3 Star Kayaking Personal Proficiency Handbook Singapore Canoe Federation Standards

Transcription

1 3 Star Kayaking Personal Proficiency Handbook Singapore Canoe Federation Standards

2 Content Page Introduction & Acknowledgment Singapore Canoe Federation 3 Star Kayaking Syllabus Module 1: Advanced directional skills 1.1 J-draw 1.2 Classic draw 1.3 Sculling draw 1.4 Draw on the move 1.5 Hanging draw 1.6 Bow rudder Module 2: Support skills 2.1 Skill refinement of High support recovery 2.2 Sculling for support

3 Content Page Module 3: Rescue 4.1 Side Bailing 4.2 Eskimo rescue: Paddle presentation 4.3 Swimmer to kayak rescue 4.4 Kayak to Kayak 4.5 Kayak to swimmer rescue (Bow carry) 4.6 Kayak to swimmer rescue (Stern carry) Module 4: Eskimo Roll 5.1 Eskimo Roll: C-to-C Roll 5.2 Assisted C-to-C Roll Module 5: Entry Method 6.1 Stirrup 6.2 Deep water entry Module 6: Towing 7.1 Short Tow 7.2 Long Tow Reference Notes

4 Introduction This handbook is designed to be a reference material for participants of the 3 Star Kayaking Course in Singapore. The 3 Star kayaking proficiency awards comprise of new skills and also revisit fundamental skills with progression. This handbook will cover contents that are of progression from the SCF 1 Star and 2 Star handbooks. Thus, we recommend the readers to read through the SCF 1 Star and 2 Star handbooks prior and with this. Most skills will be covered by a step-by-step explanation, accompanied with pictures. We hope that this handbook will serve as a useful reference for you. Acknowledgement We would like to thank the following people and organization for their contribution and support to the editorial of this handbook. This handbook would not have been possible without their guidance. Individuals: Mr Addison Ong, Mr Lim Jun Ping, Mr Goh Eng Soon Organizations: Republic Polytechnic, Singapore Canoe Federation

5 Level Singapore Canoe Federation 3 Star Kayaking Syllabus Three Star Award Estimated Course Length Aim Environment Type of crafts Pre-entry requirement Trainer/Assessor Pre-assessment criteria 24 hours To introduce more advanced manoeuvres and full range of dynamic skills to intermediate paddlers. This award confirms candidate as a competent canoeist with a comprehensive repertoire of basic strokes and a general awareness of the sport and the opportunities it offers. Simple Coastal Water Closed cockpit, single-seat kayak with spray deck 1. Two Star Award 2. Swimming 50 m without PFD 3. Log book showing required previous experience Level 3 Coach or above Five journeys of 8 km each at two different sections of coastline 5

6 Singapore Canoe Federation 3 Star Kayaking Syllabus Theory Basic knowledge of boat design characteristics Basic knowledge of paddle design characteristics Basic knowledge of choice of equipment for different situations Basic knowledge of basic first aid Basic understanding of hypothermia and hyperthermia Basic understanding of dehydration Technical Skills Demonstrate efficient forward and reverse paddling Demonstrate efficient use of sweep strokes both stationary and on the move Demonstrate edging to assist turning Demonstrate efficient support and recovery strokes, including on the move Demonstrate sculling for support Demonstrate efficient bow rudder (dynamic body position with blade between leg and hips) Demonstrate draw on the move Demonstrate hanging draw Demonstrate an efficient X rescue without assistance Demonstrate an efficient Eskimo bow rescue as a patient and rescuer Demonstrate an efficient paddle rescue as a patient and rescuer Demonstrate a swimmer to kayak rescue Demonstrate 3 reliable consecutive rolls on flat water Demonstrate the use of long tow Plan and execute a journey 6

7 Module 1: Advanced Directional Skills 7

8 1.1 J-Draw J-draw requires the kayaker to execute a repetitive J motion in the water to allow the boat to move sideways. The kayaker will have his torso rotated facing the direction of move while edging the boat. The kayaker can apply this skill when he needs to move sideways to reach his destination. Pull action: Diagonally vs. Vertically More surface area for the water to act on for the boat to move. Boat: Edge the boat Body: Torso rotated to direction of movement Blade: Power face facing boat. After execution, gliding out parallel to stern. TIP! To execute this skill more efficiently, execute the pull action with the paddle as vertical as you can. 8

9 1 2 3 Rotate your torso and place the paddle into the water with the power face of the paddle facing the boat near the torso area Edge the boat and pull the paddle towards the boat Glide the blade out towards the stern of the boat Glide blade out fully and end off the move Repeat step 1 if there is a need to continue to move sideways (Close up view) edging the boat Example of Refers to direction of paddle. 9

10 1.2 Classic Draw Classic draw requires the kayaker to execute a repetitive I motion in the water to allow the boat to move sideways. The kayaker will have his torso rotated facing the direction of move while edging the boat. The kayaker will execute a inward wrist rotation to glide the blade out perpendicular to the boat to move sideways effectively. The kayaker can apply this skill when he needs to move sideways to reach his destination. Normal paddle grip position Inward Wrist Rotation Boat: Edge the boat Body: Torso rotated to direction of movement Blade: Power face facing boat. After pulling in, rotate wrist inwards, cut through the water with the blade. TIP! To execute this skill more efficiently, execute the pull action with the paddle as vertical as you can. 10

11 1 2 3 Rotate your torso and place the paddle into the water with the power face of the paddle facing the boat near the torso area Edge the boat and pull the paddle towards the boat Rotate your wrist inwards with the power face facing perpendicularly to the boat Glide the blade outwards in the water Finish the move and repeat step 1 if there is a need to continue to move sideways (Close up view) Example of edging the boat Refers to direction of paddle. 11

12 1.3 Sculling Draw Sculling draw requires the kayaker to execute a repetitive to-and-fro motion in the water to allow the boat to move sideways. The kayaker will have his torso rotated facing the direction of move while edging the boat. The kayaker can apply this skill when he needs to move sideways to reach his destination. Boat: Edge the boat Body: Torso rotated to direction of movement Blade: Power face facing the boat. Scull the blade in a to and fro direction in a continuous motion. TIP! To execute this skill more efficiently, execute the pull action with the paddle as vertical as you can. 12

13 (Top View Illustration) Paddle Movement TO FRO Rotate your torso facing the direction of move, place the blade into the water and execute a to-and-fro sculling motion with the blade moving in a diagonal angle. Your top hand should be placed near your forehead accompanied with your shoulder and wrist rotation during the execution of the move. In order to make the stroke more effective, it is essential to edge the boat against the direction of move. 13

14 1.4 Draw On The Move Draw on the move allows the kayaker to move sideways while on the move, the execution is similar to doing a J-draw. This skill requires some form of upper body strength due to the water resistance. The kayaker can apply this skill when he needs to move sideways to reach his destination or to move away from obstacles while on the move. Boat: Edge the boat Body: Torso rotated to direction of movement Blade: Power face facing boat. After execution, slice out parallel to stern TIP! To execute this skill more efficiently, execute the pull action with the paddle as vertical as you can. Edging the boat while executing this move will allow greater efficiency as there will be lesser surface area for the water to push onto (less resistance). 14

15 1 2 3 Paddle forward for a few strokes to gain momentum Rotate your torso to the direction of draw; place the blade into the water with the power face facing boat and pull the paddle towards the boat. Edge the boat while executing. (Close up view) Example of edging the boat. 4 5 Glide blade out to end off the move. Refers to direction of paddle. Continue with the next stroke with forward paddling. 15

16 1.5 Hanging Draw Hanging draw allows the kayaker to move horizontally forward while on the move. The kayaker will slightly rotate his torso and edge his boat as he place his paddle in the water at an angle. The kayaker can apply this skill when he needs to move horizontally forward to reach his destination or to move away from obstacles while on the move. 16

17 With slight torso rotation, place the blade perpendicular along the hip area. (There are variations in which the blade can be placed into the water, gliding the blade from the front, placing straight by the side or gliding from the back) When executing this stroke, the blade should face at a horizontally forward position. The kayaker should feel that the water is acting against it and not feel much resistance on the blade. TIP! This move requires the kayaker to find the sweet spot in order for the boat to move sideways. Try taking small strokes during practice to find the sweet spot. This will help a smoother transition from forward paddling. 17

18 1.6 Bow Rudder Bow rudder allows the kayaker make an effective turn while on the move. This skill requires the kayaker to execute a sweep stroke before placing the blade in and edging the boat to gain greater efficiency. The kayaker can apply this skill when she needs to carve a turn while on the move or to go around obstacles. 18

19 1 2 3 Paddle a few strokes forward to gain momentum Do a Sweep stroke to towards the direction you are heading Place the paddle in with the power face facing the boat Close up-view of boat edging while engaging in the move Maintaining a window position while engaging in the turn. Transit into forward paddling 19

20 Module 2: Support Skills 20

21 2.1 Skill refinement of High Support Recovery Another term used: High Brace support The skill refinement of high support recovery allows the kayaker to regain balance with the support from the paddle. This skills is a build up from high support recovery. The kayaker can apply this skill when her boat loses balance while paddling as it can help upright the boat and prevent a capsize. 21

22 1 2 3 Get started by paddling a few strokes to gain momentum Before execution, place the paddle along your chin with elbows tucked close to you Lean towards the side which you going to capsize. Use the power face of the paddle to gain support from the water (Close up view) Note that the opposing hand is tucked into the body Execute a hip flick upon recovery Transit into forward paddling 22

23 2.2 Sculling For Support Sculling for support allows the kayaker to gain leverage on the water with the help of the paddle. This skill requires the kayaker to execute a combination of leaning and edging, with the paddle sculling a to-and-fro motion on the surface of the water. The kayaker can apply this skill when her boat loses balance while paddling as it can help upright the boat and prevent a capsize. In this skill, the paddle is in a continuous motion on the surface of the water just like sculling draw, with torso rotation, maintain even pressure on the paddle while performing the skill. Ensure that your elbow is above the coaming so that in an event of a capsize, the kayaker will be able to execute a High Support Recovery without the elbow coming into contact with the boat causing interference. TIP! For a start, the kayaker can lean slightly to try getting the grasp of the skill. Once able to gain support with the sculling action, lean more until your spray deck touches the surface of the water. 23

24 Module 3: Rescue With ample practicing and preparation for a rescue, it allows the kayaker to be ready to react in an event of a capsize that might happen anytime. In the 3 star syllabus, it provides more rescue options such as self-rescue techniques. The key thing in ensuring the smooth flow of a rescue is communication. Other than conducting the rescue, by communicating with the victim, it helps to reassure the victim and calm their state of mind to cooperate with you. 24

25 3.1 Side Bailing Side bailing allows the kayaker to empty the victim s boat that is fully filled with water. This skill enables the kayaker to unload the water from the boat by slightly lifting the kayak and execute a see-saw motion to further empty the boat. The kayaker can apply this skill when the victim s boat is fully filled with water and there is only one kayaker around. TIP! When transferring the kayak from sideways to the center, it should be executed smoothly in a single motion to prevent the victim s kayak from slipping back to its original position. The victim can provide support to the kayaker by stabilizing the boat on the opposite side as the kayaker does the side bail. 25

26 1 2 3 Upon arrival, the kayaker approaches the victim, he secures the victim s boat and paddle and direct him to the bow of kayaker s boat for support By the side of the kayaker s boat, using both hands, lift up the boat and slowly let the water flush out of the boat 4 5 Once it is lifted to a considerable height, use the hand nearest to the stern to push the stern of the boat down and sweep the boat perpendicular to the kayaker s kayak Pull and bring across the boat on the foredeck of the kayaker s boat and empty the water from one side of the boat Using the see-saw method to empty any remaining water in the kayak 26

27 6 7 8 (Close up view) Using both hands, one hand grabbing the coaming closer to you and another on the opposite side (Close up view) Flip the boat with both hands grabbing each side of the coaming 9 10 Slide the boat towards one side of the rescuer s boat. Adjust the boat to have the bow facing the stern of the rescuer kayak and align it parallel side by side to each other The kayaker place the paddle across the boat and assists the victim to get back into his boat After the victim is back in his boat, the kayaker helps the victim to wear his spray skirt and pass him back his paddle 27

28 3.2 Eskimo Rescue: Paddle Presentation Another term use: Paddle bridge support. Paddle presentation allows the kayaker to perform a non-wet exit rescue with the help of the paddle. This skill enables the kayaker to use his paddle as a bridge to help the victim upright his boat. The kayaker can apply this skill in an event of a capsize where the victim has not wet exit and is seeking for assistance to upright his boat. TIP! When grabbing the victim s hand to your paddle, adjust their thumb facing towards you so that the victim will be in a comfortable position to hold onto the paddle before executing a hip-flick. By placing the paddle across the victim s kayak to form a bridge, try shifting your body weight to the victim kayak by leaning slightly so to reduce the chances of your paddle from sliding away. 28

29 1 2 Victim capsizes, taps the hull of the boat and wave, signalling for help. Kayaker paddle towards victim 3 4 Once in position parallel to the victim s boat, place the paddle perpendicular across the hull of the victim s boat to create a bridge. The kayaker grabs the nearest hand of the victim and places it on the paddle shaft with the victim s thumb facing the kayaker (Close up view) Example of showing the victim s thumb facing the kayaker 29

30 5 6 Once kayaker have secured the nearest hand of the victim, guide victim to have his other hand onto the paddle shaft as well 7 8 Kayaker should leave a gap between him and the victim so that the victim is able to upright himself. Tap the boat to signal the victim that he is ready to execute a hip flick. Continue to secure his hands while the victim uprights and bring his boat close to you Once rescue is done, do not let go of the victim s boat and check the victim on his condition 30

31 3.3 Swimmer to Kayak Rescue Swimmer to kayak rescue allows the kayaker to upright the victim s boat in a event of a capsize. This skill requires the kayaker to reach the victim s coaming and upright the boat. The kayaker can apply this skill when he is not in the kayak and a capsize happen within reach. TIP! The kayaker (swimmer) should grab the coaming firmly to gain support in up righting the boat. 31

32 1 2 3 Victim capsizes, taps the hull of the boat and wave, signalling for help. Kayaker paddle towards victim Swimmer approaches the victim s boat and taps the hull of the boat to signal his intention to rescue the victim Swimmer reach forward and grab the coaming of the victim s boat (Close up view) Example of grabbing of the coaming By grabbing the coaming, using the push and pull effect (hand grabbing on to the coaming, pulling the boat and the other hand pushing the hull) to upright the boat Once rescue is done, do not let go of the victim s boat and check the victim on his condition 32

33 3.4 Kayak to Kayak Rescue Another term used: Hand of God Kayak to kayak rescue allows the kayaker to upright the victim s boat in a event of a capsize. This skill requires the kayaker to reach the victim s coaming and upright the boat. The kayaker can apply this skill when the victim capsized and require assistance to upright the boat. TIP! The kayaker should grab the coaming firmly to gain support in up righting the boat. 33

34 1 2 Victim capsizes, taps the hull of the boat and wave, signalling for help Kayaker approach the victim s boat and tap the hull of the boat to signal his intention to rescue the victim 3 4 By grabbing the coaming, using the push and pull effect (hand grabbing on to the coaming, pulling the boat and the other hand pushing the hull) to upright the boat Once rescue is done, do not let go of the victim s boat and check the victim on his condition 34

35 3.5 Kayak to Swimmer Rescue (Bow Carry) Kayak to swimmer rescue (bow carry) allows the kayaker to use his bow to rescue the victim and bring him to a safe place or near the shore where the victim is able to stand with his own ability. This skill enables the kayaker to use his bow as a means of support. The kayaker can apply this skill when the victim is in the water and is needed to be evacuated. Upon reaching the victim, the kayaker should direct the boat towards the victim and ask him to cling on to the boat by holding onto the toggle line of the boat with their legs hugging onto the bow. The head of the victim should not be placed directly facing the bow, but at either side of the bow. An advantage of Bow carry is the kayaker is able to keep a lookout on the victim, such as his well-being, while paddling at all time. 35

36 3.6 Kayak to Swimmer Rescue (Stern Carry) This is another method which the kayaker can utilise to approach and rescue the victim. This method allows the victim to get his core out of the water, preventing any implications from cold water immersion. After approaching the victim, the kayaker turns his boat to have his stern facing the victim. The kayaker will ask the victim to reach out and hold on to the coaming of his boat with his body lying flat on the stern and legs spread out wide to gain balance. This method should only be used for short distance rescue. The reason is because the victim is not within the sight of the kayaker. Hence, it is difficult for the rescuer to monitor and communicate with the victim at all times. 36

37 Module 4: Eskimo Roll The eskimo roll is the skill of righting the kayak after it has capsized. It is hardly surprising that the Eskimos invented this system of self-rescue. The water in the Artic being as cold as it is, any swim may well be the last. During the winter in some areas the Eskimo actually laced his sealskin anorak tightly on the manhole rim, making an exit from the kayak impossible and a roll the only way of ensuring survival. During extreme conditions out in the open sea a bail-out could prove hazardous, not only for the man in the water but also for this companions, who might be stretched to the limit themselves in dealing with the situation. Furthermore, any rescue would be virtually impossible in very rough seas or high winds, or inshore near cliffs during a heavy swell or over reefs at sea. 37

38 4.1 C-to-C Roll The C-to-C roll enables the kayaker to upright his boat through his own means. This skill requires the kayaker to place his paddle perpendicularly to his boat, using the execution of a hip flick and some support from his paddle to upright his boat. The kayaker can apply this skill when he needs to perform a self-rescue in an event of a capsize. TIP! The kayaker s head should always be the last part of the body to emerge out of the water. Focus on the paddle orientation and hip flick before executing the roll. 38

39 1 2 3 Initial setup position. Lay the paddle at the side that you are going to capsize with the power face of the paddle facing the bow During the process of capsize, keep the paddle at the same position as the initial setup Sweep the paddle on the surface of the water till it is perpendicular to the boat 4 5 (Top view). Once the paddle is perpendicular to the boat, execute a hip flick Once you completed the roll, it is vital to know your orientation and continue to paddle forward 39

40 4.2 Assisted C-to-C Roll This begin with an assistant kayaker standing in shallow water and assisting the kayaker on the boat. The assistant kayaker s primary task is to guide the kayaker s paddle to its set up position; this technique will enable the kayaker to develop muscle memory so that he will able to master the correct paddle orientation. Aim of the assistant kayaker: To communicate and correct the positioning of the kayaker s paddle orientation Aim of the kayaker: Gaining awareness of orientation when executing a roll. Work on the positioning of paddle and hip flick. TIP! Kayaker should pay more attention to the orientation of the paddle as well as working on the hip flick. 40

41 1 2 3 The assistant position herself at one side of the boat and stretch her hand under the hull of the boat to hold on to the kayaker s paddle blade. After the kayaker capsize, tap the boat once on the hull to signal the intention of helping the kayaker to adjust his paddle The assistant assist the kayaker to adjust the paddle by pushing the blade towards the stern of the boat. Once adjusted, the assistant will tap twice on the boat to signal the kayaker to do a hip flick. After the roll is completed, assistant should remind the kayaker to be in a forward paddling position and be aware of his orientation and surroundings. Keep an eye on the kayaker incase he capsizes after executing a unsuccessful roll. 41

42 Module 5: Entry Method 42

43 5.1 Stirrup Stirrup allows the kayaker to assist the victim re-enter the boat with the help of a sling. This skill requires the kayaker to use a sling and align it around the coaming. It will then act as a step to assist the victim back up into the boat. The kayaker can apply this skill when the victim do not have enough strength to get himself back into the boat. A basic stirrup can consist of a sling with a karabiner attached on it. The kayaker will align the sling around the coaming of the victim s kayak, which will act as a step. The victim can step up on the sling to aid him climbing back into the boat. Communication is the key for this rescue as instructions have to be clear to the victim. 43

44 1 2 Take over the paddle from the victim Deploy the sling and align it around the coaming 3 4 Drop the side where the karabiner is towards the side of the victim Secure the victim s kayak with both hands, kayaker gives instruction for the victim to step on the sling using his right leg and get his body on the aft deck. 44

45 5 6 Get the victim to slot his left leg into the cockpit and turn himself facing outwards before getting his right leg in. Once both leg has enter the boat, the victim can turn his body to face the front. 7 8 After the victim is in a seated position in the boat, the kayaker should start removing the sling from the coaming of the boat. The kayaker should help the victim to put on the spray deck and the victim is ready to go. 45

46 5.2 Deep Water Entry Deep water entry allows the kayaker to assist the victim to re-enter the kayak by his own means without assistance. This skills requires the kayaker to balance his body weight on the aft-deck of the kayak, grapping the coaming to get himself back into the boat. The kayaker can apply this skill when the boat is emptied and is able to help himself back into the boat. TIP! Hold on to the coaming while you move forward, keep your body low and close to the kayak to maintain a good balance. 46

47 1 2 3 Head to the stern of the boat Using the stern as leverage, push your body upwards to climb onto the stern and turn your body to align yourself to the boat Holding on to your paddle and grab the cockpit of the boat to push the body up. Keep body low (lower center of gravity) and legs open for more stability (Close up view from picture 3) Once the hip crosses the combing, straighten the boat and sit in on the boat Push your legs in and you are ready to paddle 47

48 Module 6: Towing Attaining knowledge about towing will provide kayakers a form of alternative if fellow kayakers could not paddle due to unforeseen circumstance such as fatigue. Hence, it is important that a kayaker should always practice towing skills during training to enable them to activate towing skills safely during real life scenarios. However, towing should be a last resort as it may compromise personal safety In this chapter, we will introduce different towing techniques that can be applied. Different scenarios might require different towing techniques. Hence, it is important that a kayaker is able to evaluate all alternatives and decide on which towing configuration to be used. Some considerations when executing a Tow: Is the person in danger? What are the conditions? What type of towing equipment we have in the group? How many people do we need to help? How much distance do we need to cover? Can the victim keep their kayak upright on their own? Short Tow vs. Long Tow Short Tow can be used when you are required to tow the victim for a short distance as quickly as you can. Long tow can be used in both calm and rough conditions. It is useful in rough conditions as you do not want a situation where the towed boat surf into you as it comes down from a wave. It does adds resistance as the tow is longer, thus in calm condition, you may want to shorten it. 48

49 6.1 Short Tow Contact Tow This particular short tow method do not require any equipment. If a kayaker is caught in a bad location, this tow can be used to get him out quickly. An example would be if a victim s paddle is far away from where he is, the kayaker can execute a contact tow to bring the victim along to pick up his lost paddle instead of letting him drift away. It is essential to keep the boats close together. The victim should edge his boat to create less resistance as the kayaker tows him. There are 2 variations: both bow facing same direction (top) or bow to stern (bottom). 49

50 Shoulder Tow This is one alternative for towing if the distance of tow required is short. This method requires the rescuer to carry a length of tape with a karabiner. The karabiner is being attached onto the toggle line on the victim s bow and the tape will go onto the rescuer s shoulder, just like how a person carries a messenger bag on one of his shoulder. The set up will be as follows: if the tape is on the rescuer s left shoulder, the kayak will be on the left side of his stern, vice versa. If the rescuer needs to disengage the system in case of an emergency, he can bring his arm to the back and allow the tape to slide off his arm. 50

51 6.2 Long Tow I Tow I Tow is one of the basic tow configuration. In this tow configuration, the kayaker clips the towline to the toggle rope of the victim s kayak. It is best used under normal sea conditions. Double I Tow This tow configuration can be used during harsh condition. The setup of this tow is basically adding another kayaker behind from the original I Tow. The second kayaker in this configuration is important as his speed will play a crucial role. If the second kayaker is paddling faster than the first kayaker, the latter will not be towing. On the other hand, if the second kayaker is paddling too slowly, the front kayaker will be exerting more strength to paddle the two kayakers behind. 51

52 V Tow In this tow configuration, two kayakers will be responsible for towing the victim. It allows the distribution of strength between the two kayakers. The disadvantage of this tow is that it does not allow easy maneuver around a turn. The kayaker on the inside of turn needs to slow down so that it allows the kayaker on the outside turn to catch up. Drift Stopping Tow This configuration allows a rescue to be done while the kayaker at the front continues on the journey. This tow can be used when one of the kayakers has capsized and the journey has to be carry on. The kayaker paddling can hook a short towline on the toggle line at the stern of the kayak. While the kayaker is trying to empty the boat, the victim can move to the bow of the boat and execute a bow carry. This tow configuration can be used when there are dangers around and need to be evacuated from the place. 52

53 Stabilizing a Victim If there is a victim that requires attention over the course of the journey, you can engage in this tow configuration. The Kayakers are not limited to using Y-tow as indicated on the diagram shown above. (you may use I-Tow, Double I Tow or any other methods depending on the equipment and boats on the scene). The rescuer should always note that the clip should always be on the victim s boat. The stabilizer (accompanied with the victim) edges the kayak and keeps the bows as close as possible. 53

54 References Atlantic Kayak Tours. (n.d). Boat, Body, Blade. Retrieved June 14, 2013, from Atlantic Kayak Tours. (n.d.). Hanging Draw Stroke. Retrieved June 20, 2013, from Atlantic Kayak Tours. (n.d) Towing skills. Retrieved June 26, 2013 from Atlantic Kayak Tours. (n.d.). Propulsion Draw Strokes. Retrieved June 20, 2013, from Canoeing Down Under. (n.d). Bow/Draw Rudder. Retrieved June 21, 2013, from Canoeing Down Under. (n.d). Sculling for Support. Retrieved June 21, 2013 from Canoes, Kayaks and accessories buy online from our Kent based shop Kent Canoes. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2013 from Collins, L. (2009). Kayak rolling: the black art demystified. Guilford, Conn.: FalconGuides. Dillon, P., & Oyen, J. (2009). Kayaking. Champaign, IL: Human Kinectics Ford, K. (1995). Kayaking: whitewater and sea. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics

55 References Hutchinson, D. C. (2004). 3. The complete book of sea kayaking (5th ed., p. 79). Old Saybrook, Conn. Globe Pequot Press. KayakWiki. (2005, October 20). Paddle Presentation. Retrieved June 18, 2013 from KayakWiki. (2006, April 13). Rescue Stirrup. Retrieved June 16, 2013 from Lawrance Chapman. (n.d.). Hanging Draw. Retrieved July 3, 2013, from Mattos, B., & Middleton, A. (2004). Kayaking & canoeing for beginners: a practical guide to paddling for novices and intermediates. London: Southwater McGuffin, G., & McGuffin, J. (2008).Paddle your own kayak: an illustrated guide to the art of kayaking. Erin, Ont.: Boston Mills Press. Side Trips: Road Trip Part Five: THE PROBLEM IS ALL INSIDE YOUR HEAD. (n.d.). Side Trips. Retrieved July 3, 2013, from Singapore Canoe Federation (2011, March). Personal Skills, 3 star. Retrieved June 28, 2013 from The Arctic People - Food / Hunting / Tools. (n.d.). First Peoples of Canada Before Contact Menu. Retrieved July 3, 2013, from

56 Notes