Common Sense Approach to OSHA Safety Procedures Course Instructor: Kaleb Brashear Course id #:3 Credits: 2 hours
Outline I. Intro II. What is OSHA? A. Definition of OSHA B. OSHA s role III. History of OSHA A. New OSHA B. Harsh facts/statistics IV. Discussion: Areas that pertain to the security industry A. Topics a. fall protection b. hand tools/saws c. focal topic (electrical safety) V. Material Safety Data Sheets VI. Conclusion VII. Final Test
Intro This course, Common Sense Approach to OSHA Safety Procedures will touch on the purpose and history if OSHA. It willthen delve into specific areas in which those in the security industry may face on the jobsite. Even those who may not be required to work in field oriented areas will benefit from the overall education in such areas as: fall prevention, hand tools, and electrical safety. During this course you will also come to realize that workplace injuries are a lot more common than most people think. Education and awareness are the only ways to help prevent them.
What is OSHA? Definition of OSHA OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration Mission Statement To assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration aims to ensure worker safety and health in the United States by working with employers and employees to create better working environments. Since its inception in 1971, OSHA has helped to cut workplace fatalities by more than 60 percent and occupational injury and illness rates by 40 percent. At the same time, U.S. employment has doubled from 56 million workers at 3.5 million worksites to more than 115 million workers at 7.1 million sites. In Fiscal Year 2004, OSHA has an authorized staff of 2,220, including 1,123 inspectors. The agency's appropriation is $457.5 million.
OSHA's Role In Fiscal Year 2004, authorized staff of 2,220, including 1,123 inspectors. The agency's appropriation is $457.5 million. Strategic Goals: Reduce occupational hazards through direct intervention. Promote a safety and health culture through compliance assistance, cooperative programs and strong leadership, and to maximize OSHA effectiveness and efficiency by strengthening our capabilities and infrastructure. History of OSHA New OSHA Created in 1971 to create safer working environments for U.S. workers Since the agency was created in 1971, workplace fatalities have been cut in half and occupational injury and illness rates have declined 40 percent. At the same time, U.S. employment has nearly doubled from 56 million workers at 3.5 million worksites to 105
million workers at nearly 6.9 million sites. Experience has also shown that OSHA inspections can have real, positive results: according to a recent study, in the three years following an OSHA inspection that results in penalties, injuries and illnesses drop on average by 22%. Overall injury and illness rates have declined in the industries where OSHA has concentrated its attention--yet have remained unchanged or have actually increased in the industries where OSHA has had less presence. Harsh Facts and Statistics OSHA Facts Every year over 6,000 Americans die from workplace injuries Approximately 50,000 people die from illnesses caused by workplace chemical exposures, and 6 million people suffer non-fatal workplace injuries. Injuries alone cost the economy more than $110 billion a year. Most workplace injuries and illnesses are predictable and preventable.
Osha Statistics Worker Injuries/Illnesses/Fatalities for 2002 In 2002, occupational injury and illness rates were 5.3 cases per 100 workers, with 4.7 million injuries and illnesses among private sector firms. Work-related injuries and illnesses in the manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, and services sectors accounted for about 78 percent of this 4.7 million. There were 5,524 worker deaths in 2002, a 6.6 percent drop from 2001. Fatal work incidents occurred at a rate of 4.0 fatalities per 100,000 workers. Fatalities related to highway incidents, fires and explosions, and contact with objects or equipment all declined. Deaths from job-related falls dropped 12 percent - the first decrease since 1998 while the number of homicides decreased to its lowest level (609), a 5% drop - since the fatality census was first conducted in 1992. Exposure to harmful substances or
environments was the only grouping that increased in 2002. OSHA STATISTICS Federal Inspections Fiscal year 2003 (39,798 inspections) NUMBER PERCENT REASON FOR INSPECTION 9,025 (22.7%) Complaint/accident related 22,426 (56.3%) High hazard targeted 8,347 (21%) Referrals, follow-ups, etc. NUMBER PERCENT INDUSTRY SECTOR 22,916 (57.6%) Construction 8,554 (21.5%) Manufacturing 328 (0.8%) Maritime 8,000 (20.1%) Other industries In the inspections categorized above, OSHA identified the following violations: Violations PERCENT Type CURRENT PENALTIES 406 (0.4%) willful $ 13,251,536 59,899 ( 71.7%) Serious $ 52,358,997 2,152 ( 2.6%) Repeat $ 9,557,281 222 (0.3%) Failure to Abate $ 1,187,349 20,533 (24.6%) Other $ 2,542,015 350 (0.4%) Unclassified $ 3,483,185 83,562 TOTAL $ 82,380,363
OSHA STATISTICS State Inspections Fiscal Year 2003: (59,290 inspections) NUMBER PERCENT REASON FOR INSPECTION 14,570 ( 24.6%) Complaint/accident-related 36,265 (61.1%) High hazard targeted 8,455 (14.3%) Referrals, follow-ups, etc. NUMBER PERCENT REASON FOR INSPECTION 27,895 (47%) Construction 11,412 (19.3%) Manufacturing 62 (0.1) Maritime 19,921 (33.6%) Other industries Violation s Percent Type Current Penalties 196 (0.1%) Willful $5,060,870 59,693 ( 42.7%) Serious 54,047,799 2,686 ( 1.9%) Repeat 4,860,867 498 (0.4%) Failure to Abate 3,185,193 76,753 (54.9%) Other 5,363,751 2 (0%) Unclassified 5,820 144,075 TOTAL $71,310,017 Discussion Areas that pertain to the security industry Topics In this section we will be highlighting the most common safety threats to those involved in the security industry.
Areas of discussion: -Prevention of Falls -Hand Tools/Saws -Electrical Safety (focal point) Fall protection Prevention of Falls Falls are the leading cause of fatalities in the construction industry. An average of 362 fatal falls occurred each year from 1995 to 1999, with the trend on the increase. It is important that safety and health programs contain provisions to protect workers from falls on the job. The following hazards cause the most fall-related injuries: Unprotected Sides, Wall Openings, and Floor Holes Improper Scaffold Construction Unguarded Protruding Steel Rebars Misuse of Portable Ladders Unprotected Sides, Wall opening, and Floor Holes Am I in danger? Almost all sites have unprotected sides and edges, wall openings, or floor holes at some point during construction. If these sides and openings are not protected at your site, injuries from falls or falling
objects may result, ranging from sprains and concussions to death. This worker is not protected by any of the protective systems that are required by OSHA. How Do I Avoid Hazards? Use at least one of the following whenever employees are exposed to a fall of 6 feet or more above a lower level: Guardrail Systems Safety Net Systems Fall Arrest Systems Cover or guard floor holes as soon as they are created during new construction. For existing structures, survey the site before working and continually audit as work continues. Guard or cover any openings or holes immediately. Construct all floor hole covers so they will effectively support two times the weight of employees, equipment, and materials that may be imposed on the cover at any one time. In general, it is better to use fall prevention systems, such as guardrails, than fall protection systems, such as safety nets or fall arrest devices, because they provide more positive safety means.
Improper Scaffold Constructions This scaffold is not in compliance with the regulations because it mixes several different scaffold components in the same scaffold. The guardrails are also improper because they are not complete. Am I In Danger? Working with heavy equipment and building materials on the limited space of a scaffold is difficult. Without fall protection or safe access, it becomes hazardous. Falls from such improperly constructed scaffolds can result in injuries ranging from sprains to death. How Do I Avoid Hazards? Construct all scaffolds according to the manufacturer's instructions. Install guardrail systems along all open sides and ends of platforms. Use at least one of the following for scaffolds more than 10 feet above a lower level: Guardrail Systems Fall Arrest Systems Provide safe access to scaffold platforms. Do not use climb crossbracing as a means of access. Unguarded Protruding Steel Rebar Am I In Danger?
These rebar should be bent over or protected with caps so that a worker would not be injured by falling on them. Unguarded protruding steel reinforcing bars are hazardous. if you just stumble onto an unguarded rebar you can impale yourself, resulting in: serious internal injuries or death. How Do I Avoid Hazards? Guard all protruding ends of steel rebar with rebar caps or wooden troughs, or bend rebar so exposed ends are no longer upright. When employees are working at any height above exposed rebar, fall protection/ prevention is the first line of defense against impalement. Misuse of Portable Ladders Am I In Danger? This ladder is being used at the proper angle, and appears to be stable and secure. You risk falling if portable ladders are not safely positioned each
time they are used. While you are on a ladder, it may move and slip from its supports. You can also lose your balance while getting on or off an unsteady ladder. Falls from ladders can cause injuries ranging from sprains to death. How Do I Avoid Hazards? Position portable ladders so the side rails extend at least 3 feet above the landing. Secure side rails at the top to a rigid support and use a grab device when 3 foot extension is not possible. Make sure that the weight on the ladder will not cause it to slip off its support. Before each use inspect ladders for cracked or broken parts such as rungs, steps, side rails, feet and locking components. Do not apply more weight on the ladder than it is designed to support. Use only ladders that comply with OSHA design standards Hand Tools/Saws Because power tools are so common in construction, workers are constantly exposed to a variety of hazards. The very tool that makes their job easy and efficient may one day be the cause of a tragic accident. It is good to be reminded of common-sense safety practices.
Tool Safety Tips Never carry a tool by the cord. Never yank the cord to disconnect it from the receptacle. Keep cords away from heat, oil, and sharp edges (including the cutting surface of a power saw or drill). Disconnect tools when not in use, before servicing, and when changing accessories such as blades, bits, etc. Avoid accidental starting. Do not hold fingers on the switch button while carrying a plugged-in tool. Use gloves and appropriate safety footwear when using electric tools. Store electric tools in a dry place when not in use. Do not use electric tools in damp or wet locations unless they are approved for that purpose. Keep work areas well lighted when operating electric tools. Ensure that cords from electric tools do not present a tripping hazard. Remove all damaged portable electric tools from use and tag them: "Do Not Use." Use Double-Insulated Tools. Specific Examples: Double-Insulated Tools
Hand-held tools manufactured with non-metallic cases are called double-insulated. If approved, they do not require grounding under the National Electrical Code. Although this design method reduces the risk of grounding deficiencies, a shock hazard can still exist. Such tools are often used in areas where there is considerable moisture or wetness. Although the user is insulated from the electrical wiring components, water can still enter the tool's housing. Ordinary water is a conductor of electricity. If water contacts the energized parts inside the housing, it provides a path to the outside, bypassing the double insulation. When a person holding a hand tool under these conditions contacts another conductive surface, an electric shock occurs. If a power tool, even when double-insulated, is dropped into water, the employee should resist the initial human response to grab for the equipment without first disconnecting the power source. Since neither insulation nor grounding protects you from these conditions, use other protective measures. One acceptable method is a ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI). Portable Tool Use with Extension Cords Another potential hazard is using extension cords with portable tools. In construction, these cords suffer a lot of wear and tear.
Often, the damage is only to the insulation, exposing energized conductors. When a person handling the damaged cord contacts the exposed wires while holding a metal tool case or contacting a conductive surface, serious electrical shock can result, causing a fall, physical injury, or death.since neither insulation nor grounding protects you from these conditions, use other protective measures. One acceptable method is a ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI). Pow ered handheld saw Manual handheld saw A hand-held saw is portable and requires only the users hands to operate. Hand-held saws can be powered or manual. Powered handheld saws have a greater potential to be dangerous. Handheld Circular Saws Circular saws are used for straight sawing. Depending on the blade, they cut either across (crosscut) or with (rip) the grain of the wood.operator InvolvementThe operator adjusts the height of the blade and, while holding the stock, pushes the blade through the work piece to perform the cut. Potential Hazard:
Contact with the turning blade. Solutions: Portable circular saws must have an upper guard that covers the entire blade of the saw and a retractable lower guard. Hand-held circular, reciprocating, saber, scroll, and jig saws with blades greater than one-fourth inch must be equipped with a constant-pressure control Circular handheld saw in use Additional Safety Measures: When using a hand-held saw, the blade should be directed away from the aisle and any people who are in close proximity to the saw. Use the proper blade for the material being cut. Maintain sharp blades.always wear eye and face protection. Focal Topic (Electrical Safety) Electricity has become essential to modern life. Perhaps because it is such a familiar part of our surroundings, it often is not treated with the respect it deserves. Safety and health programs must address electrical incidents and
the variety of ways electricity becomes a hazard. In general, OSHA requires that employees not work near any part of an electrical power circuit unless protected. Before we get into the most frequent causes of electrical injuries we will cover basic background info: How Electricity Works How Shocks Occur How Electric Current Affects the Human Body Electrical Safety How Electricity Works Operating an electrical switch is like turning on a water faucet. Behind the faucet (or switch) there is a source of water (or electricity), a way to transport it, and pressure to make it flow. The faucet's water source is a reservoir or pumping station. A pump provides enough pressure for the water to travel through the pipes. The switch's electrical source is a power generating station. A generator provides the pressure for the electrical current to travel through electrical conductors, or wires. Three factors determine the resistance of a substance to the flow of electricity. What it is made of. Its size. Its temperature.
Substances with very little resistance to the flow of electrical current are called conductors. Examples are metals. Substances with such a high resistance that they can be used to prevent the flow of electrical current are called insulators. Examples are glass, porcelain, plastic, and dry wood. Pure water is a poor conductor of electricity, but small amounts of impurities, such as salt and acid (perspiration contains both), make it a ready conductor. Therefore, although dry wood is a poor conductor, when saturated with water it becomes a ready conductor. The same is true of human skin. When skin is dry, it is a poor conductor of electrical current. When it is moist, it readily conducts electricity. Use extreme caution when working with electricity where there is water in the environment or on the skin. NOTE: Use extreme caution when working with electricity where there is water in the environment or on the skin.
How Shocks Occur Electricity travels in closed circuits, normally through a conductor. Shock results when the body becomes part of the electrical circuit; current enters the body at one point and leaves at another. Typically, shock occurs when a person contacts: The diagram below gives a good example of how shock can occur. Both wires of an energized circuit. One wire of an energized circuit and the ground. A metallic part in contact with an energized wire while the person is also in contact with the ground. NOTE: Properly installed, the grounding conductor provides protection from electric shock. Metallic parts of electric tools and machines can become energized if there is a break in the insulation of their wiring. A low-resistance wire between the metallic case of the tool/machine and the ground an equipment grounding conductor provides a path for the unwanted current to pass directly to the ground. This greatly reduces the amount of current passing through the body of the person in contact with the tool or machine. Properly installed, the grounding conductor provides protection from electric shock.
How Electrical Current Affects The Human Body How Electrical Current Affects The Human Body Three primary factors affect the severity of the shock a person receives when he or she is a part of an electrical circuit: Amount of current flowing through the body (measured in amperes). Path of the current through the body. Length of time the body is in the circuit. Other factors that may affect the severity of the shock are: The voltage of the current. The presence of moisture in the environment. The phase of the heart cycle when the shock occurs.
The general health of the person prior to the shock. Electrical Safety Effects can range from a barely perceptible tingle to severe burns and immediate cardiac arrest. Although it is not known the exact injuries that result from any given amperage, the following table demonstrates this general relationship for a 60-cycle, hand-to-foot shock of one second duration: Current level in (milliamperes) 1 ma 5 ma 6-30 ma 50-150 ma 1000-4300 ma 10,000 ma Probable effect on human body Perception level. Slight tingling sensation. Still dangerous under certain conditions. Slight shock felt; not painful but disturbing. Average individual can let go. However, strong involuntary reactions to shocks in this range may lead to injuries. Painful shock, muscular control is lost. This is called the freezing current or "let-go" range. Extreme pain, respiratory arrest, severe muscular contractions. Individual cannot let go. Death is possible. Ventricular fibrillation (the rhythmic pumping action of the heart ceases.) Muscular contraction and nerve damage occur. Death is most likely. Cardiac arrest, severe burns and probable death. Now we will discuss the following hazards that are the most frequent causes of electrical injuries: Contact with Power Lines
Lack of Ground Fault Protection Path to Ground Missing or Discontinuous Equipment Not Used in Manner Prescribed Improper Use of Extension and Flexible Cords Contact with Power Lines Am I In Danger? Overhead and buried power lines at your site are especially hazardous because they carry extremely high voltage. Fatal electrocution is the main risk, but burns and falls from elevation are also hazards. Using tools and equipment that can contact power lines increases the risk. NOTE: Using tools and equipment that can contact power lines increases the risk. How Do I Avoid Hazards? Look for overhead power lines and buried power line indicators. Post warning signs. Contact utilities for buried power line locations. Stay at least 10 feet away from overhead power lines. Unless you know otherwise, assume that overhead lines are energized. De-energize and ground lines when working near them. Other protective
measures include guarding or insulating the lines. Use nonconductive wood or fiberglass ladders when working near power lines. Overhead power lines are un-insulated and can carry tens of thousands of volts, making them extremely dangerous. Lack of Ground-Fault Protection Am I In Danger? Due to the dynamic, rugged nature of construction work, normal use of electrical equipment at your site causes wear and tear that results in insulation breaks, short-circuits, and exposed wires. If there is no ground-fault protection, these can cause a ground-fault that sends current through the worker's body, resulting in electrical burns, explosions, fire, or death. These receptacles are not protected by a GFCI. If there is no AEGCP on this jobsite this would be a violation.
How Do I Avoid Hazards? Use ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) on all 120-volt, singlephase, 15- and 20-amp receptacles, or have an assured equipment grounding conductor program (AEGCP). Follow manufacturers' recommended testing procedures to insure GFCI is working correctly. Use double-insulated tools and equipment, distinctively marked. Use tools and equipment according to the instructions included in their listing, labeling or certification. Visually inspect all electrical equipment before use. Remove from service any equipment with frayed cords, missing ground prongs, cracked tool casings, etc. Apply a warning tag to any defective tool and do not use. Path to Ground Missing or Discontinuous Am I In Danger? If the power supply to the electrical equipment at your site is not grounded or the path has been broken, fault current may travel through a worker's body, causing electrical burns or death. Even when the power system is properly grounded, electrical equipment can instantly change from safe to hazardous because of extreme conditions and rough treatment. How Do I Avoid Hazards? Ground all power supply systems, electrical circuits, and electrical equipment. Frequently inspect electrical systems to insure that the
path to ground is continuous. Visually inspect all electrical equipment before use. Take any defective equipment out of service. Do not remove ground prongs from cord- and plug-connected equipment or extension cords. Use double-insulated tools. Ground all exposed metal parts of equipment. Equipment Not Used in Manner Prescribed Am I In Danger? If electrical equipment is used in ways for which it is not designed, you can no longer depend on safety features built in by the manufacturer. This may damage your equipment and cause employee injuries. Common Examples of Misused Equipment Here are some common examples of misused equipment: Using multi-receptacle boxes designed to be mounted by fitting them with a power cord and placing them on the floor. Fabricating extension cords with ROMEX wire. Using equipment outdoors that is labeled for use only in dry, indoor locations. Attaching ungrounded, two-prong adapter plugs to three-prong cords and tools. Using circuit breakers or fuses with the wrong rating for overcurrent protection, e.g. using a 30-amp breaker in a system with 15- or 20-amp receptacles. Protection is lost because it will not trip
when the system's load has been exceeded. Using modified cords or tools, e.g., removing ground prongs, face plates, insulation, etc. Using cords or tools with worn insulation or exposed wires. This "handy box" is being improperly used as an extension cord receptacle. It is made to be permanently mounted. How Do I Avoid Hazards? Use only equipment that is approved to meet OSHA standards. Use all equipment according to the manufacturer's instructions. Do not modify cords or use them incorrectly. Be sure equipment that has been shop fabricated or altered is in compliance. Improper Use of Extension and Flexible Cords Am I In Danger? The normal wear and tear on extension and flexible cords at your site can loosen or expose wires, creating hazardous conditions. Cords that match any of the following will increase your risk of contacting electrical current: are not 3-wire type, not designed for hard-usage, or that have been modified. How Do I Avoid Hazards?
Use factory-assembled cord sets. Use only extension cords that are 3-wire type. Use only extension cords that are marked with a designation code for hard or extra-hard usage. Use only cords, connection devices, and fittings that are equipped with strain relief. Remove cords from receptacles by pulling on the plugs, not the cords. Continually audit cords on-site. Any cords found not to be marked for hard or extra-hard use, or which have been modified, must be taken out of service Material Safety Data Sheets Origin of the material safety data sheet At least one researcher traces the origins of the MSDS to hieroglyphics on the inside of the pyramids which gave users of various chemicals, information about how to use them safely. In the 19th century, chemists were recording safety precautions, and making them available to their customers. The Public Health Service and others made chemical safety sheets available in the early 20th Century. By the 1940's the Manufacturing Chemists Association (precursor to today's Chemical Manufacturers Association) had a series of sheets available on commodity chemicals. In the 1950's, Dow Chemical published an article in the industrial hygiene journal describing the MSDS
program in their company. From a US regulatory standpoint, the first requirements were adopted in the late 1960's in the maritime industry. In 1983, they were required by OSHA in the manufacturing industry--this was later expanded to cover all employers in 1987. Material Safety Data Sheets are also required in Europe, Canada, and Australia, and there are international activities currently underway to have an internationally harmonized approach to these requirements. What are they? It is a formal documentation of hazardous materials. The form contains all known hazard and protection information about a hazardous chemical How do they affect me in the security industry? If you or a colleague is working around hazardous materials at a hospital, laboratory, or anywhere in the USA where there are hazardous materials, it is required, by law to have these MSDS available. In the event that you or a colleague gets hazardous materials spilled on you, this is the fastest way to find out what to do about an incident. What is the most important part of the MSDS? Section I Emergency Telephone # Section IV Fire and Explosion Hazard Data Section VI Health Hazard Data
Most of the dangers in this area seem to be when on job-sites at Chemical Laboratories, Hospitals, Warehouses, Manufacturing sites, etc. Conclusion This concludes the continuing education course: Common Sense Approach to OSHA Safety Procedures. Although the material covered in this course may not be the most exciting, it is the most important for those of you on a jobsite. Following the guidelines set forth by OSHA could very well save your life. Again, thank you for selecting Elite CEU as the fastest, most convenient solution to your C.E. credit needs. Please continue to the next section entitled, Final Exam. Here you will be tested on the information presented in this course, as well as fulfill the State
requirements for your certificate of completion. Good luck! Final Exam Question 1: (Multiple Choice) What does OSHA stand for? A) Omnipotent Social Happiness Association B) Occupational Safety & Heath Administration C) Organization for Safety & Hazardous Awareness D) None of the above Question #2: (Multiple Choice) In the (3) years after an OSHA inspection, what is the average drop in penalties, injuries, and illnesses? F) 50% G) 25%
H) 10% I) 22% Question #3: (Multiple Choice) What industry had the highest number of State and Federal inspections in 2003? F) Maritime G) Construction H) Other I) Manufacturing Question #4: (Multiple Choice) What systems are recommended for exposed falls of 6 feet or more? F) Safety Net G) Guardrail H) Fall Arrest I) All of the above Question #5: (Multiple Choice) Which of the following is NOT a common hazard in fall related injuries? F) Improper scaffolding construction G) Misuse of portable ladders
H) Unsecured doors and windows I) Unguarded protruding steel rebar Question #6: (True/False) The recommended technique for carrying any power tool is by the cord. True False Question #7: (Matching) You must move the proper choice of injury listed on the right to the appropriate amount of electrical shock (measured in milliamperes). 1 ma Tingling 5 ma Slight Shock 6-30 ma Painful Shock 50-150 ma Respiratory Arrest 1,000-4,300 ma Nerve Damage 10,000 ma Probable Death Question #8: (Fill in the blank) Electrical systems must have a path to ground that is. A) Continuous
B) Insulated C) Looped D) None of the above Question #9: (True/False) Removing the ground pin from a plug to fit an ungrounded outlet is an acceptable practice. True False Question #10: (Multiple Choice) If hazardous materials are present, material safety data sheets are required for which of the following. F) Chemical Labs G) Hospitals H) Everyone I) Manufacturing Sites