Recovering Species from a Community Perspective: Connecting Steven A. Forbes and the Endangered Species Act
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1 Recovering Species from a Community Perspective: Connecting Steven A. Forbes and the Endangered Species Act Hiram W. Li ORCFWRU (USGS-BRD) Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Lake as a Microcosm In order to manage largemouth bass you have to understand how the lake functions. 1
2 Why should we save nongame species? Economic Values Cultural Values Ecological Values PNW Icon 2
3 Sacred Fish of the Sahaptin Cherished Food Fish Keystone Species 3
4 Qualitative Approach Diagram community interactions The value of the pointed arrow is +1 The value of the blunted arrow is 1 The looped arrow is a density-dependent dependent effect Signed Digraphs Symbolic Relationship Name Feedback Predator-Prey Negative Interference Mutualism Commensalism Positive Positive None + - Amensalism None Self-effect + or - (excitation or regulation) 4
5 HARVEST SALMON HARVEST SALMON & LAMPREY
6 INTRODUCED SMALLMOUTH BASS SYSTEM UNSTABLE! NO LAMPREY
7 Got any more examples? Juvenile Steelhead Eat Sucker eggs 7
8 Redside rainbow complex Feeding Game Species 8
9 Recovery of Osprey What do we need to know? Fish in trouble are not adapted to their environment. Environmental states? Patterns of habitat use? Relation of use to habitat quality? Physiological sensitivity? Changes in community interactions? Does stream succession follow riparian succession? 9
10 Line-up of Usual Suspects Habitat loss Novel physical environments toxins barriers (culverts, dams) altered flow and temperature regimes Novel biotic environments disease prevalence & susceptibility exotic species community interaction changes. What do we know? Aside from salmonids, not very much! 10
11 Pubs: Salmonids Oncorhynchus mykiss (707) O. clarki (117) O. gorbuscha (43) O. keta (62) O. kisutch (308) O. nerka (155) Salvelinus confluentus (40) S. malma (11) Pubs: sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus (18/792) 11
12 Journal Pubs: Minnows Acrocheilus alutaceus (5) Klamathella coerulea (1) Mylocheilus caurinus (11) Oregonichthys crameri (4) O. kalawatseti (2) Ptychocheilus oregonensis (24) P. umquae (1) Rhinichthys osculus (7/25) R. cataractae (3/37) R. falcatus (2) Richardsonius balteatus (11) Gila bicolor (7) Hysperoleucus symmetricus (0/12) Journal Pubs: suckers Catostomus catostomus (1/71) Catostomus columbianus (11) Catostomus macrocheilus (37) Catostomus occidentalis (1) Catostomus platyrhinchus (10) Catostomus warnerensis (5) Chasmistes brevirostrus (21) Deltestis luxatus (24) 12
13 Pubs: sculpins Cottus asper (7/47) C. aleuticus (21) C. bairdi (6/122) C. beldingi (12) C. cognathus (1) C. confusus (7) C. gulosus (5) C. marginatus (0) C. perplexus (9) C. pitensis (0) C. Rotheus (9) Pubs: lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus (52) Lampetra fluviatilis (1/53) Lampetra richardsoni (8) 13
14 Pubs: smelt Spirinchthys thaleichthys (15/25) Thaleichthys pacificus (8/41) Pubs: burbot freshwater cod Lota lota (8/401) 14
15 Pubs: Olympic mudminnow Novumbra hubbsi (7) Pubs: pirate-perch Percopsis transmontana (3) 15
16 Piece Things Together? Fish Distribution Sketchy food & habitat, growth, life history info. Huh? physiology home range early life history community interactions. How are we doing? desert pupfish Willamette chub Fosket dace? Warner sucker? Klamath suckers? Unionid mussels? humpback chub? pallid sturgeon? white sturgeon? Wait there s more much more! 16
17 Dealing with Uncertainty 1. Qualitative Math Models Dealing with Uncertainty 2. Return to the River Preserve Natural Processes 17
18 How Does a Catchment Basin Work? Process Domain Concept River Continuum Concept Flood Pulse Concept River Corridor Concept Riverscape approach Restoration must mimic natural succession How Do Fish Operate With the Catchment Regional and local adaptation Anatomical e.g. cutthroat feeding apparatus Physiological Great Basin redband trout Behavioral e.g., different movement patterns Ecological Different interactions patterns e.g, brook trout vs. rainbow trout 18
19 Importance of Landscape Perspective Hydrographic Cues Fausch et al. FLOOD timing, predictability frequency magnitude during fry emergence annual flow variability season of low flow Vishnu the Creator, Vishnu the Destroyer 19
20 Importance of Space-Time Scales 10 7 Years Droughts/Storms, Sediment LWD Recruitment Climate Change (e.g. Glaciation) Debris flow, sediment, Fire, LWD Routing Tectonic Change Space (m 2 ) Range of Spatial & Temporal Influences on Stream Channels Spatial Scale (m) Long-term Floodplain Succession 1 o &2 o Succession 1 o Succession Point bars Floodplain Topography Higher Floodplain Postglacial Floodplain Turnover Time (years) Long-term Terrace Succession & Base Level Change Tectonic, climate, & Evolutionary change FLOOD FREQ. Ann. flood 1 in 10 1 in in 1000 Spatial & Temporal Aspects of Riparian and Stream Channel Change 20
21 Space-Time and Fish Habitat Ecoregion Zoogeographical Province Persistence (Years) Reach Stream Basin Habitat Unit Microhabitat Meters Space-Time and Fish Movement Centuries Response Time Years Seasons Months Hours Activity (Microhabitat) Home Range Reach & Stream Seasonal Movement Anadromous Migration Meters 21
22 Space-Time And Genetic Structure Dealing with Uncertainty 3. Protect the Best Restore the Rest Scott Sowa-Missouri Moyle and Yoshiyama-CA Oregon AFS Gregory-Willamette River Atlas 22
23 The Riverscape What are we measuring with our fish counts? 23
24 Riverscape habitat relationships? Habitat complementation A B Adapted from Dunning et al. (1992) and Schlosser (1995) 24
25 Source-Sink dynamics Source Sink Sink Source 25
26 Summer Movements Snake River Wenaha River Grande Ronde River Largescale suckers Bull trout Mountain Whitefish Km Fall Movements Snake River Wenaha River Grande Ronde River Largescale suckers Bull trout Mountain Whitefish Km 26
27 Spring Movements Snake River Wenaha River Grande Ronde River Largescale suckers Bull trout Mountain Whitefish Km Riverscape: appropriate scale Riverscape Ted Labbe brassy minnow Colden Baxter-bull trout Christian Torgersen-chinook salmon 27
28 Dealing with Uncertainty 5. Correlation of habit use & fish counts NEED DATA! Kim Jones ODFW Dealing with Uncertainty Sensitive Species IBI any two? Two examples: 28
29 Fish assemblage patterns Wenaha River -- Late July - early August Warmwater spp. Coolwater spp. Coldwater spp. 20 % Relative abundance Temperature (August 1998) Water temperature ( C) River km Dealing with Uncertainty Sensitive Species The Anti-Fishes smallmouth bass carp The fishes bull trout Cottus marginatus Cottus bairdi 29
30 55.0 July st Pre-visit max Pre-visit max Pre-visit max Pre-visit max = 19.2 o C = 22.2ºC = 23.8 o C = 25.3 o C Relative Hsp ANOVA = Δ 1.5 o C * 17.5 * 5.0 Deer Creek SFJD Tributary Black Canyon Izee Falls Below Wind South Fork John Day Whole Body Lipids: July 23-24, 2005 % Whole Body Fat BC 2 DC BC 1 MC 2 IZ BW Maximum Temperature (oc) SFJD R9 MC 1 30
31 Watershed Recovery Priorities What do we need to know? Fish in trouble are not adapted to their environment. Environmental states? Patterns of habitat use? Relation of use to habitat quality? Physiological sensitivity? Changes in community interactions? Does stream succession follow riparian succession? 31
32 O O C R E P A E V I T F I S H E R Y R N O G E R O e p m e S r C t a o s t u s o m R E S E A H C U N I T Delineation of Valley Segments from: D.R. Montgomery 32
33 From Depasquale (2005) Culvert Swimming Speeds 33
34 34
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