 1B), each course must have a trip of at least an overnight duration. KT10

Kayak Tripping KAYAK TRIPPING LEVEL 2 (Trip Leader) Kayak Tripping Level 2 is designed for those kayak trippers looking at organising, leading and/or guiding multi-day trips kayak trips. Kayak Tripping Level 1 skills are reviewed and expanded upon and new skills and theory are introduced to enhance the leadership ability of the candidate. The course involves a kayak trip, stressing organisation, safety, leadership, and risk and crisis management. Upon completion of Kayak Tripping Level 2, the successful candidate should have the knowledge, skills and confidence to plan and lead single or multi-day trips with kayakers of equal or less experience in conditions in conditions consistent with their paddling skills. The Kayak Tripping Level 2 course provides the risk management and leadership with the ORCKA Coastal Kayaking skills providing the competence in paddling skills required for leading a trip. Additional details on the recommended standards for kayak trip leaders can be found in Kayak Trip Leader Standards for the Conduct of the Trip Component of ORCKA Program. OVERVIEW OF KAYAK TRIPPING LEVEL 2 Prerequisites 1. At least 17 years of age 2. ORCKA Kayak Tripping Level 1, equivalent certification or comparable skills and experience (with the permission of the Course Director) 3. ORCKA Coastal Kayaking Level 1 or equivalent certification (with the permission of the Course Director) 4. At least 25 nights of kayak tripping experience; kayak tripping distances totalling at least 500 km; at least six kayak trips in which the candidate was responsible for some of the organisation and leadership; and at least one near-wilderness kayak trip of five days or more 5. A VHF marine radio license and wilderness first aid certification are recommended Kayak Type A suitable kayak for this course must be able within in the kayak to carry sufficient cargo for an overnight or multi-night trip and have at least one sealed bulkhead and a closed cockpit. Course Conditions Sheltered to Moderate. Wind Calm to < 29 km/h in protected inland waters (to 18 km/h in offshore conditions in large bodies of water such as Great Lakes or similar). Sea state up to 1 m waves in protected inland waters (up to 0.6 m waves in offshore conditions in large bodies of water such as Great Lakes or similar). Note: Several manoeuvres are to be performed in near-maximum course sea states. Course Location Moderate. Moderately exposed coastline with easy landing conditions readily available KT11

ORCKA Kayaking Program OVERVIEW OF KAYAK TRIPPING LEVEL 2 (con t) Course Presentation Kayak Tripping Level 2 is presented as one course. The course may be divided into segments or presented as an intensive five-day course with 16 hours of instruction and including a three-night kayak trip. The Instructor to Participant ratio is 1:6 and for the trip component one Instructor and a leader are needed. The five-day course may contain a four-night kayak trip. In this case, almost all the instruction and practice will occur on the trip. This approach may better suit some course participants and locations. Extending the recommended minimum number of hours may be necessary to allow all course candidates to accomplish all course components and be successful. Safety Safety review Rescue of a swimmer Towing rescue Peer rescue Assisted roll rescue Unassisted roll rescue Unassisted re-entry Advanced rescues Communications Skills Skill review Kayaking Food and menu planning Theory Theory review Kayak design and construction Equipment repair and maintenance Kayaking history Wilderness first aid Weather interpretation Environmental Awareness Touring Trip planning, reporting and assessment Personal and Group Safety Equipment Navigation Group awareness and management Group Dynamics Trip leadership Risk management Crisis management Running a shuttle Kayak trip some of the required skills are to also be performed in near-maximum course sea states. Refer to detailed skill description for more details KT12

Kayak Tripping SAFETY All safety manoeuvres are to be performed while wearing a PFD and all paddling equipment required for the particular paddling environment of the course. All appropriate safety procedures will be conducted with loaded kayaks with equivalent to camping, safety and personal gear for an overnight trip. Care is to taken when performing the safety manoeuvres in course conditions including use of helmets, as appropriate and positioning of the paddler s and rescuer s body and hands. Candidates are to be comfortable being in deep water in course conditions with a PFD. Safety Review The candidate must be able to demonstrate mastery of all safety procedures as outlined in the ORCKA Flatwater Kayaking, ORCKA Kayak Tripping Level 1 and ORCKA Coastal Kayaking Level 1 under the ORCKA Kayak Tripping Level 2 sea conditions. Rescue of a Swimmer (a) The candidate as a swimmer will get to shore by holding on to the rescuer s kayak while the rescuer paddles to shore (the victim may assist in moving to shore). (b) The candidate as a rescuer will get a swimmer to shore by having the swimmer climb onto the bow or stern of the rescuer s kayak; the rescuer will paddle to shore. The candidate should be aware of the suitability of these techniques in different situations and the inherent dangers in various water conditions. Towing Rescue The candidate will, as a minimum: (a) Tow a kayak and kayaker for at least 25 metres and demonstrate an emergency release. This rescue is to be performed with appropriate control in near-maximum course sea states or demonstration (repeatable) quality in half of the course sea state conditions. (b) Perform a contact rescue of an incapacitated kayaker in his/her kayak (c) Participate in a two-kayak tow The candidate should be aware of the suitability of these techniques in different situations and water conditions and the inherent dangers of towing. If a towline is attached to the kayak for towing purposes, it must be a quick release line. Peer Rescue (a) The candidate will take part in a kayak over kayak rescue as the victim and may be assisted in reentering the kayak. The kayak will be empty or near-empty of water. (b) The candidate as the rescuer will perform the rescue assisting the victim in re-entering the kayak as necessary. The type of rescue performed will be appropriate to the circumstances. The kayak will be empty or near-empty of water. This rescue is to be performed with appropriate control in nearmaximum course sea states or demonstration (repeatable) quality in half of the course sea state conditions. (c) The candidate is to perform a scoop rescue, which is often the most suitable but is time consuming. (d) The candidate is to be aware of a number of alternative techniques to perform rescues on victims with a wide variety of body type, fitness levels and kayak types. This may include utilising other group members to carry out or assist in the rescue. KT13

ORCKA Kayaking Program Assisted Roll Rescue While floating in water of adequate depth to be considered safe, the candidate will voluntarily capsize the kayak, remain in the cockpit and signal for an assisted roll rescue. When the rescuer arrives, the victim will roll up. The rescuer may present the bow, stern or side of the kayak or the paddle to assist with the victim s roll. Candidates should perform this rescue as victim and rescuer. The candidate, as victim, must show confidence and control. Unassisted Roll Rescue The candidate is to demonstrate a self rescue in calm water. Any method of roll or other self rescue can be used where the candidate does not come out of the cockpit. Unassisted Re-entry The candidate will capsize his/her kayak and wet exit in deep water. The candidate will re-enter the kayak without assistance from another kayaker and prepare to resume paddling. This can be accomplished with aids such as rigid or inflatable paddle float or sponsons or using alternative techniques such as re-enter and roll. How and when the water is removed and the kayaker re-enters will depend on circumstances. This manoeuvre is to be performed with appropriate control in nearmaximum course sea states or demonstration (repeatable) quality in half of the course sea state conditions. Advanced Rescues The candidate will: (a) Assist a kayaker who is unable to release the spray skirt. While floating in water of adequate depth to be considered safe, the victim will voluntarily capsize the kayak and remain in the cockpit. When the rescuer arrives, he/she will reach underwater and unfasten the submerged kayaker s spray skirt allowing the victim to wet exit. (b) Rescue an unconscious victim. While floating in water of adequate depth to be considered safe, the victim will voluntarily capsize the kayak and remain in the cockpit. When the rescuer arrives, he/she will reach across the overturned kayak, grab the coaming underwater on the opposite side and roll the victim back up using both the cockpit coaming and the kayaker s PFD/clothing/body. (c) Participate in a multiple-person rescue. Two to four kayakers will capsize their kayaks in deep water. The group will work together to affect a rescue. The rescue is complete when all kayakers are back in the boats, the boats are emptied of water, the skirts are attached, and the group is prepared to paddle on. All candidates should participate in a rescue of this nature. Communications (a) The candidate will demonstrate a knowledge of appropriate communication signals (basic whistle, paddle and hand signals) to be used on a kayaking trip and while involved in a rescue. (b) He/she should also be aware of some basic signals and electronic devices and their limitations to communicate with rescuers or searchers outside the kayaking group and how/when/why to use them. These may be methods such as cell/satellite phones, VHF marine radios, flares, signal fires, universal distress signals, standard ground to air signals, signal mirrors, strobe lights, EPIRBs (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon/PLBs (Personal Locator Beacon)/SPOT Satellite GPS Messenger device, and light signals. KT14

Kayak Tripping Theory Review THEORY The review of any or all theory items from Flatwater Kayaking, Coastal Kayaking Level 1 and Kayak Tripping Level 1 is at the discretion of the Course Director. Kayak Design and Construction The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of: (a) The major principles of kayak hull design and the influence of these factors on performance (b) The types and properties of common construction materials (c) The advantages and disadvantages of various kayak designs and types of construction as related to the kayak s use Equipment Maintenance and Repair The candidate should be able to demonstrate sound knowledge of the items required to be included in a wilderness kayak tripping repair kit. This includes: (a) Good care of all equipment used throughout the course (b) Minor repairs to clothing, tents, packs/stuff bags and other essential tripping gear, (c) Minor repairs to wood-canvas, fiberglass, and plastic kayak (small tear or puncture, broken seat, missing or punctured hatch cover, etc. Kayaking History The candidate will be aware of the rich paddling heritage that Canadians share and evolution of recreational kayak tripping. Alternatively, this discussion could be some aspect of the kayaking history of the area of the Course kayak trip or another local area. Wilderness First Aid The candidate should be aware of the necessity for basic first aid knowledge and importance of responding to critical signs and symptoms that required immediate medical care in remote or wilderness situations. Weather Interpretation The candidate should be able to: (a) Identify 6 cloud formations, wind changes, and air pressure changes that indicate probable weather modifications (b) Describe the risk management procedures for severe weather such as high winds, intense rain, for and lightning (c) Obtain a marine weather forecast Environmental Awareness The candidate should be mindful of the local wildlife, its habitats and preservation. They must also have knowledge of, and abide by, relevant codes of practice including the rights of property owners. KT15

ORCKA Kayaking Program SKILLS All skills are to be performed while wearing a PFD and all paddling equipment required for the particular paddling environment of the Course. All manoeuvres are to be performed in loaded kayaks with equivalent to camping, safety and personal gear for an overnight trip. Skill Review The review of any or all skills items from Flatwater Kayaking, Coastal Kayaking Level 1 and Kayak Tripping Level 1 is at the discretion of the Course Director. Kayaking The candidate should demonstrate competence in entering, exiting, launching and removing in the ORCKA Kayak Tripping Level 2 conditions. The selection of appropriate launching and removing sites must be demonstrated and explained. The candidate is to perform the following Coastal Kayaking Level 1 manoeuvres in near-maximum course conditions or demonstration (repeatable) quality in half of the course sea state conditions: (a) Forward paddling kayak in a straight line over a distance of 250 metres showing an active posture (b) Reverse paddling over a distance of approximately 25 metres to a fixed point (c) Stopping when paddling forwards or backwards, within four strokes (d) Pivoting the kayak 360 degrees in both directions in conjunction with edging (e) Move the kayak sideways to the left and right two metres (f) Turning the kayak to the left and right while maintaining forward momentum in the direction of the travel using combinations of sweeps and ruddering techniques (g) Preventing a capsize with low and high braces on both sides Efficient and proper paddling techniques should be used consistently throughout the course. Food and Menu Planning The candidate will plan a suitable menu for a wilderness kayak trip of ten days. He/she should demonstrate competence in a variety of methods of outdoor cooking, in cluding baking, and be involved in meal preparations on the Course kayak trip. KT16

Kayak Tripping Trip Planning, Reporting and Assessment TOURING (a) The candidate will plan a 10-day kayak trip suitable for a group of his/her choosing. The trip plan should include such things as: trip objectives, trip length, difficulty, exposed or open coastline sections, potential campsites, possible changes of route, emergency evacuation routes, travel arrangements to trip location, equipment lists, menu, advance preparation for participants, leader s credentials, leader s responsibilities, etc. (b) The candidate will discuss the use of forms such as: registration, medical information, assumption of risk and responsibility, waiver, accident report, float plan, etc. Examples of these forms should be available to the candidate. (c) The candidate will devise ways of determining whether a trip has met its objectives and other posttrip responsibilities of leaders. (d) The candidate will examine trip logs and determine the 3 or 4 kinds of information that should be included in same. Each person will write a log of the course kayak trip and/or a group log may be written. (e) The candidate should be aware of the benefits and challenges to using tandem kayaks on a kayak trip including communication between the two paddlers, differences in performing safety procedures and paddling manoeuvres, and storage capacity. Personal and Group Safety Equipment The candidate should be able to produce a list of all personal and group safety equipment needed to lead a multi-day kayaking trip and explain why various items are included. Navigation (a) The candidate must be familiar with the navigation skills of Kayak Tripping Level 1. In addition, he/she must be able to select a kayak route from a topographical map or chart, indicate travel distances and directions, identify possible hazardous areas, take a back bearing, angle off, and triangulate a position. The candidate must distinguish among true north, geographical north and grid north and be able to apply corrections for magnetic deviation. The candidate must describe and demonstrate other means than a compass for recognising direction. The candidate should be able to pinpoint current location on the map or chart at all times when navigating. (b) The candidate must be able to select on route emergency egress points. The candidate must be familiar with practical navigation including selection of a route, keeping track of distance, and detouring around obstacles. He/she must be familiar with the requirements of local land and air based rescue resources for safe contact and egress sites on route. (c) The candidate should be aware of the design, function and use of different types of magnetic compasses (those with/without adjustable declination mechanism), the function and use of GPS technology, basic collision regulations and navigation aids. Group Awareness and Management The leader must be aware of his/her individual responsibilities on the trip and be able to meet the needs of each member of the trip. The candidate must show capability in problem solving, conflict resolution, and be able to clearly and effectively lead a group through a safe and enjoyable excursion. The candidate should be aware of paddling formations relevant to various situations in a kayak tripping environment. KT17

ORCKA Kayaking Program Group Dynamics (a) The candidate will be conversant with the stages of group development. (b) The candidate will display an understanding of the role of the group leader in each of the stages of group development. Trip Leadership (a) The candidate will demonstrate knowledge of appropriate leadership styles and procedures related to wilderness kayak tripping situations. The candidate should discuss dealing with communications within the group, morale problems, positive reinforcement, etc. In particular candidates will understand the essence of and appropriate application of: 1. Leadership styles 2. Leadership 4Cs: credibility, communication, common sense, crisis management 3. Communication methods 4. Legal liabilities associated with outdoor leadership and how to minimize their exposure (b) The candidate will demonstrate care and respect for all other participants on the Course. Risk Management (a) The candidate will be familiar with the risk management process and put it into practice while preparing for the course kayak trip and while on the kayak trip. For example, accessing concerns and hazards of the particular paddling environment, use of waivers, filing a float plan with an appropriate and responsible individual, risk and crisis management plans as well as what precautions can be taken to manage such risks. (b) The candidate should be aware of the minimum leader qualifications to lead kayak trips safely. Consideration should be given to the following as a minimum: leadership certification, kayaking skill certification whether a day or multi-day trip, wilderness or non-wilderness environment, paddling conditions, first aid certification, CPR certification and tripping experience as a minimum. Crisis Management (a) The candidate will be able to discuss examples of the various search and rescue procedures involved in wilderness tripping as well as emergency evacuation routes and procedures. The pros and cons of splitting the trip at critical times must also be discussed. The candidate will be familiar with and able to employ appropriately the following Crisis Management Plans: 1. Search Plan 2. Rescue Plan 3. First Aid Plan 4. Evacuation Plan, and 5. Follow-up Plan (b) The candidate is to be aware of how to handle a basic kayaking emergency including the safety of the rescuer(s), how to summon help, basic emergency signals used in wilderness travel and other services or assistance that can be called on during an incident. Running a Shuttle The candidate should understand the principles of organizing and running a shuttle. KT18

Kayak Tripping Kayak Trip The candidate will experience a rigorous kayak trip of at least three nights duration. The kayaks are to be loaded with the camping, safety and personal gear required for the trip. Each candidate must act as leader for a half day, during which time incidents will occur which the leader and the group will have to deal with. KT19

ORCKA Kayaking Program This page is intentionally left blank. KT20

Kayak Tripping KAYAK TRIPPING INSTRUCTOR 2 The purpose of the Kayak Tripping Instructor 2 Course is to provide a provincial certification of competence in the administration and instruction of ORCKA Kayak Tripping Programs and Courses. Prerequisite OVERVIEW OF KAYAK TRIPPING INSTRUCTOR 2 1. At least 18 years of age 2. Current ORCKA membership 3. ORCKA Coastal Kayaking Level 1 or equivalent certification (with the permission of the Course Director) 4. ORCKA Kayak Tripping Level 2 or equivalent certification (with the permission of the Course Director) 5. Any ORCKA Instructor certification or equivalent certification (with the permission of the Course Director) 6. Minimum of five years of kayak tripping activities a. Log of kayak tripping leadership or shared leadership for a minimum of 50 nights and 1000 kilometres b. Log of kayak tripping experience to include up to three kayak trips in isolated wilderness areas or near-wilderness, totalling at least 20 days and covering at least 400 kilometres 7. It is strongly recommended that all Kayak Tripping Instructor 2s have, in addition to their kayaking qualifications, some qualification in Swimming, Wilderness First Aid and CPR as well as having a VHF marine radio license Kayak Type A suitable kayak for this course must be able to carry sufficient cargo within the kayak for an overnight or multi-night trip and have at least one sealed bulkhead and a closed cockpit. Course Conditions and Location The demonstration quality safety and skills manoeuvres will be performed in course conditions and location described in Kayak Tripping Level 1 and 2: a) Sheltered to Moderate Course Conditions. Wind Calm to < 29 km/h in protected inland waters (to 18 km/h in offshore conditions in large bodies of water such as Great Lakes or similar). Sea state waves up to 1 m waves in protected inland waters (up to 0.6 m waves in offshore conditions in large bodies of water such as Great Lakes or similar) b) Moderate Location. Moderately exposed coastline with easy landing conditions readily available Several manoeuvres are to be performed in near-maximum course sea states. KT21

ORCKA Kayaking Program Presentation OVERVIEW OF KAYAK TRIPPING INSTRUCTOR 2 (con t) The Kayak Tripping Instructor 2 is presented by the Ontario Recreational Canoeing and Kayaking Association and/or by ORCKA Organisational Members, with the approval of the ORCKA Board of Directors The course is to take at least 45 hours (a minimum of five days including the kayak trip). The Instructor to Participant ratio is 1:6. 1. Safety 2. Skills 3. Theory and Touring 4. Teaching and evaluation 5. Programming and program development COURSE CONTENT EVALUATION OF CANDIDATE The Kayak Tripping Instructor 2 candidate will be evaluated by the following methods: 1. Continuous evaluation (by observation) of skills throughout the course. The candidate is expected to perform all manoeuvres described in ORCKA Flatwater Kayaking, ORCKA Kayak Tripping Level 1 and ORCKA Kayak Tripping Level 2 with demonstration quality. Several manoeuvres are to be performed in near-maximum course sea states. 2. Ongoing evaluation (by observation) of the candidate s performance in the areas of safety, care of equipment, group dynamics, and leadership. 3. Written and/or oral presentations demonstrating ability to communicate course content. 4. A minimum of three demonstrations of teaching ability, at least two of which will be on-thewater sessions in which the candidate teaches safety or skills manoeuvres selected from the ORCKA courses mentioned above. The candidate must select a site appropriate to the skill being taught and to the skill level of the students. In addition, development of appropriate teaching progression and strategies must be demonstrated. Teaching topics may be previously assigned or chosen, or may be assigned at short notice from a previously issued list. The course staff will determine the methods and number of tests in each content area. Candidates must demonstrate competence in all items they present. By preparing and participating in these lessons, candidates should be able to explain the content and standards of each test item in the Kayak Tripping Level 1 and Level 2 curriculum. 5. Written test of knowledge of course content of approximately one hour in length. Candidates must achieve a mark of at least 80% to pass. The following grades will be used for the evaluation of each test item: P (pass), W (weak), N (needs major improvement). The course staff will outline as clearly as possible the criteria that determine P, W and N assessments prior to any evaluations. To receive Kayak Tripping Instructor 2 certification, the candidate must achieve a P in all tests or all but one, which may be W, but not an N. KT22

Kayak Tripping EVALUATION OF CANDIDATE (con t) A one-time retest is available to all candidates, except those who receive an N in all categories (retesting will not be permitted in such cases). Retesting or fulfilment of incomplete test items may occur up to 12 months following the completion date of the course. Results at that time are final. Retesting will evaluate all the Weak and Needs Major Improvement items identified on the candidate s original course evaluation. Post-course evaluation may be undertaken only by the Course Director or designate. There will be an administration fee levied by ORCKA for the post-course evaluation. MANDATE OF KAYAK TRIPPING INSTRUCTOR 2 Upon successful completion of the Kayak Tripping Instructor 2 Course, the Instructor may: 1. Administer, instruct and certify Safe Kayaking, Flatwater Kayaking, Kayak Tripping Level 1 and Kayak Tripping Level 2 Programs and Courses, in accordance with ORCKA policies and standards, and in compliance with all laws governing such activities 2. Instruct at Flatwater Kayaking Instructor and Kayak Tripping Instructor 2 Courses, by invitation of the Course Director 3. Direct a Flatwater Kayaking Instructor Course, with approval from the ORCKA Board of Directors. 4. Direct and examine a Kayak Tripping Instructor 2 Course, if they become a Kayak Tripping Instructor Trainer 2. A Kayak Tripping Instructor is expected to promote the development of the ORCKA Kayak Tripping Program and to promote the development of safe, competent and knowledgeable recreational kayakers. KT23

ORCKA Kayaking Program SAFETY All safety manoeuvres are to be performed while wearing a PFD and all paddling equipment required for the particular paddling environment of the course. All appropriate safety procedures will be conducted with loaded kayaks with equivalent to camping, safety and personal gear for an overnight trip. The candidate must demonstrate all safety procedures outlined in Flatwater Kayaking, Kayak Tripping Level 1 and Kayak Tripping Level 2 if requested by the Course Director. The level of competence in these safety areas must be demonstration quality in the course conditions. Candidates must also identify potential hazards in a variety of kayaking situations and state appropriate preventative safety procedures. Towing Rescue Tow a kayak and kayaker for at least 25 metres and demonstrate an emergency release. This manoeuvre is also to be performed under control in near-maximum course sea states. Peer Rescue The following manoeuvres are to be performed in near-maximum course sea states. The candidates should be aware of the dangers when performing these rescues. The use of helmets, as appropriate and positioning of the paddler s and rescuer s body and hands should be considered: (a) The candidate will take part in a kayak over kayak rescue as the victim and will be assisted in reentering the kayak. The type of rescue performed will be appropriate to the circumstances. The kayak will be empty or near-empty of water. (b) The candidate will take part in a kayak over kayak rescue as the rescuer and will assist the victim in re-entering the kayak as necessary. The type of rescue performed will be appropriate to the circumstances. The kayak will be empty or near-empty of water. Unassisted Re-entry The candidate will capsize his/her kayak and wet exit in deep water. The candidate will re-enter the kayak without assistance from another kayaker and prepare to resume paddling. This can be accomplished with aids such as rigid or inflatable paddle float or sponsons or using alternative techniques such as re-enter and roll. How and when the water is removed and the kayaker re-enters will depend on circumstances. This manoeuvre is to be performed under control in near-maximum course sea states. Advanced Rescues The other safety procedures and rescues can be tried in near-maximum course sea states as time and conditions permit. Communications The candidates are encouraged to try a variety of communication methods in near-maximum course sea states. KT24