Larvae of Australian Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Part 1. Genera Austrophorella and Pseudotaenia

Transcription

1 Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 67: , 2003 ISSN X Larvae of Australian Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Part 1. Genera Austrophorella and Pseudotaenia Svatopluk BÍLÝ 1) & Mark G. VOLKOVITSH 2) 1) Department of Entomology, National Museum, Kunratice 1, CZ Praha 4, Czech Republic; 2) Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, RU St. Petersburg, Russia; Received April 5, 2002; accepted December 16, 2002 Published July 7, 2003 Abstract. Larvae of Austrophorella quadrisignata (Saunders, 1872) and Pseudotaenia gigas (Hope, 1846) are fully described and illustrated. Diagnostic characters of both genera and their bionomy are discussed, and a comparative table of the character states of larvae of chalcophorine genera from the Australian region and beyond are given. Taxonomy, larval morphology, classification, Coleoptera, Buprestidae, Chalcophorini, Austrophorella, Pseudotaenia, Australian region INTRODUCTION Knowledge of the larval morphology of Australian Buprestidae is extremely limited. Only larvae of a few buprestid genera from the Australian region are described, some of them poorly illustrated or insufficiently described. Dumbleton (1932) described larvae of Nasciodes Kerremans, 1903 and Maoraxia Obenberger, 1937; Levey (1978) described a larva of Prospheres Thomson, 1878; Volkovitsh & Hawkeswood described in several papers larvae of Neocuris Fairmaire, 1877 (1987), Agrilus Curtis, 1825 and Ethonion Kubáň, 2000 (as Ethon Gory et Laporte, 1839) (1990), Melobasis Laporte et Gory, 1837 (1994), Anilara Thomson, 1879 (1993) and Prospheres Thomson, 1878 (1999); Bellamy (1987) published an illustration and a very brief larval description of Synechocera Deyrolle, 1864; Bílý described larvae of Anocisseis Bellamy, 1990 (1997) and Euleptodema Obenberger, 1928 (2000); Hawkeswood (1985) published a larval description of Diadoxus Thomson, 1878 and briefly discussed the main diagnostic characters of Pseudotaenia waterhousei (Van de Poll, 1886); Turner & Hawkeswood published illustrations of larvae of Astraeus Laporte et Gory, 1837 (1996), Melobasis Laporte & Gory, 1837 (1994, 1996) and an unsatisfactory larval illustration of Dinocephalia Obenberger, 1923 (1994); and finally Turner published larval illustrations of Melobasis Laporte et Gory, 1837 (2001a), Agrilus Curtis, 1825 (2001b) and Hypocisseis Thomson, 1879 (2001c). Quite recently, Bílý & Volkovitsh (2002) published descriptions of several larvae of tropical buprestids, including the genera Paracupta Deyrolle, 1864 and Melobasis (subgen. Dicercopygus Deyrolle, 1864). In fact, larvae of only twelve buprestids from the Australian region are described in detail and the descriptions can be used for comparative morphology: Agrilus australasiae Laporte et Gory, 1837, Anilara antiqua Théry, 1908, A. nigrita Kerremans, 1898, Anocisseis danieli Bílý, 1997, Diadoxus erythrurus (White, 1843), Euleptodema sainvali Bílý, 2000, Ethonion affine (Laporte et Gory, 1839) (sub Ethon affine), Maoraxia eremita (White, 1846), Melobasis (Dicercopygus) viridiauratus Deyrolle, 1864, M. (Melobasis) vertebralis Carter, 1923, Nasciodes enysi (Sharp, 1877) and Prospheres aurantopicta (Laporte et Gory, 1836). 99

2 In this paper, larvae of Austrophorella quadrisignata (Saunders, 1872) and Pseudotaenia gigas (Hope, 1846) are described and compared with other larvae of the chalcophorine complex from the Australian region and beyond. The morphological terminology follows that used in the papers of Volkovitsh & Bílý (1997) and Volkovitsh & Bílý (2001). Images of the larvae are to be found at Abbreviations used in the text: CALM Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, W Australia; NMPC National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic; ZINAS Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. LARVAL DESCRIPTIONS Austrophorella quadrisignata (Saunders, 1872) (Figs 1 10, 23) SPECIMENS STUDIED. 1 adult and 1 middle-aged larvae: Australia, Queensland, 5 km E of Duarling, 28.x.2001, M. Hanlon leg.; larvae taken from the stem of Alphitonia excelsa (Rhamnaceae); material deposited in NMPC and ZINAS. DESCRIPTION. Measurements: body length 26.0 and 56.0 mm; width of prothorax 4.2 and 9.5 mm., respectively. Larva is cream-white, of the typical buprestoid shape (Figs 1, 2), morpho-ecological subtype 2 (Volkovitsh 1979); pilosity of the whole body short, poorly visible. Head. Epicranium completely invaginated into prothorax. Epistome (Fig. 3) narrow, 4.3 times as wide as long, anterior margin bisinuate with collar poorly developed, anterior lobe slightly projecting; mandibular condyles semiglobular, posterior margin bisinuate, central part not extending posteriorly; lateroposterior corners obtuse, strongly projecting outwards, lateral margins sharply separated from antennal depressions, nearly straight; epistomal sensillae (Fig. 3) arranged linearly above the middle of epistomal length in two groups with 2 relatively long setae with nearly fused bases and 1 campaniform sensilla each. Clypeus strongly transverse with a few microspinulae laterally. Labrum (Fig. 3) slightly transverse, 1.4 times as wide as long, almost parallel-sided, anterior margin almost straight in younger larva, that in mature larva with moderately developed lateral lobes; lateral sides arcuated anteriorly, nearly parallel-sided posteriorly; palatinae sclerites well-developed and sclerotized, medial branches broad, lateral branches curved and narrow; medial sensillae of labrum: 1c-2t-3c (t trichoid, c campaniform); 2t short, extending only posterior margin of anterior microsetal area, 1c situated on medial branch (in adult larva there are 2 campaniform sensillae on the right side Fig. 3), 3c situated on membrane near to median branch; anterolateral sensillae of labrum (t trichoid, c campaniform) arranged as follows: external (1t, 2c)-3t-4t, internal 1c- 2t+3t+4t; labrum dorsally with very narrow area of long, dense microsetae along complete anterior margin and isolated patches on lateral lobes, posterior margin of microsetal area nearly straight; ventral side of labrum (epipharynx Fig. 6) with 2 longitudinal fields of dense microsetae on lateral lobes. Antennae (Fig. 7) two-segmented, basal segment 1.25 times longer than the apical one, completely glabrous, situated in the incision of epistome; 1st antennomere slightly transverse, widened apically, submerged into completely glabrous articular membrane and hardly longer than Figs larva of Austrophorella quadrisignata (Saunders). 1 habitus, dorsal view, 56.0 mm; 2 anterior part of body, ventral view; 3 epistome and labrum; 4 labiomaxillary complex; 5 right mandible; 6 epipharynx; 7 right antenna; 8 right maxilla; 9 mesothoracic spiracle; 10 1 st abdominal spiracle; scale bars: a 1.0 mm (3, 4, 5, 6), b 0.3 mm (7, 8, 9, 10). 100

3 b 5 2 a

4 wide, outer margin much longer than inner one, anterior margin strongly sloped inward; inner sclerite well-developed, segment with 2 campaniform sensillae (one internal and one external) and with short and dense microspinulae around anterior margin; 2nd antennomere subcylindrical, longer than wide, with maximal width at base, feebly straithly narrowed to apex; with well-defined inner sclerite and dense microspinulae around the apical cavity; apical cavity well-developed with 1 trichosensilla (slightly shorter than 2nd antennomere), 1 long, conical and sharpened apically sensory appendage, 1 basiconic and 2 palmate sensillae. Mandibles (Fig. 5) triangular, as long as wide, strongly sclerotized and nearly black at anterior 2/3 (basal part brown) without setae and visible inner glandules; apical tooth long, curved, obtuse apically; cutting edge dorsally with upper blunt tooth and lower ridge sitting on the common base far from each other, ventrally with short ridge with straight anterior edge below the apical tooth; small additional tooth situated on inner surface between cutting edges. Hypostome moderately sclerotized with a few short setae. Ocelli slightly developed, poorly visible. Maxillae (Figs 4, 8); cardo triangular almost as wide as long, isolated sclerites of cardo well-developed, ovoid with 2 short setae and 1 campaniform sensilla each; stipes long, nearly parallel-sided with well-developed and defined, rather complicate inner sclerite bearing poorly sclerotized, almost transparent posterior process; apical seta longer than palpus maxillaris; lateral seta and campaniform sensilla situated at external margin near anterior 1/3; stipes with long microsetae along complete anterior margin, finely microspinuled internally. Palpus maxillaris two-segmented, basal palpomere slightly longer than the terminal one; basal palpomere short, transverse with apical seta which is longer than the terminal palpomere, 1 campaniform sensilla near to external margin and with a row of long microsetae along anterior margin laterally and internally; 2nd (apical) palpomere subcylindrical, hardly longer than wide with curved external margin; curved sensilla short, about ý of palpomere length situated along internal margin; campaniform sensilla above the middle at external margin, apical, conical sensillae (10) short, peglike, equal in length. Mala nearly parallel-sided, as long as wide with well-defined inner sclerite and externally with 1 campaniform sensilla near external margin and 3 long and 2 short setae apically; internally mala bears 5 long, thick setae and long, very dense microsetae; internal projection of mala absent. Labium (Fig. 4); postmentum with 2 paires of distantly disposed, short setae; prementum trapezoid, distinctly wider than long, anterior margin widely arcuate, lateral sides slightly arcuately converging to the base; prementum bears dorsally (hypopharynx) 2 longitudinal, lateral fields of dense, long microsetae and ventrally narrow, interrupted in the middle stripe of microsetae along the very anterior margin and 2 oblique microsetal zones between corner sclerites; corner sclerites of labium almost ovoid, extending anteriorly, bearing short apical setae, far not extending posterior border of anterior microsetal area and 5 campaniform sensillae: 3 near the base of apical seta, 1 near the base of apical sclerite and 1 with sclerotized base beneath the posterior end of apical sclerite. Thorax (Figs 1, 2) wider than abdominal segments with well-developed rudiments of legs on ventral surface of all segments. Prothorax is the widest body-segment, its lateral sides slightly rounded, glabrous with sparse short setae, bearing small, darker spot on each side; anterior membrane densely microspinuled bearing short setae; both dorsal and ventral plates well-defined due to rough asperities surrounded by dense microteeth; pronotal plate (Fig. 1) covered with dark asperities of the chalcophorine type which are smaller at the base of the plate; asperities (Fig. 23) small, rounded with poorly developed arms, almost regularly dispersed; surface between asperities Figs larva of Pseudotaenia gigas (Hope). 11 habitus, dorsal view, 82.0 mm; 12 anterior part of body, ventral view; 13 epistome and labium; 14 labiomaxillary complex; 15 left mandible; 16 epipharynx; 17 right antenna; 18 right maxilla; 19 mesothoracic spiracle; 20 1 st abdominal spiracle; 102

5 17 b 12 a

6 glabrous, without microteeth, with sparse, short setae; asperated area surrounded by dense, yellowish microteeth; pronotal groove narrowly Y-shaped, well-defined and sclerotized, yellowishbrown; common part very short with sclerotized, nearly ovoid anterior area; branches of the pronotal groove slightly incurved, not extending the base of asperated area with posterior ends closely disposed; angle between branches about 30 grades; prosternal plate with the same armament like the pronotal plate (Fig. 2); prosternal groove straight, well-defined and sclerotized, slightly T- shaped with sclerotized, strongly transversely ovoid anterior area. Mesothorax (Figs 1, 2) slightly narrower than prothorax and almost as wide as metathorax, completely covered with microteeth which are getting changed into microspinulae laterally; lateral sides of mesothorax secondary divided by folds, ambulatory pads dorsally absent, ventrally hardly developed on sides. Metathorax (Figs 1, 2) slightly narrower than prothorax and almost as wide as mesothorax with the same type of armament like mesothorax but with small, glabrous areas; dorsal ambulatory pads poorly defined laterally, not extending lateral sides, ventral pads better defined laterally, also not extending lateral sides. Abdomen (Fig. 1) flattened, much narrower than thorax, sides subparallel, glabrous with very sparse, short setae; lateral impressions well-developed, strongly elongate on segments 2 9, ambulatory pads developed only on the 1st segment both dorsally and ventrally; anal segment without terminal processes; 1st abdominal segment slightly conical, much narrower than metathorax, distinctly wider than the rest of the abdomen; segments 2 8 flattened, longer than wide, mainly glabrous with microspinuled areas, 9th segment nearly as wide as long with sparse, short setae, 10th segment short, transverse with widely rounded apex and with the same armament like the segment 9. Spiracles (Figs 9, 10). Thoracic spiracles (Fig. 9) of the buprestoid type, reniform, strongly transverse, cribriform, situated at anterior part of the mesothoracic sides; perithrema cancellate, trabeculae numerous, strongly branched, atrium well-defined and sclerotized, closing apparatus well-developed; spiracles with 1 2 sclerotized hooks at upper and/or lower margins of the spiracle, invisible on the sides of segment from above and beneath; abdominal spiracles of the same type but smaller, adjacent hooks getting smaller posteriorly, missing on segments (7) 8; 1st abdominal spiracle situated dorsally at anterior part of the segment, spiracles on segments 2 8 situated in the anterior part of dorsal, lateral depressions. Proventriculus well-developed, large, slightly cordiform with well-developed longitudinal folds; its inner structure of the same type like in Pseudotaenia gigas (see Fig. 21); main fields divided by longitudinal folds, well-sclerotized with dense, large, singular or grouped teeth sitting on large tubercles; side fields zig-zag-shaped with sparser and mainly singular teeth; anterior and posterior fields with very dense, long microsetae sitting in groups on common bases. Pseudotaenia gigas (Hope, 1846) (Figs 11 22) SPECIMENS STUDIED. 17 specimens of various instars incl. first and last instar: W Australia, Coolgardie, 18.x.2001, Sv. Bílý leg.; all specimens taken from living trunks of Acacia lasiocalyx (Mimosaceae); material deposited in NMPC and ZINAS. DESCRIPTION. Measurements: body length mm; width of prothorax mm. Larva is cream-white, of the buprestoid type (Figs 11, 12), morpho-ecological subtype 2 (Volkovitsh 1979); pilosity of the whole body is short, poorly visible. Head. Epicranium completely invaginated into prothorax. Epistome (Fig. 13) narrow, times as wide as long, anterior margin bisinuate, forming a collar with distinct lateral projections 104

7 inwards of mandibular condyles which are semiglobular; posterior margin bisinuate on each side, central part slightly extending posteriorly, lateroposterior corners sharp, strongly projecting outwards, lateral margins sharply separated from antennal depressions, slightly curved; antennal incissions deep, about ý of antennal depressions; epistome bears two groups of epistomal sensillae arranged linearly above the middle of epistomal length with 2 relatively long setae and 1 campaniform sensilla in each group. Clypeus transverse, finely microspinulated laterally. Labrum (Fig.13) trapezoid, slightly transverse, anterior margin arcuately projecting anteriorly with moderately developed lateral lobes; lateral sides almost straight, feebly converging to the base; palatinae sclerites welldeveloped, medial branches broad, lateral branches narrow and curved; arrangement of medial sensillae of labrum (t trichoid, c campaniform): 1c-2t-3c; 2t long, extending anterior margin of labrum, 1c situated on medial branch, 3c situated on membrane between median and lateral branches; arrangement of antero-lateral sensillae of labrum (t trichoid, c campaniform): external (1t, 2c)+3t- 4t, internal 1c+2t+3t+4t; labrum dorsally with relatively broad area of long, very dense microsetae along complete anterior margin and isolated patches on lateral lobes, posterior border of this microsetal area nearly straight; ventral part of labrum (epipharynx Fig. 16) with 2 longitudinal fields of dense microsetae extending lateral lobes. Antennae (Fig. 17) two-segmented situated in the incision of epistome, their basal segment hardly longer than the terminal one; articular membrane Figs scheme of inner armament of proventriculus of Pseudotaenia gigas (Hope); 22 pronotal asperities of P. gigas; 23 the same, Austrophorella quadrioculata (Saunders); scale bar: 0.05 mm. 105

8 glabrous with inconspicuous microspinuled area externally; 1st antennomere slightly longer than wide, widened apically, half submerged into articular membrane with well-developed inner sclerite, outer margin hardly longer than inner one, anterior margin only slightly sloped inward; antennomere bears one internal and one external campaniform sensilla and ring of short, dense, apical microspinulae forming denser patches on the sides; 2nd antennomere barrel-like, with maximal width at basal 1/4, feebly arcuately narrowed to apex; longer than wide with well-developed inner sclerite and dense microspinulae around the apical cavity; apical cavity with 1 trichosensilla which is slightly shorter than antennomere, 2 palmate sensillae, 1 basiconic sensilla and conical, apically sharpened sensory appendage which extends the cavity. Mandibles (Fig. 15) triangular, nearly as long as wide, strongly sclerotized and black, only basal 1/3 brown; setae absent, inner glandules invisible; cutting edge with long, apically obtused apical tooth, 2 obtuse internal, dorsal teeth sitting on common base far of each other and 2 small internal, ventral teeth sitting on common base close to each other; small additional tooth is situated on inner surface between cutting edges. Hypostome moderately sclerotized with a few short setae. Ocelli well-developed. Maxillae (Fig. 14, 18); cardo elongate, isolated sclerites of cardo small, well-defined with 2 short setae and 1 campaniform sensilla each; stipes rather short with well-defined and sclerotized inner sclerite bearing long, incurved and well sclerotized posterior process; apical seta as long as palpus maxillaris; lateral seta and external campaniform sensilla situated at external margin at anterior 1/3; complete anterior margin of stipes with dense microsetae externally and densely microspinuled internally. Palpus maxillaris two-segmented, basal palpomere slightly longer than the terminal one; basal palpomere subcylindrical, apical seta 1.5 times longer than palpomere 2, campaniform sensilla situated near external margin internally, anterior margin with row of microsetae internally; apical palpomere subcylindrical with curved external margin, more than twice as long as wide; curved sensilla short, about of palpomere length situated along internal margin; campaniform sensilla present at basal 1/3 of external margin, apical, conical sensillae (approx. 10) short, peg-like, equal in length. Mala distinctly longer than wide, nearly parallel-sided with well-developed inner sclerite; mala bears externally 1 campaniform sensilla near external margin, 3 long and 2 short apical setae and 5 long, thick setae and very dense microsetae internally; internal projection absent. Labium (Fig. 14); postmentum with 2 pairs of closely disposed short setae or glabrous (younger instars?); prementum nearly circular, slightly wider than long with nearly regularly arcuated anterior margin and slightly converging to base lateral margins; dorsal part of labium (hypopharynx) with 2 longitudinal fields of very dense, long microsetae laterally; ventral part of labium with narrow area of dense microsetae along anterior margin, posterior border of this area being slightly emarginated, occupying Ľ of labial length and with 2 oblique microsetal fields between corner sclerites; corner sclerites of labium almost ovoid, apical setae short, not extending posterior border of anterior microsetal area; campaniform sensillae of corner sclerite situated as follows: 3 near the base of apical seta, 1 near the base of apical sclerite and 1 (with sclerotized base) beneath the posterior end of apical sclerite. Thorax (Fig. 11, 12) wider than abdominal segments with well-marked rudiments of legs on ventral surface of all segments. Prothorax is the widest of all thoracic segments, its lateral sides widely arcuate; anterior membrane densely microspinuled bearing short setae, sides glabrous with sparse, short setae and small dark spot on each side; both pronotal and prosternal plates welldefined due to asperities surrounded with dense microteeth; Pronotum (Fig. 11) with somewhat trapezoidal pronotal plate covered with large asterisk-shaped asperities of the chalcophorine type (Fig. 22) which are smaller and denser at the base of the plate; asperities transverse with welldeveloped arms, space between them glabrous without microteeth, with very sparse setae; asperated area surrounded by dense, yellowish microteeth; pronotal groove well-sclerotized, 106

9 biramous, somewhat Y-shaped; common part of grooves very short with sclerotized, transverse, umbrella-shaped anterior area, anterior margin of the area broadly arcuated; branches slightly incurved, not extending the base of asperated area with posterior ends closely disposed; angle between branches about 25 grades; prosternal plate covered with asperities of the same type like those on pronotal plate; prosternal groove (Fig. 12) uniramous, well-defined and sclerotized, yellowish-brown with darker basal 2/3; anterior part of the groove with well-sclerotized, transverse, umbrella-shaped area with arcuated anterior margin; mesothorax distinctly narrower than prothorax and slightly wider than metathorax, almost completely covered with microteeth which are getting changed into microspinulae on lateral sides; lateral sides with secondary folds and short, sparse setae; dorsal ambulatory pads absent, ventral pads hardly defined on sides; metathorax distinctly narrover than prothorax and slightly narrower than mesothorax, covered with microteeth which are getting changed into microspinulae on lateral sides; dorsal ambulatory pads poorly defined not extending lateral outline of metathorax, ventral pads better defined than dorsal ones also not extending outline of the segment. Abdomen (Fig. 11) flattened, much narrower than thorax, subparallel and glabrous only with sparse, short setae; lateral depressions well-developed on segments 2 9, strongly elongate; ambulatory pads developed only on the first segment both dorsally and ventrally, terminal process absent; 1st segment subconical, much narrower than metathorax, anteriorly nearly as wide as segment 2; segments 2 8 flattened, slightly longer than wide, glabrous with microspinuled areas; segment 9 nearly as wide as long, narrower posteriorly with microspinuled areas and short, sparse setae; terminal abdominal segment short, transverse, glabrous with areas of microspinules and very short and sparse setae, apex of segment widely rounded. Spiracles (Figs 19, 20); thoracic spiracles (Fig. 19) cribriform, of the buprestoid type, reniform, situated at anterior part of mesothoracic sides; peritrema cancellate, trabeculae numerous, strongly branched, atrium well-defined and sclerotized, closing apparatus well-developed; spiracles with 2 big, well-sclerotized hooks at upper and lower margins of spiracle, well-visible on the mesothoracic sides from above and beneath; abdominal spiracles of the same type but smaller; adjacent sclerotized hooks well-developed and visible from above and beneath only on anterior pairs of abdominal spiracles getting less distinct and invisible from above and beneath posteriorly. Proventriculus (Fig. 21) well-developed, large, slightly cordiform with well-developed longitudinal folds; inner armament rather complicate and very similar to that in Austrophorella quadrisignata; main fields divided by longitudinal folds with dense, large, singular or grouped teeth sitting on large tubercles; side fields zig-zag-shaped with sparse and mainly singular teeth; anterior field with long and dense microteeth and microspinulae sitting in groups on the common bases, posterior field with very dense, long microsetae sitting in groups on common beses. DISCUSSION In order to compare the larvae of Austrophorella and Pseudotaenia with those of other Chalcophorinae genera, the dissected (noted by the asterisk *) and undissected larvae of following taxa (ordered according to Volkovitsh 2001) were examined. Chalcophorioid lineage Paratassini Bílý et Volkovitsh, 1996: Paratassa Marseul (P. coraebiformis (Fairmaire))* Nanularia generic group: Nanularia Casey (N. californica (Horn))* Chalcophorini Lacordaire, 1857 Chrysochroina Laporte, 1835: Callopistus generic group: Steraspis Dejean (S. speciosa (Klug)) Chalcophorina Lacordaire,

10 Cyphogastra generic group: Cyphogastra Deyrolle (C. bruyni Landsberg)*, Paracupta Deyrolle (P. erythrocephala (Montrouzier))* Chrysodema generic group: Chrysodema Laporte et Gory (C. impressicollis Laporte et Gory*, C. lewisi Saunders)* Texania generic group: Texania Casey (T. campestris (Say)) Chalcophora generic group: Chalcophora Dejean (C. angulicollis (LeConte), C. detrita (Klug)*, C. intermedia Rey*, C. mariana (Linnaeus))* Hypoprasini Hołynski, 1993 Euchromatina Hołynski, 1993: Euchroma Solier (Euchroma sp.) Poecilonotini Alexeev et Bebka, 1970 Poecilonotina Alexeev et Bebka, 1970: Palmar Schaeffer (P. (Scintillatrix) mirifica (Mulsant)*, P.(S.) rutilans (Fabricius))*, Poecilonota Eschscherich (P. variolosa (Paykull))* Psilopterioid lineage Sphenopterini Lacordaire, 1857: Sphenoptera Dejean (S.(Hoplistura) arabica Gory*, S. (? Chilostetha) vestita Jakovlev*) Psilopterini Lacordaire, 1857 Hippomelanina Hołynski, 1993: Gyascutus Le Conte (G. (Gyascutus) allenrolfiae (Verity)), Prasinalia Casey (P. imperialis (Barr)) Psilopterina Lacordaire, 1857: Lampetis generic group: Capnodis Eschscholtz (C. miliaris (Klug))*, Perotis Dejean (P. cuprata (Klug)) Dicerca generic group: Dicerca Eschscholtz (D.(Argante) moesta (Fabricius)*, D. (Dicerca) alni (Fischer)*) Dicercomorpha generic group: Dicercomorpha Deyrolle (D. interrupta Deyrolle*) Haplotrinchina Hołynski, 1993: Haplotrinchus Kerremans (H. inaequalis Deyrolle*, H. embrikiellus Obenberger*) Differential characters The differences between the larvae of Austrophorella quadrisignata and Pseudotaenia gigas are shown in Tab. 1. The common character (?synapomorphy) of both taxa is the more or less developed collar of the anterior margin of epistome (Figs 3, 13). The main diagnostic characters of the larva of Austrophorella quadrisignata are the short inner sclerite of maxillary cardo (Figs 4, 8), very narrow microsetal area along anterior margin of labium (Fig. 4), and the shape of anterior sclerotized areas of prothoracic grooves (Figs 1, 2); that of Pseudotaenia gigas is very large hooks adjacent to spiracles (Figs 19, 20). Relationships Relationships between the genera of the chalcophorine complex from the Australian region and beyond are given in the Tab. 2. The main diagnostic character of all studied Chalcophorini (including Chrysochroina) and Hypoprasini larvae is the presence of sharply defined prothoracic plates bearing very large, strongly sclerotized, irregular in shape, frequently asterisk-like, isolated or confluent asperities on a glabrous background (only Chrysodema has a narrow stripe of microteeth at the base of pronotal plate between the ends of the median groove). Apparently these asperities are not homologous to microteeth or grain-like asperities in psilopterioid taxa and other groups of Buprestidae (see discussion in Volkovitsh & Hawkeswood 1994: 20, 21). In some chalcophorioid (Paratassini, Nanularia, Poecilonotini) and psilopterioid (Sphenopterini) taxa, prothoracic plates are either partly (in Paratassa with glabrous areas, see Bílý & Volkovitsh 1996) or completely covered with microteeth without any asperities that is presumed to be a plesiomorphic state. In 108

11 Tab. 1. Comparison of the main taxonomic characters between the larvae of Austrophorella quadrisignata (Saunders) and Pseudotaenia gigas (Hope) character Austrophorella quadrisignata Pseudotaenia gigas epistome, collar on anterior margin poorly developed, without distinct lateral well developed, with distinct lateral projections projections antennae, articular membrane completely glabrous glabrous with inconspicuous microspinuled area externally antennae, 1 st antennomere outer margin much longer than inner one, outer margin hardly longer than inner one, anterior anterior margin strongly sloped inward (Fig. 7) margin only slightly sloped inward (Fig. 17) antennae, 2 nd antennomere subcylindrical, with maximal width at base, feebly barrel-like, with maximal width at basal Ľ - 1/3, feebly straightly narrowed to apex (Fig. 7) arcuately narrowed to apex (Fig. 17) labrum, medial apical setae extending posterior border of anterior extending anterior margin of labrum microsetal area hypostomal ocelli poorly developed, hardly visible well developed maxillary stipes, posterior projection indistinct, almost transparent distinct, long, curved, strongly sclerorized of inner sclerite mala nearly as long as wide distinctly longer than wide labium, anterior margin with very narrow, interrupted in the middle with broad microsetal area along anterior margin microsetal area bordering anterior margin occuppying about 1/4 of labial length pronotal plate as on Fig. 1 as on Fig. 11 pronotal groove, anterior sclerotized area irregularly ovoid, nearly as long as wide (Fig. 1) umbrella-shaped, transverse, with broadly rounded anterior margin (Fig. 11) prosternal plate as on Fig. 2 as on Fig. 12 prosternal groove, anterior sclerotized area T-shaped, truncated apically (Fig. 2) umbrella-shaped, broadly rounded apically (Fig. 12) prothoracic plates, asperities slightly transverse, rounded (Fig. 23) strongly transverse, irregular, sharp-edged (Fig. 22) thoracic and 1 st abdominal spiracles with 1-2 small adjacent sclerotized teeth invisible with 2 very large adjacent sclerotized hooks visible from above and beneath (Figs. 9, 10) from above and beneath (Figs. 19, 20) 109

12 Tab. 2. Comparison of the main taxonomic characters among the larvae of known chalcophorine genera character Cyphogastra Paracupta Chrysodema Austrophorella Pseudotaenia Chalcophora epistome, collar on absent absent absent poorly developed, well developed, absent anterior margin without distinct with distinct lateral projections lateral projections labrum, medial apical extending poste- not extending extending anterior extending poste- extending ante- extending posterior setae rior border of posterior border margin of labrum border of anterior rior margin of rior border of anterior anterior of anterior microsetal area labrum microsetal area microsetal area microsetal area maxillary cardo, isolated with 2 short setae with 2 long setae with 2 long setae with 2 short setae with 2 short setae with 2 short setae and sclerite and 1 campani- and 1 2 campani- and 1 campani- and 1 campani- and 1 campani- 5 campaniform form sensilla form sensillae form sensilla form sensilla form sensilla sensillae maxillary stipes, posterior distinct, long, distinct, long, distinct, long, Indistinct, almost distinct, long, distinct, long, curved, projection of inner sclerite straight, strongly curved, strongly curved, moderately transparent curved, strongly strongly sclerotized sclerotized sclerotized labium, anterior margin with broad micro- with broad micro- with broad micro- with very narrow, with broad micro- with narrow microsetal area with setal area with setal area with interrupted in the setal area with setal area bordering nearly straight nearly straight arcuately projecting middle microsetal posterior border posterior border posterior border area bordering slightly emarginatedanterior margin along anterior along anterior margin along anterior anterior margin posterior border margin occuppying occuppying about margin occuppying along anterior about 1/4 of labial 1/4 of labial length about 1/4 of labial margin occuppying length length about 1/4 of labial length corner sclerite of labium, extending anterior far not reaching extending beyond far not reaching far not reaching far not reaching apical seta margin anterior margin anterior margin anterior margin anterior margin anterior margin pronotal plate completely completely with distinct area completely completely completely covered covered with covered with of microteeth covered with covered with with asperities asperities asperities between the ends asperities asperities of medial groove pronotal groove, umbrella-shaped, umbrella-shaped, umbrella-shaped, irregularly ovoid, umbrella-shaped, umbrella-shaped, anterior sclerotized area slightly transverse, transverse, with transverse, with nearly as long transverse, with transverse, with with shallowly truncated anterior deeply emarginated as wide broadly rounded broadly rounded emarginated margin anterior margin anterior margin anterior margin anterior margin 110

13 Tab. 2. (continued) character Cyphogastra Paracupta Chrysodema Austrophorella Pseudotaenia Chalcophora prosternal groove, T-shaped, slightly T-shaped, umbrella-shaped, T-shaped, umbrella-shaped, umbrella-shaped, anterior sclerotized area emarginated emarginated transverse, deeply truncated apically transverse, broadly transverse, apically apically emarginated rounded apically emarginated apically apically Thoracic and 1 st without adjacent with 1 2 small with 1 2 small with 1 2 small with 2 very large with hardly visible abdominal spiracles sclerotized teeth adjacent adjacent sclero- adjacent adjacent adjacent sclerotized sclerotized teeth sclerotized teeth sclerotized teeth sclerotized hooks teeth invisible from invisible from invisible from visible from above and beneath above and beneath above and beneath above and beneath 111

14 psilopterioid taxa, the prothoracic plates are completely covered with microteeth with grain-like asperities only along the medial grooves. It is postulated (Volkovitsh & Hawkeswood 1994: 21) that asperities in buprestid larvae have a different origin: in chalcophorioid taxa and Melobasini (Buprestinae) they are presumably cuticular newgrowths while in psilopterioid and many other buprestid groups they are formed through modification of microteeth; both states may be regarded as synapomorphies of Chalcophorini + Hypoprasini and Psilopterini respectively. The comparison of larval characters of chalcophorine genera (Tab. 2) has shown their uniformity throughout all studied taxa which differ mainly in shape and proportions of some mouthpart sclerites, the shape of the prothoracic plates and grooves, the structure of asperities, the shape and armament of the spiracles, and some other characters mentioned in the Tab. 2. Only a few taxa demonstrate distinct diagnostic characters which enable generic distinction, for example, very big claw-like hooks adjacent to mesothoracic and first abdominal spiracles in Pseudotaenia, short inner sclerite of maxillary stipes in Austrophorella, additional campaniform sensellae on isolated sclerite of cardo in Chalcophora, and narrow stripe of microteeth at the base of pronotal plate in Chrysodema (Tab. 2). In the same time it is difficult to confirm that these characters occurs in all members of above mentioned genera because the larvae of only single or a few species of each genus are known and examined in details. Toyama (1986) established the genus Austrophorella Toyama, 1986 for the single species Austrophorella quadrisignata within his tribe Chalcophorellini Toyama, 1986 on the basis of slightly different wing venation (open anal cell). Holynski (1993) supposed both the tribe and the genus to be questionable and synonymized Austrophorella with Pseudotaenia Kerremans, Though the differences in larval characters between both genera are so subtle, the comparison with other chalcophorine genera demonstrates (Tabs 1, 2) that they are of much higher level than those among the species of the same genus, for example, Chrysodema or Chalcophora (Bílý 1984) and justify that Austrophorella is rather a distinct genus. This suggestion is confirmed by some adult characters such as body shape, wing venation (Toyama 1996), antennal structures (sensory organs of Austrophorella are closer to Chrysodema and Chalcophoropsis Saunders while those of Pseudotaenia to Chalcophora, see Volkovitsh 2001), the peculiar structure of the prosternum with the very deep and wide transverse depression completely separating the posterior process (in Pseudotaenia deep sulcus bordering anterior margin), angularly projecting outwards at the base of the epipleural carina (a similar state is also found in one unidentified species of Chalcotaenia Deyrolle), the basal part of the epipleuron subparallel as extending to opposite the hind coxae to a small distinct tooth (similar state in Chalcotaenia while in Pseudotaenia epipleuras gradually narrowing without a tooth). From such character state differences we suggest that Austrophorella is a distinct genus closely related to Pseudotaenia and Chalcotaenia which form together a purely Australian generic group of Chalcophorini. At the same time considering adult characters other than wing venation, we can agree with Holynski s (1993) opinion that Austrophorella has nothing in common with Chalcophorella Kerremans and related genera. Bionomy The bionomy of both species described and discussed herein are very similar; the larvae bore into the hardwood of living trunks. Tunnels are parallel with the axis of the trunk and hook-shaped pupal chamber is situated in the superficial part of the hardwood just under the bark. A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s We are very obliged to our Australian colleagues Mark Golding, Mark Hanlon, Dave Knowles, Magnus Peterson and Mike Powell for their help and company in the Australian bush and also to the staff of CALM for the permits 112

15 enabling us to collect and study in the National Parks of Western Australia. For the reviewing of the manuscript and the linguistic revision, we are very obliged to Chuck Bellamy from the California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento. This study is a part of the Grant projects 522/00/0074 from the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic and from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. REFERENCES BELLAMY C. L. 1987: A revision of the genus Synechocera Deyrolle (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae). Invertebr. Taxon. 1: BÍLÝ S. 1984: Taxonomical and biological notes on Buprestidae from Turkey (Coleoptera). Turk. Bitki Koruma Derg. 8: BÍLÝ S. 1997: Anocisseis danieli sp. n. from Seram and larval morphology of the genus Anocisseis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Fol. Heyrovskyana 5: BÍLÝ S. 2000: Euleptodema sainvali sp. n. from New Caledonia (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Polycestinae) and larval morphology of the genus. Fol. Heyrovskyana 8: BÍLÝ S. & VOLKOVITSH M. G. 2002: Larvae of some tropical genera of Buprestids (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Elytron 16: DUMBLETON L. J. 1932: Early stages of New Zealand Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Stylops 1: HAWKESWOOD T. J. 1985: The larva of Diadoxus erythrurus (White) (Coleoptera, Buprestidae). Austral. Entomol. Mag. 12: HAWKESWOOD T. J. & TURNER J. R.1994: A new species of the genus Ethon Laporte & Gory, with observations on its biology and host plants (Coleoptera, Buprestidae). Austral. Entomol. Mag HOLYNSKI R. 1993: A reassessment of the internal classification of the Buprestidae Leach (Coleoptera). Crystal, Ser. Zool. 1: LEVEY B. 1978: A taxonomic revision of the genus Prospheres (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Austral. J. Zool. 26: TOYAMA M. 1986: The Buprestid genus Chalcophorella Kerr. and its related genera (Coleoptera, Buprestidae). Pp In: Entomological papers presented to Y. Kurosawa on the occasion of his retirement. Tokyo: Entomol Soc. of Japan, 345 pp. TURNER J. R. 2001a: Acacia chalkeri Maiden the first recorded larval host plant for Melobasis vittata Blackburn (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from Australia. Jewel Beetles 10: TURNER J. R. 2001b: Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd. the first recorded larval host plant for Agrilus hypoleucus Laporte & Gory (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from Australia. Jewel Beetles 10: 63 66, 75. TURNER J. R. 2001c: The first recorded larval host plant for the Australian jewel beetle Hypocisseis suturalis Saund. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from Australia. Jewel Beetles 10: 67, TURNER J. R. & HAWKESWOOD T. J. 1994: Observations on the biology and host plants of Dinocephalia cyanipennis (Blackburn) (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) from New South Wales, Australia. Giorn. Ital. Entomol. 7: TURNER J. R. & HAWKESWOOD T. J. 1994: A note on the larval host plant and biology of Melobasis apicalis Macleay (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) from Australia. Giorn. Ital. Entomol. 7: TURNER J. R. & HAWKESWOOD T. J 1996: A note on the larval host plant and biology of the Australian jewel beetle Astraeus crassus Van de Poll (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Mauritiana 16: TURNER J. R. & HAWKESWOOD T. J. 1996: A note on the larval host plants and biology of Melobasis cupriceps (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from Australia. Mauritiana 16: VOLKOVITSH M. G. 1979: To the morphology of the Buprestid beetles of the genus Acmaeoderella (Coleoptera, Buprestidae). Tr. Zool. Inst. AN SSSR 83: (in Russian, Engl. abstr.). VOLKOVITSH M. G. 2001: The comparative morphology of antennal structures in Buprestidae (Coleoptera): evolutionary trends, taxonomic and phylogenetic implications. Part 1. Acta Mus. Morav. Sci. Biol. 86: VOLKOVITSH M. G. & BÍLÝ S. 1997: The systematic position of the genus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Anthaxiini). Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 61: VOLKOVITSH M. G. & BÍLÝ S. 2001: Larvae of Galbella acaciae and G. felix with notes on the systematic position of Galbella (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Galbellinae). Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 65: VOLKOVITSH M. G. & HAWKESWOOD T. J. 1987: The larva of Neocuris gracilis Macleay (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Zool. Anz. 219: VOLKOVITSH M. G. & HAWKESWOOD T. J. 1990: The larvae of Agrilus australasiae Laporte & Gory and Ethon affine Laporte & Gory (Insecta: Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Spixiana 13:

16 VOLKOVITSH M. G. & HAWKESWOOD T. J. 1993: The larvae of Anilara antiqua Théry and Anilara nigrita Kerremans (Insecta: Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Spixiana 16: VOLKOVITSH M. G. & HAWKESWOOD T. J. 1994: The larva of Melobasis (Melobasis) vertebralis Carter (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Giorn. Ital. Entomol. 7: VOLKOVITSH M. G. & HAWKESWOOD T. J. 1999: The larva of Prospheres aurantiopicta (Laporte & Gory) with comments on the larval characteristics of polycestoid taxa (Insecta, Coleoptera, Buprestidae). Mauritiana 2:

17 Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 67: , 2003 ISSN X Review of the distribution and habitat preference of the genus Metapterus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) Jitka DAVIDOVÁ-VILÍMOVÁ &Petr KMENT Department of Zoology, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ Praha 2; Received December 10, 2002; accepted March 15, 2003 Published July 7, 2003 Abstract. Metapterus caspicus (Dohrn, 1863) and Metapterus linearis A. Costa, 1862 are the only known representatives of the genus Metapterus A. Costa, Both species occur in Europe, and were synonymized for a long period, which makes the published data confusing. A review of the distribution data is provided. Metapterus caspicus is newly recorded from Slovakia and confirmed for Bulgaria and Croatia. Metapterus linearis is newly recorded from the European part of Turkey. Published data on the habitats of both species are summarized. A preference for wet habitats is apparent, with M. caspicus better able to survive in dry sites. A review of the known life strategies of European Emesinae is provided, and the occurrence of synanthropy discussed. Distribution, habitat preference, synanthropy, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Emesinae, Metapterus caspicus, Metapterus linearis, Palaearctic region INTRODUCTION The genus Metapterus A. Costa, 1862 is classified in the family Reduviidae, subfamily Emesinae, tribe Metapterini (e. g., Putshkov & Putshkov 1985, 1996, Maldonado Capriles 1990), with only two species: the type species Metapterus linearis A. Costa, 1862, and Metapterus caspicus (Dohrn, 1863), synonymized with the type species by Puton (1880), and restored by Putshkov (1984). The papers published before Putshkov s (1984) revision of Metapterus dealt mainly with incorrectly interpreted data, because of the different approach to the two species. Putshkov (1984) published a diagnostic key to Metapterus species, and subsequently, Putshkov (1984, 1987, 1994), Putshkov & Putshkov (1996) and other authors (e. g., Gogala 1991, Dioli 1993) revised most of previously published material. Putshkov & Putshkov (1996) listed both the Metapterus species in the Palaearctic catalogue of Heteroptera, and revised the distribution data. A few studies give brief information on the habitat preference of both Metapterus species, first two based on confused taxonomy, e. g., Tamanini (1962), Dioli (1982), Putshkov (1984, 1987), Gogala et al. (1990), and Bacchi & Rizzotti Vlach (1999); for more details see Tables 1, 2. More information on the bionomy of other representatives of the Emesinae can be found in, e. g., Ribes (1961), Tamanini (1962), Ribes & Sauleda (1979), Putshkov (1987), Dioli (1993), Rizzotti Vlach (1995), Stehlík & Vavřínová (1997, 1998), and Bacchi & Rizzotti Vlach (1999). The present paper was initiated by the finding of a Metapterus species in Slovakia, which stimulated the correction of published data (Davidová-Vilímová 1997). This paper reviews the data on the distribution and habitat preference of both Metapterus species, as well as that on the life strategies of European Emesinae, including synanthropic species. 115

18 Metapterus caspicus (Dohrn, 1863) Published data (B = bionomy, Dg = general distribution, Dl = local distribution, H = habitat, I = illustration of diagnostic character(s), Kg = key to genus, Ks = key to species). Emesa caspica Dohrn, 1863: 66; Putshkov 1984 (history of nomenclature, redescription, Dg, Dl, H, I, Ks); Putshkov 1985 (B, H); Putshkov 1987 (redescriptions of genus and species egg, larvae, adult, Dg, Dl, H, Ks); Gogala et al (Dl, H, in text as M. linearis, in appendix corrected to M. caspicus); Josifov 1990 (Dl); Maldonado Caprilles 1990 (world catalogue); Gogala 1991 (Dl); Melber et al (Dl); Dioli 1993 (Dl, I, Ks); Putshkov 1994 (history of nomenclature, Dl, Dg, H, I, Ks); Putshkov & Putshkov 1996 (Palaearctic catalogue, Dg); Rizzotti Vlach 1995 (Dg, Dl, H); Protić 1998 (Dl, cited after Gogala & Gogala 1989 and Gogala 1991); Bacchi & Rizzotti Vlach 1999 (B, Dl, H); Günther & Schuster 2000 (catalogue, Dg). Metapterus linearis Horváth, 1897 (Dl, part of material, revised by Putshkov 1994); Tamanini 1962 (Dl, H, I, revised by Putshkov 1987); Wygodzinsky 1966 (redescription, Dl, I, mixed material of M. caspicus and M. linearis, revised by Putshkov 1984; 1994 notes on figures); Gidayatov 1967 (Dl, H, revised by Putshkov 1987); Benedek 1968 (Dl, H, as M. caspicus listed by Putshkov & Putshkov 1996, revising author not known); Benedek 1969 (redescription of genus and species, Dg, Dl, I, Kg, revised by Putshkov 1984); Putshkov 1980 (description of egg and larvae, differential diagnosis, H, I, Ks, revised by Putshkov 1984); Putshkov 1981a (key to larval instars, I, Kg, revised by Putshkov 1984); Putshkov 1981b (I, Kg based on egg, revised by Putshkov 1984); Dioli 1982 (Dg, Dl, H, revised by Dioli 1993); Gogala & Gogala 1989 (Dl, H, revised by Gogala 1991); Davidová-Vilímová 1997 (Dl, H, revised in present paper). Mantisoma aptera Jakovlev, 1873: 35 (type locality Astrakhan); Putshkov 1995 (designation of lectotype). TYPE LOCALITY. Sarepta = Krasnoarmeysk near Saratov (Dohrn 1863). Fig. 1. Distribution of Metapterus caspicus (Dohrn). Revised localities = black circles, based on Table 4; unrevised localities (Wygodzinsky 1966) = open circles, based on Table

19 MATERIAL EXAMINED. Bulgaria: Slânchev Bryag [42 39 N E], 25.viii.1976, 1 female, apterous, L. Pospíšilová lgt., P. Kment det., coll. J. L. Stehlík, Moravian Museum in Brno. Details of the finding: 0 1 m a. s. l., dump surrounding pool, with the following vegetation: Althaea sp., Artemisia sp., Chondrilla juncea L., Cynanchum sp., Echium sp., Epilobium hirsutum L., Euphorbia sp., Paliurus sp., Phillyrea media L., Populus sp., Pulicaria marubium L., Reseda sp., Salix sp., Salsola sp., Xanthium sp. (nomenclature according to Dostál 1989). Croatia: Agram [= Zagreb] [45 48 N E], 1892, 1 male, apterous, P. Kment det., coll. National Museum Prague. Slovakia: Belianské kopce hills [= Hegyfarok] near Štúrovo, southern slopes [47 50 N E], about 140 m a. s. l., ix.1995, 13 males, 10 females, all apterous, 1 third instar larva, 1 fifth instar larva, P. Švácha and J. Vilímová lgt., P. Kment det., J. Vilímová coll. Habitat: Found under Fabaceae in a ruderal habitat, on flat areas of a dry, warm slope near vineyards (published as Metapterus linearis by Davidová-Vilímová 1997). Jasný Chlm village, near Mužla village [47 48 N E], 10.ix.2000, 1 male, 1 female, both apterous, M. Mantič lgt. et coll., P. Kment det. et coll. In sifted debris from in front of a fox den, in a steppe loess terrace with dry low plant vegetation. REMARKS ON THE NOMENCLATURE. Mantisoma aptera Jakovlev, 1873 = Metapterus linearis, synonymized by Puton (1880). Transferred as synonym of Metapterus caspicus by Putshkov (1984). Putshkov (1995) designed a lectotype of M. aptera. Maldonado Capriles (1990) mentioned M. aptera incorrectly as a synonym of M linearis. Kerzhner (1992) did not mention it in a list of corrections of Maldonado Capriles s (1990) catalogue. Puton (1880), in his third part of Synopsis des Hémiptères Héteroptères de France, synonymized genera Metapterus = Emesa Stĺl, 1866 = Mantisoma Jakovlev,1873, and species Metapterus linearis = Metapterus caspicus. Putshkov (1984) incorrectly quoted another Puton s paper (Puton 1878) concerning this synonymy. DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 1, Table 4). This annotated review of the distribution is based on data in Putshkov & Putshkov (1996). Underlined countries were not originally listed by these authors: Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine. Metapterus linearis A. Costa, 1862 Published data (B = bionomy, Dg = general distribution, Dl = local distribution, H = habitat, I = illustration of diagnostic character(s), Kg = key to genus, Ks = key to species). Metapterus linearis A. Costa, 1862: 10; Mulsant & Rey 1873 (redescription of Emesa linearis, did not treat Metapterus as valid genus); Puton 1880 (redescription, list of synonyms, Dl); Puton 1874 (synonym, Dl); Oshanin 1908 (Dg, Dl; confirmed by Putshkov 1984); Royer 1924 (Dl; confirmed by Putshkov 1994); Gulde 1940 (redescription, Dg; confirmed by Putshkov 1984); Carayon 1949 (Dl, H; confirmed by Putshkov 1987); Kirichenko 1951 (Dl, I, Ks; confirmed by Putshkov 1984); Hoberlandt 1955 (Dl, as Ischnonyctes barbarus Lucas, 1849; revised by Putshkov 1994 as 5 th larval instar of M. linearis); Seidenstücker 1957 (Dg, Dl, H; accepted by Putshkov 1987); Josifov 1964 (Dl, H; accepted by Putshkov 1987); Kerzhner & Jaczewski 1964 (Dl, Kg; confirmed by Putshkov 1984); Kirichenko 1964 (Dl, H; confirmed by Putshkov 1987); Wygodzinsky 1966 (redescription, Dl, I, as mixed material of M. caspicus and M. linearis; revised by Putshkov 1984; 1994 notes on figures); Adlbauer & Heiss 1980 (Dl; confirmed by Melber et al. 1991); Putshkov 1984 (history of nomenclature, redescription, Dg, Dl, H, I, Ks); Putshkov 1985 (B, H); Putshkov 1987 (redescription of genus and species (egg, larvae, adult), Dg, Dl, H, Ks); Günther & Schuster 1990 (catalogue, Dg); Maldonado Capriles 1990 (world catalogue); Melber et al (Dl); Dioli 1993 (history of nomenclature, Dl, I, Ks); Putshkov 1994 (history of nomenclature, Dg, Dl, H, I, Ks); Carapezza et al (designation of lectotype); Dioli 1995 (Dl); Putshkov & Putshkov 1996 (Palaearctic catalogue, Dg); Günther & Schuster 2000 (catalogue, Dg). Emesa dohrni Douglas et Scott, 1868: 136 (type locality Palestine: Elisha s Fountain [in Jericho]), cf. Putshkov (1987), Putshkov & Putshkov (1996). Emesa mantiformis Mulsant et Rey, 1873: 3 4 (original description, comparison with Emesa linearis). TYPE LOCALITY. S. Calabria, Bruzzani (A. Costa 1862). 117

20 MATERIAL EXAMINED. Turkey: Bebek in Istanbul [41 04 N E], vi.1939, 1 female, apterous, C. Kosswig lgt., det. L. Hoberlandt (1958), P. Kment revised, coll. National Museum Prague. Only Bebek is writen on label; three places of this name exist in Turkey. C. Kosswig, who collected the specimen, lived and mainly collected in Istanbul (L. Hoberlandt, in litt.). REMARKS ON THE NOMENCLATURE. Emesa dohrni Douglas & Scott, 1868 = Metapterus linearis, synonymized by Puton (1880). Accepted by Maldonado Capriles (1990). Putshkov (1987) and Putshkov & Putshkov (1996) considered the status of E. dohrni uncertain. Emesa mantiformis Mulsant & Rey, 1873 = Metapterus linearis, synonymized by Puton (1874). Accepted by Maldonado Capriles (1990). Not mentioned by Wygodzinsky (1966), Putshkov (1987) and Putshkov & Putshkov (1996). Metapterus linearis, not revised: Horváth 1897 (Dl, record from Manfa revised by Putshkov 1994 as M. caspicus, see above); Kormilev 1938 (Dl); Wagner 1955 (Dl); Stichel 1959 (redescription, Dg, H, Kg); Stichel 1960 (Dg); Linnavuori 1961 (Dl, cited after Bodenheimer 1937, Dg); Mancini 1963 (Dl, Dg); Sienkiewicz 1964 (Dl); Servadei 1967 (catalogue, Dl, based on old papers that unambiguously concern both species); Wagner 1967 (Dg, Kg, unambiguously concerned with both species); Josifov 1970 (Dg, very probably based on data on both species); Gamarra 1980 (Kg, I); Roşca & Popov 1982 (catalogue, Dl, based on old papers that unambiguously concern both species); Josifov 1986 (Dg, very probably based on data on both species); Protić 1998 (Dl, based on published papers, the record from Slovenia revised by Gogala 1991 as M. caspicus, see above). Fig. 2. Distribution of Metapterus linearis A. Costa, Revised localities = black circles, based on Table 5; unrevised localities = open circles, based on Table

21 DISTRIBUTION (based on data of Putshkov & Putshkov 1996) (Fig. 2, Table 5). Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan (Republic Nakhichevan), Croatia, France, Italy, Romania, Russia, Spain, Tadzhikistan, Turkey (Asian part), Turkey (European part), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. CONCLUSIONS Distribution Information, published recently (e. g., Adlbauer & Heiss 1980, Melber et al. 1991, Davidová- Vilímová 1997) and information already published by Horváth (1897), however overlooked by later authors, shift the northern limit of distribution of both Metapterus species more northward in central Europe. Because they are easily overlooked by entomologists, because of their cryptic appearance and behaviour, or changes in population density, or less probably migration of the species from southern warmer regions, may explain this situation. All the material of Metapterus collected in Slovakia belongs to one species, Metapterus caspicus. The possible source of this species in Slovakia is mentioned by Davidová-Vilímová (1997). The closest source of Metapterus species to Slovakia is Tahi in Hungary, but the species there was misidentified as Metapterus linearis (Benedek 1968, 1969). Later, the material was revised by Putshkov (1984) and Putshkov & Putshkov (1996) as Metapterus caspicus. Metapterus linearis was subsequently collected in other localities close to Slovakia, in eastern Austria (e. g., Adelbauer & Heiss 1980; southeastern vicinity of Neusiedlersee). Melber et al. (1991) recently recorded Metapterus caspicus in Austria. Metapterus caspicus is known from more European localities than M. linearis. Based on the current knowledge, the species have sympatric distribution. Doubtful data on Metapterus linearis Algeria: Oshanin (1908), Stichel (1959, 1960), Wygodzinsky (1966), and others; by Putshkov & Putshkov (1996) marked with?. No exact record is available. Bulgaria: marked by Putshkov & Putshkov (1996) with?, only cited by Josifov (1964): an unrevised record based on older studies. Greece: Oshanin (1908), Stichel (1959, 1960), Josifov (1970, 1986), Putshkov & Putshkov (1996), and others. No exact record is available. Slovenia: listed by Putshkov & Putshkov (1996). No exact record is available. Sienkiewicz (1964) mentioned a locality Gorice Illyrie. Town Gorizia and surrounding area Gorizia lies on boundary between Italy and Slovenia. Thus this record may have been included by Putshkov & Putshkov (1996) under Slovenia. Israel and Syria: Israel marked by Putshkov & Putshkov (1996) with?. Former information about Israel, was published as Palestine Oshanin (1908), Bodenheimer (1937), Linnavuori (1961). Syria listed by Seidenstücker (1957), Stichel (1959, 1960), and others; not mentioned by Putshkov & Putshkov (1996). The type locality of Emesa dohrni Palestine, Elisha s Fountain (Douglas & Scott 1868) is in Jericho. In respect of the current political boundaries, the different interpretations could cause confusion concerning its distribution in Israel and Syria. Records from Macedonia (Kormilev 1938) and Bosnia Hercegovina (based on Sienkiewicz 1964), so far unrevised, may be of both Metapterus species or one species (Putshkov & Putshkov 1996). Currently, there are no specimens of Metapterus in Kormilev s collection in the museum in Belgrade (Protić in litt.). Sienkiewicz s (1964) paper mentions a locality, Metcovic in Dalmatia, which Protić (1998) assumed was Metković in Bosnia Hercegovina. The town with the name Metković, originally in former Yugoslavia, lies in the coastal part of Croatia (close to the Bosnian border). Maps summarizing the distribution of both the Metapterus species are presented in Figs 1 and 2. Metapterus caspicus occurs mainly in the Hespero-Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean subregion, except in the western part (all terms are after Buchar 1983). The species northern limits are the Pannonian lowlands (localities in Austria, Hungary and Slovakia) and Ukraine, both 119

22 Tab. 1. Habitats of Metapterus caspicus (Dohrn) author country habitat associated vegetation Tamanini (1962) * ) Italy Among bushes near field margin, under Salix alba L., Agropyron repens L., Agrostis mass of dried grass and cut branches; alba auct., not L., Dactylis glomerata L. on bank of ditch, under tufts of weeds Benedek (1968, 1969) Hungary warm spots Dioli (1982) Italy habitat with rich microfauna Agropyron repens, Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis alba, Salix alba, Poterium spinosum L. Putshkov (1984) Georgia, Russia, Ukraine on shores of artificial lakes (mostly Carex spp., Typha spp. dams), under litter and stones; in surface burrows of voles; on margins of wet depressions Putshkov (1984, not orig.) ** ) Russia under mass of dried vegetation in orchards (probably hibernation site) Putshkov (1987) Ukraine wet ground around water; in surface Stipa spp. burrows of voles; in steppes with father-grass Putshkov (1987) Russia, Black Sea shore around salt lakes, within deposits of grass Agropyron ruthenicum (Grisebach) Prokud. debris of many years standing; under growth of halophilic plants Putshkov (1987) Ukraine, Crimea, At 2 12 m from lake shore, beneath larger mountain area stones; in surface burrows of voles Jakovlev (1873, Russia, Astrakhan, Under piles of cut branches fide Putshkov 1987) mountain area Under remnants of dry vegetation Gidayatov (1967, Talysh Mountains fide Putshkov 1987) Gogala et al. (1990) Austria, Neusiedlersee reg. on sandy and muddy substrate Gogala et al. (1990) Istria (Croatia/Slovenia) only on calcareous substrates, under Spartium junceum L. tufts of vegetation Rizzotti Vlach (1995) Italy xerothermic element, in plant litter among grass 120

23 Tab. 1. (continued) author country habitat associated vegetation Davidová-Vilímová (1997) Slovakia on warm slope in ruderal biotope, on Fabaceae (as Viciacae) ground among debris, under grass and plants Bacchi & Rizzotti Vlach (1999) Italy on margins of ditches with dominant Agropyron sp. Poaceae, Cyperaceae growth of grass present paper Bulgaria dump around pool close to sea shore Althaea sp., Artemisia sp., Chondrilla juncea L., Cynanchum sp., Echium sp., Epilobium hirsutum L., Euphorbia sp., Paliurus sp., Phillyrea media L., Populus sp., Pulicaria marubium L., Reseda sp., Salix sp., Salsola sp., Xanthium sp. present paper Slovakia on sandy substrate, in debris in front of a fox den, steppe loess terrace with dry low plant vegetation * ) Tamanini (1962) mentioned Metapterus linearis, Putshkov (1987) revised the data and treated the species as Metapterus caspicus, but confusingly used the ecological data for both species, M. caspicus and M. linearis. ** ) Putshkov (1987) summarized the data from the former Russia and Soviet Union, published during 19 th and 20 th centuries. 121

24 of which are situated within the steppe province of the Eurosiberian subregion. It does not occur in the Middle-Asian subregion. The extremes of its distribution are: West: France: Grande-Brière near Saint-Nazaire (47 17 N, E) (see Tabs 4, 5); East and South: Azerbaijan: Lenkoran (38 45 N, E); North: Russia: Sarepta (51 02 N, E). Metapterus linearis occurs throughout the Mediterranean subregion, including Turkey, as well as in the Euro-Siberian and Middle-Asian subregions. Within the steppe province, the species occurs in the Pannonian lowlands (localities in Austria), Ukraine and Russia. However, it occurs also in the broadleaved tree province (localities in France) of the Euro-Siberian subregion. Metapterus linearis is distributed more toward the east and south than Metapterus caspicus, in the Turanian steppe province (localities in Uzbekistan) and Afghanistan-Turkestanic province (localities in Turkmenistan) of the Middle-Asian subregion. The margins of its distribution are: West: France: Grande-Brière near Saint-Nazaire (47 17 N, W); East: Uzbekistan: Tashkent (41 20 N, E); North: Austria: Sankt Andrä-Tadten (47 46 N, E); South: Turkey: Toros Mts. (37 00 N, E). Habitat The publications reporting the habitat preferences of Metapterus species are summarized in Tables 1 3. The affinity for wet sites is reported for both species (data summarized by Putshkov 1984, 1987; Table 1, 2). Both species can occur also in dry environments (Rizzotti Vlach 1995 for M. caspicus, Carayon 1949 for M. linearis). The only exceptional habitat of M. linearis was that mentioned by Josifov (1964), farm out-buildings in Southern Bulgaria. Since Metapterus species do not show any tendency to be synanthropic, unlike some other Emesinae, Putshkov (1987) interpreted this unusual habitat as a probable hibernation site. There is the lack of detailed studies on the biology and ecology of M. linearis, whereas the biology of M. caspicus has recently been studied by many authors (see Table 1 for a review). Metapterus caspicus occurs in wet habitats, often with halophilic vegetation, however, it is known also from warm and dry habitats, e. g., under ruderal plants and even on the steppes. This species was found several times associated with mammals, e. g., in the surface burrows of voles (Putshkov 1984, 1987). Habitats of M. caspicus in Slovakia are similar: ruderal habitats on warm, dry south facing slopes (Davidová-Vilímová 1997), and at a fox den with steppe vegetation (this paper). The latter finding support the possible association of this species with habitats created by the activity of mammals. Both Metapterus species have similar habitat requirements. They may prefer either wet or moist sites with a dense growth of grass in sensu lato (Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, see Tables 1 3), or warm and drier sites, for example steppes, however always under vegetation. Both species occur in such sites in the northern parts of their distribution: Metapterus caspicus in northern Italy, Hungary and Slovakia, Metapterus linearis in France and Italy. They prefer the warm habitats there, which help them to survive the generally adverse climatic conditions there. Only Metapterus caspicus was found to live in mammalian nests. All representatives of the European Emesinae, show the same specific feeding strategy as other Reduviidae. They are sit and wait predators. However, in contrast to most Reduviidae, they have cryptic habits, inconspicuous coloration, and in shape mimick dried sticks or stalks. Roughly, the European Emesinae can be classified into the following groups. 1. Species living mostly on the ground, in plant debris under vegetation, under stones, moss, and ferns: Metapterus caspicus, Metapterus linearis (Tabs 1, 2), Stenolemus novaki Horváth, 1888 (Rizzotti Vlach 1995; in short note, Chobaut 1923 mentions finding this species on freshly fallen pine and oak branches (?) (Emesini) (Moulet 2000)). 122

25 Tab. 2. Habitats of Metapterus linearis A. Costa author country habitat associated vegetation Carayon (1949) France under moss and heath in dry pine forest Hoberlandt (1955) Turkey on stones heavily overgrown with moss, moss (5 th larval instar) covered with shed leaves, at bottom of deep forested valley Seidenstücker (1957) Turkey Poterium spinosum L. Stichel (1959) Poterium spinosum L. Tamanini (1962) * ) Italy dry, sunny places grass Josifov (1964) ** ) Bulgaria farm out-buildings, stores, comparison to another Emesinae species Putshkov (1984, 1987) Armenia under silt on river bank Kirichenko (1954, fide Tadzhikistan hydrophilic species Putshkov 1984) Putshkov (1987) Central Asia hydrophilic species; in wet places near Salix spp., Tamarix spp. roots of shrubs; on wet rocks under ferns Putshkov (1987) Ukraine peat-bogs Douglas & Scott (1868, fide Palestine Among weeds along creaks Putshkov 1987) * ) Tamanini (1962) mentioned Metapterus linearis, Putshkov (1987) revised the data and treated the species as Metapterus caspicus, but confusingly used the ecological data for both species, M. caspicus and M. linearis. ** ) Josifov (1964) mentioned Metapterus linearis, Putshkov (1984,1987) used the ecological data for this species, but very probably without any revision of the material. 123

26 Tab. 3. Plants associated with the habitats of Metapterus A. Costa species, see also Tables 1 and 2. Classification according to Dostál (1989) family species Asclepiadaceae Cynanchum sp. Asteraceae Artemisia sp., Pulicaria marubium L., Xanthium sp. Chenopodiaceae Salsola sp. Cichoriaceae Chondrilla juncea L. Cyperaceae Carex spp., Schoenus nigricans L. Boraginaceae Echium sp. Euphorbiaceae Tithymalus sp. (as Euphorbia) Fabaceae Spartium junceum L. Juncaceae Juncus acutus Ebrh. ex G. F. Hoffm. Malvaceae Althaea sp. Oenotheraceae Epilobium hirsutum L. Oleaceae Phillyrea media L. Poaceae Agrostis gigantea Roth (as Agrostis alba auct., not L.), Dactylis glomerata L., Elymus elongatus (Host) Renumark subsp. ponticus (Podp.) Melderis (as Agropyron ruthenicum (Grisebach) Prokud.), Elymus repens (L.) Desv. (as Agropyron repens L.), Elymus sp. as Agropyron sp., Stipa spp. Resedaceae Reseda sp. Rhamnaceae Paliurus sp. Rosaceae Poterium spinosum L. Salicaceae Salix alba L., Salix spp. Tamaricaceae Tamarix spp. Typhaceae Typha spp. 2. Species living inside vegetation: Gardena insignis Horváth, 1887 (Ribes 1961, Bacchi & Rizzotti Vlach 1999) (Emesini); Ploiaria putoni Noualhier, 1895 (Ribes 1961) (Leistarchini); Ischnonyctes barbarus (Lucas, 1849) (Dioli 1993) and Schidium palinuri Dioli, 1989 (Dioli 1989; Ribes 1961 as Metapterus linearis, Ribes & Sauleda 1979 as Schidium tibbu (Villiers, 1960), see also Ribes & Ribes 2000), both Metapterini. 3. Species living on vegetation and on the ground under vegetation: Empicoris salinus (Lindberg, 1932) and Empicoris mediterraneus Hoberlandt, 1956 (Ploiariolini), particularly on halophilous plants (Ribes 1973, Ribes & Sauleda 1979, Putshkov et al. 1999). 4. Species living in trees and bird nests: Empicoris baerensprungi (Dohrn, 1863) (Ploiariolini) on broadleaved trees, mostly on stems and branches with lichens, (but never on leaves), and in bird s nests (Putshkov 1987, Stehlík & Vavřínová 1998, Putshkov et al. 1999). 5. Species living in natural, as well as in secondary habitats, originating from human activity: Ploiaria domestica Scopoli, 1786 (Leistarchini) occurs only synanthropically in the northern parts of its distribution, living in stables, farm out-buildings, wooden fences, etc., and also commonly in bird s nests (Tamanini 1962, Putshkov 1987). In southern areas of its distribution, P. domestica lives also in natural habitats, for example, in debris under stones, and cut branches (Tamanini 1962, Putshkov 1987, PK pers. observ.). Empicoris vagabundus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ploiariolini) occupies a wide range of habitats. The species inhabits mostly broadleaved trees, bushes and plants at humid sites, always on green leaves (Putshkov 1987, Stehlík & Vavřínová 1998, Putshkov et al. 1999), and also conifers (Kubík 1995). It is known also from tree stems, under bark covered with moss and lichens, inside dry furled leaves, and spider webs, where it preys upon Psocoptera, which are thought to be the prefered food (Stehlík & Vavřínová 1997). This species can live on the ground, and in the northern part of its distribution also synanthropically (Putshkov 1987), for example, on moist walls outside as well 124

27 Tab. 4. Localities for Metapterus caspicus (Dohrn, 1863). Coordinates as used by Cleveland (1991). Underlined = either particular locality, or the nearest place to locality with known coordinates. Coordinates in [] = large area mentioned, coordinates are of the centre. Coordinates in // = read directly from map, not from atlas index. Localities with? = not able to find these particular localities. * = Wygodzinsky s (1966) illustrations of Metapterus linearis from two localities, represent according to Putshkov (1994), both species. However, it is not possible to specify which species comes from which locality. Austria Apetlon N E Melber et al. (1991) Illmitz /47 45 N E/ Melber et al. (1991) Neusiedl am See N E Melber et al. (1991) Winden am See /47 57 N E/ Melber et al. (1991) Azerbaijan Lenkoran N E Putshkov (1984, 1987) Bulgaria Slânchev Bryag N E present paper (near Nesebâr) Starozagorski Bani N E Josifov (1990) (near Stara Zagora) Croatia Savudrija N E Gogala et al. (1990) Zagreb (= Agram) N E present paper Zambratija (near Savudrija) N E Gogala et al. (1990) France Albi* ) N E Wygodzinski (1966), Putshkov (1994) La Nouvelle (near Sigean)* ) N E Wygodzinski (1966), Putshkov (1994) Georgia Abkhazia [43 10 N E] Putshkov (1987) Tbilisi N E Putshkov (1984, 1987) Italy Belvedere (near Grado) N E Dioli (1982, 1993) Cavriana N E Bacchi & Rizzotti Vlach (1999) Colli Euganei, M. Gallo N E Dioli (1993) Lido di Spina N E Bacchi & Rizzotti Vlach (1999) (near Comacchio) Valle Dossi (near Grado) N E Bacchi & Rizzotti Vlach (1999) Ronchi (near Gonzaga) N E Bacchi & Rizzotti Vlach (1999) Esenta (near Lonato) N E Bacchi & Rizzotti Vlach (1999) Monte (near Affi) N E Rizzotti Vlach (1995) Novi di Modena N E Bacchi & Rizzotti Vlach (1999) Perugia N E Putshkov (1994) Pisa N E Putshkov (1994) Ponte dei Tedeshi? Tamanini (1962), Bacchi & Rizzotti (region Ostiglia) Vlach (1999) Soave (near Mantova) N E Bacchi & Rizzotti Vlach (1999) Ravallino (prov. Venezia)? Putshkov (1994) Rolo (near Novi di Modena) N E Bacchi & Rizzotti Vlach (1999) Sant Agostino, N E Bacchi & Rizzotti Vlach (1999) c/o Bosco della Panfilia S. Pietro di Bovolone N E Tamanini (1962), Bacchi & Rizzotti (near Bovolone) Vlach (1999) Hungary Budafok N E Benedek (1968, 1969) Mánfa (near Komló) N E Horváth (1897), Benedek (1968), Putshkov (1994) Pécs N E Horváth (1897), Benedek (1969) Gödre-Szent-Márton N E Horváth (1897), Benedek (1968, 1969) (= Szentmárton) (near Sásd) Tahi /47 45 N E/ Benedek (1968, 1969) Romania Plăineşti (= Vachie N E Sienkiewicz (1964), Putshkov (1994) Plainesci) (near Focşani) Russia Abinskaya (near Abinsk) N E Putshkov (1984) Anapa N E Putshkov (1984) Astrahkan N E Jakovlev (1873), Oshanin (1908), Putshkov (1984) Gelendzhik N E Putshkov (1984) 125

28 Tab. 4. (continued) Russia Karaery (region Nizhnie? Putshkov (1984) Povolzh e) Makhachkala N E Putshkov (1984) Pyatigorsk N E Putshkov (1984) Sarepta (= Krasnoarmeysk N E Dohrn (1863), Oshanin (1908) near Saratov) Sukhumi N E Putshkov (1984) Volgograd (env.) N E Putshkov (1984) Slovakia Jurský Chlm (near Mužla) /47 48 N E/ present paper Štúrovo, Belianské kopce /47 50 N E/ Davidová-Vilímová (1997) hills (= Hegyfarok) Slovenia Črni Kal /45 33 N E/ Gogala et al. (1990), Gogala (1991), Protić (1998) Dragonja, Stena /45 28 N E/ Gogala et al. (1990), Gogala (1991), Protić (1998) Ukraine Agarmysh Mt. (= Agarmish)45 01 N E Oshanin (1908), Putshkov (1984) Alushta N E Putshkov (1984, 1987) Askaniya-Nova N E Putshkov (1987) Berdyansk N E Putshkov (1984, 1987) Chernomorskiy zapovednik N E Putshkov (1984, 1987) (= Chernomorskiy Nat. Park) Gurzuf N E Putshkov (1984, 1987) Karadag Mt N E Putshkov (1984, 1987) Kerch N E Putshkov (1984, 1987) Opolznevoe N E Putshkov (1984, 1987) (= Opolznevoye) Staryj Krym N E Putshkov (1987) as inside wooden houses and farm buildings, where it is often found foraging in cobwebs. However, it is found synanthropically less frequently than Empicoris culiciformis (De Geer, 1773) (Ploiariolini), and has not yet been found in such conditions in Czech Republic (Kubík 1995, Stehlík & Vavřínová 1997). Empicoris rubromaculatus (Blackburn, 1889) uses the biotopes similar to previous species, including the bird s nests, and feed upon the same prey (Putshkov et al. 1999). Empicoris culiciformis was occasionally recorded on plant vegetation. However, the species occurs mostly on the ground under stones, under low vegetation in shaded places and wet sites near water (Putshkov 1987). In central Europe, E. culiciformis is known from human dwellings, from walls of houses, even inside flats and libraries, where it supposedly preys on Psocoptera, wooden buildings, bird and squirrel nests, tree hollows, under tree bark, under stones, under straw, and spider webs (Kubík 1995, Stehlík & Vavřínová 1997, 1998, Putshkov et al. 1999, authors pers. observ.). We assume that the non cryptic way of life is probably plesiomorphic (widely distributed), whereas the cryptic way of life is apomorphic within the Reduviidae. Synanthropy is probably the most advanced life strategy, because it is connected with human activities. The tendency to evolve this apomorphy within the Emesinae does not correspond with the tribal classification. No synanthropic taxon is known from the 1 st (Metapterini), 2 nd (Metapterini, Emesini, Leistarchini), 3 rd (Emesini, Ploiariolini) or 4 th (Ploiariolini) groups, however, this may be a consequence of our poor knowledge of their biology. Representatives of two emesine genera are known to be synanthropic. One species of the genus Ploiaria (Leistarchini), Ploiaria domestica, and two species of the genus Empicoris (Ploiariolini), Empicoris culiciformis and Empicoris vagabundus. No 126

29 Tab. 5. Revised localities for Metapterus linearis A. Costa. Coordinates as used by Cleveland (1991). Underlined = either particular locality, or the nearest place to locality with known coordinates. Coordinates in [] = large area mentioned, coordinates are of the centre. Coordinates in // = read directly from map, not from atlas index. * = Wygodzinsky s (1966) illustrations of Metapterus linearis from two localities represent, according to Putshkov (1994), both species. However, it is not possible to specify which species comes from which locality. ** = Two less probable localities named Bebek exist in the Asian part of Turkey: Bebek near Hasbek (Yozgat province) N, E; Bebek near Akpinar (Adiyaman province) N, E. Albania Starova (near Pogradec) N E Royer (1924), Josifov (1970), Putshkov (1994) Armenia Megri N E Putshkov (1984, 1994) Austria Apetlon N E Melber et al. (1991) Illmitz /47 45 N E/ Adelbauer & Heiss (1980), Melber et al. (1991) Salt lake between Sankt /47 46 N E/ Melber et al. (1991) Andrä and Tadten Azerbaijan Nakhichevan Republic [39 20 N E] Putshkov (1987, 1994) Croatia Dalmatia [43 00 N E] Putshkov (1987) France Albi*) N E Wygodzinski (1966), Putshkov (1994) Arcachon (env.) N W Carayon (1949) Arles N E Wygodzinski (1966) Corse [42 00 N E] Puton (1880), Putshkov (1994) Grande-Brière reserve N W Putshkov (1994) near Saint-Nazaire Languedoc [44 00 N E] Mulsant & Rey (1873) La Nouvelle (near Sigean)*) N E Wygodzinski (1966), Putshkov (1994) Vauvert, Pont N E Putshkov (1994) des Tourradons Italy Albenga N E Putshkov (1994) Bruzzani (?= Bruzzano N E Costa (1862), Putshkov & Putshkov (1996) Zeffirio or Bruzzano Vecchio) Lavaiano near Pontedera N E Tamanini (1962), Putshkov (1994) Valli di Comacchio, Dosso N E Dioli (1993, 1995) Lungo, Punta Boscoforte Romania Brăila (islands in Danube N E Putshkov (1994) near Brăila) Comana (= Comana Vlasca) /44 10 N E/ Putshkov (1987, 1994) Russia Grivenskaya (Akhtaro N E Putshkov (1984) Grivenskaya Ramsar wetland) Makhachkala N E Putshkov (1984) Spain S Agarò /42 15 N E/ Dioli (1993) Tadzhikistan Dushanbe (env.) N E Putshkov (1984, 1994) lowland of Vakhsh river [37 06 N E] Putshkov (1984, 1994) Pendzhikent (valley of N E Putshkov (1984, 1994, as Uzbekistan) Zeravshan river) Turkey Bebek in Istanbul **) N E present paper Suluhan valley in east [37 00 N E] Hoberlandt (1955), Putshkov (1994) part of Toros Mts. Turkmenia Giaoursse region (env., /37 57 N E/ Putshkov (1994) 60 km E Ashkhabad) Kara-Kala (env., foothills N E Putshkov (1994) of Sűnte Mt.) Ukraine Tsyurupinsk N E Putshkov (1984) Berdyansk N E Putshkov (1984) Golaya Pristan N E Putshkov (1984) Uzbekistan Kitab near Shakhrisabz N E Putshkov (1984, 1994) Tashkent (env.) N E Putshkov (1994) 127

30 Tab. 6. Unrevised localities for Metapterus linearis. Coordinates as used by Cleveland (1991). Underlined = either particular locality, or the nearest place to locality with known coordinates. Coordinates in [] = large area mentioned, coordinates are of the centre. Coordinates in // = read directly from map, not from atlas index. Austria Neusiedel am See N E Horváth (1897) (= Nezsider) Bulgaria Straldzha (near Yambol) N E Josifov (1964) Croatia Karlovac (= Károlyváros) N E Horváth (1897), Protić (1998) Metković (= Metcovic N E Sienkiewicz (1964), Protić (1998) Dalmatie) Orehovica (near Krapina) E E Horváth (1897), Benedek (1968), Protić (1998) Rijeka N E Protić (1998) Virovitica (= Verőcze) N E Horváth (1897), Protić (1998) France Avignon N E Gulde (1940) Banyuls-sur-Mer (env.) N E Wagner (1955) (near Port-Vendres) Bordeaux, Samie N W Puton (1880), Gulde (1940) Camargue N E Puton (1880) Cannes, Siagne env N E Wagner (1955) Carcassonne N E Sienkiewicz (1964) Fréjus N E Puton (1880) Hyères N E Puton (1880) Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer /43 28 N E/ Wagner (1955) Israel Elisha s Fountain in Ariha N E Douglas & Scott (1868), Putshkov & Putshkov (Palestine) (= Jericho) (1996) Italy Sicilia [37 30 N E] Servadei (1967) Monti Pisani Mts. (Monte /43 47 N E/ Sienkiewicz (1964) Serra Mt.) Vercelli N E Tamanini (1962) Macedonia Dojran (Novi Dojran) /41 12 N E/ Kormilev (1938) Romania Cîmpia (= Langenfeld) N E Horváth (1897) (near Moldova Nouă) Mangalia N E Sienkiewicz (1964) Orşova N E Horváth (1897), Benedek (1968) Slovenia Gorizia (= Gorice Illyrie) N E Sienkiewicz (1964) Turkey Antakya N E Seidenstücker (1957) Uzbekistan Nogay-Kurgan (near N E Oshanin (1908) Tashkent) representative of the tribes Metapterini and Emesini, living either on ground, or inside vegetation, is known from secondary anthropogenic habitats (as defined above sub 5.). Theoretically, there could be two ways of evolving synanthropy. Species living on tree stems can transfer to crevices in bark, or under bark, or into hollows, then into bird nests, and finally secondary habitats resulting from human activity. The species living on the ground, in debris, under stones move into mammalian nests and then secondary habitats resulting from human activity. The evolution of synanthropy possibly helped species survive in more adverse condition. In this way, species can extend their distribution northwards in the climatic conditions of the Western Palaearctic. The data on Ploiaria domestica and Empicoris culiciformis, the only Empicoris species living synanthropically in central Europe, agree with this premise. The natural habitats of both species are similar to those of Metapterus species. However, Metapterus species are not known to live synanthropically, but like Empicoris culiciformis reach the northern boundary of their distribution in central Europe. 128

31 Metapterus species is recorded only once from secondary habitats (Josifov 1964). However, Metapterus caspicus occurs in surface burrow system of voles (Putshkov 1984, 1987) and in front of a fox den (present paper). High adaptability to conditions, including varying humidity, can explain the more common occurrence of M. caspicus in drier and warmer habitats. The ability of this species to use mammal nests as a habitat could be interpreted as apomorphic within the Metapterini, and could represent a preadaptation for synanthropy. Both the synanthropically living Empicoris species are known to prey on Psocoptera. Psocoptera are also abundant in natural habitats of emesines, on and under bark, on stems and branches with lichens, in debris, etc. Empicoris species often eat Psocoptera caught in spider webs, both outside and inside human dwellings, and upon Psocoptera living synanthropically. This could have facilitated the switch of Emesinae to synanthropy, utilizing in the secondary habitat the same prey as used in the natural habitat. More detailed studies on the biology of more Emesinae we needed to clarify the precise reason for and the way synanthropy evolved within this taxon, including its relatively restricted occurrence. A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s We thank Marion Mantič (Ostrava), and the curators of collections of Heteroptera, Pavel Lauterer (Moravian Museum, Brno) and Vladimír Švihla (National Museum, Prague), for supplying specimens. We are obliged to Attilio Carapezza (Palermo), Pavel Chvojka (National Museum, Prague), Franco Faraci (Verona), Hannes Günther (Ingelheim am Rhein), Ernst Heiss (Innsbruck), Jerzy Lis (University of Opole, Opole), Jay E. McPherson (Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL), Dominique Pluot-Sigwalt (Museum national d Histoire naturelle, Paris) and Eva Ribes and Jordi Ribes (Valencia) for help with literature. We thank Erica Bellinvia for help with literature published in Italian, Karel Hůrka and Magda Hrabáková with literature published in French, Jitka Uhlíková for help with mammalian terminology, Pavel Kovář for advice on plant nomenclature, and David Král and Jan Zima (all of Charles University, Prague) for very helpful comments on the manuscript. We appreciate the kind explanation of Dominique Pluot-Sigwalt of the confusion concerning Puton s papers dealing with Metapterus synonymy, and the help of Ljiljana Protić (History Museum, Belgrade) with detailed information on material from the former Yugoslavia, and Ludvík Hoberlandt (Prague) with information on the locality in Turkey. The study was partly supported by a grant from the Grant Agency of Charles University (GAUK) 113/2002/B-BIO/ PrF and from the Ministry of Education (MŠMT ČR) J REFERENCES ADLBAUER K. & HEISS E. 1980: Zur Wanzenfauna des Burgenlandes (Ins., Heteroptera). Nat. Umw. Burgenld., Sonderh. 3: BACCHI I. & RIZZOTTI VLACH M. 1999: Gardena insignis e Metapterus caspicus in Italia: Osservazioni faunisticoecologiche e biologiche (Heteroptera, Reduviidae). Fragm. Entomol., Roma 31: BENEDEK P. 1968: Revision of the families Reduviidae and Phymatidae in the Carpathian Basin with the description of a new species from Hungary (Heteroptera). Folia Entomol. Hung. N. S. 21: BENEDEK P. 1969: Heteroptera, Homoptera. XVII Kötet. 7. Füzet. Poloskák VII. Heteroptera VII. Fauna Hungaricae 94. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 86 pp. (in Hungarian). BODENHEIMER F. S. 1937: Prodromus Faunae Palestinae. Essai sur les éléments zoogéographiques et historiques du Sud-Ouest du sous-règne Paléartique. Mem. Inst. d Egypte 33: (fide LINNAVUORI 1961). BUCHAR J. 1983: Zoogeografie [Zoogeography]. Praha: Státní pedagogické nakladatelství, 199 pp. (in Czech). CARAPEZZA A., FARACI F. & PÉRICART J. 1995: Designation of lectotypes and paralectotypes of Palaearctic Heteroptera in the collection of Achile Costa (Museo di Zoologia dell Università di Napoli). Natur. Sicil. S. IV. 19: CARAYON J. 1949: Notes sur les Hémiptères des environs d Arcachon (Gironde). Feuille Natur. N. S. 4: CHOBAUT A. 1923: Sur le Stenolemus Novaki Horvath (Hem. Reduviidae). Bull. Soc. Entomol. France 1923: 81. CLEVELAND W. A. (ed.) 1991: Britannica atlas. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, i xl, 1 320, I 1 I 199 pp. COSTA A. 1853: Additamenta ad centurias Cimicum Regni Neapolitani. Napoli, 41 pp. (fide PUTSHKOV 1984). DAVIDOVÁ-VILÍMOVÁ J. 1997: First report of Metapterus linearis from Slovakia (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae). Klapalekiana 33:

32 DIOLI P. 1982: Eterotteri del Friuli-Venezia Giulia 2. Interessanti Emesini dei dintorni di Grado (Hemiptera Heteroptera). Gartania, Mus. Friul. Stor. Nat. 3: DIOLI P. 1989: Schidium palinuri n. sp., eterottero Reduvide appartenente ad un genere nuovo per la fauna Italiana (Heteroptera Reduviidae Emesinae). Boll. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 121: DIOLI P. 1993: Spedizione alpinistico-scientifica Progetto Alpi Albanesi I. Ischnonyctes barbarus (Lucas, 1849) nuovo per i Balcani (Insecta, Heteroptera, Reduviidae) e osservazioni sui Metapterini Stal, 1874 europei. Natur. Valtellinese Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Morbegno 4: DIOLI P. 1995: Eterotteri del Ferrarese. 1. La fauna terrestre (Heteroptera Cimicomorpha et Pentatomorpha). Quad. Staz. Ecol. Civ. Mus. St. Nat. Ferrara 8: DOHRN A. 1863: Beiträge zu einer monographischen Bearbeitung der Familie der Emesina (Zweites Stück). Linnaea Entomol. 14: (fide PUTSHKOV 1984). DOSTÁL J. 1989: Nová flóra ČSSR [New flora of ČSSR, 1., 2.]. Praha: Academia, 1548 pp (in Czech). DOUGLAS J. W. & SCOTT J. 1868: List of captures of Hemiptera in Palestine and Syria together with the description of several new species. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 5: (fide PUTSHKOV & PUTSHKOV 1996). GAMARRA P. 1980: Claves de géneros de la familia Reduviidae de la región paleártica occidental. Graellsia 35 36: GIDAYATOV D. A. 1967: [True bugs (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) of the Lenkoran zone (Talysh) of Azerbaijan]. Tr. Inst. Zool. Akad. Nauk Azerbaidzh. SSR 26: (in Russian) (fide PUTSHKOV 1987). GOGALA A. 1991: New records for the Heteroptera Fauna of Slovenia (Yugoslavia). Biol. Vestn. 39: GOGALA A. & GOGALA M. 1989: True bugs of Slovenia (Insecta: Heteroptera). Biol. Vestn. 37: GOGALA A., GOGALA M. & GÜNTHER H. 1990: New records of Gardena insignis Horváth, 1887 (Emesinae, Reduviidae) in Istria (Yugoslavia). Scopolia Suppl. 1: GULDE J. 1940: Die Wanzen Mitteleuropas. Hemiptera Heteroptera Mitteleuropas. VII. Teil. Frankfurt a. M.: Otto H. Wrede, 116 pp. GÜNTHER H. & SCHUSTER G. 1990: Verzeichnis der Wanzen Mitteleuropas (Heteroptera). Dtsch. Ent. Z.N. F.37: GÜNTHER H. & SCHUSTER G. 2000: Verzeichnis der Wanzen Mitteleuropas (Insecta: Heteroptera) (2. überarbeitete Fassung). Mitt. Internat. Entomol. Ver. Suppl., 7: HOBERLANDT L. 1955: Results of the zoological scientific expedition of the National Museum in Praha to Turkey. 18. Hemiptera, 4. Acta Entomol. Mus. Natl. Pragae, Suppl. 3: HORVÁTH G. 1897: Ordo Hemiptera, subordo Heteroptera. Pp In: Fauna regni hungariae. Budapest: Regia Societas Scientiarium Naturalium Hungarica, 72 pp (in Hungarian and Latin). JAKOVLEV V. E. 1873: [Contributions to the entomofauna of European Russia. I III]. Tr. Russ. Entomol. Obshch. 7: 7 43 (in Russian, decriptions in German). JOSIFOV M. 1964: Artbestand und Verbreitung der Insekten von der Ordnung Heteroptera in Bulgarien, Teil II. Bull. Inst. Mus. Zool. Bulg. Sci. 16: (in Bulgarian, German and Russian titles and summaries). JOSIFOV M. 1970: Ergebnisse der Albanien-Expedition 1961 des Deutschen Entomologischen Institutes. 82. Beitrag. Heteroptera. Beitr. Entomol. 20: JOSIFOV M. 1986: Verzeichnis der von der Balkanhalbinsel bekannten Heteropterenarten (Insecta, Heteroptera). Faun. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Dresden 14: JOSIFOV M. 1990: Über die Verbreitung mancher Heteropterenarten auf der Balkanhalbinsel. III (Insecta). Acta Zool. Bulg. 40: KERZHNER I. M. 1992: Nomenclatural and bibliographic corrections to J. Maldonado Capriles (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the world (Insecta: Heteroptera). Zoosystem. Ross. 1: KERZHNER I. M. & JACZEWSKI T. L. 1964: 19. [Order Hemiptera (Heteroptera) true bugs]. Pp.: In: BEY- BIENKO G. Y. (ed.): Opredelitel nasekomykh evropeyskoy chasti SSSR v pyati tomakh. I. Nizshie, drevnekrylye s nepolnym prevrascheniem [Key to insects of European part of USSR in five volumes. I. Hemimetabola]. Moskva-Leningrad: Nauka (in Russian). KIRICHENKO A. N. 1951: Nastoyashchie poluzhestkokrylyje evropeyskoy chasti SSSR (Hemiptera), opredelitel i bibliografiya [True bugs of European part of USSR (Hemiptera), key and bibliography]. Moskva, Leningrad: Izdatel stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 423 pp (in Russian). KIRICHENKO A. N. 1964: Poluzhestkokrylye (Hemiptera Heteroptera) Tadzhikistana [Bugs (Hemiptera Heteroptera) of tajikistan]. Dushanbe, 258 pp (in Russian) (fide PUTSHKOV 1987). KORMILEV N. A. 1938: II. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Verbreitung Jugoslavischer Hemiptera-Heteroptera. (Serbien und Südserbien). Glas. Skopskog Nauč. Društva 1938: KUBÍK O. 1995: On the biology nad faunistics of the Central European species of the genus Empicoris (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Klapalekiana 31: (in Czech, English summary). LINNAVUORI R. 1961: Hemiptera of Israel II. Ann. Zool. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn., Vanamo 22:

33 MALDONADO CAPRILES J. 1990: Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World (Insecta: Hemiptera). Carribbean J. Sci., Spec. Ed.: x pp. MANCINI C. 1963: Emitteri Eterotteri della Liguria. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova 74: MELBER A., GÜNTHER H. & RIEGER C. 1991: Die Wanzenfauna des Österreichischen Neusiedlerseegebietes (Insecta, Heteroptera). Wiss. Arb. Bgld. 89: MOULET P. 2000: Présence de Stenolemus novaki Horváth, 1888, au Ventoux (Vaucluse) (Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Emesinae). Bull. Soc. Et. Sci. Nat. Vaucluse : MULSANT E. & REY C. 1873: Histoire naturelle des ounaises de France. Reduvides, Emesides. Paris: Deyrolle, pp. OSHANIN B. 1908: Verzeichnis der Palaearktischen Hemipteren mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Verteilung im Russischen Reiche. I. Band Heteroptera. II. Lieferung Tingididae Acanthiidae. Annu. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imper. Sci. 13: PROTIĆ L. 1998: Catalogue of the Heteroptera fauna of Yugoslav countries. Part one. Nat. Hist. Mus. Belgrade, Special issue 38: PUTON A. 1874: Notes pour servir a l étude des Hémipteres, 2 e partie. 4. Appendice. Note sur la monographie des Réduvides et Émésides de France de MM. Mulsant et Rey. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 4: PUTON A. 1880: Synopsis des Hémiptères-Héteroptères de France. 3 e partie. Réduvides, Saldides, Hydrocorises. Pp.: Paris: Remiremont. PUTSHKOV P. V. 1980: Description of eggs and larvae of some assassin bugs (Heteroptera, Reduviidae) from southern Ukraina. Vest. Zool (4): (in Russian, Engl. summary). PUTSHKOV P. V. 1981a: Key to larvae of assassin bugs (Heteroptera, Reduviidae) from European part of the USSR. Vest. Zool (1): (in Russian, Engl. summary). PUTSHKOV P. V. 1981b: Morphology of eggs of assassin bugs (Heteroptera, Reduviidae) from European part of the USSR. Vest. Zool (5): (in Russian, Engl. summary). PUTSHKOV P. V. 1984: Species of the genus Metapterus Costa (Heteroptera, Reduviidae) of the fauna of the USSR. Entomol. Obozr. 63: (in Russian, Engl. title and summary). PUTSHKOV P. V. 1985: Stational distribution and life cycles of the assassin bugs (Heteroptera, Reduviidae) of the Ukraine. Entomol. Obozr. 64: (in Russian, Engl. title). PUTSHKOV P. V. 1987: [True bugs. 5. Reduviidae]. Fauna Ukrainy 21: 247 pp (in Russian). PUTSHKOV P. V. 1994: Réduviides de la faune de France, notes sur six espèces (Heteroptera, Reduviidae). Bull. Soc. Entomol. France 99: PUTSHKOV P. V. 1995: Type specimens of Palaearctic Reduviidae in the collection of the Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg (Heteroptera). Zoosystem. Ross. 3: PUTSHKOV P. V. & PUTSHKOV V. G. 1996: Reduviidae. Pp.: In: AUKEMA B. & RIEGER Ch. (eds.): Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearcic Region. Volume 2. Cimicomorpha I. Wageningen: Ponsen & Looijen, xiv pp. PUTSHKOV V. G. & PUTSHKOV P. V. 1985: A catalogue assassin-bug genera of the World (Heteroptera, Reduviidae). Kiev, 137 pp. PUTSHKOV P. V., RIBES J. & MOULET P. 1999: Révision des Empicoris Wolff d Europe (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (N. S.) 35: RIBES E. & RIBES J. 2000: Noves dades d Hemípters per a Catalunya i territoris limítrofs (Heteroptera). Ses. Entomol. ICHN-SCL 10: RIBES J. 1961: I. Contribución al estudio de los Reduviidae de Cataluña. Miscel. Zool. 1: RIBES J. 1973: Sobre Empicoris salinus (Lindberg) 1932 (Hem. Het. Reduviidae Emesinae). Miscel. Zool. 3: RIBES J. & SAULEDA N. 1979: Heteropteros de alicante y zonas adyacentes. Mediterránea 3: RIZZOTTI VLACH M. 1995: Popolamenti ad Eterotteri della Valpolicella (Veneto, regione Veronese). Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 73 (1994): ROŞCA I. & POPOV C. 1982: [Heteroptera of Romania zoogeographical characteristics and economic importance]. Probleme Protec. Plant. 10: (in Romanian). ROYER M. 1924: Travaux scientifiques de l Armée d Orient ( ). Hémiptères Hétéroptères, Troisieme note. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 30: SEIDENSTÜCKER G. 1957: Heteroptera aus Anatolien I. Rev. Fac. Sci. Univ. Istanbul Ser. B 22: SERVADEI A. 1967: Rhynchota (Heteroptera, Auchenorrhyncha). Catalogo topographico e sinonimico. Fauna d Italia. Volume 9. Bologna: Calderini, 851 pp. SIENKIEWICZ I. 1964: The catalogue of the A. L. Montandon collection of Palaearctic Heteroptera preserved in the Grigore Antipa Museum of Natural History, Bucharest. Bucharest: Grigore Antipa Museum of Natural History, 146 pp. 131

34 STICHEL W. 1959: Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wanzen. II. Europa (Hemiptera-Heteroptera Europae) Cimicomorpha, Reduviidae, Nabidae. Berlin, pp STICHEL W. 1960: Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wanzen. II. Europa (Hemiptera-Heteroptera Europae) Liste der Paläarktischen Arten, Cimicomorpha. Berlin, pp STEHLÍK J. L. & VAVŘÍNOVÁ I. 1997: Results of the investigations on Hemiptera in Moravia made by the Moravian Museum (Reduviidae, Phymatidae, Nabidae: Prostemmatinae). Acta Mus. Morav., Sci. Natur. 81: STEHLÍK J. L. & VAVŘÍNOVÁ I. 1998: Results of the investigations on Hemiptera in Slovakia made by the Moravian Museum (Reduviidae, Phymatidae, Nabidae: Prostemmatinae). Acta Mus. Morav., Sci. Biol. 82: TAMANINI L. 1962: Interessanti reperti emitterologici nella Pianura Padano-Veneta (Heteroptera: Reduviidae et Lygaeidae). Mem. Mus. Civ. Stor. Natur. Verona 10: WAGNER E. 1955: Contribution a la faune des Hémipterères Hétéroptères de France. Vie Milieu 6: WAGNER E. 1967: 55. Wanzen oder Heteropteren II. Cimicomorpha. In: DAHL F. (ed.): Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag, iii pp. WYGODZINSKY P. W. 1966: A monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bull. Amer. Mus. Natur. Hist. 133:

35 Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 67: , 2003 ISSN X Scorpions of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with a key and descriptions of three new species František KOVAŘÍK P. O. Box 27, CZ Praha 45, Czech Republic Received October 15, 2002; accepted March 15, 2003 Published July 7, 2003 Abstract. Scorpions of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia are revised, with a key and geographic distributions given for all the species. Lectotypes are designated for Buthus minax L. Koch, 1875, Buthus hottentotta tigrinus Caporiacco, 1937, Parabuthus granimanus Pocock, 1895, Parabuthus granimanus fuscicauda Caporiacco, 1947, Parabuthus mixtus obscurior Caporiacco, 1941, Parabuthus mixtus Borelli, 1925, Scorpio cavimanus Pocock, 1888, Pandinus intermedius Borelli, 1919, Scorpio pallidus Kraepelin, 1894, and Scorpio smithi Pocock, Neobuthus Hirst, 1911 is synonymized with Butheolus Simon, The following species are synonymized: Neobuthus berberensis Hirst, 1911 with Butheolus ferrugineus Kraepelin, 1898; Buthus hottentotta tigrinus Caporiacco, 1937 with Hottentotta minax (L. Koch, 1875); Buthus fuscitruncus Caporiacco, 1936 with Hottentotta trilineatus (Peters, 1862); Parabuthus granimanus fuscicauda Caporiacco, 1947 with Parabuthus granimanus Pocock, 1895; Parabuthus heterurus stefaninii Caporiacco, 1927 with Parabuthus heterurus Pocock, 1897; Parabuthus leiosoma abyssinicus Pocock, 1901 and Parabuthus leiosoma dmitrievi Birula, 1903 with Parabuthus leiosoma (Ehrenberg, 1828); Parabuthus mixtus Borelli, 1925, Parabuthus mixtus obscurior Caporiacco, 1941, and Parabuthus zavattarii Caporiacco, 1939 with Parabuthus pallidus Pocock, 1895; Uroplectes fischeri caporiaccoi Fet, 1997 and Uroplectes patrizii Caporiacco, 1936 with Uroplectes fischeri (Karsch, 1879); Scorpio gregoryi Pocock, 1896 with Pandinus (Pandinurus) exitialis (Pocock, 1888); Brotheas hirsutus L. Koch, 1875 and Scorpio africanus subtypicus Kraepelin, 1894 with Pandinus (Pandinurus) magrettii Borelli, 1901; and Pandinus intermedius Borelli, 1919 and Pandinus citernii Borelli, 1919 with Pandinus (Pandinus) phillipsii (Pocock, 1896). Uroplectes pardii sp. n. from Somalia and Parabuthus eritreaensis sp. n. and Pandinus (Pandinops) eritreaensis sp. n. from Eritrea are described. Hottentotta minax niloticus Birula, 1928 is elevated to a fullspecies status. First records are established for Leiurus quinquestriatus Ehrenberg, 1828 in Somalia, Lychas obsti Kraepelin, 1913 in Ethiopia and Somalia, Pandinus (Pandinops) hawkeri Pocock, 1900 in Ethiopia, and Pandinus (Pandinurus) exitialis (Pocock, 1888) in Somalia. Taxonomy, description, revision, new species, new synonymy, new combination, checklist, key, Scorpiones, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia INTRODUCTION The main reason for conducting this revision is that it has never before been done for the region, and that especially in Somalia the current situation virtually precludes faunal exploration. Yet, that country is the source of rich collections housed principally in Italian museums, from which chiefly Caporiacco and Borelli described a number of species at the most part known only from types that remain to be revised. It is precisely these species that I have concentrated on, and have managed to find and revise also some types regarded by previous authors as lost or of unknown reposition; some were found in museums other than those given in the literature. Having the opportunity to examine types simultaneously with other material collected at the same localities enabled me to discern variation, which is the main reason why so many species are hereby synonymized. Unfortunately, certain types have not surfaced and must be considered lost. In some cases there 133

36 is enough evidence to synonymize such species at least equivocally, however six species are so dubious that they cannot be placed in the system and the key even tentatively. MATERIAL AND METHODS The institutional abbreviations listed below and used throughout are mostly after Arnett et al. (1993). BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, U. K.; FKCP František Kovařík Collection, Prague, Czech Republic; HNHM Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary; MCSN Museo Civico de Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, Genoa, Italy; MIZT Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Turin, Italy; MNHN Muséum national d Histoire naturelle, Paris, France; MSNM Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Milan, Italy; MZUF Museo Zoologico La Specola, Florence, Italy; NMPC National Museum (Natural History), Prague, Czech Republic; SMFD Natur-Museum Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Germany; ZMHB Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany; ZMUH Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Germany. This study was conducted in It includes only specimens that I examined and found to come from Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia or Somalia. Specimens from elsewhere are not included even though their examination enabled me to better understand the status of the species (e. g. large collections of Parabuthus pallidus Pocock, 1895 from Kenya and Tanzania, or Hemiscorpius socotranus Pocock, 1899 from the Socotra Island). This is why no material of e. g. Androctonus amoreuxi (Audouin, 1825) is listed, I was able to study many specimens but none from Ethiopia. However, there is no reason to doubt the presence of this species in Ethiopia. Conversely, examined type specimens are always included, although they may not come from the region covered by the revision. The checklist of species (Tab. 1) includes only those synonyms whose type localities are in the studied region. Commentaries and justifications for synonymizing species are always appended to the species deemed valid. Since literature and occurences for all species of scorpions were already summarized (Fet et al. 2000), I have considered it unnecessary to append references to the occurences given in Table 1 unless they represent new information or differ from those in Fet et al. (2000). Listed below are all specimens from the region present in collections which I have completely revised (FKCP, HNHM, NMPC, SMFD, MZUF) and in others named above. Emphasis has been placed on Italian museums. Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837 Androctonus australis (Linné, 1758) MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Sar Uanle, 30.V.1973, 1juv., MZUF. Babycurus multisubaculeatus Kovařík, 2000 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Afgooye env., X. 1980, 1F (holotype) 1M (paratype), collector unknown, FKCP. Babycurus somalicus Hirst, 1907 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Wagur Mts, behind Berbera, 2F (holotype and paratype), purchased by W. Bury, BMNH No Babycurus subpunctatus Borelli, 1925 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Cuban Cubu, IX.1923, 1F (holotype), leg. S. Patrizi, MCSN. 134

37 Tab. 1. Checklist of scorpions of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia with geographic distribution Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Somalia Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837 Androctonus amoreuxi (Audouin, 1825) x Androctonus australis (Linné, 1758) x Babycurus multisubaculeatus Kovařík, 2000 x Babycurus somalicus Hirst, 1907 x Babycurus subpunctatus Borelli, 1925 x Babycurus wituensis taramassoi Borelli, 1919 x x = Babycurus johnstonii ochraceus Masi, 1912 = Babycurus crassimanus Caporiacco, 1936 = Babycurus patrizii Borelli, 1925 Babycurus zambonellii Borelli, 1902 x? Buthacus calviceps (Pocock, 1900) x Buthacus leptochelys (Ehrenberg, 1829) x x Butheoloides polisi Lourenço, 1996 x Butheolus ferrugineus Kraepelin, 1898 x x = Neobuthus berberensis Hirst, 1911, syn. n. Buthus occitanus berberensis Pocock, 1900 x x x x Compsobuthus abyssinicus (Birula, 1903) x x x x Compsobuthus maindroni (Kraepelin, 1901) x x Compsobuthus werneri (Birula, 1908) x x Hottentotta minax (L. Koch, 1875) x x = Buthus hottentotta tigrinus Caporiacco, 1937, syn. n. Hottentotta polystictus (Pocock, 1896) x x x x Hottentotta scaber (Ehrenberg, 1828) x x Hottentotta trilineatus (Peters, 1862) x x x x = Buthus trilineatus fuscatus Masi, 1912 = Buthus fuscitruncus Caporiacco, 1936, syn. n. Isometrus maculatus (De Geer, 1778)? x x Lanzatus somalicus Kovařík, 2001 x Leiurus quinquestriatus Ehrenberg, 1828 x x Lychas asper (Pocock, 1891) x Lychas obsti Kraepelin, 1913 x x Microbuthus pusillus Kraepelin, 1898 x x x Nanobuthus andersoni Pocock, 1895?? Odonturus dentatus Karsch, 1879 x Orthochiroides vachoni Kovařík, 1998 x Orthochirus aristidis (Simon, 1883) x x Parabuthus eritreaensis sp. n. x Parabuthus granimanus Pocock, 1895 x x x x = Parabuthus granimanus fuscicauda Caporiacco, 1947, syn. n. Parabuthus heterurus Pocock, 1897 x x = Parabuthus stefaninii Caporiacco, 1927, syn. n. Parabuthus leiosoma (Ehrenberg, 1828) x x x x = Parabuthus abyssinicus Pocock, 1901, syn. n. = Parabuthus liosoma dmitrievi Birula, 1903, syn. n. Parabuthus pallidus Pocock, 1895? x x x = Parabuthus mixtus Borelli, 1925, syn. n. = Parabuthus mixtus obscurior Caporiacco, 1941, syn. n. = Parabuthus zavattarii Caporiacco, 1939, syn. n. Sabinebuthus elegans Lourenço, 2001 x Somalibuthus demisi Kovařík, 1998 x Somalicharmus whitmanae Kovařík, 1998 x 135

38 Tab. 1. Checklist of scorpions of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia with geographic distribution Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Somalia Uroplectes fischeri (Karsch, 1879) x = Uroplectes fischeri caporiaccoi Fet, 1997, syn. n. = Uroplectes patrizii Caporiacco, 1936, syn. n. Uroplectes occidentalis Simon, 1876 x Uroplectes pardii sp. n. x Uroplectoides abyssinicus Lourenço, 1998 x Hemiscorpiidae Pocock, 1893 Hemiscorpius socotranus Pocock, 1899 x Liochelidae Fet et Bechly, 2001 Iomachus politus Pocock, 1896 x = Jomachus borana Caporiacco, 1939 Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802 Pandinus (Pandinoides) cavimanus (Pocock, 1888) x = Pandinus militaris Pocock, 1900 Pandinus (Pandinoides) platycheles Werner, 1916 x x Pandinus (Pandinops) bellicosus (L. Koch, 1875) x x x = Pandinus pugilator Pocock, 1900 Pandinus (Pandinops) colei (Pocock, 1896) x x Pandinus (Pandinops) eritreaensis sp. n. x Pandinus (Pandinops) hawkeri Pocock, 1900 x x Pandinus (Pandinops) peeli Pocock, 1900 x Pandinus (Pandinops) pococki Kovařík, 2000 x Pandinus (Pandinurus) exitialis (Pocock, 1888) x x = Scorpio gregoryi Pocock, 1896, syn. n. Pandinus (Pandinurus) magrettii Borelli, 1901 x x? = Brotheas hirsutus L. Koch, 1875, syn. n. = Scorpio africanus subtypicus Kraepelin, 1894, syn. n. = Pandinus exitialis sudanicus Hirst, 1911 Pandinus (Pandinurus) meidensis Karsch, 1879 x Pandinus (Pandinurus) pallidus (Kraepelin, 1894)? x Pandinus (Pandinus) phillipsii (Pocock, 1896) x = Pandinus intermedius Borelli, 1919, syn. n. = Pandinus citernii Borelli, 1919, syn. n. Pandinus (Pandinus) smithi (Pocock, 1897)? x Babycurus wituensis taramassoi Borelli, 1919 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Giumbo, VII.1923, 1F(im.) (holotype of Babycurus patrizii Borelli, 1925), leg. S. Patrizi, MCSN; Belet Amin, 1M (holotype of Babycurus crassimanus Caporiacco, 1936), VI. 1924, MCSN. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Gemu Gofa, Arba Minch, 2 3.V.1997, 2M1F(im.), leg. Werner, FKCP. Somalia, Belet Amin, 2F8juvs, leg. Patrizi, det. Caporiacco as B. taramassoi, MCSN; Ola Uager, VIII.1934, 3F, leg. Patrizi, det. Caporiacco as B. taramassoi, MCSN; Belet Amin, VII.1934, 1M1F2juvs, leg. Steganini & Puccioni, MZUF; Afgoi, 13.VIII.1959, 1Fim., 2.IX.1959, 1F, MZUF; Giohar foresta, 3.VIII.1968, 1F; Giohar snai, 5.VIII.1968, 1juv., 11.IX.1968, 1juv., MZUF; Giohar, IX.1969, 1juv., 8.VIII.1970, 1F, MZUF; Ola Uager (Campo), VII.1970, 1Fim., MZUF; Ola Uager (Oltra Gjuba), 15.VII.1970, 2F2im. 19juvs before first ecdysis, MZUF; Ola Uager, 12.VIII.1970, 1juv., VIII.1970, 17juvs, MZUF; Gelib, 1970, 1F, leg. Tarabini, MZUF; Afgoi, 14.IV.1976, 1Fim., leg. Fagetto, MZUF; Afgooye env., X.1980, 1M4F, FKCP. 136

39 Babycurus zambonellii Borelli, 1902 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Eritrea, Chenafena, 1M (holotype), leg. Zambonelli, MIZT No. Sc18 (ex580). ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Shoa, Paco Nat. Awash, 15.IV.1971, 1juv. (det.?), leg. Azzaroli, MZUF (rev. Vachon No. VA 1498). Buthacus calviceps (Pocock, 1900) TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, North West Somailand, Berbera 16.IV. or Hargaisa IV.1897, 1F, leg. C.V.A. Peel; BMNH. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Galgalo env., 1980, 1M, leg. Dorsak, FKCP. Butheolus ferrugineus Kraepelin, 1898: 43. Neobuthus berberensis Hirst, 1911: 462; syn. n. Butheolus ferrugineus Kraepelin, 1898 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Djibouti, Gulf of Aden, Tadjura Bay, 1M (holotype), ZMUH. Somalia, Berbera, 1F (holotype of Neobuthus berberensis Hirst, 1911), BMNH No , purchased G. W. Bury. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Chisimaio, VI. 1980, 1F, leg. Dorsak, FKCP. COMMENTS. Lourenço (2001) attempted to find sound characters to distinguish the genera Butheolus Simon, 1882, Nanobuthus Pocock, 1895, and Neobuthus Hirst, I concur with his opinion that Butheolus and Nanobuthus are morphologically separable taxa of generic rank. However, I am convinced that Neobuthus (with the single species N. berberensis) is a synonym of Butheolus. Examination of the types of B. ferrugineus and N. berberensis has revealed no differences that would justify regarding these taxa as separate species. The holotype of Butheolus ferrugineus is a small male (21 mm) and the holotype of Neobuthus berberensis is a large female (30 mm). The coloration is uniformly yellow. The metasoma and other parts of the body are granulated, and the ventral surface of the first three metasomal segments bears conspicuous paired keels. The fourth metasomal segment may lack keels, although in the FKCP female two keels are evident. The ventral surface of the fifth metasomal segment is densely granulated and without keels, however the segment bears two lateral keels posteriorly equipped with several large, blunt tubercles, some of which Lourenço (2001: 179) described as lobes. Lourenço (2001: 179) listed several differences between Butheolus and Neobuthus: (1) Anterior edge of carapace ± convex in Butheolus and straight in Neobuthus. I find the anterior edge of the carapace more or less straight in the holotype of Neobuthus berberensis, allbutheolus ferrugineus, andb. gallagheri Vachon, 1980 from Oman. (2) Three identical lateral eyes in Butheolus and one of the three eyes reduced in Neobuthus. I find three identical lateral eyes in the holotype of Neobuthus berberensis and specimens of Butheolus ferrugineus, and three identical eyes and one reduced eye in B. gallagheri. (3) Movable fingers of chela with seven rows of granules in Butheolus and with five rows of granules in Neobuthus (however, in Lourenço s figs. 17 and 19 N. cloudsleythompsoni has six rows, whereas on p. 182 it is stated to have five rows). I find six rows, with partial fusion of rows five and six, in the holotype of N. berberensis (on the left movable finger, the right finger is missing), six or seven rows in Butheolus ferrugineus, and seven rows in B. gallagheri. B. anthracinus has as many as nine or ten rows. (4) Four accessory granules on the edge of movable finger in Butheolus and five accessory granules in Neobuthus. I find four accessory granules in the holotype of Neobuthus berberensis (on the left movable finger, the right finger is missing) and four or five accessory granules in Butheolus ferrugineus and B. gallagheri. (5) Ventrolateral keels of the fifth metasomal segment non-lobate in Butheolus and with three to five lobes in Neobuthus. I find several large, blunt tubercles, of which two largest and perhaps two others may be regarded as lobes, in the holotype of Neobuthus berberensis and all Butheolus ferrugineus, and four or five lobes in B. gallagheri. 137

40 (6) Subaculear tooth strong in Butheolus and absent in Neobuthus. The tooth does not resemble a typical subaculear tooth (such as is found in Lychas or Isometrus) in any of these specimens. It is merely a small tubercle or sometimes a row of tubercles diminishing in size. Such tubercles are present in all examined specimens and their sizes are not taxon-specific. For the above given reasons I conclude that Neobuthus is a synonym of Butheolus. However, Lourenço (2001) described Neobuthus cloudsleythompsoni (type locality Ethiopia, lower valley of the Omo River) and differentiated it from N. berberensis by the presence of three lobate granules on the ventrolateral keels of the fifth metasomal segment. Regrettably, in spite of repeated requests, I have not been granted permission to borrow MNHN types of the species in question, and consequently I can neither place Neobuthus cloudsleythompsoni in the key nor unequivocally decide its placement in Butheolus or another genus. Therefore, for the purpose of this revision I am left with no option other than to regard the name Neobuthus cloudsleythompsoni Lourenço, 2001 as a nomen dubium. Borelli listed one female of Neobuthus berberensis from Somalia (Rahanuin) (Borelli 1919: 365) and one juvenile from Eritrea (Gaarre) (Borelli 1931: 219). Unfortunately, the whereabouts of these specimens remain unknown and determinations thus cannot be verified. The holotype of Butheolus ferrugineus is labeled Nanobuthus andersoni Poc. Typus zu Butheolus ferrugineus Krpl.. Buthus occitanus berberensis Pocock, 1900 (Fig. 3) MATERIAL EXAMINED. Eritrea, Karora, 2M4F, leg. L. Cipniani, MZUF. Ethiopia, Assab, Scaramucci, 2F(im); Farco Naz, 15.IV.1971, 2juvs, leg. Lanza, Granchi & Azzaroli, MZUF. Compsobuthus abyssinicus (Birula, 1903) MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Assab, 1M2F, MZUF; Parco naz Awasc, 9.IV.1971, 1im., 12.IV.1971, 2F, leg. Lanza & Alii, MZUF; Parco naz Awasc, Kudu Track, 10.IV.1971, 1F1juv., leg. Azzaroli, Granchi & Lanza, MZUF; 30 km W Metahara (near Addis Abeba), VIII.1982, 2F, FKCP. COMMENTS. The original description of Compsobuthus abyssinicus (Birula, 1903) does not contain enough information, and I was not able to examine the type. Levy & Amitai (1980: 60, 62) believed this taxon could be a synonym of C. werneri. Fet & Lowe (2000: 124) list C. abyssinicus from Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Somalia and C. acutecarinatus only from Oman and Yemen, although Sissom (1994: 9) identified specimens from Ethiopia as C. acutecarinatus. Examination of specimens from Ethiopia and the hitherto published information cause me to suspect that examination of the type specimens will reveal C. abyssinicus (Birula, 1903) to be a synonym of Compsobuthus acutecarinatus (Simon, 1882). Compsobuthus maindroni (Kraepelin, 1901) (Fig. 1) MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Kudu Valley, Awash Nat. Park, 1000 m, 20.VIII.1976, 3F (det.?), leg. H. Oboussier & D. Ernst, ZMUH. Compsobuthus werneri (Birula, 1908) (Fig. 2) MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Bender Cassim, IX.1931, 1F, MZUF. 138

41 Figs , movable finger of pedipalp. 1 Compsobuthus maindroni (Kraepelin), female from Oman, FKCP; 2 Compsobuthus werneri (Birula), female from Somalia, MZUF; 3 Buthus occitanus (Amoreux), female from Morocco, FKCP; 4 Uroplectes occidentalis Simon, female from Angola, FKCP; 5 Uroplectes pardii sp. n., male holotype; 6 Uroplectes fischeri (Karsch), female allotype. 7 8, chela, external view. 7 Parabuthus granimanus Pocock, male lectotype of Parabuthus granimanus fuscicauda Caporiacco; 8 P. leiosoma (Ehrenberg), male from Ethiopia, FKCP. 9 10, pedipalp, dorsal view. 9 P. leiosoma, male from Ethiopia, FKCP; 10 P. eritreaensis sp. n., male holotype. 11, metasoma, lateral view, P. eritreaensis sp. n., male holotype. 12. Pecten, Uroplectes pardii sp. n., female allotype. 139

42 Hottentotta minax (L. Koch, 1875) Buthus minax L. Koch, 1875: 4. Buthus hottentotta tigrinus Caporiacco, 1937: 355; syn. n. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Egypt, Cairo, 1M1im. (lectotype and paralectotype No. 1 hereby designated), leg. Jickeli, ZMHB No. 2518; Habab, 2M2F (paralectotypes Nos 2 5), leg. Jickeli, ZMHB No Eritrea, Press Adua, terr. Gherungara, V.1936, 1M (lectotype of Buthus hottentotta tigrinus Caporiacco, 1937 hereby designated), MZUF No ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Adi Ugri, 1900, 1F, MZUF No. 72; Enda Abba Malu, Adi Ugri, 8.VI.1900, 1M2juvs, MZUF No. 73; Ghinda, val. R. Embat Kalla, 29.XII.1900, 8F3juvs, MZUF No. 67, 3F, MZUF No. 69; IV.1901, 1M6F, leg. A. Saganeiti, MZUF No. 63; 1901, 3juvs, leg. A. Saganeiti, MZUF No. 77; Adi Ugri, Sottosassi, V.1901, 3F, MZUF No. 75; Adi Ugri, VI.1901, 4M5F9juvs, MZUF No. 68; Enda Abba Mali, terr. Adi Ugri, 8.VI.1901, 2M2F, MZUF No. 73; Adi Ugri, VII.1901, 1M, MZUF No. 64; Adi Ugri, 1M1F6juvs, leg. Andreini, MZUF No. 128; Adi Caie, IV.1902, 3F, MZUF No. 66, 2F2juvs, MZUF No. 71, V.1902, 1F, MZUF No. 103, V. 1902, 1F, VI.1902, 1M, MZUF No. 106, VII.1902, 1F, MZUF No. 74. COMMENTS. A thorough examination of the types of Hottentotta minax minax (L. Koch, 1875) and H. m. tigrinus (Caporiacco, 1937) has revealed no differences that would justify separation of these two taxa as either species or subspecies. To the contrary, seeing a number of specimens in a fair range of sizes convinces me that this is just one variable species. However, the Hottentotta minax complex includes two other taxa, H. m. niloticus Birula, 1928 and H. m. occidentalis (Vachon et Stockmann, 1968), which do not occur in the studied region. I (FKCP) have a male from Sudan about which I am convinced that it is Hottentotta niloticus Birula, 1928 stat. n., a species which differs from H. minax chiefly in the adult male manus being markedly broader than that of the female. In the types and other examined specimens of H. m. minax and H. m. tigrinus the width of the manus of pedipalp is the same in both sexes, the only difference being that the male of H. minax has the base of the fingers twisted, whereas the female has it straight. This contradicts Vachon & Stockmann (1968), whose conclutions, however, cannot be considered reliable because their characterization of H. m. minax is based on specimens from Sudan, Wad Medani, and does not even mention the type of H. minax from Egypt (ZMHB). The lectotypes are being designated in order to stabilize the nomenclature. Hottentotta polystictus (Pocock, 1896) TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Goolis Mountains, inland of Berbera, 2F1im (holotype and paratypes), leg. E. Lort Phillips, BMNH No ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Assab, 2F3im., 1940, FKCP. Somalia, 1F1juv., MZUF; tra Villabruzzi e Bolo Burti 100 km, 14.VII.1962, 1M1juv., leg. Lanza, MZUF; Mogadiscio, 1962, 1M1F1juv., MZUF; Vittoria d Africa, 29.IV.1968, 2F, leg. Lanza, MZUF; Bud Bud, 15.VIII.1968, 22F5M5juvs, 16.VIII.1968, 2F, VIII.1968, 1M, 17.VIII.1968, 1F, MZUF; Run (Valle del Nogal), VIII.1969, 1M, MZUF; Oasi di Galgala, X.1973, 14F2M19juvs and 21juvs before first ecdysis, MZUF. 1F(im.) without locality, MZUF. Hottentotta scaber (Ehrenberg, 1828) TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Arkiko (Abyssinia), 2F (syntypes) leg. Ehrenberg, ZMHB No Hottentotta trilineatus (Peters, 1862) Centrurus trilineatus Peters, 1862: 516. Buthus eminii Pocock, 1890: 98 (syn. by Kraepelin, 1899: 21). Buthus fuscitruncus Caporiacco, 1936: 136; syn. n. 140

43 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Mozambique, Tette, 1F (holotype), leg. W. Peters, ZMHB No Kenya, South shore of Victoria Nyanza, 1M (holotype of Buthus eminii Pocock, 1890), BMNH No Somalia, Belet Amin, 1M (holotype of Buthus fuscitruncus Caporiacco, 1936), VII.1934, MCSN. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Assab, 1M3F1juv. before first ecdysis, MZUF; Dongollo, XII.1900, 1F, MZUF; Ghenafena (Serae), V.1901, 1juv., MZUF; V. 1901, 1M1F, MZUF; Belet Amin, VII.1934, 2M1F, MZUF No. 83; Amba Mussolinii, 12.II.1937, 1M, MZUF; Neghelli, 1938, 1F, MZUF; Missione Biologica, Sagan Omo, leg. Zavattari: Dancle, 23.III.1939, 1F, El Bano, 1juv., 30.IV.1939, 2M1F2juvs, 2.V.1939, 1F, 5.V.1939, 1M4F1juv., 9.V.1939, 2juvs, 30.V.1939, 1F, 7.VI.1939, 2M1F1juv., 10.VI.1939, 2F, VI.1939, 1M1F2juvs, El Meti, 14.V.1939, 1M1F2juvs, El Dire, V.1939, 2F5juvs, Gondaraba, 2.VI.1939, 1juv., 10.VI.1939, 1M1juv., 13.VI.1939, 1F, 18.VI.1939, 1M2juvs, Gongabacno, 17.VI.1939, 1F, Caschei, 10.VII.1939, 1M3F, MZUF; Yambo, 2M2F, IV.1995, leg. R. Lízler, FKCP; Kersabor, V. 1996, 1F, leg. R. Lízler, FKCP; Gemu Gofa, Arba Minch, 2 3.V.1997, 2F, leg. Werner, FKCP; Sidamo, near Negele borana, 7. 8.V.1997, 1M1juv., leg. Werner & Lízler, FKCP; Wachile-Yavello, Sidamo, 1M, IV.1998, leg. Werner, FKCP. Somalia, 7F; Aoi, 1.V.1937, 1F, MZUF; Afgoi, 13.VII.1959, 1F, MZUF; Gelib, 1962, 1M, MZUF; Bur Dinsor dra 300e, 370 m, 19.VII.1962, 1juv., leg. B. Lanza, MZUF; 2 km dopo Mahas, 3.VIII.1969, 1juv., MZUF; Giohar, 8.VIII.1970, 1M4F, MZUF; ca 50 km da chisimaio renenro da Badadda, 14.VIII.1970, 3F1juv., MZUF; Chisimajo Duna, 20.VIII.1970, 1F, MZUF; Afgoi, 1970, 1M, leg. Simonette, MZUF; Sar Uanle, 1M, XI.1971, 1M, IX.1972, 1M1F, VA 1390, 7.VI.1973, 1F, 11.VIII.1975, 2F, 14.VIII.1975, 1F, VIII.1975, 2F, 1.VIII.1975, 1F, XI.1976, 1M; Bur Dinsor, 3.VI.1978, 1M1F1juv., MZUF; Baidoa, VI.1978, 3M4F, MZUF; Berdale, 13.VI.1978, 1M4F1im., MZUF; El Ure, 16 km da Vegit sulla Dista per lug, 16.VI.1978, 1M1F, MZUF; Edain Cabda, 18.VI.1978, 2M1F2juvs, MZUF; Arbasala, 65 km NW Iscia Baidoa, 25.VI.1978, 1F1juv., MZUF; Beledweyne env., VI.1980, 2M4F, leg. Dorsak, FKCP. COMMENTS. I have examined many specimens brought by Czech entomologists from Kenya and Tanzania, as well as those from Somalia and Ethiopia deposited in Italian museums. This species was based on a female. Buthus fuscitruncus Caporiacco, 1936 was based on an adult male that has a wide manus of pedipalp, wider than e. g. the male holotype of Buthus eminii Pocock, However, it is undoubtedly the same species, and Buthus eminii Pocock, 1890 and Buthus fuscitruncus Caporiacco, 1936 are synonyms of Hottentotta trilineatus (Peters, 1862). Isometrus maculatus (De Geer, 1778) MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Abyssinia, 1905, 1F, ZMHB. Somalia, Belet Amin, VII.1934, 1im., leg. S. Patrizi, MZUF. Lanzatus somalicus Kovařík, 2001 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Gesera s mangrove, N E, 2 m a.s.l., VIII.1975, SBS (Spedizione Biologica Somalia), 1M (holotype), MZUF No. 540; N E, 268 m a.s.l., 3.VIII.1969, 1im.M (paratype), SBS, leg. B. Lanza, FKCP. Leiurus quinquestriatus Ehrenberg, 1828 MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, 115 km oltre Garoe, 4.X.1973, 1F, MZUF; Sar Uanle, 1im, MZUF. Lychas asper (Pocock, 1891) TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Tanzania, Centr. Africa, Kawende, 3F (lectotype designated by Kovařík (1997a), therefore No. 3 and 4 of Lychas asper obscurus Kraepelin, 1913 become paralectotypes), leg. P. Reinhardt, ZMHB No. 7591; D. O. Afrika, 1M(im.) (paralectotype No. 1 of Lychas asper obscurus Kraepelin, 1913), leg. Glanning, ZMHB No. 8147; Tanzania-see, 1M(im.) (paralectotype No. 2 of Lychas asper obscurus Kraepelin, 1913), leg. Böhm, ZMHB No ; D. O. Afrika, Mkalama, X.1912, 1F (paralectotype No. 5 of Lychas asper obscurus Kraepelin, 1913), leg. Obst. No. 471, ZMUH; D. O. Afrika, Mkalama, X.1912, 1M (paralectotype No. 6 of Lychas asper obscurus Kraepelin, 1913), 1F (paralectotype No. 7 of Lychas asper obscurus Kraepelin, 1913), 141

44 leg. Obst, ZMUH. Zambia, N. W. Rhodesia, Brooken Hill, 20.IV.1911, 2F (paralectotypes Nos 8 9 of Lychas asper obscurus Kraepelin, 1913), leg. P. Timmen, ZMUH. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Sar Uanle, 13.X.1971, 1juv., VIII.1975, 1F, MZUF. Lychas obsti Kraepelin, 1913 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Kenya, O. Afrika, 1F (paralectotype No. 1), leg. Kolb, ZMHB No Tanzania, D. O. Afrika, Kilimatinde, 3.II.1912, 1F (lectotype designated by Kovařík (1997a)), leg. Dr. Obst, ZMUH. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Missione Biologica, Sagan Omo, leg. Zavattari: Caschei, 5.VII.1939, 1F, El Banno, V. 1939, 1F, 5.V.1939, 1M, Murle, 26.VI.1939, 1M1F(im.), MZUF. Microbuthus pusillus Kraepelin, 1898 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Djibouti, Gulf of Aden, Tadjura Bay, 1M (holotype), ZMUH. Nanobuthus andersoni Pocock, 1895 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sudan, Duroor, 60 miles N of Suakin, 1F (holotype), BMNH No COMMENTS. Birula (1917: 215) listed this species for Somalia without any precise data. Since its taxonomic position is questionable and it can be easily confused with other species, namely of the genus Butheolus, I consider its occurrence unproven also in Djibouti. Orthochiroides vachoni Kovařík, 1998 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Sar Uanle, about 20 km South from Chisimaio, S E, (for locality details see Messana et al and Vanini et al. 1977), 18M (holotype and paratypes Nos 1 17), 11F (allotype and paratypes Nos 18 27), 9 juvs (paratypes Nos 28 36). Holotype (No. 533), allotype (No. 537), and paratypes Nos 1 9, 20 29, (No. 539) are in MZUF. Other paratypes are in BMNH, FKCP, MNHN, NMPC, SMFD, ZMHB, ZMUH (see Kovařík 1998b). Parabuthus eritreaensis sp. n. (Figs 10 and 11, Table 2) TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE DEPOSITORY. Eritrea, Asmara env.; FKCP. TYPE MATERIAL. Eritrea, Asmara env., 1M (holotype) 1F (allotype), 1983, leg. Dorsak; FKCP. ETYMOLOGY. Named for its geographic distribution. DIAGNOSIS. Adults from 71.5 mm (male holotype) to 85.6 mm (female allotype) long. Base color uniformly yellow to yellowish brown, only fourth metasomal segment and telson dark. Pectinal teeth number in female and 39 in male. Stridulatory area on dorsal surface of first to third segments, more pronounced on first and second segments. Movable finger of pedipalp more than twice as long as manus, bears 13 rows of granules which include external and internal granules. Manus of pedipalp of both sexes smooth and very narrow. DESCRIPTION OF HOLOTYPE. Adult male holotype is 71.5 mm long. Measurements of the carapace, telson, segments of the metasoma and segments of the pedipalps, and numbers of pectinal teeth are given in Table 2. Coloration. The base color is uniformly yellow to yellowish brown. Only the fourth metasomal segment and telson are dark (Fig. 11). Mesosoma. The first to sixth tergites are granulated and bear median keels. The seventh tergite is granulated and pentacarinate, with the median keel very short, composed of only few granules, 142

45 Table 2. Measurements of new species (in mm) Parabuthus Uroplectes Pandinus eritreaensis sp. n. pardii sp. n. eritreaensis sp.n. male, HT female, AT male, HT female, AT male, HT total length carapace length width metasoma and telson length segment I length width segment II length width segment III length width segment IV length width segment V length width telson length pedipalp femur length width patella length width tibia length manus width finger mov. length pectinal teeth 39:39 36:35 16: 18:18 16:16 and barely noticeable. The seventh mesosomal segment is ventrally without keels and granules, but has an uneven, bumpy surface. The pectinal tooth count is 39 in the male holotype. Metasoma. The first to fourth metasomal segments have a total of 10 keels. The fifth segment has four or five keels, its ventral surface is granulated, and the median keel may not be always noticeable among the granules. All the segments are variously granulated. Dorsolateral keels of the third and fourth metasomal segments terminate in sharp teeth of which the last one is the largest, and those of the fifth segment bear two large teeth (Fig. 11). The stridulatory area is located on the dorsal surface of the first to third segments. It is more pronounced on the first and second segments where it reaches to their posterior margins, and less pronounced and narrow on the third segment, where it does not reach the posterior margin. Pedipalps. The trichobothrial pattern is type A, orthobothriotaxic (Vachon 1974). Dorsal trichobothria of the femur are arranged in the basic trichobothrial pattern alfa (Sissom 1990: 70, Fig. 3.3). The movable finger of pedipalp is more than twice as long as the manus and bears 13 rows of granules which always include external and internal granules. The manus of pedipalp is smooth and very narrow (Fig. 10). AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish Parabuthus eritreaensis sp. n. from all other species of the genus. They are recounted in the key below. P. eritreaensis sp. n. seems to be closest to P. heterurus and P. leiosoma, from which it differs in proportions and longer chela of pedipalps, namely in males (Figs 9 and 10). From P. leiosoma it also differs in having the fifth metasomal segment yellow (Fig. 11); P. leiosoma has it black. 143

46 Parabuthus granimanus Pocock, 1895 (Fig. 7) Parabuthus granimanus Pocock, 1895: 311. Parabuthus granimanus fuscicauda Caporiacco, 1947: 228; syn. n. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Zeyla, 1M1F (lectotype and paralectotype hereby designated), BMNH. Eritrea, dint. Elghena (Hassi Habab), XI. XII.1902, 1M1F (lectotype and paralectotype of Parabuthus granimanus fuscicauda Caporiacco, 1947 hereby designated), MZUF, Nos 548 and 549. COMMENTS. I examined the types of Parabuthus granimanus Pocock, 1895 and Parabuthus granimanus fuscicauda Caporiacco, 1947, and found no evidence that these specimens belong to two subspecies. Therefore, I am convinced that Parabuthus granimanus fuscicauda Caporiacco, 1947 is a synonym of Parabuthus granimanus Pocock, The lectotypes are being designated in order to stabilize the nomenclature. Parabuthus heterurus Pocock, 1897: 402. Parabuthus stefaninii Caporiacco, 1927: 58; syn. n. Parabuthus heterurus Pocock, 1897 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Schebegh River, 1M (paralectotype dsg. by Prendini, 2000) 1F (lectotype dsg. by Prendini 2000), BMNH. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Sagan-Omo, Neghelli, 15.III.1937, 1M1juv., leg. E. Zavattari, MZUF. Somalia, El Ueene, N E, VI.1980, 1Mim., leg. Dorsak, FKCP; Afgooye env., X. 1980, 1M, FKCP. COMMENTS. The type repository of Parabuthus heterurus stefaninii Caporiacco, 1927 was not known to Fet & Lowe (2000: 204), and I could not find it either. I did locate two specimens at in MZUF determined as Parabuthus heterurus stefaninii, but they turned out to be Parabuthus leiosoma. Published information causes me to suggest that this taxon could be a synonym of Parabuthus heterurus Pocock, Apart from the original description and various subsequent references to it, no other epecimens have been recorded in the literature. Parabuthus leiosoma (Ehrenberg, 1828) (Figs 8 and 9) Androctonus (Prionurus) leiosoma Ehrenberg in Hemprich et Ehrenberg, 1828: pl. 2, fig. 5; Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1829: 357. Parabuthus abyssinicus Pocock, 1901: 1; syn. n. Parabuthus liosoma dmitrievi Birula, 1903: 113; syn. n. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Arabia, 1F (holotype), ZMHB. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Djibouti, Day, 14.VII.1990, 1M, 1.VI.1990, 1F, FKCP. Eritrea, Karora, 1M1F, leg. L. Cipriani, MZUF. Ethiopia, Missione Biologica, Sagan Omo, leg. Zavattari: Calam, VIII.1939, 1M, Elolo, 31.VII.1939, 2F, 7.VIII.1939, 1M, 10.VIII.1939, 1juv., Gondaraba, 30.V.1939, 1M1juv., 2.VI.1939, 1M, 3.VI.1939, 1M, 4.VI.1939, 1M, 10.VI.1939, 1M1juv., 17.VI.1939, 1F, 18.VI.1939, 1M1F1im., 24.VI.1939, 1M1F, 26.VIII.1939, 1F, MZUF; Parco Nazionale Awasc, pendici NNW del Monte Fantale, 1120 m, 4M4F3ims., MZUF; Illala Sala Awash Nat. Park, 1F, 11.XI.1980, leg. A. Demeter, HNHM; Sodora, 1400 m, 3F, IV.1994, leg. R. Lízler, FKCP; Shoa prov., Metehara, 18.IV.1998, 1F, leg. Werner, FKCP; Nazareth, Melcassa, IX.2000, 1F, FKCP. Somalia, Afgoi?, 14.IV.1976, 1F (det.?), leg. Fagotto, MZUF. COMMENTS. Two subspecies were described. The types of Parabuthus leiosoma abyssinicus Pocock, 1901 should be in BMNH which has informed me that they are not there, and I have been unable to examine the types of Parabuthus leiosoma dmitrievi Birula, 1903 either. Specimens in Italian 144

47 museums labeled as P. l. abyssinicus or P. abyssinicus all are P. leiosoma, and in my opinion the two subspecies are synonyms. Parabuthus pallidus Pocock, 1895 Parabuthus pallidus Pocock, 1895: 312. Parabuthus mixtus Borelli, 1925: 13; syn. n. Parabuthus mixtus obscurior Caporiacco, 1941: 34; syn. n. Parabuthus zavattarii Caporiacco, 1939: 305; syn. n. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Sagan-Omo, El Banno, 2.V.1939, 1F1im. (lectotype and paralectotype No. 1 of Parabuthus mixtus obscurior Caporiacco, 1941 hereby designated), leg. E. Zavattari, rev. M. Vachon (VA 1578), MZUF No Somalia, Balad, 2F (lectotype and paralectotype of Parabuthus mixtus Borelli, 1925 hereby designated), MCSN. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Sagan-Omo, El Dire, 21.V.1939, 2juvs, leg. E. Zavattari, rev. M. Vachon (VA 1581), MZUF; Elghena (Bassi Habab), XI. XII.1902, 2juvs (defect, det.?), leg. Andreini, MZUF; Dacanamo, XII.1902, 1M, leg. A. Andreini, MZUF; Missione Biologica, Sagan Omo, El Bano, 30.IV.1939, 1juv., leg. Zavattari, MZUF; El Dire, V.1939, 4F2juvs, MZUF; Parco naz Awasc, 10.IV.1971, 1M4juvs, leg. Azzaroli & Alii, MZUF; Missione Biologica, Sagan Omo, leg. Zavattari: Asile, 23.VI.1939, 1F, Caschei, 12.VII.1939, 1M2im., El Bano, 30.IV.1939, 2juvs, 5.V.1939, 1F, 9.V.1939, 1F, 10.V.1939, 2F, 7.VI.1939, 1F4juvs, El Dire, V.1939, 6F1juv., Elolo, 10.VIII.1939, 1F, Gondaraba, 9.V.1939, 1M, Gongabacno, 17.VI.1939, 1M1juv., Sagan, 7.VI.1939, 1im., MZUF; Gemu Gofa prov., near Konso, 30.IV. 2.V.1998, 1F, leg. Werner, FKCP. Somalia, Sar Uanle, 1juv. MZUF; Afgoi, 1978, 1M, leg. Simonetta, MZUF; Ul Vaene (ex El Apsughe), N E, 26.XI.1982, 1M, MZUF. COMMENTS. I have examined many specimens brought by Czech entomologists from Kenya and Tanzania, as well as those from Somalia and Ethiopia deposited in Italian museums. This species is variable in granulation of metasomal segments (stridulation area on the third metasomal segment is always less extensive than on the first two segments and never reaches the posterior margin of the segment, but may be composed of a varying number of granules) as well as in overall size (adult males may be mm long) and proportions (namely width/length ratio of metasomal segments). I am therefore convinced that it is a single species, i. e. that Parabuthus mixtus and P. m. obscurior are synonyms of P. pallidus, and that most likely P. zavattarii, whose type could not be found in MCSN, MIZT and MZUF, should also be included in the synonymy. It is excedingly unlikely that this type could be in another museum. Much of Prof E. Zavattari s collection is in MZUF which also has nearly all the scorpions included in the paper by Caporiacco (1939), where P. zavattarii is described based on one female. This holotype can be considered lost. The lectotypes are being designated in order to stabilize the nomenclature. Somalibuthus demisi Kovařík, 1998 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Sar Uanle, about 20 km South from Chisimaio, S E (for locality details see Messana et al and Vanini et al. 1977), 1F (holotype), 16.XI. probably 1971, MZUF, 2 juvs (paratypes Nos 1 2) 31.V.1973, MZUF and FKCP. Somalicharmus whitmanae Kovařík, 1998 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, El Meti, 1M (holotype), MZUF. Lepreus fischeri Karsch, 1879: 124. Uroplectes fischeri (Karsch, 1879) (Fig. 6) 145

48 Uroplectes fischeri caporiaccoi Fet, 1997: 247 (replacement name for Uroplectes fischeri intermedius Caporiacco, 1941: 35 (preocc. by Uroplectes intermedius Tullgren, 1907); syn. n. Uroplectes patrizii Caporiacco, 1936: 137; syn. n. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Missione Biologica, Sagan Omo, El Dire, 21.V.1939, 1F (holotype of Uroplectes fischeri caporiaccoi Fet, 1997, replacement name for Uroplectes fischeri intermedius Caporiacco, 1941), leg. Zavattari, MZUF. Somalia, Barawa, 1M1F (lectotype and paralectotype No. 1), leg. Fischer, ZMHB. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Villagio Duga dagli Abruzzi, 2F (det. as U. patrizzii), MZUF; Bur Dinsor, 3.VI.1978, 1juv., MZUF; Edain Cobdsa, 18.VI.1978, 1F, MZUF. COMMENTS. FitzPatrick (2001: 191) synonymized Uroplectes fischeri caporiaccoi Fet, 1997 with Uroplectes vittatus (Thorell, 1877), I assume without seeing the female holotype of U. f. caporiaccoi whose whereabouts Fet & Lowe (2000: 268) list as unknown. I found this female while revising the MZUF collection and feel certain that it is a synonym of Uroplectes fischeri. I was not able to find the female holotype of Uroplectes patrizii Caporiacco, 1936, which Fet & Lowe (2000: 273) list as in MCSNG (= MCSN), where it is not to be find (written comm.) and evidently has been lost. I based the synonymy of Uroplectes patrizii with Uroplectes fischeri on identification of MZUF specimens, which were originally identified as Uroplectes patrizii and which I regard as Uroplectes fischeri. Uroplectes pardii sp. n. (Figs 5, 12 13, Table 2) TYPE LOCALITY AND HOLOTYPE DEPOSITORY. Somalia, Eggi (a N di Mahaddei); MZUF. TYPE MATERIAL. Somalia, Eggi (a N di Mahaddei), VIII.1962, SBS, 1M (holotype), MZUF; Beledweyne env., VI.1980, 1F (allotype), leg. Dorsak, FKCP; Edain Caboba, 1978, 1F (paratype No. 1), FKCP; Run (Garoe), 5.VIII.1964, SBS, 1M (paratype No. 2), MZUF. ETYMOLOGY. Named after Leo Pardi ( ), an Italian biologist who did much for biological exploration of Somalia. DIAGNOSIS. Adults mm long. Third and fourth legs bear tibial spurs. Ventral side of cheliceral fixed finger smooth, without nodules or denticles. Three pairs of lateral eyes. Base color uniformly yellow or yellowish brown. Mesosoma with two narrow, dark longitudinal bands. Carapace anteriorly with pronounced dark triangle and pigmentation on eyes. Tibia and patella of pedipalp yellow, manus dark, and fingers yellowish brown, lighter than manus. First to fourth metasomal segments yellow, fifth segment and telson dark. Pectinal teeth number in males and 18 in females. Shape of first pecten in female and its size relative to other pectens are shown in Fig. 12. Movable fingers of pedipalps bear 10 or 11 rows of granules which terminate in two larger granules, one of them external, below which may be another very small granule placed outside of row. DESCRIPTION OF HOLOTYPE. Measurements of the carapace, telson, segments of the metasoma and segments of the pedipalps, and numbers of pectinal teeth are given in Table 2. Habitus is shown in Fig. 13. Coloration. The base color is uniformly yellow or yellowish brown. The mesosoma has two longitudinal, narrow, dark bands. The carapace has a pronounced dark triangle anteriorly and pigmentation on eyes. The tibia and patella of pedipalp are yellow, the manus is dark, and the fingers are yellowish brown, lighter than the manus. The first to fourth metasomal segments are yellow, whereas the fifth metasomal segment and the telson are dark. Carapace. It is without keels and smooth, with only a few minute granules. The anterior margin bears a median concavity. There are three pairs of lateral eyes. Mesosoma. The first to sixth tergites are smooth and bear one median, non-granulated keel. The seventh tergite lacks keels and has several minute granules. The pectinal tooth count is 16. The sternites are smooth, without keels. 146

49 Fig. 13. Uroplectes pardii sp. n., male holotype, dorsal aspect; illustration lacks chelicerae which are detached and stored in a separate vial. 147

50 Metasoma. The segments are smooth, without keels, posteroventrally each with four symmetrical granules. Punctation is not as pronounced as in U. fischeri and may be absent. The segments and the telson bear numerous bristles of varying length. The telson has a rounded subaculear tooth. Pedipalps. The trichobothrial pattern is type A, orthobothriotaxic (Vachon 1974). The dorsal trichobothria of the femur are arranged in the basic trichobothrial pattern alfa (Sissom 1990: 70, Fig. 3.3). The femur, patella and chela are smooth, without keels. The movable fingers of pedipalps bear 10 rows of granules which always terminate in two larger granules, one of them external (Fig. 5), below which may be another, very small granule placed out of the row. AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish Uroplectes pardii sp. n. from all other species of the genus. They are recounted in the key below. U. pardii sp. n. is closest to U. fischeri and U. vittatus, from which it differs in lacking the external granule on the movable finger of pedipalp (Figs 5 and 6). Uroplectoides abyssinicus Lourenço, 1998 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, region of the Omo river Valley, III.1976, coll. J. Grand, 1F (holotype), ZMUH. COMMENTS. Lourenço (1998) described the genus Uroplectoides with the type species Uroplectoides abyssinicus and transferred U. emiliae (Werner, 1916) to this new genus. The division of the genus Uroplectes into two genera deserves further attention and study of more species. If Uroplectoides proves justified, then it should include also Uroplectes fischeri (Karsch, 1879) and Uroplectes chubbi Hirst, Especially Uroplectes fischeri is very similar to Uroplectoides abyssinicus. Figs Chela of pedipalp, ventral and internal views. 14 Pandinus (Pandinurus) exitialis (Pocock), female holotype of Scorpio gregoryi; 15 P. (Pandinoides) cavimanus (Pocock), male lectotype; 16 P. (Pandinops) eritreaensis sp. n., male holotype. 148

51 Hemiscorpiidae Pocock, 1893 Hemiscorpius socotranus Pocock, 1899 MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Bender Cassim, IX.1931, 1F, det. Caporiacco, 1947, MZUF. Liochelidae Fet et Bechly, 2001 Iomachus politus Pocock, 1896 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Borana, Neghelli, 10.III.1937, 2juvs (lectotype and paralectotype No. 1 of Jomachus borana Caporiacco, 1939), leg. E. Zavattari, MZUF. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Yambo, 1F, IV.1995, leg. R. Lízler, FKCP; Sidamo, near Negele Borana, 7.V.1997, 1F, leg. R. Lízler, FKCP. Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802 Pandinus (Pandinoides) cavimanus (Pocock, 1888) (Fig. 15) TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Tanzania, Umyamuezi, 1M (lectotype hereby designated), leg. Captain Speke, BMNH No Somalia, Aimola in Boran Country, 1F (holotype of Pandinus militaris Pocock, 1900), leg. A. Donaldson Smith, BMNH No ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Afgoi, I. III.1960, 3M1F, leg. Sammickeli, MZUF; Afmedu, 7.VII.1962, 1F, MZUF; Liboye, 29.X.1983, 1M, MZUF. COMMENTS. The lectotype is being designated in order to stabilize the nomenclature. Pandinus (Pandinoides) platycheles Werner, 1916 MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Jerrer Vallis, 3F10juvs, 12.VI.1911, leg. O. Kovács, HNHM. Pandinus (Pandinops) bellicosus (L. Koch, 1875) TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED.?, Habab, 1M (holotype), leg. Jickeli, ZMHB No Somalia, Berbera, 16.IV.1897 or Hargaisa, 1 specimen (holotype of Pandinus pugilator Pocock, 1900), leg. Peel, BMNH. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Abyssinia, Aegyptom Vagy, 1898, 1M, FKCP. Somalia, Gardo (Migiurtina), V. 1930, 1M(?)im., MZUF; Dinsor, 23.VII.1962, 1juv., MZUF. Pandinus (Pandinops) colei (Pocock, 1896) TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Goolis Mts, Inland of Berbera, 1F (holotype), leg. E. Lort Phillips, BMNH No ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Parco Naz di Awiso, 17.IV., 1M (defective), leg. Granchi, Lanza & Anzaroti, MZUF. Pandinus (Pandinops) eritreaensis sp. n. (Fig. 16, Table 2) TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE DEPOSITORY. Eritrea, Asmara env.; FKCP. TYPE MATERIAL. Eritrea, Asmara env., 1M (holotype), 1983, leg. Dorsak. ETYMOLOGY. Named for its geographic distribution. 149

52 DIAGNOSIS. Male holotype 73 mm long. Chela of pedipalp bears 7 internal and ventral trichobothria. Base color uniformly brown to reddish brown. Pectinal teeth number 16. Manus of pedipalp lobiform, dorsally with blunt tubercles, ventrally smooth, internally sparsely granulate and with two short keels, each with less than 10 granules. First to fourth metasomal segments with six keels, fifth segment has only three ventral keels complete. Metasomal segments nearly smooth, ventral surfaces of first and second segments uneven but without granules. DESCRIPTION OF HOLOTYPE. Total length of the male holotype is 73 mm. Measurements of the carapace, telson, segments of the metasoma and segments of the pedipalps, and numbers of pectinal teeth are given in Table 2. The chela of pedipalps bears 7 internal trichobothria (Fig. 16), which characterizes the subgenus Pandinops (see Birula 1913: 419; Birula 1928: 88; Vachon 1974: 953). The ventral surface of chela of the left pediapalp bears 11 trichobothria and that of the right pedipalp bears 13 trichobothria. The carapace lacks keels but is granulated, namely on margins. In the center it is almost smooth, with only widely scattered granules. Coloration. The base color is uniformly brown to reddish brown. The telson and legs are yellow to yellowish brown. Mesosoma. The mesosoma is smooth, with a median keel. The seventh mesosomal segment is ventrally smooth, with two smooth keels and the surface between them uneven but without granules. The pectinal tooth count is 16. Metasoma. The first to fourth segments have six keels and the fifth segment has only three ventral keels complete. The segments are nearly smooth, the ventral surfaces of first and second segments are uneven but without granules. Pointed granules cover the ventral surface of third to fifth segments. The sting of the telson is broken off. Pedipalps. The manus of pedipalps has a lobe (Fig. 16), dorsally bears blunt tubercles, ventrally is smooth, without granules, and its internal surface is sparsely granulate and bears two short, characteristic keels, each of them with less than 10 granules. The femur of pedipalps bears three keels, all composed of unequally sized granules. The patella of pedipalps bears three keels, of which only the dorso-internal is composed of unequally sized granules and the other two are smooth. The dorsal and internal surfaces of the femur are covered by large granules. The external surfaces of the femur and patella are smooth, without granules. AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish Pandinus (Pandinops) eritreaensis sp. n. from all other species of the subgenus. They are recounted in the key. P.(P.) eritreaensis sp. n. is the only species of the subgenus Pandinops Birula, 1913 recorded in Eritrea, which represents the northernmost occurrence of this subgenus. P.(P.) eritreaensis sp. n. is closest to P.(P.) peeli, from which it differs in having the seventh mesosomal and first and second metasomal segments ventrally without granules, instead their surface is only gently uneven. In contrast, P. (P.) peeli has those segments densely granulated and the seventh mesosomal segment is granulated also dorsally. Pandinus (Pandinops) hawkeri Pocock, 1900 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Jifa Uri, inland from Zeyla, 1F (holotype), BMNH No ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Neghelli, 15.III.1937, 1juv., MZUF. Pandinus (Pandinops) peeli Pocock, 1900 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Berbera or Hargaisa, 1M (holotype), IV.1895, leg. C.V.A. Peel, BMNH No ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Sar Uanle, V. VI.1973, 1im., SBS, MZUF; Afgoi?, 14.IV.1976, 1im., leg. Fagotto, MZUF. 150

53 Pandinus (Pandinops) pococki Kovařík, 2000 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Geriban env., 9 20 N E, VI.1980, 1M (holotype), FKCP. Scorpio exitialis Pocock, 1888: 249. Scorpio gregorii Pocock, 1896: 432; syn. n. Pandinus (Pandinurus) exitialis (Pocock, 1888) (Fig. 14) TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ethiopia, Shoa, 1M (holotype), BMNH. Kenya, Kinani, Massailand, 1F (holotype of Scorpio gregoryi Pocock, 1896), leg. J. W. Gregory, BMNH No ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Eritrea, Erythraea, 1juv., SMFD, No. 6706/113; Adi-Morada, 1928, leg. Ignestil, MZUF. Somalia, Villaggio Duca degli Abrozzi, V.1928, 1F, MZUF; Mogadiscio, 1M1juv., MZUF; 1934, Pallaci, 1F, MZUF; Belet Amin, VII.1934, 1F1juv., MZUF; Afgoi, 1.III.1960, 1juv., leg. A. Saumicheli, rev. M. Vachon No. VA 1443, MZUF; Baidoa, 1962, 1F, leg. Saposito, rev. M. Vachon No. VA 1439, MZUF; Gelib, 1962, 1im., MZUF; Bur Dinsor, 1962, 2juvs, leg. B. Lanza, MZUF; Eggi, 24.VIII.1962, 2juvs, MZUF; Giohari, 1F, MZUF; Giohari, 29.VIII.1964, 1M, MZUF; Giohari, 27.IV.1968, 1F, leg. B. Lanza, MZUF; Bud Bud, 15.VIII.1968, 3F3F(im.)2juvs, 16.VIII.1968, 1M2F1M(im.)6juvs; Afgoi, 13.I.1977, 1M, 1978, 1M, leg. Simonetta, MZUF; pista Baidoa-Dinsor, 12.VI.1978, 1F(im.), MZUF; Berdale, 13.VI.1978, 2M5F4juvs, MZUF; Edain Caboba, 18.VI.1978, 1F, MZUF; El Condut, 22.VI.1978, 1F10juvs, MZUF; Gavariole, 19.II.1979, 1juv., MZUF; El Derio, 15.XI.1978, 1juv., leg. L. Chelazzi, MZUF. COMMENTS. Most of Pandinus species are based on unique specimens. Since I was able to examine relatively large numbers of specimens in addition to types, I am convinced that P. gregoryi, based on a female holotype, is a synonym of P. exitialis. Pandinus (Pandinurus) magrettii Borelli, 1901 Pandinus magrettii Borelli, 1901: 1. Brotheas hirsutus L. Koch, 1875: 8; syn. n. Scorpio africanus subtypicus Kraepelin, 1894: 69; syn. n. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Eritrea, Habab, 1juv. (holotype of Broteas hirsutus L. Koch, 1875), leg. Jickli, ZMHB No ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Eritrea, Dembelas, 1F, VII.1902, det. Borelli, MCSN; Setit, 1F, II.1906, det. Borelli, MCSN; Asmara env., 1F, VII.2002, FKCP. COMMENTS. In light of the distribution of Pandinus (Pandinus) imperator (C. L. Koch, 1841), it is very unlikely that P. i. subtypicus (Kraepelin, 1894) (described as Scorpio africanus subtypicus) would be its subspecies and occur in the studied region. Unfortunately, neither the type locality nor type repository are known for this taxon (Fet 2000: 467). The type is not in the German and Italian museums contacted (MCSN, MZUF, SMFD, ZMHB, ZMUH) and no other verified specimens are known, although the species is said to occur in Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan (Caporiacco 1938: 115). So labeled specimens in Italian museums that I have examined all belong to Pandinus (Pandinurus) exitialis (Pocock, 1888). The reason why I suspect P. i. subtypicus could be a synonym of P.(P.) magrettii is Kraepelin s (1894: 70) statement that Brotheas hirsutus L. Koch, 1875 is a synonym of P. i. subtypicus. Examination of the holotype of Brotheas hirsutus (a juvenile 47 mm long, with 20 pectinal teeth) shows it to be P.(P.) magrettii, i. e. a subgenus other than P. (Pandinus) imperator. If Kraepelin was correct and Brotheas hirsutus and P. i. subtypicus are the same species, then it is P.(P.) magrettii. However, published records of P. i. subtypicus from Somalia and Sudan can be accepted only upon their verification, because it is very possible that local populations so labeled in reality belong to other species, most likely to Pandinus (Pandinurus) exitialis. 151

54 Pandinus (Pandinurus) meidensis Karsch, 1879 TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Meid, 1F (holotype), leg. Hildebrandt, ZMHB No ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Sar Uanle, about 20 km South from Chisimaio, S E, 2im.3juvs., MZUF; Oasi di Galgala, X.1933, 3M9F8ims.1juv., MZUF No. 1026, 1M2F1im., FKCP. Pandinus (Pandinurus) pallidus (Kraepelin, 1894) TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Barava, 2.III.1891, 1M1F (lectotype and paralectotype hereby designated), ZMUH. COMMENTS. The lectotype is being designated in order to stabilize the nomenclature. Scorpio phillipsii Pocock, 1896: 181. Pandinus intermedius Borelli, 1919: 375; syn. n. Pandinus citernii Borelli, 1919: 378; syn. n. Pandinus (Pandinus) phillipsii (Pocock, 1896) TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Doolob, inland of Berbera, 2F (syntypes), BMNH No Somalia, Dolo, Ganale Doria, III. IV.1911, 1M1F (lectotype and paralectotype of Pandinus intermedius Borelli, 1919 hereby designated), 1M (holotype of Pandinus citernii Borelli, 1919), MCSN. COMMENTS. My examination of all pertinent types indicates that Pandinus citernii and P. intermedius are synonyms of P. phillipsii. The lectotype of P. intermedius is being designated in order to stabilize the nomenclature. Pandinus (Pandinus) smithi (Pocock, 1897) TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somalia, Silul, 1F (lectotype hereby designated), leg. A. Donaldson Smith, BMNH No ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED.? Ethiopia, Abyssinia, 1F, FKCP. COMMENTS. The lectotype is being designated in order to stabilize the nomenclature. Nomina dubia these species are not included in the checklist and key Buthus insolitus Borelli, 1925 The type from Somalia that should be in MCSN apparently has been lost. This name could be a synonym of some species of Hottentotta, since in the work where it was described, Borelli regarded Hottentotta emini as Buthus emini. Buthacus frontalis Werner, 1936 The ZMUH holotype (a female from Asmara, Eritrea) was destroyed during the air raid on Hamburg in 1943 (verified by H. Dastych of ZMUH). The original description does not contain diagnostic characters, and no additional specimens are known. Therefore, this name has to be regarded as dubious. Microbuthus litoralis (Pavesi, 1885) Microbuthus litoralis was originally described as Butheolus litoralis, which is why Kraepelin, when describing the genus Microbuthus with the type species M. pusillus, did not compare that 152

55 species with Microbuthus litoralis. Butheolus litoralis was transferred to the genus Microbuthus by Birula in 1905 (445), who gave as the first distinguishing feature that Microbuthus litoralis has sternites densely granulated, whereas Microbuthus pusillus has them smooth. However, when examining the holotype of Microbuthus pusillus I found its sternites to be densely granulated. Since I have not found the type of Microbuthus litoralis and no other specimen is known, I believe these names very likely refer to only one species, by priority Microbuthus litoralis (Pavesi, 1885). Since its type is not known and its correct generic placement cannot be decided, I consider the name Butheolus litoralis a nomen dubium. Neobuthus cloudsleythompsoni Lourenço, 2001 See comments under Butheolus ferrugineus Kraepelin, Hemiscorpius tellinii Borelli, 1904 The MIZT type (a female from Eritrea, Halibaret) could not be located. The original description is lengthy but does not contain unequivocal characters, and no additional specimens are known. Therefore, the species has to be regarded as dubious. However, Graeme Lowe (in litt.) has informed me that he borrowed this type from MIZT in 1997 and came to the conclusion that it is a species different from H. socotranus, H. maindroni and H. arabicus. He is preparing a paper that will contain further information on the genus Hemiscorpius including descriptions of new species from Oman. Pandinus boschisi Caporiacco, 1937 The MSNM holotype (a male from Somalia, El Caiat (Harrara)) could not be located. The original description does not contain characters which would allow to place the species in a subgenus of Pandinus, and no additional specimens are known. Therefore, also this species has to be regarded as dubious. Species whose presence in the region is considered unlikely despite literary records. They are not included in the checklist and key Orthochirus scrobiculosus (Grube, 1873) This species has been listed for Djibouti (Kraepelin 1901: 267) and Somalia (Moriggi 1941: 90), however Fet & Lowe (2000: 197) believe it occurs only in Asia, with which I agree. Both mentions of its occurrence in northeastern Africa should be considered erroneous. Opisthacanthus asper (Peters, 1862) The only mention of this species in Somalia was made by Pavesi (1897: 158). I was unable to find his or any other specimens in Italian museums and concur with Fet et al. (2000: 405), who considers Pavesi s record doubtful. Opisthacanthus rugiceps Pocock, 1897 The only record of this species for Somalia was published by Borelli (1931: 219), who listed one juvenile from Gaare, moreover identified as Opisthacanthus fischeri Kraepelin, 1911 (synonymized 153

56 by Lourenço 1987: 915). I have not found this or any other specimens in Italian museums, and Fet et al. (2000: 406) lists this record as doubtful. Key to scorpions so far known from Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia 1. Patella of pedipalp without ventral trichobothria.... Buthidae... 2 Patella of pedipalp with 3 or more ventral trichobothria Basic trichobothrial pattern is alfa (Sissom 1990: 70, Fig. 3.3) Basic trichobothrial pattern is beta (Sissom 1990: 70, Fig. 3.3) Sternum subpentagonal Sternum subtriangular Movable finger of pedipalp longer than manus.... Butheoloides polisi Lourenço Movable finger of pedipalp shorter than manus.... Somalicharmus whitmanae Kovařík 5. Ventral side of cheliceral fixed finger smooth, lacking denticles Ventral side of cheliceral fixed finger with 2 denticles.... Parabuthus Pocock At least 2nd through 5th rows of granules on movable fingers of pedipalps with diagonal terminations of 4 larger granules, 3 situated externally and one internally (Fig. 4).... Uroplectes occidentalis Simon Rows of granules on movable fingers of pedipalps terminate in 2 or 3 slightly larger, externally situated granules (Figs 5 and 6) Rows of granules on movable fingers of pedipalps terminate in 2 external granules (Fig. 5) Uroplectes pardii sp. n. Rows of granules on movable fingers of pedipalps terminate in 3 external granules (Fig. 6) Manus of pedipalp yellow, lighter than fingers and as light as patela and tibia Uroplectes fischeri (Karsch) Manus and fingers of pedipalp reddish brown, darker than patela and tibia Uroplectoides abyssinicus Lourenço 9. All metasomal segments yellow or yellowish brown.... Parabuthus pallidus Pocock Fourth metasomal segment and telson black Fifth metasomal segment yellow or yellowish brown (Fig. 11) Fifth metasomal segment black Movable finger of pedipalp more than twice as long as manus. Manus of pedipalp of male very narrow (Fig. 10).... Parabuthus eritreaensis sp. n. Movable finger of pedipalp only slightly longer than manus. Manus of pedipalp of male broad (Fig. 9) Parabuthus heterurus Pocock 12. Fingers of pedipalps of male with a tubercle on inner side of base (Fig. 7).... Parabuthus granimanus Pocock Fingers of pedipalps of male with inner side of base plain, no trace of tubercle (Fig. 8) Parabuthus leiosoma (Ehrenberg) 13. Third and fourth legs without tibial spurs Fourth or third and fourth legs with well developed tibial spurs Telson with a subaculear tooth or tubercle.... Isometrus maculatus (De Geer) Telson without a subaculear tooth or tubercle Movable finger of pedipalp with 6 rows of granules which do not form diagonal rows and external or internal granules (see Fig. 8 in Lourenço 2001: 19)... Sabinebuthus elegans Lourenço Movable finger of pedipalps with 7 rows of granules which form diagonal rows and have external and internal granules (see Fig. 6 in Kovařík 2001: 44).... Lanzatus somalicus Kovařík 16. Fourth legs with well developed tibial spurs, third legs without tibial spurs.... Babycurus Karsch Both third and fourth legs have well developed tibial spurs Dentate margin of pedipalp-chela movable finger with distinct granules not divided into rows and limited to distal half of finger.... Microbuthus pusillus Kraepelin Dentate margin of pedipalp-chela movable finger with distinct granules divided into rows and spanning entire length of finger Carapace inclined downward from median eyes to anterior margin Entire dorsal surface of carapace nearly horizontal in lateral view Fifth metasomal segment punctate Fifth metasomal segment granulate The telson is bulbous, aculeus is shorter than the vesicle.... Orthochiroides vachoni Kovařík 154

57 The telson is elongate, aculeus is as long or longer than the vesicle.... Orthochirus aristidis (Simon) 21. Metasoma very thin. Length to width ratio of fourth metasomal segment higher than Nanobuthus andersoni Pocock Length to width ratio of fourth metasomal segment lower than Butheolus ferrugineus Kraepelin 22. Cheliceral fixed finger wih one ventral denticle Cheliceral fixed finger with two ventral denticles Telson with a subaculear tooth or tubercle.... Lychas C. L. Koch Telson without a subaculear tooth or tubercle.... Somalibuthus demisi Kovařík 24. Terminal tubercle of each dorsal keel on second and third metasomal segments markedly enlarged. Manus of pedipalps dark.... Lychas obsti Kraepelin Terminal tubercle of each dorsal keel scarcely larger than others. Manus of pedipalps light with dark spots Lychas asper (Pocock) 25. First two segments of mesosoma with five keels.... Leiurus quinquestriatus Ehrenberg First two segments of mesosoma without keels or with 1 to 3 keels Carapace granular but lacking distinct keels.... Buthacus Birula Carapace with distinct keels Movable finger with 8 rows of granules. Ventral surface of first metasomal segment sparsely punctate. Ventral surface of fourth metasomal segment densely granulated.... Buthacus calviceps (Pocock) Movable finger with 9 12 rows of granules. Ventral surface of first metasomal segment apart from keels smooth. Ventral surface of fourth metasomal segment only sparsely granulated or smooth Buthacus leptochelys (Ehrenberg) 28. Telson with a subaculear tooth or tubercle.... Odonturus dentatus Karsch Telson without a subaculear tooth or tubercle Movable finger of pedipalp with three principal distal granules and one terminal granule (Fig. 3) Movable finger of pedipalp with four principal distal granules and one terminal granule (Figs 1 and 2) Central, lateral, and posterior median keels of carapace joined to form a lyre-shaped configuration (Sissom 1990: 92, Fig. 3.17C).... Buthus occitanus berberensis Pocock Central, lateral, and posterior median keels of carapace not joined to form a lyre-shaped configuration (Sissom 1990: 92, Fig. 3.17A).... Androctonus Ehrenberg Third segment of metasoma longer than wide.... Androctonus amoreuxi (Audouin) Third segment of metasoma wider than long.... Androctonus australis (Linné) 32. Central lateral and posterior lateral keels of carapace joined, forming a continuous linear series of granules to posterior margin (Sissom 1990: 92, Fig. 3.17B).... Compsobuthus Vachon Central lateral and posterior lateral keels of carapace not joined as above, usually separated by a small gap, with central lateral keels continuing distally beyond origin of posterior laterals (Sissom 1990: 92, Fig. 3.17A).... Hottentotta Birula Movable finger of pedipalp with external lateral granules (Fig. 2).... Compsobuthus werneri (Birula) Movable finger of pedipalp without external lateral granules (Fig. 1) Movable finger of pedipalp with 9 rows of granules (Fig. 1).... Compsobuthus maindroni (Kraepelin) Movable finger of pedipalp with 10 rows of granules.... Compsobuthus abyssinicus (Birula) 35. Movable finger of pedipalp with 9 or 10 rows of granules Movable finger of pedipalp with 7 or 8 rows of granules Movable finger of pedipalp with 10 rows of granules.... Babycurus multisubaculeatus Kovařík Movable finger of pedipalp with 9 rows of granules.... Babycurus wituensis taramassoi Borelli 37. Movable finger of pedipalp with 7 rows of granules Movable finger of pedipalp with 8 rows of granules.... Babycurus zambonellii Borelli 38. Pectinal teeth number 16. Metasoma very slender, fifth metasomal segment with length to width ratio higher than Babycurus subpunctatus Borelli Pectinal teeth number Metasoma not very slender, fifth metasomal segment with length to width ratio lower than Babycurus somalicus Hirst 39. All metasomal segments uniformly yellow or yellowish brown First three metasomal segments yellow, fourth and fifth segments and telson black Hottentotta scaber (Ehrenberg) 40. Metasoma wide. First metasomal segment of adults always wider than long, second metasomal segment usually wider than long. Dorsal keels of third and fourth metasomal segments terminate in one acute granule conspicuously larger than preceding granules.... Hottentotta minax (L. Koch) Metasoma narrow. Second metasomal segment of adults always longer than wide, first metasomal segment usually longer than wide (except for some males of H. trilineata). Dorsal keels on third and fourth metasomal 155

58 segments with granules which may become posteriorly larger but lack conspicuously larger terminal granule (except for some large males of H. trilineata) Metasoma very narrow. Length to width ratio of fourth metasomal segment higher than Hottentotta polystictus (Pocock) Length to width ratio of fourth metasomal segment lower than Hottentotta trilineatus (Peters) 42. Pedipalp patella with three ventral trichobothria Pedipalp patella with more than 20 ventral trichobothria which form 3 dense rows.... Pandinus Thorell Carapace with three pairs of lateral eyes.... Hemiscorpius socotranus Pocock Carapace with two pairs of lateral eyes.... Iomachus politus Pocock 44. Chela with two internal trichobothria (Fig. 14).... P. (Pandinurus) Fet Chela with three to eight internal trichobothria (Figs 15 and 16) Dorsal surface of manus with evenly sized conspicuous granules.... Pandinus (Pandinurus) exitialis (Pocock) Dorsal surface of manus more or less tuberculate, often with longitudinal keels but without conical, evenly sized granules Ventral side of manus with 2 longitudinal keels covered by several granules Ventral side of manus usually with 2 smooth longitudinal keels or rarely without keels Pandinus (Pandinurus) pallidus (Kraepelin) 47. Dorsal keels on fourth metasomal segment without discrete denticles Pandinus (Pandinurus) magrettii Borelli Dorsal keels on fourth metasomal segment with discrete denticles Pandinus (Pandinurus) meidensis Karsch 48. Chela with three internal trichobothria.... P.(Pandinus) Thorell.. 49 Chela with four to eight internal trichobothria (Figs 15 and 16) Granules on manus of pedipalp conical and pointed.... Pandinus (Pandinus) smithi (Pocock) Granules on manus of pedipalp not conical and pointed, their summits sometimes confluent Pandinus (Pandinus) phillipsii (Pocock) 50. Chela with four or five internal trichobothria (Fig. 15).... P.(Pandinoides) Fet Chela with six to eight internal trichobothria (Fig. 16).... P.(Pandinops) Birula Dorsal keels on third and fourth metasomal segments with terminal tubercles markedly enlarged. (female only, male is unknown).... Pandinus (Pandinoides) platycheles Werner Dorsal keels on third and fourth metasomal segments with terminal tubercle scarcely larger than preceding tubercles.... Pandinus (Pandinoides) cavimanus (Pocock) 52. First and second metasomal segments ventrally smooth, without granules or tubercles Pandinus (Pandinops) bellicosus (L. Koch) First and second metasomal segments ventrally bear closely spaced granules or least tubercles Dorsal surface of manus smooth, without granules.... Pandinus (Pandinops) hawkeri Pocock Dorsal surface of manus with granules or conspicuous tubercles Dorsal surface of manus densely covered by pointed granules.... Pandinus (Pandinops) colei (Pocock) Dorsal surface of manus tuberculate, without pointed granules Dorsal keel of patella composed of well defined granules; carapace and mesosomal segments bear numerous larger granules.... Pandinus (Pandinops) pococki Kovařík Dorsal keels of patella, carapace, and mesosomal segments smooth Seventh mesosomal segment ventrally bears numerous granules, as do first and second metasomal segments Pandinus (Pandinops) peeli Pocock Seventh mesosomal segment ventrally with two keels and uneven. First and second metasomal segments uneven, without granules.... Pandinus (Pandinops) eritreaensis sp. n. A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s I am most grateful to the following individuals who arranged for loans from collections in their care and made this study possible: Janet Beccaloni (BMNH), Sándor Mahunka and Balázs Farkas (HNHM), Giuliano Doria and Roberto Poggi (MCSN), Lisa Levi and Nicola Franzese (MIZT), Carlo Pesarini (MSNM), Antonín Kůrka (NMPC), Ulrike Schreiber and Matt Grasshoff (SMFD), Shahin Navai (ZMHB), and Hieronymus Dastych (ZMUH). Special thanks are due to Sarah Whitman (MZUF), who let me borrow the entire MZUF holdings and also helped by providing valuable information on Italian expeditions to the region and looking for lost types in other Italian museums. 156

59 Victor Fet and Graeme Lowe criticaly read the manuscript and made many helpful comments. Robert Lízler, Petr Dorsak, and Karl Werner, passed specimens on to me. Pavel Krásenský drew all the figures and Jiří Zídek translated the text. The National Library of the Czech Republic (International Loans Department) helped with borrowing literature. REFERENCES ARNETT H. R. Jr., SAMUELSON G. A. & NISHIDA G. M. 1993: The insect and spider collections of the world. Flora & Fauna Handbook No. 11, Second edition. Gainsville: Sandhill Crane Press, 308 pp. BIRULA A. A. B. 1903: Bemerkungen über einige neue oder wenig bekannte Scorpionenformen Nord-Afrikas. Bull. Acad. Imperial Sci. Sankt Petersburg 19: BIRULA A. A. B. 1905: 4. Skorpiologische Beiträge Microbuthus littoralis (Pavesi), Anomalobuthus rickmersi Krapelin und Buthus zarudnianus n. nom. Zool. Anz. 29: BIRULA A. A. B. 1913: Arachnologische Beiträge. II. IV. II. Ueber einige Scorpiops-Arten von dem Südabhange des Himalaya. III. Ueber Pandinus (Pandinops) peeli Poc. und seine Verwandten. Entomol. Obozr. 13: BIRULA A. A. B. 1917: Chlenistobryukhie paukoobraznye Kavkazskogo Kraya [Arachnida of the Caucasus Region]. Part I. Scorpiones. Zapis. Kavkazskogo Muz. 5: (in Russian). BIRULA A. A. B. 1928: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der mit Unterstützung der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien aus der Erbschaft Treitl von F. Werner uternommenen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Anglo- Ägyptischen Sudan (Kordofan) XXV. Skorpione. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 101: BORELLI A. 1901: Materiali per la conoscenza della fauna eritrea raccolti dal Dott. Paolo Magretti. Scorpioni. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino 16(384): 1 5. BORELLI A. 1904: Di alcuni scorpioni della Colonia Eritrea. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino 19(463): 1 5. BORELLI A. 1919: Missione per la frontiera Italo Etiopica sotto il comando del Capitano Carlo Citerni. Risultati Zoologici. Scorpioni. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Natur. Genova 48: BORELLI A. 1925: Di alcuni Scorpioni della Somalia Italiana. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Natur. Genova 51: BORELLI A. 1931: Spedizione del barone Raimondo Franchetti in Dancalia. Scorpioni e Solifughi. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Natur. Genova 55: CAPORIACCO L. 1927: Scorpioni e Solifugi raccolti in Somalia dai Prof. Stefanini e Puccioni nel Mon. Zool. Ital. Firenze 38: CAPORIACCO L. 1936: Scorpioni, Pedipalpi, Solifugi e Chernetidi di Somalia e Dancalia. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Natur. Genova 58: CAPORIACCO L. 1937: Su alcuni scorpioni dell Africa orientale Italiana del civico Museo di Milano. Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Natur. Milano 76: CAPORIACCO L. 1938: Aracnidi di Mogadiscio. Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. Genova 17: CAPORIACCO L. 1939: Arachnida. Missione Biol. Paese Borana Roma 3: CAPORIACCO L. 1941: Arachnida (Esc. Acarina). Miss. Biol. Sagan-Omo Zool. 6: CAPORIACCO L. 1947: Scorpioni dell Eritrea del Museo zoologici di Firenze. Acta Pont. Acad. Scien. 11: FET V. 1997: Notes on the taxonomy of some old world scorpions (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Chactidae, Ischnuridae, Scorpionidae). J. Arachnol. 25: FET V., SISSOM W. D., LOWE G. & BRAUNWALDER M. E. 2000: Catalog of the Scorpions of the World ( ). Tne New York Entomol. Soc. 2000: FITZPATRICK M. J. 2001: Synonymy of some Uroplectes Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Pp: In: FET & SELDEN (eds.): Scorpions In Memoriam Gary A. Polis. British Arachnological Society, 404 pp. HEMPRICH F. G. & EHRENBERG CH. G. 1828: Animalia articulata. Arachnoidea, Scorpiones africani et asiatici. In: Symbolae physicae seu icones et descriptiones Animalium evertebratorum sepositis insectis quae ex itinere per Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem. Berolini: Officina Academica, Decas Prima, Plates IX et X. HEMPRICH F. G. & EHRENBERG CH. G. 1829: Vorläufige Uebersicht der in Nord-Afrika und West-Asien einheimischen Scorpione und deren geographischen Verbreitung, nach den eigenen Beobachtungen. Gesells. Natur. Freunde Verh. 1: HIRST S. 1911: Descriptions of new Scorpions. Ann. Mag. Natur. Hist. 8: KARSCH F. 1879: Skorpionologische Beiträge I. and II. Mit. Münch. Entomol. Ver. 3: 6 22, KOCH L. 1875: Aegyptische und Abyssinische Arachniden gesammelt von Herrn C. Jickeli. Verlage von Bauer & Raspe, 96 pp. KOVAŘÍK F. 1997a: Revision of the genera Lychas and Hemilychas, with descriptions of six new species (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 61:

60 KOVAŘÍK F. 1997b: A check-list of scorpions (Arachnida) in the collections of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest. Annls Hist.-Natur. Mus. Natl. Hung. 89: KOVAŘÍK F. 1998a: Štíři [Scorpiones]. Jihlava [Czech Republic]: Publishing House Madagaskar, 176 pp (in Czech). KOVAŘÍK F. 1998b: Three new genera and species of Scorpiones (Buthidae) from Somalia. Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 62: KOVAŘÍK F. 2000a: Revision of Babycurus with descriptions of three new species (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 64: KOVAŘÍK F. 2000b: Pandinus (Pandinops) pococki sp. n. from Somalia, and Pandinus pugilator, a junior synonym of Pandinus (Pandinops) bellicosus comb. n. (Scorpiones, Scorpionidae). Serket 7(1): 1 7. KOVAŘÍK F. 2001: Lanzatus somalicus gen. et. sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Somalia. Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 65: KRAEPELIN K. 1894: Revision der Skorpione. II. Scorpionidae und Bothriuridae. Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 11(1893): KRAEPELIN K. 1898: Neue Pedipalpen und Scorpione des Hamburger Museums. Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 15: KRAEPELIN K. 1899: Das Tierreich. 8. Lieferung. Scorpiones und Pedipalpi. Berlin: Verlag von R. Friedländer und Sohn, 265 pp. KRAEPELIN K. 1901: Catalogue des Scorpions des collections du Muséum d Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Bull. Mus. Histor. Natur. 7: LEVY G. & AMITAI P. 1980: Fauna Palaestina, Arachnida I. Scorpiones. Jerusalem: Israel Acad. Sci. Humanit., 132 pp. LOURENÇO W. R. 1987: Révision systématique des Scorpions du genre Opisthacanthus (Scorpiones, Ischnuridae). Bull. Mus. Natl. Histor. Natur. 9: LOURENÇO W. R. 1998: Uroplectoides abyssinicus gen. n., sp. n., a new genus and new species of scorpion (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from Ethiopia. Entomol. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Hamburg 12: LOURENÇO W. R. 2001a: Taxonomic considerations on the genera Butheolus Simon, Nanobuthus Pocock and Neobuthus Hirst (Scorpions, Buthidae) with the description of a new species of Neobuthus from Ethiopia. Ecol. Desert Environm. 2001: LOURENÇO W. R. 2001b: Un nouveau genre de Buthidae, probable vicariant geographique d Anomalobuthus Kraepelin (Chelicerata, Scorpiones). Biogeographica 77(1): MESSANA G., CHELAZZI G., CHELAZZI L., ERCOLINI A., FERRARA F., MESSERI P., PARDI L. & VANNINI M. 1977: Researches on the coast of Somalia the shore and the dune of Sar Uanle. 12. Physical environment: Microclimate and Soil. Monit. Zool. Ital. Suppl. 9: MASI L. 1912: Note sugli Scorpioni appartenenti al R. Museo Zoologico di Roma. Boll. Soc. Zool. Ital. 1: , MORRIGGI M. 1941: Gli Scorpioni dell Africa orientale Italiana. Riv. Biol. Col. 4: MORITZ M. & FISCHER S.-C. 1980: Die typen der Arachniden-Sammlung des zoologischen Museums Berlin. III. Scorpiones. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 56: PAVESI P. 1885: Aracnidi raccolti dal conte Bouturlin ad Assab e Massaua. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. Firenze 17: PAVESI P. 1897: Studi sugli Aracnidi Africani. IX. Aracnidi Somali E Galla. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Natur. Genova 18: PETERS W. 1862: Über eine neue Eintheilung der Skorpione und über die von ihm in Mossambique gesammelten Arten von Skorpionen. Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1861: POCOCK R. I. 1888: On the African Specimens of the Genus Scorpio (Linn.) contained in the Collection of the British Museum. Ann. Mag. Natur. Hist. Ser. 6(2): POCOCK R. I. 1890: Descriptions of two new Species of Scorpions brought by Emin Pasha from the inland parts of East Africa. Ann. Mag. Natur. Hist. Ser. 6(6): POCOCK R. I. 1895: On the Arachnida and Myriapoda obtained by Dr. Anderson s collector during Mr. T. Bent s Expedition to the Hadramaut, South Arabia; with a Supplement upon the Scorpions obtained by Dr. Anderson in Egypt and the Eastern Soudan. J. Linn. Soc. 25: POCOCK R. I. 1896: Report upon the Scorpions, Spiders, Centipedes, and Millipedes obtained by Mr. and Mrs. E. Lort Philips in the Goolis Mountains inland of Berbera, N. Somaliland. Ann. Mag. Natur. Hist. Ser. 6 18: POCOCK R. I. 1896: On the Scorpions, Centipedes, and Millipedes obtained by Dr.Gregory on his Expedition to Mount Kenia, East Africa. Ann. Mag. Natur. Hist. Ser. 6 17: POCOCK R. I. 1901: On a new Species of the genus Parabuthus. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. 16(382):

61 SISSOM W. D. 1990: Systematics, biogeography and paleontology. Pp.: In: POLIS G. A. (ed.): The Biology of Scorpions. Stanford: Stanford University press, 587 pp. SISSOM W. D. 1994: Descriptions of new and poorly known scorpions of Yemen (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Diplocentridae, Scorpionidae). Fauna of Saudi Arabia 14: VACHON M. 1974: Étude des caractéres utilisés pour classer les familles et les genres de Scorpions (Arachnides). Bull. Mus. Natl. Histor. Natur. 140: VACHON M. & STOCKMANN R Contribution á l étude des Scorpions Africains appartenant au Genre Buthotus Vachon 1949 et étude de la variabilité. Monit. Zool. Ital (2. suppl.): VANNINI M., CHELAZZI G., CHELAZZI L., ERCOLINI A., FERRARA F., MESSANA G., MESSERI P. & PARDI L. 1977: Researches on the coast of Somalia the shore and the dune of Sar Uanle. 13. Physical environment: Geomorphological notes, climate and tides. Monit. Zool. Ital. Suppl. 9: ADDENDUM After submitting the manuscript, I continued searching for types regarded as lost, and thanks to Sarah Whitman of MZUF it became possible to find an old, long overdue loan to another Italian museum, whose return added more than 100 specimens, among them those noted below. Most importantly, returned was the holotype of Parabuthus zavattarii Caporiacco, 1939 (labeled Ethiopia, Mega, 7.V.1935, leg. E. Zavattari). It is a male that confirms the above synonymy, because there can be no doubt that it is identical with Parabuthus pallidus Pocock, It should be noted that the type locality (Mega) has often been incorrectly placed in Somalia. Returned was also a specimen about which I am convinced that it is the holotype of Parabuthus stefaninii Caporiacco, It bears several labels, among them a type locality label stating Somalia, Darod, 1924, Stefanini & Puccioni, and an identification label stating Parabuthus stefaninii Cap. Paratype (this is apparently an error, because the species was based on a single immature specimen). Unfortunately, this juvenile is heavily damaged (gone are most of the legs and parts of pedipalps, and only the first segment remains of the metasoma), but it can be considered a synonym of Parabuthus heterurus Pocock, 1897, as already done above. Also returned were two adult males of the above described Parabuthus eritreaensis sp. n., which confirms the occurrence of this species in Somalia. One male is labeled Somalia, Gardo, Migiurtina, V. 1930, leg. M. Milano & Luppi, and the other is labeled Somalia, Run, S.B.S., 16.VIII

62 160

63 Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 67: , 2003 ISSN X Some trematodes and cestodes of fishes mainly from Hubei Province, central China František MORAVEC 1), Pin NIE 2), Tomáš SCHOLZ 1) & Guitang WANG 2) 1) Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ České Budějovice, Czech Republic 2) State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan , Hubei Province, People s Republic of China Received November 3, 2002; accepted March 15, 2003 Published July 7, 2003 Abstract. The present paper comprises a systematic survey of trematodes and cestodes based on helminthological examinations of 176 specimens of 22 species of freshwater fishes, belonging to 11 families of 6 fish orders, from central China (mostly from lakes of the Yangtze River basin in Hubei Province) collected during the autumn of The following 9 species were recorded: Trematoda: Dollfustrema vaneyi (Tseng, 1930) (adults and metacercariae), Isoparorchis hypselobagri (Billet, 1898) juv., Genarchopsis goppo Ozaki, 1925, Phyllodistomum pawlovskii (Zmeev, 1936), Neophyllodistomum serrispatula (Chin, 1963), Azygia hwangtsiyui Tsin, 1933, Digenea gen. sp. juv., and Diplostomum commutatum (Diesing, 1850) metacercariae; Cestoda: Polyonchobothrium sp. juv. Data on their morphology, morphometrical variability, host range and distribution are provided. Some of these are new host and geographical records. Genarchopsis anguillae Yamaguti, 1938 is considered a junior synonym of G. goppo Ozaki, Almost all parasites are briefly described and illustrated, and problems concerning their morphology, taxonomy, hosts and geographical distribution are discussed. Distribution, morphology, helminths, Trematoda, Cestoda, freshwater fishes, China INTRODUCTION During September and October 2001, studies on the helminth parasites of fishes in central China were carried out by a Chinese-Czech research team within the framework of a joint project between the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. Examinations of fishes originating mostly from the Yangtze River drainage system (several lakes, Yangtze River) in Hubei Province yielded a plentiful supply of helminth material, which made it possible to acquire new data on fish helminths for this zoogeographically interesting region. Some data based on this material is published in papers by Moravec & Nie (2002) and Moravec & Wang (2002). The results of the systematic evaluation of the trematodes and cestodes are presented in this paper. Because of the frequent confusions in the literature and often insufficient knowledge of the helminth species in this region, the authors consider it necessary to briefly describe the species. MATERIAL AND METHODS Live fishes from Bao an Lake were obtained from local fishermen and immediately transported to the Institute of Hydrobiology in Wuhan for subsequent parasitological examination. Live fishes from other localities were bought in fish markets in Wuhan, where information on their origin was obtained. The following fish species were examined: Clupeiformes, Engraulidae: Coilia nasus Temminck et Schlegel (7 specimens, Liangzi Lake, Hubei Province); Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae: Carassius gibelio (Bloch) (5, Bao an Lake, Hubei Province), Culter 161

64 dabryi Bleeker (4, Liangzi Lake), Culter erythropterus Basilewsky (3, Bao an Lake), Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky) (6, Bao an Lake), Rhodeus sinensis Günther (6, Bao an Lake), Sarcocheilichthys sinensis sinensis Bleeker (1, Liangzi Lake), Squaliobarbus curriculus (Richardson) (10, Liangzi Lake), Xenocypris argentea (Basilewsky) (1, Liangzi Lake); Cobitidae: Paramisgurnus dabryanus Sauvage (5, surroundings of Xinyang, Henan Province); Siluriformes, Bagridae: Leiocassis crassilabris Günther (8, Yangtze River at Wuhan, Hubei Province), Leiocassis longirostris Günther (2, Yangtze River at Wuhan), Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson) (38, Bao an Lake), Pelteobagrus nitidus (Sauvage et Dabry de Thiersant) (2, Yangtze River at Wuhan), Pelteobagrus vachellii (Richardson) (9, Yangtze River at Wuhan); Siluridae: Silurus asotus Linnaeus (4, Dongting Lake, Hunan Province); Clariidae: Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) (7, aquaculture near Wuhan); Atheriniformes, Hemiramphidae: Hemiramphus kurumeus (Jordan et Starks) (1, Honghu Lake, Hubei Province); Synbranchiformes, Synbranchidae: Monopterus albus (Zouiev) (7, Honghu Lake; 32, Liangzi Lake); Perciformes, Channidae: Channa argus (Cantor) (6, Bao an Lake); Percichthyidae: Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky) (5, Bao an Lake); Odontobutidae: Odontobutis obscura (Temminck et Schlegel) (7, Bao an Lake). The scientific naming of the fishes follows Eschmeyer (1998) and Froese & Pauly (2001). The trematode and cestode specimens from dissected fishes were washed in physiological saline and fixed either in hot 4% formaldehyde in Petri dishes or, slightly compressed under a coveslip, in cold 4% formaldehyde. Later they were stained in carmine, dehydrated through an ethanol series and mounted in Canada balsam as permanent slides. Drawings were made with the aid of a Zeiss or an Aristoplan drawing attachment. The specimens were deposited in the Helminthological Collection of the Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), in České Budějovice and in the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in Wuhan. All measurements are given in micrometres unless otherwise stated. REVIEW OF SPECIES Trematoda Bucephalidae Poche, 1907 Dollfustrema vaneyi (Tseng, 1930) (Fig. 1) DESCRIPTION (based on 10 gravid specimens). Body mostly elongate, with obtusely rounded posterior end; body surface covered with small spines 2 3 long. Length of body 598 1,129, maximum width Rhynchus relatively large, muscular, inverted conical with rounded anterior end, provided with triple crown of spines; length of rhynchus , width Crown spines (n=7) in number; spines in first circle 9 12 long; those in following 2 circles distinctly larger, long. Mouth ventral in posterior half of body, usually near level of ovary, but sometimes distinctly posterior to ovary. Pharynx muscular, oval, Intestine saccular, oriented anteriorly. Gonads close to each other, frequently on one side of body, usually at about 2/3 of body length, but sometimes more or less equatorial or even at 1/3 of body length. Testes spherical to elongate oval, usually diagonal, postovarian, but may be almost at same level, or anterior testis at level of ovary; size of anterior testis , of posterior testis Cirrus sac long and wide, containing oval seminal vesicle, elongate pars prostatica and ejaculatory duct opening into genital atrium. Genital pore ventral, relatively distant from posterior extremity. Ovary spherical to oval, Uterus long; its loops filled with numerous eggs and occupying most of available space posterior to vitellarium, usually partly overlapping gonads and cirrus sac, extends anteriorly at most to level of anterior extent of vitelline follicles. Eggs oval, long and wide. Vitellarium follicular; follicles usually form undivided pre-ovarian group consisting of follicles, rarely divided into two lateral groups. Excretory pore situated at posterior end of body; small oval sphincter of excretory vesicle present anterior to excretory pore. HOSTS. Adults in Siniperca chuatsi (Perciformes: Percichthyidae); metacercaria in Odontobutis obscura (Perciformes: Odontobutidae). 162

65 Fig. 1. Dollfustrema vaneyi (Tseng) from Siniperca chuatsi. A, C H morphological variability of different gravid specimens; B arrangement of rhynchal spines; I cirrus sac. Scale bars in mm. 163