Report from SMHI marine monitoring cruise with M/V Aura

Martin Hansson Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Oceanographic Laboratory 17-1-1 Dnr: S/Gbg-17-17 Report from SMHI marine monitoring cruise with M/V Aura Survey period: 17-1-1-17-1-1 Principal: Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (SwAM). Cooperation partners: Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) & VG-shipping SUMMARY The October cruise, which is part of the Swedish national marine monitoring programme, covered the Skagerrak, the Kattegat, the Sound and the southern Baltic Proper. The stations in the Western and Eastern Gotland Basin could not be sampled due to delay caused by hard weather and technical problems with a winch. Totally six stations had to be cancelled. In the Sound acute hypoxia was found directly below the stratification at 1 meters depth down to the bottom. Acute hypoxia was also found in Hanö Bight and the Bornholm Basin from depth exceeding meters. Oxygen concentrations near zero were found from 7- meters depth. In the Arkona Basin the oxygen situation had improved since the last cruise in September, the whole water column was again well oxygenated. The nutrients DIN and DIP were generally depleted in the surface water which is normal at this time of year. Surface concentrations of silicate were still highly elevated in the whole southern parts of the Baltic Proper. Next monitoring cruise is scheduled to start in mid November. Adress: Sven Källfelts Gata 1 71 Västra Frölunda Telefon: 11-9 E-post: Martin.Hansson@smhi.se WWW: http://www.smhi.se/

RESULTS The October cruise was conducted aboard the Finnish vessel Aura and started in Gothenburg on the 1 th of October and ended in the same port on the 1 th. The winds in Skagerrak were fresh and increased to gale force in Kattegat. Due to strong winds and technical problems with the hydrographic winch a harbour visit was conducted to the port of Helsingborg. The winch could not be repaired but the weather improved and the cruise could be continued. However, the stations in the western and eastern Gotland basin could not be visited due to the delay. Totally six stations could not be sampled. During the expedition net samples of jelly fish was taken in order to evaluate a new monitoring method. The samples were photographed and the images will later be analyzed. This report is based on data that have passed a first quality control. When data are published at the national oceanographic data centre some values might have changed after further quality controls have been performed. Data from this cruise will be published as soon as possible on the data center s webpage, normally within one or two weeks after the cruise. Download data here: http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/oceanografi/havsmiljodata (only available in Swedish) The Skagerrak The surface water temperature in the Skagerrak was generally somewhat above normal for the season and varied between 1. and 1.7 C. The salinity was still above normal and varied between and 3. The halocline in outer Skagerrak was weakly developed but closer to the coast more pronounced and found between and meters depth. In the outer Skagerrak the thermocline was situated at 7- meters depth while at the coast the cooling of the sea surface had started and the thermocline was found close to the surface between - meters depth. Concentrations of nutrients in the surface water hade increased since the last cruise in September. The level of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, (sum on nitrate, nitrite and ammonia) ranged from below the detection limit to.7 µmol/l, which is normal for the season, while high concentrations,.3 µmol/l was noted at Släggö, situated near the coast. The concentrations of phosphate varied between.9 and.3 µmol/l, lower than normal in the outer Skagerrak while slightly above normal closer to the coast. The silicate concentrations ranged between. and 3. µmol/l and showed similar spatial variations as phosphate. The oxygen situation at all stations and depths was normal, except for Släggö were the oxygen concentration was higher than normal in the deep water. Generally, the fluorescence measured by the CTD showed certain but low phytoplankton activity from the surface down to meters depth. No fluorescence maxima were found.

The Kattegat and the Sound The water temperature in the surface was normal for the season and varied between 1. and 13. C, highest in the northern parts and lowest in the Sound. The surface salinity was elevated above normal at Fladen and in the Sound. At the remaining stations the salinity varied between and 3. The stratification was found at 1- meters depth. Surface concentrations of nutrients were generally normal for the season in the entire Kattegat and the Sound except for lower concentrations than normal of phosphate in the Sound and silicate at Fladen. The phosphate concentrations were found to be around. µmol/l and silicate.7-3.9 µmol/l. Inorganic nitrogen was found to be depleted at all stations. The oxygen concentrations in the Kattegat deep water was normal for the season except for the Sound were acute hypoxia (<ml/l) was noted already below the stratification at about 1 meters depth and down to the bottom. The fluorescence measured by the CTD generally showed some phytoplankton activity from the surface and down to the stratification at 1 meters depth. The Hanö Bight, Arkona- and Bornholm Basin Due to delay caused by hard weather and technical problems with a winch the Eastern and Western Gotland Basin could not be visited. Totally six stations could not be sampled. However, there is an ongoing Swedish fishery cruise performed onboard R/V Dana in these areas with SMHI personnel onboard. Four of the stations that not could be sampled will be sampled by Dana. The surface temperature in the investigated area was normal for the season and varied between 11. and 1. C. The salinity was also normal,.9-., lowest close to the coast and highest in the western parts. A pronounced thermocline was found at 3- meters depth and the halocline was found deeper at -7 meters depth. Available nutrients in the surface layer showed normal concentrations for the season except for silicate that continues to be elevated much higher than normal. Inorganic nitrogen was depleted with concentrations below the detections limit. Phosphate varied between.33-.3 µmol/l and silicate was found vary around 1 µmol/l. Acute hypoxia (<ml/l oxygen) was also found in Hanö Bight and the Bornholm Basin from depth exceeding meters. Oxygen concentrations near zero were found from 7- meters depth. In the Arkona Basin the oxygen situation had improved since the last cruise in September, the whole water column was again well oxygenated. Fluorescence measurements with the CTD showed low phytoplankton activity in the surface layer.

PARTICIPANTS Name From Martin Hansson Chief Scientist SMHI Karin Wesslander SMHI Johanna Linders SMHI Lena Viktorsson SMHI Johan Kronsell SMHI Kristin Andreasson SMHI APPENDICES - Track chart - Table over stations, sampled parameters and number of sampling depths - Map showing bottom oxygen concentrations - Vertical profiles for regular monitoring stations - Monthly average surface water plots for regular monitoring stations

F RR1 F9 RR RR7 BO3 F13 F1 F1 Sydostbrotten US Ulvödjupet US3 USB US7 MS MS F SR1A SR3 SR SS9 SR F Solovjeva F33 Grundkallen BY3 Tröskeln Ålands Hav BY BY7 BY1 BY3 GF9 GF Blå Jungfrun Läsö ränna 9 Ålborg bugt L:a Middelgrund N1 Falkenberg Laholm-3 (YG) St Middelgrund RefM1V1 Kullen 9 Kattegatt SW BY39 BY13 BY9 BY19 BY11 Hanöbukten Hanöbukten-KBV 1 Stevns klint BY3 Stolpe tröskel BY7 PL-P3 PL-P1

Date: 17-1-1 Time: :19 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ship: 7 Year: 17 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ser Cru Stat Proj Stat Lat Lon Start Start Bottom Secchi Wind Air Air WCWI CZPP No No T T S S P D D H P P N N N A N A S H C C no no code name date time depth depth dir vel temp pres elac hohp de btl e e a a h o o h t t t t m t l i u o o yyyymmdd hhmm m m C hpa aove loy m m l l x x s o o r r r o o k o m m m tueo apt p p t t y y s t i a z n t y 3 u n n hdsb o - s t t p b c b c b c s t t t t t t i v s l d l d l d i a s m i p t 1 1 SKEX3 BAS... P 71.99 1117.7 1711 93 7 1 13. 1 999 x--- 1 x x - x - x x - x - x x x x - - x - x - 1 FIBG7 BAS... SLÄGGÖ 1. 11.1 17111 3 7 1. 13 999 xxx- 9 - x - x - x x - x - x x x x - - x - x - 3 1 SKEX1 BAS... Å13.3 111. 17111 3 1 9 1.9 13 133 x--- 1 x x - x - x x - x - x x x x - - x - x - 1 SKEX1 BAS... Å1 1.9 1. 17111 7 111 1. 13 13 ---- 11 - x - x - - x - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 SKEX1 BAS... Å1 17. 1.7 17111 13 1. 13 13 x--- 1 x x - x - x x - x - x x x x - - x - x - 1 SKEX17 BAS... Å1 1.1 13. 17111 1 3 1 13.3 13 3 ---- 1 - x - x - - x - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 1 SKEX1 BAS... Å17 17. 13.7 17111 11 3 1 11 13. 11 xxx- 1 x x - x x x x - x - x x x x - - x - - x 1 KANX BAS... FLADEN 711.3 1139. 17111 1 1 13 13. 11 999 x--- 1 x x - x - x x - x - x x x x - - x - - - 9 1 KANX BAS... N1 FALKENBERG.3 11.9 1711 31 1 13.3 1 999 xxxx 7 x x - x x x x - x - x x x x - - x - - x 1 1 KAEX9 BAS... ANHOLT E.9 1.9 1711 3 9 1 1. 99 999 x--- 1 x x - x x x x - x - x x x x - - x - x x 11 1 SOCX39 BAS... W LANDSKRONA 1.99 1.9 1711 11 9 7 1 1. 13 7 x--- 9 x x - x - x x - x - x x x x - - x - x x 1 1 BPSA BAS... BY1.9 131. 17113 3 3 9 13. 119 999 x--- x x - x - x x - x - x x x x - - x - x x 13 1 BPSA3 BAS... BY ARKONA.7 1.97 1711 1 13.7 119 999 xxx- x x - x - x x - x - x x x x - - x - x x 1 1 BPSB BAS... BY CHRISTIANSÖ.97 1. 1711 9 7 1 13. 11 x--- 1 - x - x - x x - x - x x x x - - x - x x 1 1 BPSB7 BAS... BY BORNHOLMSDJ 1.9 19. 1711 9 7 13 13. 117 xxxx 1 x x - x x x x - x - x x x x - - x - x x 1 1 BPSB EXT... BORNHOLM BASIN EXT 3.9 1.9 1711 11 7 13 13.3 11 x--- 11 x x - x - x x - x - x x x x - - x - x x 17 1 BPWK1 BAS... REF M1V1.3 11.11 1711 1 1 7 1.7 11 999 xxxx x x - x x x x - x - x x x x - - x - - x 1 1 BPSH BAS... HANÖBUKTEN 37.3 1. 1711 79 11 13. 11 999 x--- 11 x x - x - x x - x - x x x x - - x - x x 19 1 KAEX9 BAS... ANHOLT E.11 1. 1711 1 13.9 11 999 xxx- 1 x - - - - x - - x - x x x x - - x - - -

. 7 N.7.9 3.7 7. N N N.3.9.1...1..... 3.. 1.. ml/l 11 E 13 E 1 E 17 E

STATION P SURFACE WATER (-1 m) 1 1 Annual Cycles Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17 3 1 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3. PO mol/l 3 1. 1. 1. 1. 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 1 O saturation % 1 1 1 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 7 m) 1 O ml/l 1 O ml/l 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 Month 19 199 199 1 1 Year

Vertical profiles P October Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17-1-1 Oxygen ml/l 1 1 1 3 1 PO mol/l.. 1. 1.. 1 1 1 1

STATION SLÄGGÖ SURFACE WATER (-1 m) 1 1 Annual Cycles Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17 3 1 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3. PO mol/l 3 1. 1. 1. 1. 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3 1 O saturation % 1 1 1 1 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) 1 O ml/l 1 O ml/l 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 Month 19 199 199 1 1 Year

Vertical profiles SLÄGGÖ October Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17-1-11 Oxygen ml/l 1 1 1 3 3 3 7 7 7 1 1 1 3 1 PO mol/l 1 1 1 3 3 3 7 7 7.. 1. 1 1 1 1

STATION Å13 SURFACE WATER (-1 m) 1 1 Annual Cycles Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17 3 1 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3. PO mol/l 1. 1 1. 1.. 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 O saturation % 1 1 1 1 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) 1 O ml/l 1 O ml/l 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 Month 19 199 199 1 1 Year

Vertical profiles Å13 October Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17-1-11 Oxygen ml/l 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 PO mol/l 1 1 1..... 1. 1 1 1

STATION Å1 SURFACE WATER (-1 m) 1 1 Annual Cycles Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17 3 1 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3. PO mol/l 1. 1 1. 1.. 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 O saturation % 1 1 1 1 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 1 m) 1 O ml/l 1 O ml/l 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 Month 19 199 199 1 1 Year

Vertical profiles Å1 October Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17-1-11 Oxygen ml/l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 PO mol/l 1 1 1 1 1 1..... 1. 1 1 1

STATION Å17 SURFACE WATER (-1 m) 1 1 Annual Cycles Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17 3 1 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3. PO mol/l 1. 1 1. 1.. 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 O saturation % 1 1 1 1 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 3 m) 1 O ml/l 1 O ml/l 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 Month 19 199 199 1 1 Year

Vertical profiles Å17 October Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17-1-11 Oxygen ml/l 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 PO mol/l 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3.. 1. 1 1 1

STATION FLADEN SURFACE WATER (-1 m) 1 1 Annual Cycles Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17 3 1 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3. PO mol/l 3 1. 1. 1. 1. 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 1 1 O saturation % 1 1 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 7 m) 1 O ml/l 1 O ml/l 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 Month 19 199 199 1 1 Year

Vertical profiles FLADEN October Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17-1-11 Oxygen ml/l 1 1 1 3 3 3 7 7 7 1 1 1 3 1 PO mol/l 1 1 1 3 3 3 7 7 7.. 1. 1.. 1 1 1 1

STATION N1 FALKENBERG SURFACE WATER (-1 m) 1 1 Annual Cycles Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17 3 1 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3. PO mol/l 3 1. 1. 1. 1. 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3 1 O saturation % 1 1 1 1 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) 1 O ml/l 1 O ml/l 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 Month 19 199 199 1 1 Year

Vertical profiles N1 FALKENBERG October Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17-1-1 Oxygen ml/l 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 PO mol/l 1 1 1 1 1 1 3..... 1. 3 1 1 3 1 1

STATION ANHOLT E SURFACE WATER (-1 m) 1 1 Annual Cycles Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17 3 1 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3. PO mol/l 1. 1 1. 1.. 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 1 1 O saturation % 1 1 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) 1 O ml/l 1 O ml/l 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 Month 19 199 199 1 1 Year

Vertical profiles ANHOLT E October Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17-1-1 Oxygen ml/l 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 PO mol/l 1 1 1 3 3 3.. 1. 1 1 1 1

STATION W LANDSKRONA SURFACE WATER (-1 m) 1 1 Annual Cycles Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17 1 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1. PO mol/l 1. 1 1. 1.. 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3 1 O saturation % 1 1 1 1 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) 1 O ml/l 1 O ml/l 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 Month 19 199 199 1 1 Year

Vertical profiles W LANDSKRONA October Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17-1-1 Oxygen ml/l 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 PO mol/l 1 1 1 3 3 3.. 1. 1.. 1 1 1 3

STATION BY1 SURFACE WATER (-1 m) 1 1 Annual Cycles Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17 9 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1. PO mol/l 1. 1 1. 1.. 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3 1 O saturation % 1 1 1 1 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) 1 O ml/l 1 O ml/l 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 Month 19 199 199 1 1 Year

Vertical profiles BY1 October Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17-1-13 Oxygen ml/l 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 PO mol/l 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3.. 1. 1 1 3

STATION BY ARKONA SURFACE WATER (-1 m) 1 1 Annual Cycles Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17 9 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1. PO mol/l 1. 1 1. 1.. 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3 1 O saturation % 1 1 1 1 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) 1 O ml/l 1 O ml/l 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 Month 19 199 199 1 1 Year

Vertical profiles BY ARKONA October Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17-1-1 Oxygen ml/l 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 PO mol/l 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3.. 1. 1.. 1 1 3

STATION BY CHRISTIANSÖ SURFACE WATER (-1 m) 1 1 Annual Cycles Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17 9 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1. PO mol/l 1. 1 1. 1.. 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3 1 O saturation % 1 1 1 1 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) 1 O ml/l 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 Month 1 O ml/l 19 199 199 1 1 Year

Vertical profiles BY CHRISTIANSÖ October Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17-1-1 Oxygen ml/l 1 1 1 3 3 3 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 PO mol/l 1 1 1 3 3 3 7 7 7 1 1

STATION BY BORNHOLMSDJ SURFACE WATER (-1 m) 1 1 Annual Cycles Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17 9 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1. PO mol/l 1. 1 1. 1.. 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3 1 O saturation % 1 1 1 1 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) 1 O ml/l 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 Month 1 O ml/l 19 199 199 1 1 Year

Vertical profiles BY BORNHOLMSDJ October Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17-1-1 Oxygen ml/l 1 1 1 3 3 3 7 7 7 1 1 1 3 1 PO mol/l 1 1 1 3 3 3 7 7 7 1 1

STATION REF M1V1 SURFACE WATER (-1 m) 1 1 Annual Cycles Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17 9 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1. PO mol/l 3 1. 1. 1. 1. 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3 1 O saturation % 1 1 1 1 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 17 m) 1 O ml/l 1 O ml/l 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 Month 19 199 199 1 1 Year

Vertical profiles REF M1V1 October Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17-1-1 Oxygen ml/l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 PO mol/l 1 1 1 1 1 1.. 1. 1 1 1

STATION HANÖBUKTEN SURFACE WATER (-1 m) 1 1 Annual Cycles Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17 9 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1. PO mol/l 1. 1 1. 1.. 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3 1 O saturation % 1 1 1 1 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= 7 m) O ml/l 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 Month O ml/l 19 199 199 1 1 Year

Vertical profiles HANÖBUKTEN October Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17-1-1 Oxygen ml/l 1 1 1 3 3 3 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 PO mol/l 1 1 1 3 3 3 7 7 7 1 3 1 1

STATION ANHOLT E SURFACE WATER (-1 m) 1 1 Annual Cycles Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17 3 1 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 3. PO mol/l 1. 1 1. 1.. 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 1 1 O saturation % 1 1 7 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 OXYGEN IN BOTTOM WATER (depth >= m) 1 O ml/l 1 O ml/l 1 3 7 9 1 11 1 Month 19 199 199 1 1 Year

Vertical profiles ANHOLT E October Mean 1-1 St.Dev. 17-1-1 Oxygen ml/l 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 PO mol/l 1 1 1 3 3 3.. 1. 1 1 1 1