Fishes of the Dumaguete public market, Negros Oriental, Philippines

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1 Fishes of the Dumaguete public market, Negros Oriental, Philippines Jose Isidro Michael T. Padin, Tina Rey N. Santos, Persie Mark Sienes, Jean Utzurrum and Fanny Ginzel Graduate Students Institute of Environmental and Marine Sciences Silliman University, Dumaguete Negros Oriental, Philippines Abstract Fishes sold in the Dumaguete City wet market was surveyed from November 2010 to January 2011 covering the northeast monsoon season. A total of 150 species belonging to 33 families were recorded for all survey periods. Three most speciose families include Scaridae, Serranidae, and Acanthuridae. Species richness between survey periods were highest in December 2010, followed by January 2011, and November The families Acanthuridae, Caesionidae, Carangidae, Coryphaenidae, Haemulidae, Lethrinidae, Lutjanidae, Menidae, Mullidae, Nemipteridae, Priacanthidae, Scaridae, Scombridae, Serranidae, Siganidae, and Terapontidae were represented in all the survey periods. The margined flying fish, Cheilopogon cyanopterus, registered the highest abundance. Fifteen most abundant species include Selar crumenophthalmus, Mene maculata, Decapterus russelli, Sardinella gibbosa, Katsuwonus pelamis, Sardinella longiceps, Thunnus albacares, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Upeneus vittatus Siganus canaliculatus, Pterocaesio tile, Decapterus tabl, Parupeneus barberinus, and Siganus virgatus. As suggested by the dominance of reef associated species, fishes in Dumaguete public market seem to be supported by nearshore fisheries. This could be attributed to the location of the landing sites or source of fishes for Dumaguete market within in the Central Visayas and the presence of several no-take marine reserves or management interventions within the region. Introduction For about years humans have been fishing and eating fish as indicated by the Paleolithic rock carvings of fish and bone fishing instruments found in many ancient archeological sites and as documented in Egyptian paintings (Bone and Moore 2008). Fish is the world's fifth largest agricultural resource, which accounts for 7.5 % of the total world production and provides approximately 6 % of the world's protein (reviewed by Green et al. 2003). The demand for fish is unlikely to diminish specifically in the Philippines due to high dependency of the people on fish as food and source of protein. In the Philippines nearly 50% of the protein food intake is from fish (Briones et al. 2004). The food group containing fish is regarded as the second most important component of the Filipino diet next to rice (White and Cruz-Trinidad 1998). Over half of the total population of the country, mostly constituents in the coastal areas, have relied on coral reefs and other coastal ecosystems for fish protein (Alcala and

2 Russ 2002). Other than protein, fish is also an essential source of fatty acids and micronutrients such as iron, iodine, zinc, calcium, vitamin A and vitamin B (Kurien 2002 cited by Green et al. 2003; Bone and Moore 2008). Aside from being a healthy alternative, fish through fisheries is a major source of livelihood in coastal zones (White and Cruz-Trinidad 1998; Green et al. 2003). However, Philippine marine capture fisheries and reef fisheries have declined decades ago due to physical destruction of major coastal ecosystems (e.g. coral reefs) mainly by human-induced stresses and overexploitation of fish and other marine species (reviewed by Alcala and Russ 2002). Other issues affecting fisheries include open access, lack of management, inappropriate exploitation patterns, fishery conflicts, and research and information gaps (Green et al. 2003). Increasing population further influenced the extent overfishing of which small and juvenile are now being caught along larger fish to correspond the growing demand for fish, consequently slowing the natural recovery of the fish stocks and decreases fish yield. As fish yield decreases, the prices of most fishes continue to increase, making fish a less affordable for growing population (Green et al. 2003; Briones 2007). The Central Visayas is regarded to have productive and diverse marine capture fisheries resources within a variety of fisheries ecosystems, i.e. the Visayan Sea, Camotes Sea, Bohol Sea, East Sulu Sea, Cebu and Tanon Strait, yet the price of fresh fish has increased over 1,400 % in the last 20 years (reviewed by Green et al. 2004). With the current condition of fisheries it seems that no fish is so small, unattractive or distasteful to be vended in fish market nowadays; thus, wide variety fish species may be sighted in markets particularly those situated in coastal cities and provinces. This study is conducted to provide information on species composition and abundance of fish in Dumaguete public market, Negros Oriental, Philippines. This study may also serve as an update on the findings of Paderanga and Pavia (unpublished) in Materials and Methods Fishes sold in the Dumaguete City wet market was surveyed from November 2010 to January 2011 covering the northeast monsoon season. A total of five visits to the market dated 30 November 2010, 12 December 2010, 29 December 2010, 15 January 2011, and 23 January 2011 were conducted. Survey time was between 0600H to 0930H. Fish stalls, representing 20% of the total number of fish stalls, were surveyed (Figure 1). Fishes in each stall (Figure 2) were identified to the lowest taxonomic level as possible. Abundance was obtained by counting the

3 number of individuals per fish species stored in containers (Figure 3) and being displayed (Figure 4). Data were recorded in survey sheets. Photographs were taken and representative samples were purchased to verify identifications. Field and electronic identifications guides by Lieske and Myers (1994), Allen et al. (2003), FishBase online (Froese and Pauly 2012), and Masuda et al. (1984) were used as reference for identification. In the laboratory, identified fish species were categorized according to the habitat classification in FishBase online. Figure 1. One of the fish stalls in Dumaguete market surveyed for fish. (Photo by Tina Rey Santos) Figure 2. Different fish species displayed in stalls. (Photo by Tina Rey Santos) Figure 3. Fishes in containers being identified and counted. (Photo by Tina Rey Santos) Figure 4. Fish composition and abundance being recorded on survey sheets. (Photo by Tina Rey Santos)

4 Results and Discussion A total of 150 species belonging to 33 families were recorded for all survey periods (Table 1). Three most speciose families include Scaridae (18 species), Serranidae (16 species), and Acanthuridae (13 species). Current values on number of families and species were slightly higher with those reported by Paderanga and Pavia (unpublished) for the period of August 2009 to mid-october 2009 with a total of 139 species under 31 families (Table 2). They reported Labridae, Serranidae, and Scaridae as the three most dominant families in terms of species composition. Previous and latest reports showed Scaridae and Serranidae as most speciose in Dumaguete public market. The families Chanidae Leiognathidae Malacanthidae Muraenidae Ophidiidae Pomacanthidae and Sphyraenidae, as previously reported, were not observed during the latest surveys. Families recently recorded include Belonidae, Clupeidae, Congeridae, Exocoetidae, Lobotidae, Mugilidae, Pomacentridae Synodontidae and Trichiuridae. Nonetheless, majority of the families previously reported were observed in the recent surveys. Based on interviews with fish vendors, most of the fishes being sold came from landing sites of Siaton and Bayawan in Negros Oriental. The vendors assumed that majority of the fishes were caught in areas within the Bohol Sea, Visayas region, and near Palawan. These fishes were captured by spear, hook-and-line, and net. Species richness between survey periods were highest in December 2010, followed by January 2011, and November 2010 (Table 3 and Figure 5). The families Acanthuridae, Caesionidae, Carangidae, Coryphaenidae, Haemulidae, Lethrinidae, Lutjanidae, Menidae, Mullidae, Nemipteridae, Priacanthidae, Scaridae, Scombridae, Serranidae, Siganidae, and Terapontidae were represented in all the survey periods. Findings were comparable with those in Alcala and Russ (2002) of which fishery catches in Sumilon Island in Cebu Province and Apo Island in Negros Oriental Province were comprised of Acanthuridae, Belonidae, Caesionidae, Carangidae, Labridae, Lethrinide, Lutjanidae, Scaridae, and Serranidae. The margined flying fish, Cheilopogon cyanopterus, registered the highest abundance with 1060 individuals (Table 5). Fifteen most abundant species were Selar crumenophthalmus, Mene maculata, Decapterus russelli, Sardinella gibbosa, Katsuwonus pelamis, Sardinella longiceps, Thunnus albacares, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Upeneus vittatus Siganus canaliculatus, Pterocaesio tile, Decapterus tabl, Parupeneus barberinus, and Siganus virgatus (Figure 6 to 19). More than half of the abundant species were reef-associated, while the rest were pelagic. A

5 complete family and species listing with habitat association and abundance is shown in Appendix 1. Of the 150 species, 130 or 86% of which were classified in FishBase as reefassociated or species that live and feed on or near coral reefs, while the remainder were benthopelagic (live and feed near the bottom and mid-waters or near the surface), pelagic-neritic (live in the shallow pelagic zone over the continental shelf), pelagic-oceanic (live in the open ocean beyond the continental shelf) and demersal (live on or near the bottom and feeding on benthic organisms) (Figure 20). Fish abundance in this report does not reflect the absolute value of fishes sold in the market for not all fishes were displayed by the vendors. As observed, several fishes were kept in ice chests or containers to maintain their freshness especially those species with large-sized individuals and those with higher market value.

6 Table 1. Fish families and number of species recorded from Dumaguete public market from November 2010 to January Family No. of Species Family No. of Species Scaridae 18 Balistidae 1 Serranidae 16 Belonidae 1 Acanthuridae 13 Chaetondontidae 1 Carangidae 11 Congeridae 1 Lutjanidae 10 Coryphaeniidae 1 Mullidae 10 Dasyatidae 1 Siganidae 10 Exocoetidae 1 Lethrinidae 8 Gerreidae 1 Nemipteridae 8 Holocentridae 1 Caesonidae 6 Kyphosidae 1 Haemulidae 5 Lobotidae 1 Labridae 5 Menidae 1 Scombridae 5 Pomacentridae 1 Priacanthidae 3 Synodontidae 1 Clupeidae 2 Teraponidae 1 Epphipidae 2 Trichiuridae 1 Mugilidae 2 Table 2. Fish families and number of species recorded from Dumaguete public market from August 2009 to mid-october 2009 by Paderanga and Pavia (unpublished). Family No. of Species Family No. of Species Labridae 21 Scombridae 2 Serranidae 16 Sphyraenidae 2 Scaridae 12 Holocentridae 2 Acanthuridae 11 Chaetodontidae 1 Carangidae 9 Chanidae 1 Lethrinidae 9 Coryphaenidae 1 Siganidae 9 Dasyatidae 1 Lutjanidae 7 Gerreidae 1 Mullidae 6 Haemulidae 1 Caesionidae 5 Kyphosidae 1 Balistidae 3 Leiognathidae 1 Ephippidae 3 Malacanthidae 1 Nemipteridae 3 Menidae 1 Pomacanthidae 3 Ophidiidae 1 Muraenidae 2 Terapontidae 1 Priacanthidae 2

7 Table 3. Fish families and number of species recorded within the survey periods. Family November 2010 December 2010 January 2011 Acanthuridae Balistidae Belonidae Caesionidae Carangidae Chaetondontidae Clupeidae Congeridae Coryphaenidae Dasyatidae Epphipidae Exocoetidae Gerriedae Haemulidae Holocentridae Kyphosidae Labridae Lethrinidae Lobotidae Lutjanidae Menidae Mugilidae Mullidae Nemipteridae Pomacentridae Priacanthidae Scaridae Scombridae Serranidae Siganidae Synodontidae Trichiuridae Terapontidae Total

8 November 2010 December 2010 January 2011 Figure 5. Graphical presentation of fish families and number of species recorded within the survey periods.

9 Table 4. Fifteen most abundant fish species sold in the Dumaguete public market within November 2010 to January Family Species English Name Habitat Abundance Exocoetidae Cheilopogon cyanopterus Margined flyingfish Pelagic-oceanic 1060 Carangidae Selar crumenophthalmus Bigeye Scad Reef-associated 965 Menidae Mene maculata Moonfish Reef-associated 618 Carangidae Decapterus russelli Indian scad Bentho-pelagic 303 Clupeidae Sardinella gibbosa Goldstripe sardine Reef-associated 223 Scombridae Katsuwonus pelamis Skipjack tuna Pelagic-oceanic 219 Clupeidae Sardinella longiceps Indian oil sardine Pelagic-neritic 180 Scombridae Thunnus albacares Yellowfin tuna Pelagic-oceanic 173 Scombridae Rastrelliger kanagurta Indian mackerel Pelagic-neritic 97 Mullidae Upeneus vittatus Yellowstriped goatfish Reef-associated 96 Siganidae Siganus canaliculatus White-spotted spinefoot Reef-associated 85 Caesonidae Pterocaesio tile Dark-banded fusilier Reef-associated 82 Carangidae Decapterus sp. Scad Reef-associated 77 Mullidae Parupeneus barberinus Dash-and-dot goatfish Reef-associated 70 Siganidae Siganus virgatus Barhead spinefoot Reef-associated 69 Figure 6. Cheilopogon cyanopterus Figure 7. Selar crumenophthalmus

10 Figure 8. Mene maculata Figure 9. Decapterus russelli Figure 10. Sardinella gibbosa Figure 11. Katsuwonus pelamis Figure 13. Thunnus albacares Figure 12. Sardinella longiceps

11 Figure 14. Rastrelliger kanagurta Figure 15. Upeneus vittatus Figure 16. Siganus canaliculatus Figure 17. Pterocaesio tile Figure 18. Parupeneus barberinus Figure 19. Siganus virgatus

12 Pelagic-oceanic Pelagic-neritic 3% Demersal 3% 3% Benthopelagic 5% Reef-associated 86% Figure 20. Relative abundance of fishes by habitat association. Conclusion and Recommendation As suggested by the dominance of reef associated species, fishes in Dumaguete public market seem to be supported by nearshore fisheries. This could be attributed to the location of the landing sites or source of fishes for Dumaguete market within in the Central Visayas and the presence of several no-take marine reserves or management interventions within the region. The Central Visayas is surrounded by seven major water bodies such as Visayan Sea, Camotes Sea, Tanon Strait, Cebu Strait, Bohol Sea and East Sulu Sea, which were characterized by various coastal or nearshore habitats including coral reefs, seagrass, mudflats, and mangroves (Green et al. 2004). The nearshore areas are considered as biologically productive but vulnerable to overexploitation (White and Cruz-Trinidad 1998). In the past, coral reefs and mangrove habitats in many areas of Central Visayas were reduced to poor and degraded state in the past (Green et al. 2004). In addition, the Philippine marine capture fisheries and reef fisheries have declined due to physical destruction of major coastal ecosystems (e.g. coral reefs) mainly by human-induced stresses and overexploitation of fish and other marine species for several decades (reviewed by Alcala and Russ 2002). In response to the conundrum, marine reserves may have been established in different parts of the country and the network of marine reserves in the Central Visayas have played an important function in sustaining fish populations for fisheries. Other than a tool for biodiversity conservation and in mitigating habitat degradation, marine reserve helps in

13 maintaining sustainable fisheries by naturally exporting biomass (spillover) and larvae to the surrounding areas (recruitment subsidy) (Bohnsack and Ault 1996; reviewed by Abesamis and Russ 2005). Based on years of research from two island marine reserves, Alcala et al. (2002) confirmed spillover effect or export of adult fishes from protected marine reserves, consequently, enhancing fisheries of areas adjacent to reserves. Several studies have demonstrated increased abundance of targeted fish inside reserves and in adjacent non-reserve areas over time (Abesamis and Russ 2005). To date, a total of 560 marine reserves are found within the Visayas Region with 190 marine reserves as functional (Alcala et al. 2008). Does abundance of reef-associated species in the market suggest that more people engaged in nearshore fisheries because there is enough fish to catch and more cost-effective? Or fish catch from demersal and pelagic fisheries is declining and fishers are shifting to shallower fishing ground? These are some of the inquiries that our data may be unable to address. Thus, conduct of fish stock assessment, regular monitoring of market landings, and other fishery related surveys are suggested. References Abesamis, R.A. and G.R. Russ Density-dependent spillover from a marine reserve: longterm evidence. Ecological Applications, 15(5): Alcala, A.C. and G. R. Russ Status of Philippine Coral Reef Fisheries. Asian Fisheries Science, 15 (2002): Alcala, A.C., G.R. Russ and A.P. Maypa Evidence for fishery enhancement effects of marine reserves in Central Philippines. UPV J. Nat. Sci 7(12): 1-5. Alcala, A.C., A.A. Bucol and P. Nillos-Kleiven Directory of Marine Reserves in the Visayas,Philippines. Foundation for the Philippine Environment and Silliman University-Angelo King Center for Research and Environmental Management (SUAKCREM). Dumaguete City, Philippines. 178 p. Allen, G., Steene, R., Humann, P., and Deloach, N Reef Fish Identification - Tropical Pacific. New World Publications, 457 p. Bone, Q. and R.H. Moore Biology of Fishes, 3rd ed. Taylor and Francis Group, New York, U.S.A. 478 p. Bohnsack, J.A. and J.S. Ault Management strategies to conserve marine biodiversity. Oceanography 9(1):

14 Briones, M., M.M. Dey, and M. Ahmed The future for fish in the food and livelihoods of the poor in Asia. NAGA, WorldFish Center Quarterly Vol. 27 (3 & 4): Briones, R Eating for a lifetime: filling the policy gaps in Philippine fisheries. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 4 (1): DA-BFAR (Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources) In turbulent seas: The status of Philippine marine fisheries. Coastal Resources Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Cebu City, Philippines. 378 p. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2012). Green, S.J., A.T. White, J.O. Flores, M.F. Carreon III and A. E. Sia Philippines fisheries in crisis: A framework for management. Coastal Resources Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Cebu City, Philippines. 77 p. Green, S.J., J.Q. Flores, J.Q. Dizon-Corrales, R.T. Martinez, D.R.M. Nunal, N.B. Armada, and A.T. White The fisheries of Central Visayas, Philippines: Status and Trends. Coastal Resource Management Project-Department of Environment and Natural Resources and Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources-Department of Agriculture, Cebu City, Philippines. 159 p. Lieske, E. and R. Myers Coral Reef Fishes. Harper Collins Publisher, London, U.K. 400 p. Masuda, H., Amaoka, K., Araga, C., Uyeno, T., & Yoshino, T. (1984). The Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. 370pp. Paderanga, O.T. and R.T. Pavia Jr. Unpublished Report. Fish species being sold in the Dumaguete City wet market: indications of a heavily exploited fishery. IEMS-Silliman University. White, A.T. and A. Cruz-Trinidad The values of Philippine Coastal Resources: why protection and management are critical. Coastal Resources Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines. 96 p.

15 Appendix 1. Complete list of fish family and species identified from November 2010 to January 2011, with habitat association and abundance Family Species Authority English Name Habitat Abundance Acanthuridae Acanthurus mata (Cuvier, 1829) Elongate surgeonfish Reef-associated 56 Acanthuridae Acanthurus xanthopterus Valenciennes, 1835 Yellowfin surgeonfish Reef-associated 37 Acanthuridae Acanthurus pyroferus Kittlitz, 1834 Chocolate surgeonfish Reef-associated 23 Acanthuridae Naso vlamingii (Valenciennes, 1835) Bignose unicornfish Reef-associated 19 Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Striated surgeonfish Reef-associated 13 Acanthuridae Acanthurus nigricaudus Duncker & Mohr, 1929 Epaulette surgeonfish Reef-associated 11 Acanthuridae Acanthurus nigrofuscus (Forsskål, 1775) Brown surgeonfish Reef-associated 11 Acanthuridae Acanthurus bariene Lesson, 1831 Roundspot surgeonfish Reef-associated 6 Acanthuridae Naso lopezi Herre, 1927 Elongate unicornfish Reef-associated 4 Acanthuridae Naso brachycentron (Valenciennes, 1835) Humpback unicornfish Reef-associated 3 Acanthuridae Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Lined surgeonfish Reef-associated 2 Acanthuridae Naso hexacanthus (Bleeker, 1855) Sleek unicornfish Reef-associated 2 Acanthuridae Naso cf. tuberosus Lacepède, 1801 Humpnose unicornfish Reef-associated 1 Balistidae Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Titan triggerfish Reef-associated 1 Belonidae Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus (Péron & Lesueur, 1821) Hound needlefish Reef-associated 18 Caesonidae Pterocaesio tile (Cuvier, 1830) Dark-banded fusilier Reef-associated 82 Caesonidae Caesio teres Seale, 1906 Yellow and blueback fusilier Reef-associated 60 Caesonidae Caesio caerulaurea Lacepède, 1801 Blue and gold fusilier Reef-associated 30 Caesonidae Pterocaesio chryzosona (Cuvier, 1830) Goldband fusilier Reef-associated 6 Caesonidae Pterocaesio pisang Bleeker, 1853 Ruddy fusilier Reef-associated 5 Caesonidae Pterocaesio marri Schultz, 1953 Marr's fusilier Reef-associated 3 Carangidae Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) Bigeye Scad Reef-associated 965 Carangidae Decapterus russelli (Rüppell, 1830) Indian scad Bentho-pelagic 303 Carangidae Decapterus tabl Berry, 1968 Roughear scad Reef-associated 77 Carangidae Selar boops (Cuvier, 1833) Oxeye Scad Reef-associated 58

16 Carangidae Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus, 1758) Torpedo Scad Reef-associated 17 Carangidae Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 Bigeye trevally Bentho-pelagic 11 Carangidae Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Rainbow Runner Reef-associated 4 Carangidae Carangoides hedlandensis (Whitley, 1934) Bumpnose trevally Reef-associated 3 Carangidae Carangoides dinema Bleeker, 1851 Shadow trevally Reef-associated 1 Carangidae Caranx lugubris Poey, 1860 Black jack Bentho-pelagic 1 Carangidae Caranx tille Cuvier, 1833 Tille trevally Reef-associated 1 Chaetondontidae Chaetodon kleinii Bloch, 1790 Sunburst butterflyfish Reef-associated 1 Clupeidae Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849) Goldstripe sardine Reef-associated 223 Clupeidae Sardinella longiceps Valenciennes, 1847 Indian oil sardine Pelagic-neritic 180 Congeridae Conger cinereus Rüppell, 1830 Moustache conger Reef-associated 1 Coryphaeniidae Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 Common dolphinfish Pelagic-neritic 55 Dasyatiae Dasyatis kuhlii (Müller & Henle, 1841) Blue-spotted stingray Reef-associated 2 Epphipidae Platax pinnatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Dusky batfish Reef-associated 1 Epphipidae Platax teira (Forsskål, 1775) Longfin batfish Reef-associated 1 Exocoetidae Cheilopogon cyanopterus (Valenciennes, 1847 Margined flyingfish Pelagic-oceanic 1060 Gerreidae Gerres filamentosus Cuvier, 1829 Whipfin silver-biddy Demersal 2 Haemulidae Diagramma picta (Thunberg, 1792) Painted sweetlips Reef-associated 4 Haemulidae Plectorhinchus flavomaculatus (Cuvier, 1830) Lemonfish Reef-associated 3 Haemulidae Diagramma melanacrum Johnson & Randall, 2001 Blackfin slatey Bentho-pelagic 1 Haemulidae Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides Lacepède, 1801 Harlequin sweetlips Reef-associated 1 Haemulidae Plectorhinchus gibbosus (Lacepède, 1802) Harry hotlips Reef-associated 1 Holocentridae Sargocentron cf rubrum (Forsskål, 1775) Redcoat Reef-associated 8 Kyphosidae Kyphosus bigibbus Lacepède, 1801 Brown chub Reef-associated 9 Labridae Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepède, 1801 Tripletail wrasse Reef-associated 9 Labridae Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch, 1791) Redbreasted wrasse Reef-associated 3 Labridae Novaculichthys taeniourus (Lacepède, 1801) Rockmover wrasse Reef-associated 2 Labridae Cheilinus undulatus Rüppell, 1835 Humphead wrasse Reef-associated 1 Labridae Stethojulis trilineata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Three-lined rainbowfish Reef-associated 1 Lethrinidae Lethrinus harak (Forsskål, 1775) Thumbprint emperor Reef-associated 33

17 Lethrinidae Lethrinus ornatus Valenciennes, 1830 Ornate emperor Reef-associated 21 Lethrinidae Lethrinus olivaceus Valenciennes, 1830 Longface emperor Reef-associated 13 Lethrinidae Lethrinus lentjan (Lacepède, 1802) Pink ear emperor Reef-associated 11 Lethrinidae Lethrinus amboninensis Bleeker, 1854 Ambon emperor Reef-associated 7 Lethrinidae Monotaxis grandoculis (Forsskål, 1775) Humpnose big-eye bream Reef-associated 3 Lethrinidae Gymnocranius microdon (Bleeker, 1851) Blue-spotted large-eye bream Reef-associated 1 Lethrinidae Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskål, 1775) Spangled emperor Reef-associated 1 Lobotidae Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch, 1790) Tripletail Benthopelagic 6 Lutjanidae Lutjanus timorensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Timor snapper Reef-associated 16 Lutjanidae Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskål, 1775) Humpback red snapper Reef-associated 6 Lutjanidae Lutjanus lutjanus Bloch, 1790 Bigeye snapper Reef-associated 6 Lutjanidae Etelis carbunculus Cuvier, 1828 Deep-water red snapper Benthopelagic 5 Lutjanidae Lutjanus decussatus (Cuvier, 1828) Checkered snapper Reef-associated 5 Lutjanidae Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forsskål, 1775) Dory snapper Reef-associated 4 Lutjanidae Lutjanus rufolineatus (Valenciennes, 1830) Yellow-lined snapper Reef-associated 4 Lutjanidae Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål, 1775) Mangrove red snapper Reef-associated 2 Lutjanidae Lutjanus rivulatus (Cuvier, 1828) Blubberlip snapper Reef-associated 2 Lutjanidae Lutjanus fulvus (Forster, 1801) Blacktail snapper Reef-associated 1 Menidae Mene maculata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Moonfish Reef-associated 618 Mugilidae Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 Flathead grey mullet Bentho-pelagic 8 Mugilidae Valamugil engeli (Bleeker, ) Kanda Reef-associated 1 Mullidae Upeneus vittatus (Forsskål, 1775) Yellowstriped goatfish Reef-associated 96 Mullidae Parupeneus barberinus (Lacepède, 1801) Dash-and-dot goatfish Reef-associated 70 Mullidae Upeneus moluccensis (Bleeker, 1855) Goldband goatfish Reef-associated 56 Mullidae Parupeneus multifasciatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Manybar goatfish Reef-associated 35 Mullidae Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831) Yellowfin goatfish Reef-associated 24 Mullidae Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (Lacepède, 1801) Yellowstripe goatfish Reef-associated 9 Mullidae Parupeneus barberinoides (Bleeker, 1852) Bicolor goatfish Reef-associated 5 Mullidae Parupeneus inducus (Shaw, 1803) Indian goatfish Reef-associated 4 Mullidae Parupeneus trifasciatus (Lacepède, 1801) Doublebar goatfish Reef-associated 3

18 Mullidae Parupeneus cf. cyclostomus (Lacepède, 1801) Gold-saddle goatfish Reef-associated 1 Nemipteridae Nemipterus virgatus (Houttuyn, 1782) Golden threadfin bream Demersal 13 Nemipteridae Scolopsis ciliata (Lacepède, 1802) Saw-jawed monocle bream Reef-associated 10 Nemipteridae Scolopsis taenipotera (Cuvier, 1830) Lattice monocle bream Demersal 7 Nemipteridae Scolopsis aurata (Park, 1797) Yellowstripe monocle bream Reef-associated 5 Nemipteridae Scolopsis monograma (Cuvier, 1830) Monogrammed monocle bream Reef-associated 3 Nemipteridae Scolopsis xenochrous Günther, 1872 Oblique-barred monocle bream Reef-associated 2 Nemipteridae Pentapodus caninus (Cuvier, 1830) Small-toothed whiptail Reef-associated 1 Nemipteridae Scolopsis lineatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 Striped monocle bream Reef-associated 1 Pomacentridae Abudefduf sordidus Blackspot sergeant Reef-associated 1 Priacanthidae Priacanthus hamrur (Forsskål, 1775) Moontail bullseye Reef-associated 6 Priacanthidae Priacanthus blochii Bleeker, 1853 Paeony bulleye Reef-associated 4 Priacanthidae Heteropriacanthus cruentatus (Lacepède, 1801) Glasseye Reef-associated 1 Scaridae Scarus niger Forsskål, 1775 Dusky parrotfish Reef-associated 31 Scaridae Chlorurus bleekeri (de Beaufort, 1940) Bleeker's parrotfish Reef-associated 23 Scaridae Scarus rivulatus Valenciennes, 1840 Rivulated parrotfish Reef-associated 16 Scaridae Chlorurus microrhinos (Bleeker, 1854) Steephead parrots Reef-associated 15 Scaridae Scarus psittacus Forsskål, 1775 Common parrotfish Reef-associated 12 Scaridae Scarus tricolor Bleeker, 1847 Tricolour parrotfish Reef-associated 10 Scaridae Scarus ghobban Forsskål, 1775 Blue-barred parrotfish Reef-associated 9 Scaridae Scarus dimidiatus Bleeker, 1859 Yellowbarred parrotfish Reef-associated 8 Scaridae Scarus flavipectoralis Schultz, 1958 Yellowfin parrotfish Reef-associated 7 Scaridae Chlorurus capistratoides (Bleeker, 1847) Pink-margined parrotfish Reef-associated 5 Scaridae Hipposcarus longiceps (Valenciennes, 1840) Pacific longnose parrotfish Reef-associated 5 Scaridae Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes, 1840) Carolines parrotfish Reef-associated 3 Scaridae Cetoscarus bicolor (Rüppell, 1829) Bicolour parrotfish Reef-associated 3 Scaridae Scarus forsteni (Bleeker, 1861) Forsten's parrotfish Reef-associated 3 Scaridae Scarus hypselopterus Bleeker, 1853 Yellow-tail parrotfish Reef-associated 3 Scaridae Scarus quoyi Valenciennes, 1840 Quoy's parrotfish Reef-associated 3 Scaridae Scarus prasiognathos Valenciennes, 1840 Singapore parrotfish Reef-associated 2

19 Scaridae Scarus schlegeli (Bleeker, 1861) Yellowband parrotfish Reef-associated 2 Scombridae Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) Skipjack tuna Pelagic-oceanic 219 Scombridae Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) Yellowfin tuna Pelagic-oceanic 173 Scombridae Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816) Indian mackerel Pelagic-neritic 97 Scombridae Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier, 1832) Wahoo Pelagic-oceanic 1 Scombridae Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849) Kawakawa Pelagic-neritic 1 Serranidae cephalopholis cyanostigma (Valenciennes, 1828) Bluespotted hind Reef-associated 12 Serranidae cephalopholis boenak (Bloch, 1790) Chocolate hind Reef-associated 11 Serranidae cephalopholis argus Schneider, 1801 Peacock hind Reef-associated 10 Serranidae Epinephelus merra Bloch, 1793 Honeycomb grouper Reef-associated 10 Serranidae Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) Orange-spotted grouper Reef-associated 6 Serranidae Variola albimarginata Baissac, 1953 White-edged lyretail Reef-associated 6 Serranidae Epinephelus maculatus (Bloch, 1790) Highfin grouper Reef-associated 5 Serranidae Epinephelus corallicola (Valenciennes, 1828) Coral grouper Reef-associated 4 Serranidae Epinephelus ongus (Bloch, 1790) White-streaked grouper Reef-associated 4 Serranidae Epinephelus caeruleopunctatus (Bloch, 1790) Whitespotted grouper Reef-associated 3 Serranidae Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskål, 1775) Blacktip grouper Reef-associated 3 Serranidae Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskål, 1775) Greasy grouper Reef-associated 3 Serranidae Epinephelus miliaris (Valenciennes, 1830) Netfin grouper Reef-associated 2 Serranidae Epinephelus polyphekadion (Bleeker, 1849) Camouflage grouper Reef-associated 2 Serranidae Aethaloperca rogga (Forsskål, 1775) Redmouth grouper Reef-associated 1 Serranidae Epinephelus rivulatus (Valenciennes, 1830) Halfmoon grouper Reef-associated 1 Serranidae Plectropomus oligacanthus (Bleeker, 1854) Highfin coralgrouper Reef-associated 1 Siganidae Siganus canaliculatus (Park, 1797) White-spotted spinefoot Reef-associated 85 Siganidae Siganus virgatus (Valenciennes, 1835) Barhead spinefoot Reef-associated 69 Siganidae Siganus spinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Little spinefoot Reef-associated 36 Siganidae Siganus punctatissimus Fowler & Bean, 1929 Peppered spinefoot Reef-associated 21 Siganidae Siganus argentes (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Streamlined spinefoot Reef-associated 16 Siganidae Siganus guttatus (Bloch, 1787) Goldlined spinefoot Reef-associated 12 Siganidae Siganus vulpinus (Schlegel & Müller, 1845) Foxface Reef-associated 10

20 Siganidae Siganus punctatus (Schneider & Forster, 1801) Goldspotted spinefoot Reef-associated 6 Siganidae Siganus puellus (Schlegel, 1852) Masked spinefoot Reef-associated 4 Siganidae Siganus corallinus (Valenciennes, 1835) Blue-spotted spinefoot Reef-associated 2 Synodontidae Synodus variegatus Reef lizardfish Reef-associated 2 Teraponidae Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775) Jarbua terapon Demersal 14 Trichiuirdae Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 Largehead hairtail Benthopelagic 10