Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Transcription

1 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Volume 19, Number 1 Mollusca: Gastropoda: Eupulmonata, Sorbeoconcha Gastropods I Flora and Fauna of Korea National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment

2 China PB JG YG HB HN PN HWB GW GG CB CN GB GB (Ulleung-do) GN JN JJ JB HWN Russia East Sea Yellow Sea South Sea CB Chungcheongbuk-do CN Chungcheongnam-do GB Gyeongsangbuk-do GG Gyeonggi-do GN Gyeongsangnam-do GW Gangwon-do HB Hamgyeongbuk-do HN Hamgyeongnam-do HWB Hwanghaebuk-do HWN Hwanghaenam-do JB Jeollabuk-do JG Jagang-do JJ Jeju-do JN Jeollanam-do PB Pyeonganbuk-do PN Pyeongannam-do YG Yanggang-do

3 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Volume 19, Number 1 Mollusca: Gastropoda: Eupulmonata, Sorbeoconcha Gastropods I 2013 National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment

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5 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Volume 19, Number 1 Mollusca: Gastropoda: Eupulmonata, Sorbeoconcha Gastropods I Jun-Sang Lee Kangwon National University

6 Copyright c 2013 by the National Institute of Biological Resources Published by the National Institute of Biological Resources Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu Incheon, , Republic of Korea All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the National Institute of Biological Resources. ISBN : Government Publications Registration Number Printed by Junghaengsa, Inc. in Korea on acid-free paper Publisher : Sang Pal Lee Project Staff : Joo-Lae Cho, Ye Eun, Sang-Hoon Han Published on December 20, 2013 The Flora and Fauna of Korea logo was designed to represent six major target groups of the project including vertebrates, invertebrates, insects, algae, fungi, and bacteria. The book cover and the logo were designed by Jee-Yeon Koo.

7 Preface In 2010, the 10th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted the Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing of biological resources. Since then, the national and international environment of the use and management of biological resources has been rapidly changed. Therefore, it is imperative to identify indigenous biological species in details and to build scientific data worthy of international recognition in order to take the initiative in bio-industry. The National Institute of Biological Resources of the Ministry of Environment has been publishing the Flora and Fauna of Korea to generally manage biological resources and to enhance national competitiveness by setting the foundation for the sovereignty over biological resources. Professional research group consisting of professors of taxonomy and related experts has systematically examined a variety of and wide range of taxa for the last 6 years since As a result, 90 issues of the Flora and Fauna of Korea, both in Korean and in English, covering a total of 8,888 species and 2 issues of World Monograph covering 216 species were published. And 30 issues of the Flora and Fauna of Korea, both in Korean and in English, covering 1,665 species of invertebrates, insects and algae are additionally published this year. These efforts serve to identify indigenous species living in Korea, to investigate biota, to improve the quality of national biological resources management and to provide the opportunity to lay the groundwork for the biotechnological industrialization of biological resources. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for those who spared no effort to publish the biological magazines; Dr. Jun-Sang Lee of Kangwon National University. And I hope he will help to discover useful biological resources in Korea and to create high value-added activities including natural product, gene resource and medical substance development. Sang-pal Lee President National Institute of Biological Resources

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9 1 Contents List of Taxa 3 Introduction 5 Materials and Methods 6 Taxonomic Notes 7 1. Volutopsius middendorffi middendorffi (Dall) 8 2. Lussivolutopsius furukawai (Oyama) Pseudoliomesus ooides ooides (Middendorff) Plicifusus (Plicifusus) aurantius (Dall) Neptunea (Neptunea) polycostata polycostata Scarlato Neptunea (Neptunea) intersculpta (Sowerby) Neptunea (Neptunea) constricta (Dall) Neptunea (Neptunea) lyrata (Gmelin) Neptunea (Neptunea) elegantula Ito and Habe Neptunea (Barbitonia) arthritica (Bernardi) Neptunea (Barbitonia) cumingi Crosse Neptunea (Barbitonia) subdilatata Yen Siphonalia cassidariaeformis (Reeve) Siphonalia fusoides (Reeve) Siphonalia spadicea (Reeve) Kelletia lischkei Kuroda Japeuthria ferrea (Reeve) Searlesia modesta (Gould) Buccinum opisoplectum Dall Buccinum middendorffi Verkrüzen Buccinum ochotensis ochotensis (Middendorff) Buccinum mirandum koreanum Choe, Yoon and Habe Buccinum bayani (Jousseaume) Buccinum osagawai Habe and Ito Buccinum striatissimum Sowerby Buccinum tenuissimum Kuroda Buccinum rossicum Dall Buccinum kushiroensis Habe and Ito Buccinum yokomaruae Yamashita and Habe Reticubuccinum acutispiratum (Dall) Aegista (Aegista) chejuensis (Pilsbry and Hirase) Aegista (Aegista) gottschei (Middendorff) Aegista (Aegista) gottschei fusanica (Pilsbry) Aegista (Aegista) pyramidata (Pilsbry) Aegista (Aegista) proxima (Pilsbry and Hirase) Aegista (Aegista) chosenica (Pilsbry) 52

10 2 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I 37. Aegista (Aegista) hebes (Pilsbry) Aegista (Aegista) tenuissima (Pilsbry and Hirase) Aegista (Plectotropis) quelpartensis (Pilsbry and Hirase) Aegista (Plectotropis) diversa Kuroda and Miyanaga Lepidopisum verrucosum (Reinhardt) Trishoplita ottoi (Pilsbry) Acusta despecta sieboldiana (Pfeiffer) Chosenelix problematica (Pilsbry) Karaftohelix adamsi (Kuroda and Hukuda) Koreanohadra kurodana (Pilsbry) Koreanohadra koreana (Pfeiffer) Euhadra herklotsi (v. Martens) Euhadra dixoni (Pilsbry) Nesiohelix samarangae Kuroda and Miyanaga 80 Literature Cited 83 Plates 88 Index to Korean Names 98 Index to Korean Names as Pronounced 100 Index to Scientific Names 102

11 3 List of Taxa Phylum Mollusca Linnaeus, 1758 Class Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797 Order Sorbeoconcha Ponder and Lindberg, 1997 Family Buccinidae Rafinesque, 1815 Subfamily Volutopsiinae Habe and Sato, 1973 Genus Volutopsius Mörch, 1857 Volutopsius middendorffi middendorffi (Dall, 1891) Genus Lussivolutopsius Kantor, 1983 Lussivolutopsius furukawai (Oyama, 1951) Subfamily Ancistrolepisinae Habe and Sato, 1973 Genus Pseudoliomesus Habe and Sato, 1973 Pseudoliomesus ooides ooides (Middendorff, 1848) Subfamily Neptuneinae Stimpson, 1865 Genus Plicifusus Dall, 1902 Plicifusus (Plicifusus) aurantius (Dall, 1907) Genus Neptunea Röding, 1798 Neptunea (Neptunea) polycostata polycostata Scarlato, 1952 Neptunea (Neptunea) intersculpta (Sowerby, 1899) Neptunea (Neptunea) constricta (Dall, 1907) Neptunea (Neptunea) lyrata (Gmelin, 1789) Neptunea (Neptunea) elegantula Ito and Habe, 1965 Neptunea (Barbitonia) arthritica (Bernardi, 1858) Neptunea (Barbitonia) cumingi Crosse, 1862 Neptunea (Barbitonia) subdilatata Yen, 1936 Subfamily Sipholiinae Finlay, 1928 Genus Siphonalia A. Adams, 1863 Siphonalia cassidariaeformis (Reeve, 1846) Siphonalia fusoides (Reeve, 1846) Siphonalia spadicea (Reeve, 1846) Genus Kelletia Fischer, 1884 Kelletia lischkei Kuroda, 1938 Subfamily Pisaniinae Gray, 1857 Genus Japeuthria Iredale, 1918 Japeuthria ferrea (Reeve, 1847) Genus Searlesia Harmer, 1915 Searlesia modesta (Gould, 1860) Subfamily Buccininae Rafinesque, 1815 Genus Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758 Buccinum opisoplectum Dall, 1907 Buccinum middendorffi Verkrüzen, 1882 Buccinum ochotensis ochotensis (Middendorff, 1848)

12 4 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I Buccinum mirandum koreanum Choe, Yoon and Habe, 1992 Buccinum bayani (Jousseaume, 1883) Buccinum osagawai Habe and Ito, 1968 Buccinum striatissimum Sowerby, 1899 Buccinum tenuissimum Kuroda, 1933 Buccinum rossicum Dall, 1907 Buccinum kushiroensis Habe and Ito, 1976 Buccinum yokomaruae Yamashita and Habe, 1965 Genus Reticubuccinum Habe and Ito, 1980 Reticubuccinum acutispiratum (Dall, 1907) Order Eupulmonata Haszprunar and Huber, 1990 Family Bradybenidae Pilsbry, 1934 Subfamily Aegistinae Kuroda and Habe, 1949 Genus Aegista Albers, 1860 Subgenus Aegist Albers, 1850 Aegista (Aegista) chejuensis (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) Aegista (Aegista) gottschei (Middendorff, 1887) Aegista (Aegista) gottschei fusanica (Pilsbry, 1926) Aegista (Aegista) pyramidata (Pilsbry, 1926) Aegista (Aegista) proxima (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1909) Aegista (Aegista) chosenica (Pilsbry, 1926) Aegista (Aegista) hebes (Pilsbry, 1926) Aegista (Aegista) tenuissima (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) Subgenus Plectotropis Martens, 1860 Aegista (Plectotropis) quelpartensis (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) Aegista (Plectotropis) diversa Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1936 Genus Lepidopisum Habe, 1957 Lepidopisum verrucosum (Reinhardt, 1877) Genus Trishoplita Jacobi, 1898 Trishoplita ottoi (Pilsbry, 1926) Subfamily Bradybaeninae Pilsbry, 1934 Genus Acusta Albers, 1860 Acusta despecta sieboldiana (Pfeiffer, 1850) Genus Chosenelix Pilsbry, 1926 Chosenelix problematica (Pilsbry, 1926) Genus Karaftohelix Pilsbry, 1927 Karaftohelix adamsi (Kuroda and Hukuda, 1944) Genus Koreanohadra Kuroda and Habe, 1949 Koreanohadra kurodana (Pilsbry, 1926) Koreanohadra koreana (Pfeiffer, 1846) Subfamily Euhadrinae Minato, 1988 Genus Euhadra Pilsbry, 1890 Euhadra herklotsi (Martens, 1860) Euhadra dixoni (Pilsbry, 1900) Genus Nesiohelix Kuroda and Emura, 1943 Nesiohelix samarangae Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1943

13 5 Introduction Buccinidae is one of the most diverse and cosmopolitan families of neogastropd groups, which have been more than 200 included genera or subgenera, segregated into as many as 10 different subfamilies. It ranges from the poles to the equator and inhabits from shallow subtidal or intertial areas among rocks, coral, and softer substrates to depths beyond 3,000 m. Most species are carnivores or scavengers, and feed on worms or other mollusks, such as clams. Buccinids are gonochoristic and fertilization is internal. Several hundred to several thousand eggs are deposited in leathery capsules. Larvae may hatch as veligers and undergo a pelagic stage, or may metamorphose prior to hatching and emerge from the egg capsules as crawling young. Among the numerous genera in this family, some of the better known include Buccinum, Neptunea, and Colus of the northern boreal seas and Phos, Engina, Babylonia, and Pisania of subtropical and tropical areas. One genus, Clea, occurs in brackish and fresh water in Southeast Asia. The systematics of the Buccinidae is poorly understood, and there is no consensus as to the limits of the family or of the relationships of genera or subgenera. Powell (1951) distinguished the Buccinidae from the Neptuneidae and Buccinulidae on radular and opercular characters, and indicated that the Buccinidae and Neptuneidae are conceived boreal families. But, Habe and Sato (1973) reduced the Neptuneidae to one of the six northern Pacific subfamilies (Buccininae, Neptuneinae, Ancistrolepisinae, Parancistrolepisinae, Liomisusinae and Volutopsiinae) within Buccinidae. Ponder (1973) suggested the Buccinidae to be closely related to the Nassariidae, Fasciolariidae and Melongenidae because of the anatomical similarities of these families. Recently, Riedel (2000) proposed Buccinoidea (include Buccinidae, Melongenidae and Nassariidae) and Columbelloidea (include Fasciolariidae and Columbellidae) and grouped them under the new infraorder Buccinina. Choe and Park (1997) recorded Buccinidae, 50 species in 18 genera in Korea. Recently, Lee and Min (2002) identified 68 species in the 22 genera in Korea water. This monograph is described 30 species in 12 genera, which were characteristic of classification in Buccinidae in Korea. The pulmonates are molluscs that use a lung as the respiratory surface and its have the general Gastropod body form of head, foot, and visceral mass. The Pulmonata is one of the three subclass into which the class gastropoda and divided into three major subunits, the orders Systellommatophora, Basommatophora and Eupulmonata (Hazprunar and Huber, 1990). The orders Basommatophora and Eupulmonata are widely spread in Asia, but Systellommatophora is realatively uncommon. The family Bradybaenidae belongs to the order Eupulmonata and contains four subfamily and about 80 genera. Four subfamilies are recognised: the Helicostylinae which includes the larger, colourful tree snails of the Philippines region; the Aegistinae which include the smaller, brown color land snails, which occur through Asia; the Bradybaeninae which include the relatively a medium size, colourful land snails, which occur through Europ, Asia, China, Japan, and parts of eastern Africa; the Euhadrinae which include the relatively larger, colourful, a circum-peripheral colour band land snails, which occur through Asia. Though the about 30 species have been recorded the Korean Penisula (Kwon and Habe, 1979), 24 species in 11 genera are identified and classified present day (Lee and Min, 2002). This monograph is restricted 20 species which are distinctly identified land snsils in Bradybaenidae.

14 6 Materials and Methods For this monograph, used specimens are collected from the Korean Peninsula during years from 1994 to 2007 and deposited in the Min s Molluscan Research institute and Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, the University of Kangwon. These specimens were identified of morphological characteristic and for more detailed observation the research microscope was used. In order to species identification, Habe and Ito (1965), Okada (1967), Habe (1976), Kira (1977), Azuma (1982), Kwon et al. (1993), Kubo and Kurozumi (1995), Higo and Goto (1999), Okutani et al. (2000), and Min et al. (2004) were referenced. Author adopted the classification schemes by Higo and Goto (1999) and Lee and Min (2002). For photograph used Nikon D80 distal camera (Japan), dry or immerse in neutral formalin (10%) specimens deposit a drying cold room. at ps va as ds ep vd rm od mg lh pr ag st rs Fig. 1. Genitalia of Bradybaenidae. Pr. prostate gland; od. oviduct; vd. vas deferens; ep. epiphallus; rm. retractor muscle; ps. penis sheath; at. atrium; va. vagina; st. stalk of receptaculum; rs. receptaculum seminis; fl. flagellum; lh. hermaphrodite duct; ag. albumen gland; ds. dart sac; as. accessory sac; mg. mucous gland. Scale: 6 mm.

15 7 Taxonomic Notes Order Sorbeoconcha Ponder and Lindberg, 1997 Hueb-gang-mok ( ) Family Buccinidae Rafinesque, 1815 Mul-re-go-dung-gwa ( ) The classification on Buccinidae had been proposed by Kuroda (1935), Habe and Ito (1965) respectively chiefly by the shell characters. Recently, Higo and Goto (1997) comprised ten subfamilies, the Beringiinae, Volutopsiinae, Parancistrolepisinae, Ancistrolepisinae, Neptuneinae, Photinae, Siphonaliinae, Pisaniinae, Babyloniinae, and Buccininae. Of these, only Parancistrolepisinae is not represented in Korean waters. Like most neogastropoda families, Buccinidae are thought to have evolved in temperate climatic zones at higher latitudes (Sohl, 1987). The head bears tentacles with eyes at the outer bases. The foot generally is large, broad, truncate anteriorly, and without an accessory boring organ or posterior appendages. The shell has small to medium sized ( mm), globosely, ovate-conical to fusiform, usually strong and thick. The shell usually is dextral, or rarely sinistral, and has numerous, generally convex whorls. The aperture usually is rather large, and narrow to wide; the outer margin of the peristome is smooth, sometimes thickened, and rarely plicate within; the columellar margin is concave, mostly without plicae, and sometimes thickened and forming a reflected callosity; the aperture sometimes is wrinkled, twisted, or fasciolate basally, and has a well-developed, short to long, narrowly or broadly opened, anterior siphonal canal; the posterior siphonal sinus usually is not distinct. Sculpture is variable, smooth or with axial and spiral elements; normally, strong varices are absent; the operculum is thick, elongate, has a subcentral or terminal nucleus. The base color of shells is usually white to tan and darker spiral bands of reddish brown may occur along the shoulder. GENERA 94 (21 in Korea), species 350 (70 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: world-wide, especially in temperate and cold seas. KEY REFERENCES: Kuroda (1935), Habe and Ito (1965). Key to the subfamily of family Buccinidae 1. Aperture large, one-half or more of entire shell, siphonal canal long 2 Aperture small, less than one-half of entire shell, siphonal canal short 3 2. Siphonal canal straight, not twisted Volutopsiinae Siphonal canal twisted to the back 4 3. Shell covered with thick periostracum, spire not swelled Ancistrolepisinae Shell covered with thin periostracum, spire well swelled Buccininae 4. Shell thick and solid, suture deep, whorls shouldered above Neptuneinae

16 8 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I Body whorl large, suture shallow, whorls not shouldered above Siphonaliinae 5. Spire high, with anal canal Pisaniinae Subfamily Volutopsiinae Habe and Sato, 1973 Neolb-eun-ib-mul-re-go-dung-a-gwa ( ) Shell moderately inflated, with rather deep suture. Surface dull, grayish white or brown, periostracum mostly stripped off. Body whorl inflated with constricted base. Aperture broad, lunate with edged outer lip. White callus deposited columellar lip. This subfamily includes the genera Volutopsius, Lussivolutopsius, Habevolutopsius in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002). GENERA 6 (3 in Korea), species 20 (8 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Temperate and cold seas. Key to the genera of family Volutopsiinae 1. Shell spire low, body whorl moderately inflated Volutopsius Shell spire high, body whorl well inflated Lussivolutopsius Genus Volutopsius Mörch, 1857 Neolb-eun-ib-mul-re-go-dung-sok ( ) Shell medium in size (adult 50 mm to 100 mm in height), fusiform in shape, fairly low spire and large body whorl. Outer surface dull, ornamented by coarse growth lines and indistinct spiral grooves. Callous on columellar lip rather thick. The anterior siphonal canal shallow. The genus Volutopsius included only one species in Korea. Type species: Fusus largillierti Petit SPECIES ca. 15 (1 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Alaska, Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea. 1. Volutopsius middendorffi middendorffi (Dall, 1891) (Pl. 1) Neol-eun-ib-mul-re-go-dung ( ) Strombella middendorffi Dall, 1891, p. 186 Volutopsius middendorffi: Habe and Ito, 1965, p. 60, pl. 19, fig. 1; Okada 1967, p. 119, no. 433; Abbot, 1974, p. 206, no. 2260; Habe and Okutani, 1975, p. 121, p. 188; Kira, 1977, p. 69, pl. 27, fig. 3; Choe, 1992, p. 381, no. 166, pl. 97, figs. 166a, b; Igor and Boris, 1993, p. 15, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2; Kwon et al.,

17 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Lussivolutopsius , p. 86, p. 306, fig ; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 102; Higo and Goto 1993, p. 212; Choe et al., 1995, p. 95; Alexeyev, 2003, p. 70, pl. 22, figs. 2, 3; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 206, pl. 106E. Volutopsius middendorffi middendorffi: Higo et al., 1999, p. 224; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, p. 219, fig Shell medium in size for the genus, moderately inflated fusiform in outline, moderately thin and fragile. Whorls nearly 6 in number of turns, slightly inflated. Spire relatively low, about 23% total height of shell. Apical angle about 50 degrees. Protoconch large, 8 to 9 mm in diameter, pale pink or white in color. Each whorl moderately inflated with constricted suture and sutural ramp roundly oblique. Spire relatively low, the diameter of each spire gradually increases until the penultimate whorl and then rapidly increased in body whorl. Body whorl well inflated in the middle and large, account for 76% of the height in the shell. Periphery whorl moderately smooth and with rounded shoulder. Base of whorl slightly rounded, and then connected with siphonal projection. Outer surface smooth and dull covered with periostracum tinted with yellowish green or grayish white but, mostly stripped off here and there. Shell sculpture numerous axial fine threads and spiral threads, causing a finely latticed pattern throughout the surface of shell but, the ventral site of body whorl smooth. Siphonal canal is moderate long and straight. Aperture more then over in 1/2 height and pyriform in shape. Outer lip usually turned out, thin and very fragile, tinted with glossy white. Columella lips tinted with glossy white and inner side in aperture red brown in color. Internal surface smooth and polished, yellowish brown in color. Callus extending from the inner lip to the columella lip, also white or brown in glossy. Operculum moderately small about half of aperture and its nucleus near the anterior end. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), Okhotsk Sea. KOREA: GW, GB. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 3 specimens (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 15.x.2007); 2 specimens (Namae, Gangwon-do: 15.x.2007); 2 specimens (Samcheok, Gangwon-do: 6.vi.2007); 2 specimens (Jukbyeon, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 6.vi.2007). REMARKS: This species is most nearly related to Lussivolutopsius emphaticus in Korean waters, but differ from that in the low spire, shallow suture, and the sutural ramp inclined. Genus Lussivolutopsius Kantor, 1983 Sil-ta-rae-mul-re-go-dung-sok ( ) Shell small to medium in size (adult 70 mm to 100 mm in height), fusiform in shape, high spire and moderately large body whorl. Shell surface grayish, yellowish or brownish-grey. Surface ornamented by axial sculpture and spiral sculpture. Aperture pyriform, grayish or yellowish-brown inside. Outer lip open turn out, moderately in thickness and rather solid. The genus Lussivolutopsius recorded three species (L. emphaticus, L. furukawai, L. filosus ochotensis) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002). Type species: Lussivolutopsius hydractiniferus Kantor, 1983.

18 10 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I SPECIES ca. 5 (3 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Alaska, Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea. 2. Lussivolutopsius furukawai (Oyama, 1951) (Pl. 2) Mu-myeong-sil-ta-rae-mul-re-go-dung ( ) Volutopsius furukawai Oyama, 1951, p. 3 Lussivolutopsius furukawai: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 213; Igor and Boris, 1993, p. 14, pl. 7, figs. 4, 5; Higo et al., 1999, p. 225; Okutani et al., 2000, pp. 456, 457, pl. 227, fig. 18; Lee and Min 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, p. 219, figs , 2; Alexeyev, 2003, p. 75, pl. 25, fig. 5; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 204, pl. 104C. Volutopsius hirasei sensu Dall, 1925 non Pilsbry, Volutopsius dalli Kuroda and Habe, Volutopsius middendorfii emphaticus sensu Kosuge, 1972 non Dall, Shell rather small in size for the genus, up to 75 mm in height, moderately inflated fusiform in outline, thin but solid. Whorls nearly 7 in number of turns, each whorl moderately inflated with deeply impressed sutures. Spire relatively high, about 37% total height of shell. Apical angle about 38 degrees. Protoconch small, 3 to 5 mm in diameter and early teleoconch whorls erodes, pale pink or white in color. Each whorl slightly inflated with deeper suture and more less oblique ground in sutural ramp. Spire moderately high, each spires rounded and with weak shoulder. Body whorl inflated in the middle and large, account for 60% of the height in the shell. Periphery whorl moderately smooth and with rounded shoulder. Base of whorl roundly curved, and then connected with siphonal projection. Siphonal projection short and weakly twisted and anterior canal moderately narrow. Outer surface dull and covered with thick periostracum tinted with brownish green or grayish white but, mostly stripped off upper side in suture. Especially, ventral site of body whorl polish. Body whorl surface with growth lines weak, overlaid by crowded and sharp spinal threads. Aperture 1/2 in height and pyriform in shape and pale brownish orange within. Outer lip thin and very fragile, tinted with white or brownish orange. Columella lip tinted with glossy white or orange and inner side in aperture red brown in color. Internal surface smooth and polished, yellowish brown in color. Callus deposited from inner to the columella lip milky in color, but on body whorl brown. Operculum moderately small, about half of aperture and its nucleus near the anterior end. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), Okhotsk Sea. KOREA: GW. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Namae, Gangwon-do: 15.x.2007). REMARKS: This species is most nearly related to Lussivolutopsius emphaticus (Dall) and L. filosus ochotensis Kantor, but differ from that spire higher and surface with strong spiral cords than similar species.

19 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Pseudoliomesus 11 Subfamily Ancistrolepisinae Habe and Sato, 1973 Gu-seul-mul-re-go-dung-a-gwa ( ) Shell inflated fusiform, with rather shallow suture. Surface covered by thick periostracum and smooth or with spiral ribs. Body whorl moderately small and spire high. Aperture moderately small, with thick or sharp outer lip. Callus faint or thick deposited in columella lips. Siphonal projection short and straight or weakly twist. This subfamily includes the only one genus Pseudoliomesus in Korea. GENERA 5 (1 in Korea), species 24 (1 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Temperate and cold seas. Genus Pseudoliomesus Habe and Sato, 1973 Gu-seul-go-dung-sok ( ) Shell moderately small, massive and solid. Axial sculpture presented by growth lines only. Spiral sculpture presented by low and indistinct ribs. Sometimes spiral ribs almost absent. Shell from pale or light grayish brown to dark brown outside. Body whorl large, with several spiral grooves. The genus Pseudoliomesus recorded only one species (P. ooides ooides) in Korea. Type species: Tritonium (Buccinum) ooides Middendorff, SPECIES 3 (1 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: East Sea, Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea. 3. Pseudoliomesus ooides ooides (Middendorff, 1848) (Pl. 3) Gu-seul-go-dung ( ) Tritonium (Buccinum) ooides Middendorff, 1848, p. 244 Pseudoliomesus ooides: Habe and Okutani, 1975, p. 120, 228; Higo and Goto 1993, p. 220; Choe et al., 1995, p. 95; Choe and Park, 1999, p. 102; Okutani et al., 2000, pp. 456, 457, pl. 227, fig. 26; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 157, pl. 72, B-B. Pseudoliomesus ooides ooides: Higo et al., 1999, p. 227; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, p. 218, fig Shell medium in size for the genus, up to 40 mm in height, moderately inflated fusiform in outline, thick and solid. Whorls nearly 6 in number of turns, poorly inflated with deeply impressed sutures. Spire relatively low, about 25% total height of shell. Apical angle about 34 degrees. Protoconch pointed and early teleoconch whorls were erodes, pale gray or white in color. Each whorl gradually increases in diameter and gently inflated with deeper suture. The upper part of whorl narrow

20 12 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I and flatted ground. The spire narrowed shoulder. Body whorl moderately inflated in the middle and large, account for 75% of the height in the shell. Periphery whorl moderately smooth and with rounded shoulder. Base of whorl roundly curved, and then connected with siphonal projection. Outer surface dull and covered with thick periostracum tinted with brownish green or grayish white but, mostly stripped off early teleoconch whorls and upper side in suture. Especially, ventral site of body whorl polish. Shell surface in the body whorl with weak growth lines, overlaid by crowded sharp spinal threads and groove. Siphonal canal moderately broad and weakly twisted to dorsal region and anterior canal moderately narrow. Aperture long ovate form and tinted with pale brownish orange or white within. Outer lip not turned out, the upper thick than thin down side. Lips usually colored white or brownish orange. Columella lips covered with glossy white or white brown callus and inner side in aperture white in color. Internal surface smooth and polished, glossy white in color. Callus heavy deposited inner to the outer columella lips, milky in color and define the boundary of parietal edge. Operculum wedge shape in outline, moderately small about half of aperture and its nucleus near the anterior end. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), Okhotsk Sea, Bering Sea, Kurile Island. KOREA: GW. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 5 specimens (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 5.x.2007); 2 specimens (Samcheok, Gangwon-do: 6.vi.2007). REMARKS: This species is similar to Pseudoliomesus nux in Russia, but differ from that well developed spiral sculpture and the weakly twist of siphonal projection. Subfamily Neptuneinae Stimpson, 1865 Mae-mul-go-dung-a-gwa ( ) Shells usually fusiform with a moderately high spire, large body whorl and a moderately to long siphonal canal. Shell surface with axial or spiral sculpture. Apperculum ovate, thin, horny, and has a terminal nucleus. This subfamily includes the genera Retimohnia, Colus, Plicifusus, and Neptunea in Korea. GENERA 11 (4 in Korea), species 97 (5 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Temperate and cold seas. Key to the genera of subfamily Neptuneinae 1. High conical spire, body whorl narrowed Plicifusus Spire relatively short, body whorl well inflated Neptunea

21 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Plicifusus 13 Genus Plicifusus Dall, 1902 Sae-ro-ju-reum-go-dung-sok ( ) Shell small to moderate size, fusiform with high spire and thick axial ribs, protoconch small, siphonal canal short, straight or twisted. Aperture lunate with thin and sharp expanded outer lip, columella narrowly calloused. Type species: Fusus kroyeri Möller SPECIES 19 (5 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: East Sea, Okhotsk Sea. 4. Plicifusus (Plicifusus) aurantius (Dall, 1907) (Pl. 4) Bang-chu-mul-re-go-dung ( ) Tritonofusus (Plicifusus) aurantius. Dall, 1907, pp. 160, 161. Plicifusus aurantius: Teramachi, 1933, pp. 364, 365, figs ; Chiba and Kosuge, 1980, pp. 3 6; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 216; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 102; Okutani et al., 2000, pp. 464, 465, pl. 231, fig. 62; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 195, pl. 99A B. Plicifusus Plicifusus aurantius: Higo et al., 1999, p. 230; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 121; Min et al., 2004, p. 221, fig Plicifusus (Latifusus) wakasanus Dall, 1918: 227, Hirase, 1934, p. 72, pl. 102, fig. 12; Kuroda, 1936, p Plicifusus (Latifusus) wakasanus: Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 87, 306, figs Shell small to medium for the genus, up to 40 mm in height, not well inflated fusiform in outline, thick and solid. Whorls nearly 5 in number of turns. Spire relatively high, about 36% total height of shell. Apical angle about 28 degrees. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls erode, pale gray or white in color. Each whorl gradually increases in diameter and not well inflated with weakly constricted. Upper part of whorl sloped and narrow ground. Each spire almost without the angular shoulder. Body whorl little inflated in the middle and large, account for 63% of the height in the shell. Usually 20 axial ribs on periphery of body whorl. Base of whorl gently rounded, and then connected with siphonal projection. Siphonal projection short and straight. Outer surface dull and covered with thick periostracum tinted with greenish brown but, mostly stripped off early teleoconch whorls and in some places. Shell surface with dense and fine spiral threads, axial ribs appearance each whorls but, stripped off early teleoconch whorls. Siphonal canal moderately narrow and weakly twisted to dorsal region. Aperture lunate in shape and white or yellowish in color. Callus heavy deposited from inner to columella lips with slight yellowish tint. Outer lip not reflected, thin and fragile, tinted with white or yellowish. Columella lips tinted with glossy white or yellow and inner side in aperture yellowish brown in color. Internal surface smooth and polished, glossy white and yellow in color. Operculum wedge shape in outline, moderately large about half of aperture and its nucleus near the anterior end.

22 14 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), Okhotsk Sea. KOREA: GW. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 21 specimens (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 12.ii.2006). REMARKS: This species is most nearly related to Plicifusus rhyssus (Dall, 1907), but differ from that spire lower, siphonal projection shorter, and without fasciole than similar species. Genus Neptunea Röding, 1798 Mae-mul-go-dung-sok ( ) Shell medium to large, up to 200 mm in height, rather thick and solid. Body whorl well inflated and large, each spire moderately low, strong spiral ribs on shoulder angle. Aperture broad and callus deposition inner and columellar lips. Operculum large, irregularly triangular with a terminal nucleus. Type species: Murex antiques Linnaeus, SPECIES 32 (12 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: East Sea, Okhotsk Sea, Bering Sea. Key to the species of genus Neptunea 1. Surface rough, with spiral ribs 2 Surface smooth or with obsolete spiral ribs 6 2. Shell medium in size, body whorl moderately inflated 3 Shell large in size, body whorl well inflated 5 3. Suture impressed clearly 4 Suture shallow, spires not swelled N. (N.) intersculpta 4. Spiral sulcus deep, spires shouldered above (N.) lyrata Spiral sulcus shallow, spires not shouldered above N. (N.) elegantula 5. Spires shoulder angulate N. (N.) polycostata polycostata Spires shoulder rounded N. (N.) constricta 6. Siphonal canal short N. (B.) arthritica Siphonal canal long 7 7. Spires shouldered above, with obsolete spiral ribs N. (B.) cumingi Spires not shouldered above, with spiral threads N. (B.) subdilatata 5. Neptunea (Neptunea) polycostata polycostata Scarlato, 1952 (Pl. 5) Buk-bang-mae-mul-go-dung ( ) Neptunea satura var. polycostata Scarlato, 1952, p. 120, 121. Neptunea polycostata: Habe and Ito, 1965, p. 64, pl. 22, fig. 1; Okada, 1967, p. 117; Kang et al., 1971, p.

23 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Neptunea 15 61; Yoo, 1976, p. 76, pl. 14, fig. 13; Habe and Okutani, 1975, p. 126, 176; Je, 1989, p. 22, no. 284; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 220; Igor and Boris, 1993, p. 51, pl. 50, figs. 1 4; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 102; Okutani et al., 2000, pp. 466, 467, pl. 232, fig. 72; Alexeyev, 2003, p. 113, pl. 43, figs. 2, 3; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 193, pl. 97E F. Neptunea (Neptunea) polycostata: Choe et al., 1995, p. 95. Neptunea (Neptunea) polycostata polycostata: Higo et al., 1999, p. 231; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 552; Min et al., 2004, pp. 220, 221. fig Neptunea despecta (pars) sensu Hirase, 1907 non Linnaeus, Neptunea lirata Iw. Taki, Shell large for the genus, up to 200 mm in height, fusiform in outline, thick and solid. Whorls nearly 8 in number of turns, with moderately impressed sutures. Spire conical and low, about 20% total height of shell. Apical angle about 55 degrees. Protoconch small and acute, white gray in color. Each spire angulated shoulders and suture deep, oblique ground in upper part of whorl. Axial sculpture presented by irregularity growth lines and poorly axial plates one or two on last whorls. Sometimes axial plates almost absent. Each spire whorls sculptured with many fine and rough growth lines and 1 2 strong spiral keels. Body whorl swollen and large, account for 80% of the height in the shell and with 2 3 spiral ribs. Siphonal projection moderately long and weakly twisted backwards. Shell surface brown in color and periostracum yellowish, thin, and transparent. Body whorl is appeared brown spiral bands. Aperture broad semicircle in shape with sharp outer lip and angulated at shoulder, white to orange within. Siphonal canal hemitubular, weakly twisted and dorsally recurved. Callus white in color and well developed from inner to columellar lip. Siphonal fasciole poorly and columella weakly twisted. Internal surface smooth and polished, yellowish brown in color. Operculum large ovate in shape and its nucleus near the anterior end. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), South Kurile Island. KOREA: GW. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 6 specimens (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 12.ii.2006). REMARKS: This species resembles Neptunea constricta Dall in general appearance and size, but it differs from the Dall s species in having spiral keels and twisted columella with fasciole. 6. Neptunea (Neptunea) intersculpta (Sowerby, 1899) (Pl. 6) Jo-gak-mae-mul-go-dung ( ) Chrysodomus intersculptus Sowerby, 1899, pp. 371, 372, fig. 2. Neptunea intersculpta: Lee, 1956, p. 75; Habe and Ito, 1965, p. 69, pl. 25, fig. 3; Okada (ed.), 1967, p. 117; Kang et al., 1971, p. 61; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 125, 176; Yoo, 1976, p. 76, pl. 14, fig. 12; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 296, pl. 81, fig. 39-3; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 102; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 466, pl. 232, 467, fig. 73; Alexeyev, 2003, p. 105, pl. 39, fig. 1; Kantor and Sysoev, 2003, p. 191, pl. 96G. Neptunea (Neptunea) intersculpta: Choe et al., 1995, p. 95; Higo et al., 1999, p. 231; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 123; Min et al., 2004, pp. 222, 223, figs , 2. Neptunea antiqua japonica Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1912.

24 16 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I Chrysodomus kelseyi Baker, Neptunea yokomai Oyama in Taki and Oyama, Chrysodomus phoeniceus Yokoyama, Shell large for the genus, up to 140 mm in height, fusiform in outline, rather thin for the genus but solid. Whorls nearly 8 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls not eroded, acute, white gray in color. Spire relatively low, about 30% total height of shell. Apical angle about 29 degrees. Each whorl a little inflated with moderately constricted suture. Each whorl ornamented with 3 to 4 thick spiral ribs and groove. Suture moderately deep and oblique stairs ground in upper part of whorl. Body whorl large, account for 70% of the height in the shell, moderately inflated and the shoulder angulated by strong spiral rib. Usually spiral ribs on body whorl, especially, strong 3 4 spiral ribs presented in periphery of whorl. On the base of body whorl and siphonal projection spiral ridges become lower and rather indistinct. Siphonal projection moderately short and anterior siphonal canal hemitubular and slightly recurved backwards. Axial sculpture poorly presented by irregular growth lines. Shell surface almost white, grey or yellowish-pink to brown in color. Periostracum yellowish or greenish, thin, transparent. Aperture broadly lunate with thin and the outer lip roughly curved by spiral ribs, pale brownish and glossy within. Callus extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip. Color of inner lip yellowish brown, but columellar lip white and glossy. Siphonal fasciole poorly raised and columella slightly twisted. Internal surface of shell smooth and polished, yellowish brown in color. Operculum ovate and its nucleus near the anterior end. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), Okhotsk Sea, Bering Sea. KOREA: GW, GB. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 12.ii.2006); 3 specimens (Jumunjin, Gangwon-do: 16.x.2006); 1 specimen (Gampo, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 6.vi.2007). REMARKS: This species resembles Neptunea elegantula Ito and Habe in general appearance, but it differs from the Ito and Habe s species in having narrower shell shape, longer siphonal projection and straight. 7. Neptunea (Neptunea) constricta (Dall, 1907) (Pl. 7) Myeong-ju-mae-mul-go-dung ( ) Chrysodomus insularis var. constrictus Dall, 1907, pp. 153, 154. Neptunea constricta: Kang et al., 1971; Choe, 1992, p. 382, pl. 98, figs. 168a, b; Igor and Boris, 1993, p. 44, pl. 38, fig. 1; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 102; Okutani et al., 2000, pp. 468, 469, pl. 233, fig. 77; Alexeyev, 2003, p. 98, pl. 34, fig. 1; Kantor and Sysoev, 2003, pl. 95F. Neptunea constricta constricta: Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 125, 229; Chiba and Kosuge, 1988, pp ; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 296, p. 81, fig Neptunea (Neptunea) constricta: Higo et al., 1999, p. 231; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 124; Min et al., 2004, pp. 222, 223, fig Chrysodomus eulimatus Dall, Chrysodomus vladivostokensis Bartsch, 1926.

25 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Neptunea 17 Shell large for the genus, up to 200 mm in height, obese fusiform in outline, from moderate in thickness to thick and massive, solid. Whorls nearly 8 in number of turns, well inflated with deeply impressed sutures. Protoconch small and mamillate, white gray in color. Early teleoconch whorls not eroded. The spire conical, relatively low, about 28% total height of shell. Apical angle about 49 degrees. Each whorl ornamented with 3 to 4 spiral ribs. Suture moderately deep and oblique stairs ground in upper part of whorl. Body whorl large, account for 71% of the height in the shell and well inflated. The shoulder angulated by spiral rib. Usually none predominant 20 spiral ribs on body whorl, especially, strong 2 3 spiral ribs presented in periphery of whorl and the 2 3 spiral threads existence between the spiral ribs. On the base of body whorl and siphonal projection spiral ridges become lower and rather indistinct. The siphonal projection moderately short and anterior siphonal canal hemitubular and twisted to backwards. Shell surface covered with periostracum, yellowish brown, thin, transparent. The aperture broadly lunate with thin and curved outer lip and yellowish or pale to light brown. The callus extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip and brownish orange or white in color. Siphonal fasciole poorly raised and columella slightly twisted. The internal surface smooth and polished, yellowish brown in color. The operculum ovate and its nucleus near the anterior end. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea). KOREA: GW. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 5 specimens (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 15.x.2007); 6 specimens (Jumunjin, Gangwon-do: 16.x.2007). REMARKS: This species resembles Neptunea amianta Dall, but it differs from the Dall s species in having elongate spire, deep suture, weak spiral ribs, and long siphonal projection. 8. Neptunea (Neptunea) lyrata (Gmelin, 1789) (Pl. 8) Buk-hae-do-mae-mul-go-dung ( ) Buccinum lyrata Gmelin, 1789, p. 3531, sp Neptunea lyrata: Lee, 1956, p. 75; Chiba and Kosuge, 1988, pp ; Je, 1989, p. 22; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 102; Alexeyev, 2003, p. 109, pl. 41, figs. 1, 2. Neptunea lyrata lyrata: Kantor and Sysoev, 2003, p. 193, pl. 97C. Neptunea (Neptunea) lyrata: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 222; Igor and Boris, 1993, p. 47, pl. 43, fig. 1, pl. 44, figs. 1 4, pl. 45, figs. 1, 2; Higo et al., 1999, p. 232; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 123; Min et al., 2004, p. 225, fig Neptunea despecta Hirase, Cymatium (Linatella) pacificum Dall, Shell large for the genus, up to 145 mm in height, fusiform in outline, moderate in thickness to thick and solid. Whorls nearly 8 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls not eroded, small, acute, white gray in color. The spire relatively low, about 30% total height of shell. Apical angle about 45 degrees. Each whorl non inflated with moderately constricted suture, but indistinct. Spiral sculpture presented by strong elevated keels, 9 11 spiral keels on body whorl,

26 18 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I and 2 3 keels on whorls of spire. Each shoulder keels the strongest. Interspaces between keel smooth or spiral threads presented. Suture moderately shallow and each spire indistinct. Body whorl large, account for 70% of the height in the shell, moderately inflated and the shoulder angulated by strong spiral keel. On the base of body whorl and siphonal projection spiral ridges become lower, but moderately distinct. The siphonal projection moderately long and anterior siphonal canal hemitubular and curved backwards. Axial sculpture poorly presented by irregular fine growth lines. Shell surface almost yellowish pink to brown in color. Periostracum yellowish brown, thin, transparent, irregularly stripped off from place to place. The aperture narrow ovate, anterior canal long. Outer lip thin, fragile and roughly curved by spiral ribs, pale brownish and glossy within. The callus is weak extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip. The color of inner and columellar lip white and glossy. Siphonal fasciole presented and columella slightly twisted. Internal surface of shell smooth and polished, yellowish white in color. The operculum ovate and its nucleus near the anterior end. SIZE: Shell height 145 mm, width 70 mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), Okhotsk Sea. KOREA: GW. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 15.x.2007). REMARKS: This species resembles Neptunea elegantula Habe and Ito, but it differs from Habe and Ito s species in having shallow suture, strong spiral ribs. 9. Neptunea (Neptunea) elegantula Ito and Habe, 1965 (Pl. 9) Gulg-eun-go-ri-mae-mul-go-dung ( ) Neptunea (Neptunea) elegantula Ito and Habe, 1965, pp Neptunea (Neptunea) elegantula: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 222; Higo et al., 1999, p. 233; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 123; Min et al., 2004, p. 225, fig Neptunea elegantula: Okutani et al., 2000, p. 471, pl. 234, fig. 84. Shell large for the genus, up to 150 mm in height, fusiform in outline, moderate in thickness to thick and solid. Whorls nearly 8 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls not eroded, small, moderately inflated, white gray in color. The spire relatively high, about 35% total height of shell. Apical angle about 40 degrees. Each whorl weakly inflated with more less indistinct suture. Spiral sculpture presented by moderately strong ribs, spiral ribs on body whorl, especially 3 ribs on periphery whorl, strong and 3 ribs on whorls of spire regular thickness. Interspaces between ribs smooth or spiral threads presented. Suture shallow and each spire boundary is indistinct. Body whorl large, account for 64% of the height in the shell, moderately inflated and periphery whorl rounded, the shoulder slope angulated. On the base of body whorl and siphonal projection spiral ridges become lower and rather indistinct. The siphonal projection moderately long and anterior siphonal canal hemitubular and strongly curved backwards. Axial sculpture poorly presented by irregular fine growth lines. Shell surface almost yellowish-pink to brown in color. Periostracum yellowish brown, thin, transparent and irregularly stripped off from place to place. Aperture ovate, anterior canal long. The outer lip thin, fragile and undulated by spiral ribs,

27 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Neptunea 19 brownish and weakly glossy within. Callus weak extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip. The color of inner lip yellowish brown, but columellar lip white and glossy. Siphonal fasciole weakly presented and columella strongly twisted. The internal surface of shell smooth and polished, yellowish white in color. The operculum ovate and its nucleus near the anterior end. SIZE: Shell height 130 mm, width 70 mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea). KOREA: GW. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 12.ii.2006); 3 specimens (Geojin, Gangwondo: 15.x.2007). REMARKS: This species resembles Neptunea lyrata Gmelin, but it differs from Gmelin s species in having strong spiral ribs and deeper suture. 10. Neptunea (Barbitonia) arthritica (Bernardi, 1858) (Pl. 10) Gwan-jeol-mae-mul-go-dung ( ) Fusus arthriticus Bernardi, 1858, pp. 386, 387, figs. 3, 3a. Neptunea arthritica: Lee, 1956, p. 75; Habe and Ito,1965, p. 61, pl. 20, fig. 3; Okada (ed.), 1967, p. 117; Kang et al., 1971, p. 61; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 125, 254; Yoo, 1976, p. 75, pl. 14, figs. 10, 11; Chiba and Kosuge, 1988, pp ; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 296, fig. 39-1; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 102; Alexeyev, 2003: p. 99, pl. 34, f. 3, 4 Neptunea (Barbitonia) arthritica: Choe, 1992, p. 383, pl. 98, figs. 169a, b; Igor and Boris, 1993, p. 45, pl. 41, figs. 1 4; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 222; Choe et al., 1995, p. 96, pl. 2, fig. 10; Higo et al., 1999, p. 233; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 473, pl. 235, fig. 88; Qi (ed.), 2004, p. 94, pl. 57, fig. 21. Fusus lurida A. Adams, 1863a, p Neptunea arthritica asamushi Nomura and Hatai, 1937, pp Neptunea arthritica miyata Nomura and Hatai, 1937, pp Neptunea arthritica tyosi Nomura and Hatai, 1937, pp Shell medium for the genus, up to 90 mm in height, ovate fusiform in outline, in thickness to thick and solid. Whorls nearly 6 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls not eroded moderately inflated papillary, glossy brown or white gray in color. The spire low conical form, about 22% total height of shell. Apical angle about 60 degrees. Each whorl poorly inflated with moderately distinct suture. Spiral sculpture presented by moderately strong nodules. 13 spiral nodules on body whorl, and 11 nodules on penultimate whorl. Suture shallow, but each spire boundary distinct. Sutural ramp sloped and make the angulated shoulder. Body whorl well inflated large, account for 77% of the height in the shell and the periphery rounded, with angulated shoulder. On the base of body whorl and siphonal projection are smooth. The siphonal projection short and anterior siphonal canal wide hemitubular and strongly curved backwards. Axial sculpture poorly presented by irregular fine growth lines. Shell surface almost gray white or pale brown in color. Periostracum moderate thick, yellowish brown, non transparent, most stripped off on shell. The aperture ovate with blunt outer lip, weakly angulated at shourder, inner and collumellar lips on brownish background. The callus glossy, weak extending from the inner lip to the columel-

28 20 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I lar lip. The weakly siphonal fasciole presented and columella twisted. The internal surface of shell smooth and polished, yellowish brown in color. The operculum ovate and its nucleus near the anterior end. SIZE: Shell height 90 mm, width 55 mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), East China Sea. KOREA: GW. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 8 specimens (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 15.x.2007), 11 specimens (Namae, Gangwon-do: 15.x.2007), 14 specimens (Jumunjin, Gangwon-do: 16.x.2007). REMARKS: This species is most nearly related to Neptunea (Barbitonia) cumingi Crosse in Korea water, but differ from that weak angulated periphery whorl, non lamellated node on body whorl, a dull surface color. 11. Neptunea (Barbitonia) cumingi Crosse, 1862 (Pl. 11) Gal-saeg-tti-mae-mul-go-dung ( ) Neptunea cumingi Crosse, 1862, pp , pl. 5, fig. 12. Neptunea arthritica cumingi: Habe and Ito, 1965, p. 61, pl. 20, fig. 1; Kang et al., 1971, p. 61; Habe, 1976, p. 59, pl. 30, fig. 4; Yoo, 1976, p. 78, pl. 1, figs. 3 5; Chiba and Kosuge, 1988, pp ; Je, 1989, p. 22; Qi et al., 1989, p. 63, pl. 6, fig. 11; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 296, p. 80, fig Neptunea (Barbitonia) cumingi: Choe, 1992, p. 384, pl. 97, figs. 170a, b; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 222; Choe et al., 1995, p. 96, pl. 2, fig. 11; Higo et al., 1999, p. 233: Lee and Min 2002, p. 123; Min et al., 2004, p. 225, fig Neptunea (Barbitonia) arthritica cumingi: Okutani et al., 2000, p. 473, pl. 235, fig. 89. Shell medium for the genus, up to 100 mm in height, ovate fusiform in outline, in thickness to thick and solid. Whorls nearly 6 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls not eroded moderately inflated papillary, pale brown or white gray in color. The spire low conical form, about 20% total height of shell. Apical angle about 58 degrees. Each whorl poorly inflated with moderately distinct suture. Spiral sculpture presented by strong nodules spiral nodules on body whorl, and nodules on penultimate whorl, sometime nodules on body whorl grow to fin processes. Suture shallow, but each spire boundary distinct. Sutural ramp sloped and make the angulated shoulder, with several spiral threads. Body whorl moderately inflated large, account for 79% of the height in the shell and the periphery with angulated shoulder. On the base of body whorl and siphonal projection smooth. The siphonal projection moderately short and anterior siphonal canal hemitubular and strongly curved backwards. Axial sculpture poorly presented by irregular fine growth lines. Shell surface milky brown with irregular dark brown spiral or axial band in quite variable by individual. Periostracum moderate thick, brown, non transparent, most stripped off on shell. The aperture broad ovate with blunt outer lip, weakly angulated at shoulder, inner and collumellar lips on brownish background. The callus glossy, weak extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip. The columella twisted, with siphonal fasciole. The internal surface of shell smooth and polished, yellowish brown in color. The operculum ovate and its nucleus near the anterior end.

29 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Neptunea 21 SIZE: Shell height 90 mm, width 55 mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea, Yellow Sea), East China Sea. KOREA: All provinces. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 18 specimens (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 15.x.2007). REMARKS: This species is most nearly related to Neptunea (Barbitonia) arthritica Bernardi in Korea water, but differ from that surface pattern, strong angulated periphery whorl, more strong nodules on body whorl. 12. Neptunea (Barbitonia) subdilatata Yen, 1936 (Pl. 12) Sang-tu-mae-mul-go-dung ( ) Siphonalia subdilatata Yen, 1936, p. 221, pl. 18, fig. 38. Neptunea subdilatata: Choe and Park, 1997, p Neptunea (Barbitonia) subdilatata: Qi et al., 1989, p. 63, pl. 6, fig. 7; Choe et al., 1995, p. 96; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 123; Min et al., 2004, p. 225, fig Neptunea koreana Yoo, 1976, p. 77, pl. 15, fig. 1; Habe, 1976: p. 148; Je, 1989, p. 22; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 297, fig Shell medium for the genus, up to 90 mm in height, ovate fusiform in outline, in thickness to thick and solid. Whorls nearly 7 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls not eroded moderately inflated papillary, glossy brown in color. The spire low conical form, about 25% total height of shell. Apical angle about 57 degrees. Each whorl flatted, but moderately distinct suture. Spiral sculpture presented by strong keels and costae. Carinate spiral keels on body whorl, but spiral ridges become lower and rather indistinct on penultimate whorl. Suture shallow, but each spire boundary distinct. Sutural ramp sloped and make the dull angulated shoulder on penultimate whorl. Body whorl moderately inflated large, account for 74% of the height in the shell and the periphery with angulated shoulder. On the base of body whorl and siphonal projection smooth, with numerous spiral threads. The siphonal projection relatively short and anterior siphonal canal hemitubular and weakly curved backwards. Axial sculpture poorly presented by irregular fine growth lines. Shell surface sculptured numerous spiral threads and yellowish brown, variable light tan to reddish brown blotches arranged in narrow and broad axial bands. Periostracum moderate thick, greenish brown, non transparent, most stripped off on shell. The aperture ovate with blunt outer lip, angulated at shoulder. The callus glossy brown and extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip. The columella lip twisted, with poorly raised siphonal fasciole. The internal surface of shell smooth and polished, yellowish brown in color. The operculum large, ovate and its nucleus near the anterior end. SIZE: Shell height 93 mm, width 52 mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea, Yellow Sea), East China Sea. KOREA: GW, GB, CN, GG. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (Imwon, Gangwon-do: 24.xi.2008); 1 specimen (Chaeseokpo, Chungcheongnam-do: 18.x.2008); 2 specimens (Jukbyeon, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 24.xi.2008).

30 22 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I REMARKS: This species is related to Neptunea (Barbitonia) cunmingi Crosse in Korea water, but differ from that surface pattern, relatively rounded body whorl, and shallow suture. Subfamily Siphonaliinae Finlay, 1928 Dwae-ji-go-dung-a-gwa ( ) Shell moderately inflated or slim, with shallow suture. Surface dull, brown or spotted pattern, periostracum mostly stripped off. Body whorl inflated with constricted base. Aperture lunate, edged outer lip. White or orange callus weakly deposited inner or columellar lip. This subfamily includes the genera Siphonalia and Kelletia in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002). GENERA 3 (2 in Korea), species 23 (9 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: East Sea, East China Sea, Okhotsk Sea. Key to the genera of subfamily Siphonaliinae 1. Outer surface of shell with sculpture spiral Siphonalia Outer surface of shell with shoulder nodules Kelletia Genus Siphonalia A. Adams, 1863 Dwae-ji-go-dung-sok ( ) Shell small-medium, thick and solid with conical spire. Body whorl inflated and large, with spiral threads or ridges. Aperture broad and wrinkled outer lip, callus thick covered inner and columellar lips. Siphonal projection short and twisted, with fasciole. Type species: Buccinum cassidariaeformis Reeve SPECIES ca. 14 (8 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: East Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea. Key to the species of genus Siphonalia 1. Shell width narrow, spire high S. spadicea Shell width wide, spire low 2 2. Shoulder angulated, with prominent nodules S. cassidariaeformis Shoulder rounded, without nodules S. fusoides

31 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Siphonalia Siphonalia cassidariaeformis (Reeve, 1846) (Pl. 13) Dwae-ji-go-dung ( ) Buccinum cassidariaeformis Reeve, 1846, sp. 11. Siphonalia cassidariaeformis: Okada, 1967, p. 121; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 259, pl. 45, figs. 8, 9; Kang et al., 1971, p. 61; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 118, 274; Je, 1989, p. 22; Choe, 1992, p. 394, pl. 104, figs. 180a, b; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 225; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 302, fig ; Choe et al., 1995, p. 96, pl. 3, fig. 3; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 102; Higo et al., 1999, p. 235; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 479, fig. 115; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 123; Min et al., 2004, p. 227, fig Buccium aestuosa Gould, Siphonalia corrugate A. Adams, 1863b, p Siphonalia grisea A. Adams, 1863b, p Siphonalia ornate A. Adams, 1863b, p Siphonalia cassidariaeformis tosana Y. Hirase, 1908, pp. 73, 401, pl. 41, figs Shell medium for the genus, up to 57 mm in height, ovate fusiform in outline, in thickness to thick and moderately strong. Whorls nearly 8 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls not eroded and pointed, with fine axial ribs that turn into nodules on shoulder and with deep spiral grooves. Spire conical form, about 27% total height of shell. Apical angle about 48 degrees. Each spire poorly inflated with shallow suture, but distinct in profile. Sutural ramp sloped and make the dull angulated shoulder on penultimate whorl. Body whorl inflated, account for 76% of the width and 72% of the height in the shell and rounded in periphery with poorly angulated shoulder. Base of body whorl and siphonal projection smooth, with numerous spiral threads. Siphonal projection relatively long and anterior siphonal canal hemitubular and strongly curved backwards. Axial sculpture presented by fine ribs, low shoulder nodule, and irregular growth lines in body whorl. Shell surface sculptured numerous spiral threads and yellowish or dark brown with white or brown bands, sometimes with reddish brown irregular patches. Aperture lunate, with many fine spiral ridges inside the outer lip which has a slightly groove. Outer lip thick, glossy white in color. A white thick callus on inner and columellar lips reflects over siphonal fasciole. Columella straight and twisted in basal end. A fasciole bulged with umbilical slit. Anterior siphonal canal twisted to backward and narrowly open. Inside of shell with polish, white and pale brown in color. Operculum small, ovate and its nucleus near the anterior end. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), East China Sea. KOREA: GB, JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 3 specimens (Bokildo, Jeollanam-do: 10.i.2009). REMARKS: This species is most nearly related to Siphonalia signa (Reeve) in Japan water, but differ from that lower shoulder nodules, developed spiral cords, and without reddish spiral bands than similar species.

32 24 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I 14. Siphonalia fusoides (Reeve, 1846) (Pl. 14) Min-heo-ri-dwae-ji-go-dung ( ) Buccinum fusoides Reeve, 1846, sp. 9 (non sp. 64) Siphonalia fusoides: Okada, 1967, p. 121; Kang et al., 1971, p. 61; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 118, 237; Yoo, 1976, pl. 16, fig. 54; Je, 1989, p. 22; Choe, 1992, pp. 394, 395, pl. 104, figs. 181a, b; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 225; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 302, 303, fig ; Choe et al., 1995, p. 96, pl. 3, fig. 4; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 102; Higo et al., 1999, p. 236; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 479, fig. 118; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 123; Min et al., 2004, p. 227, fig. 606; Qi et al., 2004, p. 95, pl. 57, fig. k. Siphonalia longirostris Dunker, 1882, p. 16, pl. 1, figs. 13, 14. Siphonalia semiplicata Pilsbry, 1896, p. 21. Shell medium for the genus, up to 55 mm in height, ovate fusiform in outline, moderately thin but solid. Whorls nearly 8 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls not eroded and pointed no axial rib present, with many spiral threads. Spiral threads turn into spiral ridges on body whorls with many intercalated grooves. Spire high conical form, about 26% total height of shell. Apical angle about 48 degrees. Each spire poorly inflated with shallow suture, but distinct in profile. Sutural ramp steep sloped and no angulated shoulder on penultimate whorl. Body whorl inflated, account for 92% of the width and 73% of the height in the shell and rounded in periphery. Base of body whorl and siphonal projection moderately smooth, with numerous thin spiral ridges. Siphonal projection relatively long and anterior siphonal canal hemitubular and slightly curved backwards. Sculptured numerous, thin spiral ridges throughout the entire surface. Outside of shell generally light brown, with white spiral lines. Aperture lunate, with many fine spiral ridges inside the outer lip which has a slightly groove. Outer lip moderately thick, white brown in color. A white thick callus on inner and columellar lips reflects over siphonal fasciole. Columella straight and then slight elbow at its basal end and fasciole poorly bulged. Inside of shell polish and pale brown in color. Operculum small, ovate and its nucleus near the anterior end. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea). KOREA: GB, GN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 3 specimens (Heunghae, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 14.ix.2005). REMARKS: This species is most nearly related to Siphonalia cassidariaformis Reeve in Korean water, but differ from that well developed axial ribs and siphonal fasciole. 15. Siphonalia spadicea (Reeve, 1846) (Pl. 15) Ga-neun-dwae-ji-go-dung ( ) Buccinum spadicea Reeve, 1846, sp. 64. (non sp. 9) Siphonalia spadicea: Kira, 1954, p. 67, pl. 26, fig. 13; Habe and Ito, 1965, p. 79, pl. 30, fig. 1; Lee, 1956, p. 75; Kira, 1962, p. 73, pl. 27, fig. 13; Okada, 1967, p. 120; Kang et al., 1971, p. 61; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 118, 271; Je, 1989, p. 22; Choe, 1992, p. 393, pl. 103, figs. 179a, b; Higo and Goto,

33 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Kelletia , p. 225; Choe et al., 1995, p. 96, pl. 3, fig. 5; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 102; Higo et al., 1999, p. 236; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 481, fig. 123; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 123; Min et al., 2004, p. 227, fig. 611; Qi et al., 2004, p. 95, pl. 57, fig. i. Neptunea fuscolineata Pease, 1860: Lee, 1956, p. 75; Kang et al., 1971, p. 61; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 225; Min et al., 2004, p. 227, fig. 610; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 303, fig Siphonalia filosa A. Adams, 1863: Kira, 1954, p. 68, pl. 26, fig. 19; Kira, 1962, p. 74, pl. 27, fig. 19. Shell medium for the genus, up to 60 mm in height, narrow fusiform in outline, moderately thin but solid. Whorls nearly 9 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls not eroded and pointed, with many fine spiral threads or axial ribs overridden by spiral cords. Spire high conical form, about 43% total height of shell. Apical angle about 31 degrees. Each spire poorly inflated with shallow suture, indistinct in profile. Sutural ramp steeply sloped, slightly concave under the suture and no angulated shoulder on spires. Body whorl suitably inflated, account for 83% of the width and 57% of the height in the shell and rounded in periphery. Base of body whorl and siphonal projection moderately smooth, with numerous fine spiral threads. Siphonal projection relatively long and anterior siphonal canal hemitubular and strongly curved backwards. Sculptured numerous, fine spiral threads throughout the entire surface. Sometime low to axial nodules at the shoulders. Outside of shell generally light brown, with regular intervals reddish brown spiral bands, under a thin brown periostracum. Aperture lunate, with many fine short ridges, not extending into the aperture. Outer lip thin, white brown in color. A white thick callus on inner and columellar lips reflects over siphonal fasciole. Columella straight and then slight elbow at its basal end and siphonal fasciole poorly bulged. Inside of shell polish and pale brown in color. Operculum small, ovate and its nucleus near the anterior end. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea, Yellow Sea), East China Sea. KOREA: JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 14 specimens (Wando, Jeollanam-do: 16.vii.2008). REMARKS: Siphonalia fuscolineata Pease 1860 was synonymized with this species (Reeve, 1846) by Habe and Ito (1965), although several authors still regarded both as distinct species. These species are closely resembled in profile, but slightly differ from that surface sculptured. Genus Kelletia Fischer, 1884 Mae-kkeun-i-go-dung-sok ( ) Shell medium, heavy and solid, white, fusiform. Body whorl poorly inflated and large, with axial nodules or ridges. Aperture moderately narrow and angulate shoulder, callus thick covered inner and columellar lips. Siphonal projection long and twisted, with fasciole. Type species: Siphonalia (Kelletia) kelletii Forbes, SPECIES ca. 2 (1 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: East Sea, North Pacific Ocean.

34 26 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I 16. Kelletia lischkei Kuroda, 1938 (Pl. 16) Mae-kkeun-i-go-dung ( ) Siphonalia kellettii Lischke, 1869, p. 38, pl. 3, figs. 3, 4. Kelletia lischkei: Lee, 1956, p. 76; Okada, 1967, p. 121; Kira, 1977, p. 69, pl. 26, fig. 30; Kang et al., 1971, p. 62; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 257, pl. 46, fig. 5; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 119, 273; Yoo, 1976, p. 80, pl. 16, fig. 9; Je, 1989, p. 22; Choe, 1992, p. 392, pl. 103, figs. 178a, b; Choe and Yoon, 1992, pp. 77, 78; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 226; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 304, fig ; Choe et al., 1995, p. 96, pl. 3, fig. 7; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 102; Higo et al., 1999, p. 237; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 481, fig. 129; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 123; Min et al., 2004, p. 229, fig Siphonalia kelletti Lischke, Kelletia kelletti: Habe and Okutani, 1975, p Shell mediun for the genus, up to 110 mm in height, narrow fusiform in outline, thick and solid. Whorls nearly 8 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls not eroded, small, pointed, white gray in color. Spire high conical form, about 35% total height of shell. Apical angle about 35 degrees. Each whorl slender with shallow suture, indistinct in profile. Sculpture of numerous, thin spiral threads throughout the entire surface and prominent spiral nodules at the shoulders. Suture shallow and indistinct each whorl boundary and sutural ramp slightly concave. Body whorl suitably inflated, account for 86% of the width and 67% of the height in the shell and angulated in periphery by nodules. On the base of body whorl and siphonal projection smooth and spiral threads throughout the end. Siphonal projection moderately long and straight, anterior siphonal canal broadly open and strongly curved backwards. Shell surface almost light gray to white brown in color. Aperture lunate and outer lip white, thin, fragile and angulated shoulder by spiral noduled and weakly glossy white or violet within. White callus thick extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip and covered fasciole. The Columella which has an elbow at its basal end, with bulge siphonal fasciole. Operculum narrow ovate and its nucleus near the anterior end. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), East China Sea. KOREA: GW, GB, JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 7 specimens (Jumunjin, Gangwon-do: 16.x.2006). REMARKS: This species is nearly related to Kelletia kelleti (Forbes) in North America, but differ from that lower shoulder nodule, developed fine spiral threads than similar species. Subfamily Pisaniinae Gray, 1857 Ta-rae-go-dung-a-gwa ( ) Shell generally small, elongate-fusiform in shape, more or less elongate spire. Outer surface with spiral or axial sculptured, ribbed or smooth, often reddish brown in color. Periostracum variably developed to absent. Aperture moderately long and narrow, with a rather short anterior siphonal

35 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Japeuthria 27 canal. Outer lip commonly thick, denticulate inside, sometimes with a shallow groove. Inner lip most of smooth. Operculum corneous, thin and small. This subfamily includes the genera Pollia, Pisania, Cantharus, Japeuthria, and Searlesia in Korea. GENERA ca. 40 (5 in Korea), species 23 (6 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: East Sea, East China Sea, Indo-Pacific Sea. Key to the genera of subfamily Pisaniinae 1. Outer surface of shell smooth Japeuthria Outer surface of shell with axial ribs Searlesia Genus Japeuthria Iredale, 1918 Ta-rae-go-dung-sok ( ) Shell generally small, thin, elongate-fusiform, more or less elongate spire. Body whorl inflated, relatively large. Surface without axial sculpture, smooth. Aperture moderately narrow and rounded shoulder. Outer lip commonly thin smooth or denticulate inside. Siphonal projection short, with fasciole and anterior siphonal canal short, open. Type species: Buccinum ferreum Reeve, SPECIES 2 (1 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: East China Sea, Western Pacific Sea. 17. Japeuthria ferrea (Reeve, 1847) (Pl. 17) Ta-rae-go-dung ( ) Buccinum ferreum Reeve, 1847, sp Pisania (Japeuthria) ferrea: Lee, 1956, p. 76; Kira 1977, p. 66, pl. 26, fig. 5. Japeuthria ferrea: Okada, 1967, p. 122; Kang et al., 1971, p. 61; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 257, pl. 44, figs. 12, 13; Yoo, 1976, p. 79, pl. 16, figs. 1, 2; Choe, 1992, pp. 390, 391. pl. 102, figs. 176a, b; Choe and Yoon, 1992, p. 77; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 228; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 301, fig ; Choe et al., 1995, p. 96, pl. 3, fig. 12; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 102; Higo et al., 1999, p. 239; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 487, fig. 158; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 123; Min et al., 2004, p. 229, fig Buccinulum (Japeuthria) ferrea: Je, 1989, p. 22. Fusus viridulus Dunker, 1861, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 16. Euthria ferrea smithi Kobelt, 1881, p Shell mediun for the genus, up to 40 mm in height, elongate fusiform in outline, thin but solid. Whorls nearly 7 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls not eroded, small, pointed, dark brown in color. Spire moderately high conical form, about 42% total height of shell.

36 28 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I Apical angle about 27 degrees. Each whorl inflated with deep suture, distinct in profile. Outer surface of shell smooth and polish. Sculpture of surface smooth, minute growth and spiral threads on body whorl base. Suture moderately deep and indistinct each whorl boundary and sutural ramp slightly concave. Body whorl suitably inflated, account for 89% of the width and 57% of the height in the shell and rounded shoulder. On the base of body whorl and siphonal projection smooth and glossy, with only spiral threads at the anterior end. Siphonal projection short, anterior siphonal canal open and weakly curved backwards. Shell surface dark brown in color. Aperture moderately narrow lunate and outer lip reddish brown, thin, fragile and rounded shoulder and glossy dark blue within. Sometime inside the outer lip which has a slightly serrate. Callus thin, translucent, extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip and covered siphonal fasciole. Columella with straight at basal end, with bulge siphonal fasciole. Operculum corneous, narrow ovate and its nucleus near the anterior end. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), East China Sea. KOREA: GN, JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 6 specimens (Yeocheon, Jeollanam-do: 16.vii.2008); 25 specimens (Hanrim, Jeju-do: 23.vii.2010). REMARKS: This species is nearly related to Japeuthria cingulata (Reeve) in Japan, but differ from that higher spire, deeper suture than similar species. Genus Searlesia Harmer, 1915 Gin-ppul-mae-mul-go-dung-sok ( ) Shell generally small, thin, elongate-fusiform, elongate spire. Body whorl more or less inflated, relatively large. Surface numerous axial or spiral sculptures, rough. Aperture moderately narrow, ound or slight elbow shoulder. Outer lip thin, slightly serrate, denticulate inside. Siphonal projection moderately long or short, with fasciole and anterior siphonal canal narrowly open. Type species: Trophon costiferum Wood, SPECIES 3 (1 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: East Sea, Okhotsk Sea, Western Pacific Sea. 18. Searlesia modesta (Gould, 1860) (Pl. 18) Gin-ppul-mae-mul-go-dung ( ) Fusus modestus Gould, 1860, p Searlesia modesta: Okada, 1967, p. 122; Kang et al., 1971, p. 62; Je, 1989, p. 22; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 305, fig ; Higo et al., 1999, p. 240; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 487, fig. 160; Lee and Min 2002, p. 123; Min et al., 2004, p. 231, fig. 619.

37 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Buccinum 29 Euthria fuscolabiata E.A. Smith, 1875: Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 45, pl. 13, fig. 13; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 116, 174; Choe, 1992, pp. 391, 392, pl. 102, fig. 177; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 228; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 305, fig ; Choe et al., 1995, p. 96; Choe and Park 1997, p Euthria hokkaidonis Pilsbry, Searlesia constricta Dall, Shell mediun for the genus, up to 36 mm in height, elongate fusiform in outline, moderately thin but solid. Whorls nearly 10 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls not eroded, small, pointed, yellowish brown in color. Spire high conical form, about 43% total height of shell, with axial ribs overridden by many slender spiral cords. Spire whorls somewhat inflated, suture deep and indistinct each whorl boundary and sutural ramp concave. Apical angle about 21 degrees. Outer surface of shell rough and pale. Sculpture of surface relatively deep, with axial ridges and numerous fine ridges. Body whorl suitably inflated, account for 86% of the width and 57% of the height in the shell and rounded shoulder. On the base of body whorl and siphonal projection, without axial ridges, only spiral ridges at the anterior end. Siphonal projection moderately long, anterior siphonal canal narrowly open and strongly curved backwards. Shell surface yellowish brown in color coverd with thick brown periostracum, but most case stripped. Aperture moderately narrow lunate and outer lip which has a slight serrate, sharp margin and angulate shoulder. Inside the outer lip which has a narrow spiral grooves. Callus thick, opaque white color, extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip and covered fasciole. Columella weakly curve at basal end. Siphonal fasciole weakly bulge, with slit umbilicus. Operculum corneous, narrow ovate and its nucleus near the anterior end. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), Okhotsk Sea. KOREA: GW, GB, GN, JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Sacheon, Gangwon-do: 16.x.2007). REMARKS: This species is nearly related to Searlesia dira (Reeve) in North America, but differ from that higher spire, more developed axial ribs, and deeper suture than similar species. Subfamily Buccininae Rafinesque, 1815 Mul-re-go-dung-a-gwa ( ) Shell ovate-conical to fusiform in shape, globose, generally with high spire and large body whorl. Outer surface smooth or with axial and spiral elements of sculpture. Periostracum usually prominent. Aperture moderately small, ovate to rounded, anterior siphonal canal broadly open and short. Operculum corneous, with its nucleus near the anterior end or submedian. Subfamily Buccininae includes the genera Buccinum, Reticubuccinum, and Volutharpa in Korea. GENERA 7 (3 in Korea), species 101 (23 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Temperate and cold seas.

38 30 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I Key to the genera of subfamily Buccininae 1. Surface moderately smooth or developed spiral ribs Buccinum Surface reticulated by crossing axial and spiral ribs Reticubuccinum Genus Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758 Mul-re-go-dung-sok ( ) Shell small to moderate size, dull-gray to whitish, fusiform with convex whorls and impressed suture, siphonal canal short, straight or twisted. Surface smooth or sculpture of axial and spiral cords. Aperture wide, but operculum relatively small, ovate, with the nucleus off to one side. Columella narrowly calloused, with fine anterior folds or denticles. Type species: Buccinum undatum Linnaeus, SPECIES ca. 80 (18 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Temperate and cold seas. Key to the species of genus Buccinum 1. Surface rough, with axial and spiral ribs 2 Surface smooth 6 2. Sculpture prominent by spiral ribs 3 Sculpture prominent by axial ribs 5 3. Spiral ribs strong in body whorl and continuous B. verkruzeni Spiral ribs weak in body whorl and discontinuous 4 4. Body whorl angulate shoulder B. mirandum koreanum Body whorl round B. yokomaruae 5. Spire high, body whorl weakly inflate B. ochotensis ochotensis Spire low, body whorl inflate B. middendorffi 6. Spire high, surface smooth 7 Spire low, with spiral and axial threads 8 7. Suture below distinctly shouldered B. bayani Suture below indistinctly shouldered B. striatissimum 8. Periostracum thin, rounded shoulder 9 Periostracum thick, angulate shoulder Shell moderately thick, weak spiral ridges B. osagawai Shell very thin, strong spiral ridges B. tenuissimum 10. Groove of suture below moderately shallow B. rossicum Groove of suture below deep B. kushiroensis

39 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Buccinum Buccinum opisoplectum Dall, 1907 (Pl. 19) Se-go-ri-mul-re-go-dung ( ) Buccinum opisoplectum Dall, 1907, p Buccinum opisoplectum: Habe and Ito, 1965, p. 62, pl. 21, fig. 2; Habe, 1976, p. 59, pl. 30, fig. 5; Ito, 1989, p. 48, pl. 8, fif. 2; Ito, 1990, p. 95; Igor and Boris, 1993, p. 24, pl. 17, figs. 6 8; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 230; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 298, fig. 39-9; Choe et al., 1995, p. 96, pl. 3, fig. 14; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 101; Higo et al., 1999, p. 240; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 489, pl. 243, fig. 167; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 123, fig. 136; Min et al., 2004, p. 231, fig. 623; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 171, pl. 82C D. Shell mediun for the genus, up to 86 mm in height, elongate fusiform in outline, rather thick and solid. Whorls nearly 8 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls pointed, with several indistinct axial ribs, yellowish brown in color. Spire high conical form, about 41% total height of shell, with thick 2 3 spiral ribs and many intercalated threads. Spire whorls inflated, deeply constricted suture, sharply dented and sutural ramp slightly sloped. Suture below which present irregular thick folds. Apical angle about 37 degrees. Outside of shell covered of a thin and yellowish brown periostracum. Sculpture of surface a strong 2 3 spiral ribs each whorl and spiral threads throughout on the shell. Body whorl well inflated, with strong 3 spiral ribs. Width of body whorl account for 80% of the shell width and 58% of the height in the shell and angulated shoulder by thick spiral rib. On the base of body whorl and siphonal projection, with numerous spiral threads at the anterior end. Siphonal projection short, anterior siphonal canal widely open and strongly curved backwards. Aperture wide ovate, outer lip which has a recurved and serrate, glossy white. Inside the aperture which has brown spiral band. Callus thick, opaque white color and glossy, extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip and covered siphonal fasciole. Columella straight, with weakly folds at basal end. Siphonal fasciole weakly bulge, without slit umbilicus. Operculum corneous, narrow ovate and its nucleus near the submedian. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), Okhotsk Sea. KOREA: GW, GB. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 14 specimens (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 12.ii.2006). REMARKS: S. verkruzeni Kobelt is nearly related to this species, but differ from that larger, thick and rough periostracum, spiral ribs of discontinuity by strong axial ribs, and deeper suture than this species. 20. Buccinum middendorffi Verkrüzen, 1882 (Pl. 20) Mi-ten-do-reu-peu-mul-re-go-dung ( ) Buccinum middendorffii Verkrüzen, 1882, pp. 213, 214. Buccinum middendorffii: Pilsbry, 1907, p. 245, pl. 19, fig. 4; Habe and Ito, 1965, p. 65, pl. 23, figs. 2, 3; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 123, 175; Igor and Boris, 1993, p. 23, pl. 16, fig. 7; Higo and Goto 1993, p. 231; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 299, fig ; Choe et al., 1995, p. 96; Choe and Park 1997, p. 101;

40 32 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I Higo et al., 1999, p. 241; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 491, pl. 244, fig. 167; Alexeyev, 2003, p pl. 60, fig. 5; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 123; Min et al., 2004, p. 231, fig. 624; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 169, pl. 81I J. Tritonium (Buccinum) undatum var. schantarica Middendorff, Shell small for the genus, up to 60 mm in height, fusiform in outline, rather thin but moderately solid. Whorls nearly 7 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls pointed, with several fine axial ribs, white brown in color. Spire conical form, about 30% total height of shell, with irregular thick axial ribs and overridden by many spiral threads. In female which has rather weakly poorly axial ribs. Each spire whorls well inflated, suture deep and constricted distinct each whorl boundary. Suture below which present irregular thick folds but vanishing towards base. Apical angle about 46 degrees. Outside of shell covered of a thick and yellowish brown periostracum, but most off stripped. Sculpture of surface a thick and obliquely axial ribs each whorl and fine spiral threads throughout on the shell. Body whorl well inflated, with thick and dull obliquely axial ribs. On the base of body whorl and siphonal projection, without axial ridges, only spiral ridges at the anterior end. Width of body whorl account for 94% of the shell width and 69% of the height in the shell and roundly shoulder. Siphonal projection short, anterior siphonal canal widely open and strongly curved backwards. Aperture wide ovate, outer lip which has a rounded and thin, glossy white. In males posterior margin shallowly sinuous and females with broader sinus. Inside the aperture smooth and white brown in color. Callus thick, opaque white color and glossy, extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip and covered fasciole. Columella straight, with weakly folds at basal end. Fasciole weakly bulge, without slit umbilicus. Operculum corneous, narrow ovate and its nucleus near the submedian. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), Okhotsk Sea. KOREA: GW, GB. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 9 specimens (Chilpori, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 8.vi.2007). REMARKS: In Japan, Buccinum mirandium Smith is nearly related to this species, but differ from that large in shell, thicker axial ribs on whorl body, and thicker and wider outer lip than this species. 21. Buccinum ochotensis ochotensis (Middendorff, 1848) (Pl. 21) O-ho-cheu-keu-mul-re-go-dung ( ) Tritonium (Buccinum) ochotense Middendorff, 1848, p Buccinum ochotense: Abbott, 1974, p. 206; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 66, pl. 23, fig. 6; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 124, 183; Habe, 1976, p. 58, pl. 29, fig. 13; Igor and Boris, 1993, p. 26, pl. 19, figs. 1 3; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 232; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 300, fig ; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 101; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 491, pl. 244, fig. 177; Alexeyev, 2003, p. 120, pl. 46, figs. 3, 4. Buccinum ochotensis ochotensis: Higo et al., 1999, p. 242; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 123; Min et al., 2004, p. 231, fig Buccinum ochotense ochotense: Choe et al., 1995, p. 96; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 170, pl. 83A B. Buccinum ochotensis timessa Golikov, 1980.

41 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Buccinum 33 Shell small for the genus, up to 60 mm in height, fusiform in outline, rather thin but moderately solid. Whorls nearly 8 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls pointed, with several fine axial ribs, white brown in color. Spire high conical form, about 45% total height of shell, with irregularly thick 7 8 axial ribs and overridden by many spiral threads. Each spire whorls relatively inflated, suture deep and constricted distinct each whorl boundary. Suture wrinkles and below which present irregular thick folds. Apical angle moderately narrow, about 35 degrees. Outside of shell covered of a thin and yellowish brown periostracum, but most off stripped. Sculpture of surface a thick and irregular, obliquely axial ribs each whorl and fine spiral threads throughout on the shell. Spiral sculpture presented by thin ribs, initially low but become stronger on shoulder and periphery creating nodules at intersections. Body whorl well inflated, with thick and dull obliquely axial ribs. On the base of body whorl and siphonal projection, without axial ridges, only spiral ridges at the anterior end. Width of body whorl account for 83% of the shell width and 54% of the height in the shell, shoulder relatively rounded or dull angulated by spiral rib. Siphonal projection very short, anterior siphonal canal open and strongly curved backwards. Aperture wide ovate, outer lip which has a furrows and thin, glossy white. Inside the aperture with shallow grooved and yellow brown in color. Callus thick, opaque white color and glossy, extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip and covered fasciole. Columella straight, with weakly folds at basal end. Fasciole weakly bulge, without slit umbilicus. Operculum corneous, narrow ovate and its nucleus near the submedian. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), Okhotsk Sea. KOREA: GW, GB. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 3 specimens (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 12.ii.2006); 3 specimens (Geojin, Gangwondo: 15.x.2007). REMARKS: In Japan, Buccinum ochotensis declivis Habe and Ito is nearly related to this species, but differ from that higher spire in shell, with moderately fine several axial ribs on whorl body than this species. 22. Buccinum mirandum koreanum Choe, Yoon and Habe, 1992 (Pl. 22) Gulg-eun-ga-si-mul-re-go-dung ( ) Buccinum mirandum koreanum Choe, Yoon and Habe, 1992, pp. 25, 26. Buccinum mirandum koreanum: Choe, 1992, p. 397, pl. 106, figs. 184a, b; Choe et al., 1992, p. 25; Choe et al., 1995, p. 96, pl. 3, fig. 16; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 101; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 123; Min et al., 2004, p. 233, fig Shell small for the genus, up to 46 mm in height, fusiform in outline, rather thin but moderately solid. Whorls nearly 7 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls pointed, not eroded, with several fine spiral ribs, white brown in color. Spire high conical form, about 40% total height of shell, with thick 3 4 spiral ribs and sometimes with nodulose form. Each spire whorls relatively inflated, suture deep and constricted distinct each whorl boundary. Suture below which present weakly several spiral ribs. Apical angle moderately narrow, about 40 degrees. Outside of

42 34 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I shell generally light brown, sometimes dark brown, with lighter white spiral lines and nearly reddish brown irregular patches. Sculpture of surface only spiral, with a thick and nodulose spiral ribs and fine spiral threads between the spiral ribs on the shell. Spiral sculpture presented by thin ribs, initially low but become stronger on shoulder and periphery creating nodules at intersections. Body whorl well inflated, with thick and sometimes nodulose spiral ribs. On the base of body whorl and siphonal projection, with 1 2 thick spiral ribs and relatively wide in the space, several spiral threads at the anterior end. Width of body whorl account for 86% of the shell width and 59% of the height in the shell, shoulder angulated by nodulose spiral rib. Siphonal projection very short, anterior siphonal canal open and curved backwards. Aperture wide ovate, outer lip which has furrows by spiral ribs on outside and thin, glossy white. Inside the aperture with shallow grooved and yellow brown in color. Callus relatively thin, opaque white color and glossy, extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip and covered fasciole. Columella straight, with weakly folds at basal end. Fasciole weakly bulge, without slit umbilicus. Operculum corneous, narrow ovate and its nucleus near the submedian. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea). KOREA: GW, GB. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 54 specimens (Samcheok, Gangwon-do: 6.vi.2007). REMARKS: Buccinum plectrum Stimpson is nearly related to this species, but differs from that without spiral ribs, with dull and weakly axial ribs on shell. 23. Buccinum bayani (Jousseaume, 1883) (Pl. 23) Go-un-tti-mul-re-go-dung ( ) Tritonium bayani Jousseaume, 1883, pp. 191, 192, pl. 10, fig. 5. Buccinum bayani: Dall, 1907, p. 140; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 66, pl. 23, fig. 5; Kira, 1977, p. 71, pl. 27. fig. 14; Choe, 1992, p. 396, pl. 105, figs. 183a, b; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 233; Choe et al., 1995, p. 96, pl. 4, fig. 1; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 101; Ito, 1989, p. 48, pl. 7, fig. 13; Higo et al., 1999, p. 243; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 495, pl. 246, fig. 189; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 123; Alexeyev, 2003, p. 129, pl. 51, fig. 4; Min et al., 2004, p. 233, fig Buccinum aniwanum Dall, 1907: Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 75; Habe and Okutani 1975, p. 124; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 233; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 299; Choe et al., 1995, p. 96; Choe and Park 1997, p. 101; Higo et al., 1999, p. 243; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 495; Lee and Min 2002, 123; Min et al., 2004, p Shell large for the genus, up to 150 mm in height, fusiform in outline, moderately thick and solid. Whorls nearly 8 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls pointed, most of eroded of periostracum, white gray or white brown in color. Spire high conical form, about 43% total height of shell, with numerous fine spiral threads and crossed with growth lines presenting somewhat wrinkled appearance. Each spire whorls well inflated, with rounded shoulders, suture very deep and constricted distinct each whorl boundary, the below smooth and rounded. Apical

43 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Buccinum 35 angle moderately narrow, about 33 degrees. Outside of shell generally light brown, periostracum greenish brown, thin, transparent, and irregularly stripped off from place to place. Surface ornamented by crowded and fine spiral threads crossed by growth lines presenting fabric-like appearance. Body whorl very well inflated, smooth and rounded shoulder, presenting fabric-like appearance. On the base of the body whorl and siphonal projection smooth, with fine spiral threads and growth line at the anterior end. Width of body whorl account for 84% of the shell width and 56% of the height in the shell, shoulder smooth and rounded. Siphonal projection very short, anterior siphonal canal widely open and curved backwards. Aperture wide ovate, the upper side of outer lip thick and down side thin, glossy white. Inside the aperture with smooth and glossy and white in color. Callus relatively thick, opaque white color and glossy, extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip and covered fasciole. Columella straight, with weakly twisted at basal end. Operculum corneous, wide ovate and its nucleus near the submedian. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), Okhotsk Sea. KOREA: GW, GB. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 12.ii.2006). REMARKS: Buccinum striatissimum Sowerby is nearly related to this species, but differs from that slender fusiform in shape, higher spire, and deeper suture than this species. 24. Buccinum osagawai Habe and Ito, 1968 (Pl. 24) O-sa-ga-wa-mul-re-go-dung ( ) Buccinum osagawai Habe and Ito, 1968, pp. 1, 2, 4, 5, pl. 1, fig. 2. Buccinum osagawai: Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 124, 180; Igor and Boris, 1993, p. 19, pl. 12, figs. 2, 3; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 298, fig ; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 233; Choe et al., 1995, p. 97; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 102; Higo et al., 1999, p. 243; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 495, pl. 246, fig. 192; Lee and Min 2002, p. 123; Alexeyev, 2003, p. 132, pl. 53, fig. 1; Min et al., 2004, p. 233, fig. 632; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 171, pl. 83I. Shell large for the genus, up to 140 mm in height, fusiform in outline, moderately thick and solid. Whorls nearly 8 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls pointed, most of eroded of periostracum, white gray or white brown in color. Each spire whorls inflated, with rounded shoulders. Suture moderately deep and constricted distinct each whorl boundary, the below with 2 3 weakly nobulose spiral ribs. Apical angle moderately narrow, about 36 degrees. Outside of shell generally light brown, periostracum dark brown, thin, transparent, which is irregularly stripped off from place to place. Surface ornamented by crowded and fine spiral threads crossed by growth lines presenting fabric-like appearance. Body whorl inflated, smooth and rounded shoulder. On the base of the body whorl and siphonal projection smooth, with fine spiral threads and growth line at the anterior end. Body whorl width account for 82% of the shell width and 52% of the height in the shell, shoulder smooth and rounded. Siphonal projection very short, anterior siphonal canal widely open and weakly curved backwards. Aperture wide ovate, the

44 36 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I upper side of outer lip thick and extend, down side sharp and thin, glossy white. Inside the aperture with smooth and glossy and white in color. Callus relatively thick, opaque white color and glossy, extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip and covered fasciole. Columella straight, with weakly twisted at basal end. Operculum corneous, wide ovate and its nucleus near the submedian. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), Okhotsk Sea. KOREA: GW, GB. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 5 specimens (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 15.x.2007); 4 specimens (Namae, Gangwon-do: 15.x.2007); 7 specimens (Jukbyeon, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 6.vi.2007). REMARKS: This species resembles Buccinum striatissimum in general appearance and size, but it differs from the Sowerby s species in having more inflated spire and deeper sutures. 25. Buccinum striatissimum Sowerby, 1899 (Pl. 25) Mul-re-go-dung ( ) Buccinum striatissimum Sowerby, 1899, pp. 370, 371, fig. 1. Buccinum striatissimum: Dall, 1907, p. 140; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 75, pl. 28, fig. 1; Okada (ed.) 1967, p. 116; Kang et al., 1971, p. 61; Abbott, 1974, p. 206; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 124, 176; Je, 1989, p. 22; Choe, 1992, p. 395, pl. 105, figs. 182 a, b; Igor and Boris, 1993, p. 23, pl. 16, fig. 3; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 234; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 298, fig. 39-8; Choe et al., 1995, p. 97. pl. 4, fig. 2; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 102; Ito, 1990, p. 95, pl. 10, fig. 5; Higo et al., 1999, p. 243; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 495, pl. 246, fig. 194; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 124; Min et al., 2004, p. 235, fig. 633; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 175, pl. 84F. Shell large for the genus, up to 120 mm in height, fusiform in outline, thin but moderately solid. Whorls nearly 8 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls pointed, smooth, eroded of periostracum, white gray or white brown in color. Spire high conical form, about 45% total height of shell, with crowded and slender spiral threads and growth lines presenting. Each spire whorls well inflated, with smooth rounded shoulders, suture very deep and constricted distinct each whorl boundary, the below smooth and flat. Apical angle narrow, about 34 degrees. Outside of shell generally light brown, periostracum greenish brown, thin, transparent, which is irregularly stripped off from place to place. Surface ornamented by crowded and fine spiral threads crossed by growth lines presenting fabric-like appearance. Body whorl very well inflated width of body whorl account for 82% of the shell width and 54% of the height in the shell, shoulder smooth and rounded. On the base of the body whorl and siphonal projection smooth, with fine spiral threads and growth line at the anterior end. Siphonal projection very short, anterior siphonal canal widely open and weakly curved backwards. Aperture wide ovate, the upper side of outer lip thick and extend, down side sharp and thin, glossy white. Inside the aperture with smooth and glossy and white in color. Callus relatively thin, opaque white color and glossy, extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip and covered fasciole. Columella short straight, with weakly twisted at

45 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Buccinum 37 basal end. Fasciole weakly bulge, without slit umbilicus. Operculum corneous, wide ovate and its nucleus near the submedian. SIZE: Shell height 120 mm, width 70 mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea). KOREA: GB. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 9 specimens (Yangpori, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 8.vi.2007). REMARKS: This species resembles Buccinum tenuissimum Kuroda in general appearance and size, but it differs from the Kuroda s species in having larger in shell, thin, and clear appearance of spiral ribs. 26. Buccinum tenuissimum Kurodai, 1933 (Pl. 26) Keun-mul-re-go-dung ( ) Buccinum tenuissimum Kuroda in Teramachi, 1933, p. 361, textfigs Buccinum tenuissimum: Kang et al., 1971, p. 61; Kira, 1977, p. 71, pl. 27, fig. 16; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 124, 177; Je, 1989, p. 22; Igor and Boris, 1993, p. 21, pl. 14, fig. 1; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 234; Choe et al., 1995, p. 97; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 103; Nishinomiya City, 1996, p. 21, pl. 11, figs. 64a b; Higo et al., 1999, p. 243; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 495, pl. 246, fig. 191; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 124; Min et al., 2004, p. 235, fig. 634; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 175, pl. 84C. Shell large for the genus, up to 140 mm in height, fusiform in outline, extremely thin and fragile. Whorls nearly 8 in number of turns. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls pointed, eroded of periostracum, white gray or white brown in color. Spire conical form, about 39% total height of shell, ornamented with numerous fine spiral threads and growth lines. Each spire whorls well inflated, with smooth rounded shoulders, suture very deep and constricted distinct each whorl boundary, the below narrow grooved. Apical angle relatively narrow, about 38 degrees. Surface of shell generally white, covered with a yellowish green or dark green periostracum, which is irregularly stripped off from place to place. Shell ornamented with numerous slender spiral striae, crossing with many growth lines and appear a lattice-like sculpture. Body whorl large and very well inflated width of body whorl account for 82% of the shell width and 60% of the height in the shell. Body whorl shoulder smooth and rounded. On the base of the body whorl and siphonal projection relatively rough, crossed with fine spiral threads and growth line at the anterior end. Siphonal projection short, anterior siphonal canal widely open and weakly curved backwards. Aperture wide ovate, outer lip sharp and thin, glossy white. Inside the aperture with smooth and glossy and white in color. Callus relatively thin, opaque white color and glossy, extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip and covered fasciole. Columella almost straight, siphonal fasciole weakly bulge, without slit umbilicus. Operculum corneous, wide ovate and its nucleus near the median. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year.

46 38 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea). KOREA: GW. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 4 specimens (Yangpori, Gangwon-do: 8.vi.2007); 2 specimens (Jumunjin, Gangwon-do: 16.x.2007). REMARKS: This species resembles Buccinum striatissimum Sowerby in general appearance and size, but it differs from the Sowerby s species in having more solid, smooth sculpture and thick reflected outer lip. 27. Buccinum rossicum Dall, 1907 (Pl. 27) Reo-si-a-mul-re-go-dung ( ) Buccinum rossicum Dall, 1907, pp. 150, 151. Buccinum rossicum: Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 71, pl. 26, fig. 4; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 123, 287; Igor and Boris, 1993, p. 23, pl. 16, figs. 1, 2; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 234; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 300, fig ; Choe et al., 1995, p. 97; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 102; Higo et al., 1999, p. 244; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 499, pl. 248, fig. 207; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 124; Alexeyev, 2003, p. 131, pl.52, fig. 3; Min et al., 2004, p. 235, fig. 635; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 173, pl. 84A B. Shell medium for the genus, up to 75 mm in height, inflated fusiform in outline, thin and solid. Whorls nearly 6 in number of turns, well inflated. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls pointed, eroded of periostracum, white gray in color. The sutures deeply channeled and constricted distinct each whorl boundary, suture below most of stripped off the periostrcum. The spire relatively low conical form, about 30% total height of shell, covered of thick the periostrcum, ornamented with very weakly spiral threads and growth lines. Apical angle about 48 degrees. Each spire whorls well inflated gradually increases in diameter, somewhat acute shoulder angle. Body whorl large and very well inflated width of account for 79% of the shell width and 69% of the height in the shell. Periphery body whorl moderately smooth and with angulated shoulder. Base of whorl roundly curved, and then connected with siphonal projection, which has crossed with fine spiral threads and growth line at the anterior end. Outer surface covered with thick periostracum tinted with brownish green or dark brown but, mostly stripped off early teleoconch whorls and upper side in suture. Shell ornamented with numerous slender spiral striae, crossing with many growth lines and appear a weave-like sculpture. The siphonal projection moderately short and siphonal canal broad and weakly twisted to dorsal region. Aperture wide ovate, outer lip sharp and thin, pale white. Inside the aperture with smooth and pale white in color. Callus relatively thin, opaque white color and glossy, extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip. Columella almost straight, siphonal fasciole weakly bulge, without slit umbilicus. Operculum corneous, wide ovate and its nucleus near the median. The aperture wide ovate form and tinted with white within. SIZE: Shell height mm, width mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea), Okhotsk Sea, Bering Sea. KOREA: GW.

47 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Buccinum 39 SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 9 specimens (Keojin, Gangwon-do: 15.x.2007). REMARKS: This species resembles Buccinum kushiroensis Habe and Ito in general appearance and size, but it differs from the Habe and Ito s species in having yellowish green periostracum and the higher spire. 28. Buccinum kushiroensis Habe and Ito, 1976 (Pl. 28) Gip-eun-gol-dung-geun-mul-re-go-dung ( ) Buccinum kushiroensis Habe and Ito, 1976, p. 85. Buccinum kushiroensis: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 234; Higo et al., 1999, p. 244; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 497, pl. 247, fig. 205; Lee and Min 2002, p. 124; Min et al., 2004, p. 235, fig Shell medium for the genus, up to 80 mm in height, inflated fusiform in outline, very thin and fragile. Whorls nearly 6 in number of turns, well inflated. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls pointed, eroded of periostracum, white gray in color. The sutures shallowly channeled and constricted distinct each whorl boundary, suture below which most of stripped off the periostrcum, white in color. Spire relatively high conical form, about 35% total height of shell, covered of thick the periostrcum, ornamented with very weakly spiral threads and growth lines. Apical angle relatively narrow, about 39 degrees. Each spire whorls well inflated gradually increases in diameter, somewhat dull angular shoulder. Body whorl large and very well inflated width of account for 87% of the shell width and 64% of the height in the shell. Periphery body whorl moderately smooth, round and with dull angulated shoulder. Base of whorl roundly curved, and then connected with siphonal projection, which has crossed with fine spiral threads and growth line at the anterior end. Outer surface covered with thick periostracum tinted with yellowish green or greenish brown but, mostly stripped off early teleoconch whorls and upper side in suture. Shell surface ornamented with numerous slender spiral striae, crossing with many growth lines and appear a weave-like sculpture. The siphonal projection very short and siphonal canal broad and weakly twisted to dorsal region. Aperture very broad ovate, outer lip sharp and thin, glossy white. Inside the aperture with smooth and white in color. Callus relatively thin, opaque white color and glossy, extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip. Operculum corneous, wide ovate and its nucleus near the median. SIZE: Shell height 80 mm, width 47 mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea). KOREA: GW. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Ayajin, Gangwon-do: 15.x.2007); 1 specimen (Namae, Gangwondo: 15.x.2007). REMARKS: This species resembles Buccinum rossicum Dall in general appearance and size, but it differs from the Dall s species in having lower spire and larger body whorl.

48 40 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I 29. Buccinum yokomaruae Yamashita and Habe, 1965 (Pl. 29) Gun-san-mul-re-go-dung ( ) Buccinum yokomaruae Yamashita and Habe, 1965, pp , pl. 12, fig. 14. Buccinum yokomaruae: Yoo, 1976, p. 149, pl. 36, fig. 8; Je, 1989, p. 22; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 235; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 299, fig ; Choe et al., 1995, p. 97; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 102; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 124; Min et al., 2004, p. 235, fig. 638; Qi et al., 2004, p. 95, pl. 58, fig. a. Shell small for the genus, up to 46 mm in height, moderately inflated fusiform in outline, thick and solid. Whorls nearly 6 7 in number of turns, inflated. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls not pointed relatively dull, with many fine spiral threads. Sutures relatively deep and constricted distinct each whorl boundary. Suture below slopes gently toward the down side, with many granulose spiral ridges. The spire relatively high conical form, about 36% total height of shell, covered of thick and yellowish brown periostrcum, ornamented with very slender 6 8 granulose spiral ribs. Apical angle relatively narrow, about 39 degrees. Each spire whorls inflated gradually increases in diameter, somewhat dull angular shoulder. Body whorl moderately large and inflated width of account for 83% of the shell width and 64% of the height in the shell. Periphery body whorl rough by granulose spiral ribs, and rounded shoulder, which has granulose spiral ribs. Base of whorl roundly curved, and then connected with siphonal projection, which has spiral threads at the anterior end. Outer coloration variable, generally white brown, sometimes white irregular dot and cloud patterns. Shell surface ornamented with numerous slender spiral ribs and striae, sometimes crossing with growth lines and appear a weave like sculpture. The siphonal projection very short and siphonal canal broad and weakly twisted to dorsal region. Siphonal fasciole well bulge, without slit umbilicus. Aperture ovate, outer lip thick and glossy white, slightly serrate in periphery. Inside the aperture with smooth and white in color. Callus relatively thick, opaque white color and glossy, extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip. Operculum corneous, wide ovate and its nucleus near the median. SIZE: Shell height 46 mm, width 24 mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (Yellow Sea), East China Sea. KOREA: JN, CN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Chaeseokpo, Chungcheongnam-do: 18.x.2008). REMARKS: This species was first record by Yamashita and Habe (1965) in Kunsan from the Korean peninsula. Buccinum yokomaruae is close to B. mirandum koreanum Choe, Yoon and Habe. But B. yokomaruae is distinguished from B. mirandum koreanum by the spire height and fine granulose spiral ribs. Genus Reticubuccinum Habe and Ito, 1980 Geu-mul-mul-re-go-dung-sok ( ) Shell generally medium to small, thin, fusiform, more or less elongate spire. Body whorl moderately inflated and relatively large. Surface cover of thick periostracum, rough, with spiral and axial sculpture. Aperture narrow or wide ovate and rounded shoulder. Outer lip commonly thin

49 Sorbeoconcha: Buccinidae: Reticubuccinum 41 and smooth inside. Siphonal projection short, with weak fasciole and anterior siphonal canal widely, open. Type species: Buccinum shiretokoensis Habe and Ito, SPECIES ca. 3 (1 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Northern temperate and cold seas. KEY REFERENCES: Habe and Ito (1980). 30. Reticubuccinum acutispiratum (Dall, 1907) (Pl. 30) Ppyo-jok-mul-re-go-dung ( ) Buccinum acutispratum Dall, 1907, p Buccinum acutispratum: Alexeyev, 2003, p. 137, pl. 56, figs. 1 4; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 161, pl. 75F. Reticubuccinum acutispiratum: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 236; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 300, fig ; Choe et al., 1995, p. 97; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 101; Higo et al., 1999, p. 245; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 499, pl. 248, fig. 212; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 124; Min et al., 2004, p. 235, fig. 639: 235, f Shell medium for the genus, up to 62 mm in height, moderately inflated fusiform in outline, thick and solid. Whorls nearly 8 in number of turns, weakly inflated. Protoconch and early teleoconch whorls pointed, most of wear away periostracum, pale white in color. Sutures deep and constricted distinct each whorl boundary. Suture below roundly sloped which has gently toward the down side. The spire relatively high conical form, about 38% total height of shell, covered of thick and yellowish brown periostrcum, ornamented with slender axial ribs and fine spiral threads. Apical angle relatively narrow, about 33 degrees. Each spire whorls inflated gradually increases in diameter, rounded shoulder. Body whorl moderately large and inflated width of account for 82% of the shell width and 61% of the height in the shell, wrinkled by several axial ribs and fine spiral threads, but periphery rounded and relatively smooth. Base of whorl roundly curved, and then connected with siphonal projection, which has axial ribs become lower and rather indistinct at the anterior end. Shell surface almost white gray in color and covered of white brown or yellowish brown periostracum. The siphonal projection short and siphonal canal narrow and weakly twisted to dorsal region. Siphonal fasciole weakly bulge, without slit umbilicus. Aperture long ovate in shape, outer lip thin and glossy white. Inside the aperture with smooth and white in color. Callus relatively thick, opaque white color and glossy, extending from the inner lip to the columellar lip. Operculum corneous, wide ovate and its nucleus near the median. SIZE: Shell height 62 mm, width 31 mm. SEASONALITY: All around year. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea). KOREA: GW, GB, GN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 5 specimens (Daejin, Gangwon-do: 15.x.2007); 4 specimens (Namae, Gangwon-do: 15.x.2007); 7 specimens (Yangpori, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 6.vi.2007). REMARKS: This species is close to Reticubuccinum wakuii Habe and Ito in Japan, but Habe and Ito s species is distinguished from by color in periostracum and diameter of body whorl.

50 42 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I Order Eupulmonata Haszprunar and Huber, 1990 Jin-yu-pye-mok ( ) Family Bradybaenidae Pilsbry, 1934 Dal-paeng-i-gwa ( ) Bradybaenidae of snails is native to eastern Asia. The shells depressed and rounded coniform, with medium to large. The animal has two pairs of tentacle and eyes at the tips of the posterior tentacles. Shell size ranges medium to large (less than 100 mm in height) and without operculum. The shell varies from conical-globular to depressed, or has an elevated spire; it is usually sturdy, and generally umbilicate, but sometimes narrowly perforate. In some groups the shells are smooth and polished, or strongly sculptured and sometimes covered with a hairy periostracum. The whorls are usually rounded and angular or rarely carinate. Shell color is simple or arranged spiral color bands. The aperture is usually broadly ovate to oblique and without lamellae or teeth. The snails have two pairs tentacle and the eyes are top of large tentacles. The radula usually has tricuspidated central and lateral teeth. The marginal teeth are multicuspidate. The reproductive system usually has a dart sac and dart apparatus. When present, mucous glands are sacculate and arise from the base of the dart sac. The penis almost always is prolonged into an epiphallus and a flagellum. Some groups have not flagellum in penis. The range of haploid chromosom numbers is 28 to 29. The family Bradybaenidae are contains four subfamily and about 80 genera (Higo and Goto, 1993). Four subfamilies are recognized Helicostylinae, Aegistinae, Bradybaeninae, and Euhadrinae. Among them three subfamilies the Aegistinae, Bradybaeninae, and Euhadrinae which are occured through in Korea. In Korea, Bradybaenidae snails are recorded 27 species in 13 genera (Kwon and Habe, 1979) but, confirmation in habitate that Bradybaenidae snails is 24 species in 11 genera, now a day. Among them three species (Bradybaena samboensis, Bradybaena samboensis montana, Trishoplita motonoi) are inhabit north Korea. GENERA 80 (13 in Korea), species 307 (27 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide in northern hemisphere, temperate and subtropical zones Key to the subfamilies of family Bradybaenidae 1. Shell rounded, large whorl, sometimes with color band 2 Shell depressed conical form; a flagellum exist in genital organ Aegistinae 2. Shell medium sized, 20 mm or less in length; flagellum absent in genital organ Bradybaeninae Shell large sized, 40 mm or less in length; a flagellum exist in genital organ Euhadrinae Subfamily Aegistinae Kuroda and Habe, 1949 Bae-kkob-dal-paeng-i-a-gwa ( ) The shell small to medium, height is 4 to 10 mm; width is 5 to 20 mm. Shell shape is depressed conical form. Body whorl is low, angular periphery in generally. Sutures moderately to rather

51 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Aegista 43 strongly impress and the aperture is lunate form. Umbilicus is wide and deep. GENERA 4 (3 in Korea), species 181 (21 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed at northeast Asia in temperate zone. Key to the genera of subfamily Aegistinae 1. Shell depressed conical form, umbilicus wide and deep Aegista Shell rounded, large body whorl, umbilicus narrow and shallow 2 2. Shell 5 mm or less in height, 5.5 mm or less in diameter Lepidopisum Shell 5 mm or more in height, 6.5 mm or more in diameter Trishoplita Genus Aegista Albers, 1850 Bae-kkob-dal-paeng-i-sok ( ) The shell small to medium and low conical form, height 5 to 10 mm, diameter 7.5 to 20 mm. Shell shape is depressed conical form. Body whorl is rounded or angular periphery. Surface is with fine growth striae or bristles. Umbilicus is wide and deep. Genus Aegista is distribted in Japan, China, and Taiwan. The genus Aegista consists of subgenus Aegista and Plectotropis repectively. SPECIES ca. 140 (16 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Northeast Asia in temperate zone. Key to the subgenus of genus Aegista 1. Surface glossy, body whorl obtusely angular at periphery Aegista Bristles develop, body whorl acutely angular at periphery Plectotropis Subgenus Aegista Albers, 1850 Bae-kkob-dal-paeng-i-a-sok ( ) Shell with 5 whorls over, depressed conical form. Surface smooth or covered with short bristles. Body whorl is rounded generally. The aperture is small, oblique, oval-lunate shape. Umbilicus is large and wide. In genitalia, dart sac is long and attached mucus gland on accessory sac. SPECIES 81 (14 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan. Key to the species of subgenus Aegista 1. Shell periphery round 2 Shell periphery angular 4 2. Surface smooth and glossy A. (A.) chejuensis

52 44 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I Surface wrinkles, growth line with cuticular scale 3 3. Shell whorls, surface rough with long cuticular scale A. (A.) gottschei Shell 6 whorls, surface smooth with short cuticular scale A. (A.) gottschei fusanica 4. Spire high 5 Spire low 7 5. Sutures rather deep, umbilicus over than 40% in diameter A. (A.) pyramidata Sutures rather shallow, umbilicus less than 30% in diameter 6 6. Shell periphery angular in middle region A. (A.) proxima Shell periphery angular in upper region A. (A.) chosenica 7. Whorl shouldered, umbilicus over than 40% in diameter A. (A.) hebes Periphery strongly angular, umbilicus less than 40% in diameter A. (A.) tenuissima 31. Aegista (Aegista) chejuensis (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) (Fig. 2, Pl. 31) Je-ju-bae-kkob-dal-paeng-i ( ) Eulota (Aegista) chejuensis Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908b, p. 61, pl. 4, figs Aegista (Aegista) chejuensis: Pilsbry, 1926, p Eulota chejuensis: Pilsbry, 1908, p Aegista (Aegista) chejuensis: Shiba, 1934, p. 30; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 506; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 149; Min et al., 2004, p. 361, figs , , Aegista chejuensis: Lee, 1956, p. 32; Kang et al., 1971, p. 69; Kwon, 1979, p. 21; Kwon and Habe, 1979a, p. 31; Je, 1989, p. 34; Kwon, 1990, p. 372; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 40, 195, fig. 89(1 3). The shell is some depressed, subdiscoidal, low conoid spire and thin, but solid, light brown in color. Upper surface is with densely numerous minute spiral striations, the striae thread-like, microscopic cuticular hairs. Lower surface marked with fine, inconspicuous, very close spiral striae. Whorls 6 to 6 1 /3, moderately convex, very slowly increasing regularly, the last not descended in front, and periphery of last whorl rounded. The aperture is rather large in shell, oblique, rounded-lunate. Peristome margin thin, weak expanded, and outer and basal margins reflected. Umbilicus about 30% total width of shell and wide and deep. The shell 6.2 mm, diameter 10.2 mm and width of aperture including peristome 3.4 mm, height 3.5 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Protruded large dart sac has a small accessory dart sac and inserts upper side on the vagina; accessory dart sac arched and a paired with mucous glands occurred downward; vagina rather narrow, but slightly more thickened posteriorly and connected oviduct. Stalk of receptaculum is branched the oviduct, upper side is rather thickened and gradually narrow. It lower part is connected into receptaculum seminis; hermaphrodite duct is thick and prostate gland attached along with; penial sheath is more less short and uniformly thick; epiphallus rather slender proximally and join to the retractor; flagellum lanceolate in shape, thickened proximally, sharpened distally. Vas deferens is slend and long, connected accessory dart sac and go down introduced into middle side of prostate gland. DISTRIBUTION: Korea KOREA: JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 6 specimens (Jeju-do: 14.v.2003).

53 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Aegista 45 at A ps vd va as ds ep st mg fl pr lh B rs ag C D Fig. 2. Aegista (Aegista) chejuensis. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=1 mm, D=4 mm. REMARKS: This species is endemic species in Korea type locality is Jeju. This species is closely resembled to Aegista (Aegista) gottschei, but it is distinguished by glossy of shell surface and more swellen in last whorl. 32. Aegista (Aegista) gottschei (Möllendorff, 1887) (Fig. 3, Pl. 32) Got-che-bae-kkob-dal-paeng-i ( ) Helix (Aegista) gottschei Möllendorff, 1887, p. 14, pl. 2, figs. 3a c. Eulota gottschei: Pilsbry, 1908, p. 454.

54 46 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I at A ps vd as ds od mg ep fl lh B pr st rs ag C D Fig. 3. Aegista (Aegista) gottschei. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=1 mm, D=2.5 mm. Eulota (Aegista) gottschei: Pilsbry, 1926, p. 458, pl. 34, figs. 4, 6, 7. Aegista (Aegista) gottschei: Shiba, 1934, p. 30; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 506; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 361, figs , , Aegista gottschei: Kuroda, 1936, p. 172; Lee, 1956, p. 32; Kang et al., 1971, p. 69; Kwon, 1979, p. 21; Kwon and Habe, 1979, p. 31; Je, 1989, p. 34; Kwon, 1990, p. 369; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 39, 192, fig. 82(1 4). Eulota mimula peninsularis Pilsbry and Hirase, 1909, p. 10. Eulota (Aegista) minula peninsularis: Pilsbry, 1926, p. 458; Kwon and Habe, 1979, p. 31. Aegista (Aegista) mimula peninsularia: Shiba, 1934, p. 30. Eulota (Aegista) peninsularis: Kuroda, 1936, p Aegista mimula peninsularis: Lee, 1956, p. 32; Kang et al., 1971, p. 69; Je, 1989, p. 34. Aegista gottschei kongoensis: Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1939, pp. 71(J), 82, 83(E); Lee, 1956, p. 33; Kang

55 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Aegista 47 et al., 1971, p. 69; Kwon and Habe, 1979, p. 31; Hanshin shell club, 1986, pl. 24, 7 9, pp. 48, 74; Je, 1989, p. 34; Kwon, 1990, p Aegista (Aegista) gottschei kongoensis: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 506; Nishinomiya city, 1996, pl. 32, fig. 170a c. The shell is some depressed, subdiscoidal, low conoid form and thin, but solid. The shell surface is tinted with dark brown and covered with numerous minute spiral cuticular scales and wrinkles. The cuticular scales are generally interrupted and freely deciduous. Lower surface marked with fine spiral cuticular scale. Whorls 6.5 to 7, suture rather deep, with convex, very slowly increasing regularly, the last descended in front, periphery of last whorl obtusely angular with shouldered. Body whorl rather large, occupying about 80% of shell height. The aperture is rather large in shell, oblique, rounded-lunate. Peristome margin thin, weak expanded, and not reflected. The base of shell and around umbilicus flatted. Umbilicus 4 mm in width or 39% total width of shell and deep. The shell height 6.5 mm, diameter 11.4 mm and width of aperture including peristome width 4.5 mm, height 4.3 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Large dart sac has a small accessory dart sac and inserts upper side on the vagina; accessory dart sac a paired with mucous glands occurred downward. The length of mucous glands is similar to vagina. The length of vagina is 8 mm and constant thick; at terminal region of vagina divided into oviduct and stalk of receptaculum. Upper side of stalk of receptaculum is rather thickened and gradually narrow. It lower part is connected into receptaculum seminis; receptaculum seminis is large and elliptical. Upper side in hermaphrodite duct is thick and gradually narrow contacted albumen gland; prostate gland is attached hermaphrodite duct. Albumin gland is slimmer than other species and penial sheath is less short and uniformly thick. One side of flagellum with small particle, but terminal region nothing. Vas deferens is connected accessory dart sac and goes down introduced into middle side of prostate gland. DISTRIBUTION: Korea. KOREA: GW, GG, CB, GB, JB, JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 3 specimens (Cheongpyeong, Gyeonggi-do: 5.vi.2005); 7 specimens (Chuncheon, Gangwon-do: 3.vi.2004). REMARKS: This species is collected by Dr. Gottschei in Seoul and to be newly recorded of Korean fauna by Möllendorff in Morhological variation occurred in habitat, but characterized with the densely cuticular scales. This species somewhat resembles Aegista (Aegista) gottschei fusanica (Pilsbry, 1926), but is easily distinguished from large shell, long cuticular scale on the surface. 33. Aegista (Aegista) gottschei fusanica (Pilsbry, 1926) (Fig. 4, Pl. 33) Bu-san-got-che-bae-kkob-dal-paeng-i ( ) Eulota gottschei fusanica Pilsbry, 1926, p. 459, pl. 34, fig. 5. Aegista (Aegista) gottschei fusanica: Shiba, 1934, p. 30; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 506; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 361, figs , , Aegista gottschei fusanica: Lee, 1956, p. 32; Kang et al., 1971, p. 69; Kwon, 1979, p. 21; Je, 1989, p. 34; Kwon, 1990, p. 370; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 39, 193, fig. 83(1 3). Eulota gottschei fusanica: Kwon and Habe, 1979, p. 31.

56 48 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I at A ps as ds ep vd mg fl B st lh pr rs ag C D Fig. 4. Aegista (Aegista) gottschei fusanica. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=1 mm, D=2 mm. Aegista gottschei kyobuntonis Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1943, pp. 125(J), 128, 129(E); Hanshin shell club, 1986, pl. 25, 3 5, pp. 49, 73; Nishinomiya city, 1996, pl. 32, fig. 171a c. Aegista kyobuntoensis: Lee, 1956, p. 33; Kang et al., 1971, p. 69; Kwon, 1979, p. 21. Aegista kyobuntonis: Je, 1989, p. 34. Aegista (Aegista) gottschei kyobuntonis: Higo and Goto, 1993, p The shell is some elevated, subdiscoidal, conoid form and thin, faint glossy, light brown and with the numerous minute spiral wrinkles, spiral wrinkles clear in last whorl, cuticula bristles are short. Lower surface marked with fine spiral cuticular scale along to the growth line. Whorls 6, suture rather deep, with convex, very slowly increasing regularly, from the penultimate to last whorl become inflated, the last not descended in front, Periphery of last whorl obtusely angular with shouldered. Body whorl height 3.5 mm, occupying about 75% of shell height. The aperture is

57 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Aegista 49 oblique, rounded-lunate, peristome margin thin, weak expanded, and not reflected. The base of shell and around umbilicus flatted. Umbilicus 2.2 mm about 29% total width of shell. The shell height 4.7 mm, diameter 7.7 mm and width of aperture including peristome width 3.3 mm, height 4.3 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Large dart sac has a accessory dart sac; accessory dart sac flat, a paired with grape shape mucous glands occurred downward, lengh of downward mucous glands is similar to vagina. The length of vagina is about 8 mm and constant thick, at terminal region of vagina divided into oviduct and stalk of receptaculum. Anterior region of stalk of receptaculum is rather thickened and slender suddenly in posterior region; receptaculum seminis is elliptical form and connected in receptaculum. Upper side in hermaphrodite duct is slender and gradually thick contacted albumen gland; prostate gland is attached hermaphrodite duct. Penial sheath near of the atrium is uniformly thick and slender at the anterior epiphallus; one side of flagellum with small particle, vas deferens divided from epiphallus is contacted with vigina and descends connected prostate gland. DISTRIBUTION: Korea. KOREA: CN, GN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 3 specimens (Taejongdae, Pusan: 24.v.1997); 23 specimens (Keomundo, Jellanam-do: 8.vi.2001); 26 specimens (Kauido, Chungcheonnam-do: 10.v.1993). REMARKS: This species is collected by Pilsbry and new recorded of Korean fauna in This species is Korea endemic species and type locality is Busan. Somewhat resembles Aegista (Aegista) gottschei, but is easily distinguished from small size and short cuticular bristles on the surface. 34. Aegista (Aegista) pyramidata (Pilsbry, 1926) (Fig. 5, Pl. 34) Pi-ra-mi-deu-bae-kkob-dal-paeng-i ( ) Eulota (Aegista) pyramidata Pilsbry, 1926, pp. 459, 460, pl. 34, fig. 2. Aegista (Aegista) pyramidata: Shiba, 1934, p. 30; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 508; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 361, figs , , Aegista pyramidata: Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1939, pp. 69, 71; Lee, 1956, p. 33; Kang et al., 1971, p. 69; Kwon, 1979, p. 21; Kwon and Habe, 1979, p. 31; Je, 1989, p. 34; Kwon, 1990, p. 370; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 39, 193, fig. 85(1 3). The shell is some elevated, subdiscoidal, conoid form and solid, dull dark brown. Shell surface with the numerous minute spiral striation carrying microscopic cuticular hairs. Lower surface marked with fine spiral cuticular scale along to the growth line. Umbilicus and suture with freely deciduous short cuticula scale. The base of shell and around umbilicus flatted. Whorls 6, suture rather shallow, with poorly convex, very slowly increasing regularly, the last descended in front, Periphery of last whorl obtusely angular. Body whorl height 4.3 mm, occupying about 72% of shell height. The aperture is small, thin, rounded-lunate. Peristome margin tinted with brown, weak expanded, basal side thick and narrowly reflected. Umbilicus 4.7 mm in width, occupying about 42% total width of shell size. The shell height 6.3 mm, diameter 9.7 mm and width of aperture 3.3 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Large dart sac has small accessory dart sac; accessory dart sac, a paired with grape shape mucous glands occurred downward. Vagina constant thick, at terminal region connected oviduct. Stalk of receptaculum is divided from oviduct; anterior region of stalk of recepta-

58 50 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I at A ps va as ds ep vd ov mg rm st B pr lh fl rs ag C D Fig. 5. Aegista (Aegista) pyramidata. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=1 mm, D=4 mm. culum is rather thickened and slender gradually; receptaculum seminis is connected receptaculum seminis. The thickness of large hermaphrodite duct is constant and together prostate gland on surface. Penial sheath is divided from stalk of receptaculum down region, uniformly thick and slender; epiphallus is one side with small particle and connected lanceolate flagellum; vas deferens long attached on dart sac and then connected prostate gland. DISTRIBUTION: Korea. KOREA: PB, GW, CN, GN, JB, JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 3 specimens (Chuncheon, Gangwon-do: 3.ix.2005); 2 specimens (Chuncheon, Daeryongsan, Gangwon-do: 1.v.2004); 2 specimens (Pyeongchang-gun Mitan, Gangwon-do: 6.v.2002). REMARKS: This species is Korean endemic species and its type locality is Chungju in Pyeongan-

59 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Aegista 51 buk-do. Aegista (Aegista) pyramidata is resembled to Aegista (Aegista) hebes (Pilsbry, 1926), but it is distinguished to more elevated spiral and angulated periphery of last whorl. 35. Aegista (Aegista) proxima (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1909) (Fig. 6, Pl. 35) Min-dung-bae-kkob-dal-paeng-i ( ) Eulota (Aegista) proxima Pilsbry and Hirase, 1909, pp. 10, 11, pl. 5, figs. 3, 4. Eulota proxima: Pilsbry, 1908, p Aegista (Aegista) proxima: Shiba, 1934, p. 30. Aegista proxima: Lee, 1956, p. 33; Kang et al., 1971, p. 69; Kwon, 1979, p. 21; Kwon and Habe, 1979, at A ps va as ds mg ep fl pr B st lh rs ag C D Fig. 6. Aegista (Aegista) proxima. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=1 mm, D=5 mm.

60 52 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I p. 31; Je, 1989, p. 34; Kwon, 1990, p. 370; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 39, 193, fig. 84(1 3). Aegista (Aegista) proxima: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 506; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 361, figs , , The shell is some depressed, subdiscoidal, low conoid form and thin, but solid. The shell surface is rather glossy, dark corneous brown in color with irregular growth line, very finely striate, mainly cuticular. Lower surface marked with finely striate. Whorls 6.5, suture rather deep, with convex, whorls very slowly increasing apex to aperture, the last descended in front, periphery of last whorl slightly angular with not shouldered. Aperture rounded-lunate, rather oblique, Peristome margin white, thin, expanded, outer and basal lip reflected. Umbilicus wide and deep, about 28% total width of shell. The shell height 8.5 mm, diameter 15.2 mm and width of aperture including peristome width 6.1 mm, height 6.2 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Protrution large dart sac has small accessory dart sac; accessory dart sac, a paired with grape shape mucous glands occurred downward. Vagina constant thick, at terminal region connected oviduct. Stalk of receptaculum is divided from oviduct; anterior region of stalk of receptaculum is rather thickened and slender gradually; receptaculum seminis is connected receptaculum seminis. The thickness of large hermaphrodite duct is constant and together prostate gland on surface. Penial sheath is thick and slender and differented from epiphallus by joint; epiphallus is one side with small particle and connected lanceolate flagellum; vas deferens long, attached on vigina and then connected middle region in prostate gland. DISTRIBUTION: Korea. KOREA: GW, GN, JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Chodang, Gangwon-do: 11.v.1989); 2 specimens (Keoje, Gyeongsangnam-do: 12.vi.1979); 3 specimens (Yeosu, Jeollanam-do: 7.vii.2000). REMARKS: This species is Korean endemic species and type locality is Geoje Island in Gyeongsangnam-do. According to Pilsbry and Hirase (1909), this species is closely resembled to Aegista friedeliana (Matrens, 1864) in Japan, but it is distinguished small aperture, unclear growth line, and without minute cuticular scales. Also A. chosenica (Pilsbry, 1906) is apparently close to A. (A.) proxima, but it is small size, more elevated spire. 36. Aegista (Aegista) chosenica (Pilsbry, 1906) (Fig. 7, Pl. 36) Cham-bae-kkob-dal-paeng-i ( ) Eulota (Aegista) chosenica Pilsbry, 1926, p. 58, pl. 34, fig. 1. Aegista (Aegista) chosenica: Shiba, 1934, p. 30. Aegista chosenica: Kuroda, 1936, p. 171; Lee, 1956, p. 32; Kang et al., 1971, p. 69; Yoo, 1976, p. 99, pl. 20, figs. 12, 13; Kwon, 1979, p. 21; Kwon and Habe, 1979, p. 31; Je, 1989, p. 34; Kwon, 1990, p. 371; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 40, 194, fig. 88(1 4). Aegista (Aegista) tennuissima chosenica: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 508; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 361, figs , , The shell is some depressed, subdiscoidal, low conoid form and thin, but solid. The shell surface is dull glossy, corneous brown in color with very finely striate, the striae thread-like, mainly cuti-

61 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Aegista 53 at A ps as ds ep vd va mg fl B rs st pr lh ag C D Fig. 7. Aegista (Aegista) chosenica. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=1 mm, D=4 mm. cular. Growth line of lower surface is very finely striate, densely. Whorls 7 1 /3, suture rather deep, with rather convex, whorls very slowly increasing apex to aperture, the last descended in front, periphery of last whorl strongly angular with not shouldered. Body whorl height is 7.1 mm, occupying about 84% of shell height. Aperture is small, rounded-lunate, rather oblique, Peristome margin white, thin, upper lip expanded, outer and basal lip thick and reflected. The circumference umbilicus is very convex. Diameter of umbilicus is 4.4 mm, about 30% total width of shell. The shell height 8.5 mm, diameter 15.2 mm and width of aperture including peristome width 5 mm, height 5.2 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Dart sac large than accessory dart sac; two grape shape mucous glands appear deeply downward of the former; vagina constant thick, at terminal region connected oviduct. Stalk of receptaculum is short and divided from oviduct; anterior region of stalk of receptaculum is

62 54 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I rather thickened; upper region of oviduct connected vigina and lower connected large hermaphrodite. Receptaculum seminis is connected receptaculum seminis. The thickness of large hermaphrodite duct is constant and together prostate gland on surface. Penial sheath is thick and slender, connected in epiphallus; epiphallus is connected lanceolate flagellum; vas deferens long, attached on attrium and then connected middle region in prostate gland. DISTRIBUTION: Korea. KOREA: PB, GW, GG, CB, CN, GN, JB, JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 5 specimens (Kaeryongsan, Chungcheongnam-do: 23.vii.2002); 3 specimens (Sobaeksan, Chungcheongbuk-do: 17.v.2005); 2 specimens (Jeju-do: 12.v.2003); 12 specimens (Naesangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 20.v.1990). REMARKS: This species is endemic in Korea and type locality is Supung, Pyeonganbuk-do. This species apparently resembles other Aegista species but differ from it in umbilicuse rather wide, whorls more in number, and outer lip of aperture is thick. Especially, Aegista (A.) tenuissima (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) is closely resembled to this species but distinguished short and thick of stalk of receptaculum in genitalia. 37. Aegista (Aegista) hebes (Pilsbry, 1926) (Fig. 8, Pl. 37) Min-pi-ra-mi-deu-bae-kkob-dal-paeng-i ( ) Eulota pyramidata habes Pilsbry, 1926, p. 460, pl. 34, fig. 3. Aegista (Aegista) pyramidata habes: Shiba, 1934, p. 31. Aegista pyramidata hebes: Lee, 1956, p. 33; Kang et al., 1971, p. 69; Kwon, 1979, p. 21; Kwon and Habe, 1979, p. 31; Je, 1989, p. 34; Kwon, 1990, p. 371; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 39, 194, fig. 86(1 3). Aegista pyramidata hebesioides: Kuroda and Habe, 1979, p. 31. Aegista pyramidata hebesoides: Higo and Goto, 1993, p Aegista (Aegista) pyramidata hebeides: Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 361, figs , , The shell is some depressed, subdiscoidal, low conoid form and rather solid. The shell surface is dull glossy, corneous brown in color with very finely striate, the striae thread-like, mainly cuticular. Lower surface is extending finely striate, densely. Whorls 7, suture rather deep, with rather convex, whorls very slowly increasing apex to aperture, the last descended in front, periphery of last whorl obtusely angular with shouldered. Aperture is small, ovate-lunate, rather oblique, Peristome margin glossy white, thin, outer and basal lip thick and reflected. The circumference umbilicus is very convex, umbilicus wide and deep, about 40% total width of shell. The shell height 8.2 mm, diameter 15.2 mm and width of aperture including peristome width 4.5 mm, height 5 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Dart sac large than accessory dart sac; long sac shape mucous glands connected below accessory dart sac; vagina constant thick, at terminal region connected oviduct. Stalk of receptaculum is short and divided from oviduct; anterior region of stalk of receptaculum is rather thickened and gradually slender. The thickness of large hermaphrodite duct is constant and together prostate gland on surface. Receptaculum seminis is connected receptaculum seminis. Penial

63 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Aegista 55 A ps at va as ds ep vd mg B fl lh st pr rs ag C D Fig. 8. Aegista (Aegista) hebes. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=1 mm, D=2 mm. sheath is thick cylinder shape, connected in epiphallus; epiphallus is connected lanceolate flagellum; vas deferens long, attached on vigina and then connected middle region in prostate gland. DISTRIBUTION: Korea. KOREA: PN, GW, GG, CB, GN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 4 specimens (Pyeongchang-gun Mitan, Gangwon-do: 6.v.2002); 3 specimens (Odaesan, Gangwon-do: 20.v.1990). REMARKS: This species is first collected by Kuroda in Pyeongyang, and then new recorded in Korean fauna with Pilsbry in It is Korea endemic species and type locality is Pyeongyang in Pyeongannam-do. This species apparently resembles other Aegista species but differ from it in spire low conic in shape, suture rather deep and last whorl with shouldered.

64 56 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I 38. Aegista (Aegista) tenuissima (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) (Fig. 9, Pl. 38) Myeong-ju-bae-kkob-dal-paeng-i ( ) Eulota (Aegista) tenuissima Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908a, p. 16, figs Eulota (Aegista) tenuissima: Pilsbry, 1926, p Eulota tenuissima: Pilsbry, 1908, p Aegista (Aegista) tennissima: Shiba, 1934, p. 30. Aegista tennissima: Lee, 1956, p. 32; Kang et al., 1971, p. 69. Aegista tenuissima: Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1939, pp. 69, 71; Yoo, 1976, p. 98, pl. 20, figs. 10, 11; Kwon, 1979, p. 21: Kwon and Habe, 1979, p. 31; Je, 1989, p. 34; Kwon, 1990, p. 371; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 39, 194, fig. 87(1 3). Aegista (Aegista) tenuissima: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 508; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 361, figs , , at A vd ps as ds ep od mg fl B lh st pr ag rs C D Fig. 9. Aegista (Aegista) tenuissima. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=2 mm, D=5 mm.

65 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Aegista 57 Aegista tenuissima omorii Kuroda, 1936, pp. 171, 172. Aegista tenuissima omorii: Lee, 1956, p. 33; Kwon, 1979, p. 21; Kang et al., 1971, p. 69; Kwon and Habe, 1979, p. 31; Hanshin shell club, 1986, pl. 25, 1 2, pp. 55, 72; Je, 1989, p. 34; Kwon, 1990, p Aegista (Aegista) tennissima omorii: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 508; Nishinomiya city, 1996, pl. 32, fig. 172a c. The shell is depressed, subdiscoidal, low conoid form and thick, solid. Surface corneous tinted with light brown, dull glossy and densely, very finely striate, the striae thread-like, mainly cuticular; lower surface marked with fine, growth lines with an under sculpture of minute, very close spiral striae; whorls 6.5, suture rather shallow, with poor convex, very slowly increasing regularly, the last descended in front, periphery of last whorl obtusely angular with not shouldered. Body whorl height is 5.9 mm, occupying about 88% of shell height. The base of shell is rounded and umbilicus around is convex. The aperture is rather large in shell, oblique, ovate-lunate. Peristome margin white, outer and basal lips are thick, reflected. Umbilicus 5.7 mm, about 40% total width of shell and wide and deep. The shell height 9.3 mm, diameter 23 mm and width of aperture including peristome width 5.2 mm, height 5.3 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Large dart sac has a small accessory dart sac and inserts upper side on the vagina; mucous glands many branched in grape shape, both situated between the accessory dart sacs and occurred downward. The length of vagina is short; at terminal region of vagina divided into oviduct and stalk of receptaculum. Upper side of stalk of receptaculum is exceedingly thickened, gradually narrow and then connectied receptaculum seminis. Oviduct is shorter than vigina in length and connected to inflated large hermaphrodite duct. Albumin gland is rather swelled. Down side of penial sheath is exceedingly slim and connected epiphallus. Terninal region of flagellum is lanceolate form; vas deferens divided from flagellum is contacted to penis sheath and through the vigina middle region and then join to prostate gland. DISTRIBUTION: Korea KOREA: GW, GG, GB, GN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 11 specimens (Jindong, Gangwon-do: 26.v.1990); 7 specimens (Uljin, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 21.ix.2005). REMARKS: This species is first collected by Hirase and new records of Korean fauna with Pilsbry in Its endemic species in Korea and type locality is Busan. This species apparently resembles other Aegista species but differ from it in thin shell and last whorl with angular. Subgenus Plectotropis Martens, 1860 Bae-kkob-teol-dal-paeng-i-a-sok ( ) Shell with 6 whorls over, depressed conical form. Surface covered with long bristles. Body whorl is angular generally. The aperture is medium, oblique, oval-lunate shape. Umbilicus is large and deep. Some species have the sinistrally whorled shell. SPECIES 53 (3 in Korea) DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan.

66 58 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I Key to the species of subgenus Plectotropis 1. Dextral form A. (P.) quelpartensis Sinistal form A. (P.) diversa 39. Aegista (Plectotropis) quelpartensis (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) (Fig. 10, Pl. 39) Je-ju-bae-kkob-teol-dal-paeng-i ( ) Eulota vulgivaga quelpartensis Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908, p. 61. Eulota vulgivaga quelpartensis: Pilsbry, 1908, p Eulota (Plectotropis) quelpartensis: Pilsbry, 1926, p. 460, pl. 33, fig. 6. Aegista (Aegista) quelpartensis: Shiba, 1934, p. 31. Plectotropis quelpartensis: Lee, 1956, p. 33; Kang et al., 1971, p. 69. Aegista (Plectotropis) quelpartensis: Yoo, 1976, p. 102, pl. 20, figs. 18, 19; Kwon, 1979, p. 21; Kwon and Habe, 1979, p. 31; Je, 1989, p. 15; Kwon, 1990, p. 373; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 40, 195, 196, fig. 91(1 3); Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 509; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 363, figs , , The shell is depressed, subdiscoidal, low conoid form and thin. Shell with numerous minute spiral striation carrying cuticular sacles and bristles, these present together growth line; the last whorl have more longer cuticular bristles, fine spiral cuticular scale along to the growth line; whorls 7.5, suture rather shallow, with poor convex, slowly increasing regularly, the last descended in front, periphery of last whorl obtusely angular with cuticular scale. The base of shell is rounded and umbilicus around is convex. Body whorl height is 8.39 mm, occupying about 78% of shell height. The aperture is rather large in shell, ovate-lunate, and extreme oblique. Peristome margin white, outer and basal lips are especially thick, reflected. The around of umbilicus is more convex, 8.8 mm in diameter and about 40% total width of shell. The shell height 12 mm, diameter 21 mm and width of aperture including peristome 9 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Large dart sac has a small accessory dart sac and inserts upper side on the vagina; mucous glands attached accessory dart sac, grape shape, both situated between the accessory dart sac and occurred downward. The length of vagina is about 10 mm, at terminal region of vagina divided into oviduct and stalk of receptaculum; thickness of stalk of receptaculum is regular, gradually narrow and then connectied receptaculum seminis. Oviduct is connected to inflated large hermaphrodite duct; prostate glands extend on hermaphrodite duct. Vas deferens divided from epiphallus is extended middle region of vigina and then connected to flagellum. Boundary of epiphallus and penis sheath is not clear, but epiphallus is flatted and penis sheath is generally thick; flagellum is laceolate and postulated. DISTRIBUTION: Korea. KOREA: GN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 24 specimens (Jeju-do: 11.ii.2007). REMARKS: This species is first collected by Hirase in Jeju Island and new recorded in Korean fauna with Pilsbry in It is Korea endemic species and type locality is Jeju Island. This species

67 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Aegista 59 A at va mg ds as vd ps ep pr st B fl lh ag rs C D Fig. 10. Aegista (Plectotropis) quelpartensis. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=2 mm, D=5 mm. apparently resembles to the Aegista (Aegista) chosenica (Pilsbry, 1906) but differ from it in whorls more in number and developed longer cuticular bristles. A. (Plectotropis) diversa Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1936 is closely resembles to this species but the shell is left handed. 40. Aegista (Plectotropis) diversa Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1936 (Fig. 11, Pl. 40) Oen-dol-i-bae-kkob-teol-dal-paeng-i ( ) Aegista (Plectotropis) diversa Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1936, pp. 172, 173. Aegista (Plectotropis) diversa: Lee, 1956, p. 33; Kang et al., 1971, p. 69; Kwon, 1979, p. 21; Kwon and

68 60 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I at A ds as va vd ps mg ep rm od fl B pt lh st rs eg C D Fig. 11. Aegista (Plectotropis) diversa. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=2 mm, D=4 mm. Habe, 1979, p. 31; Je, 1989, p. 34; Kwon, 1990, p. 372; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 40, 195, fig. 90(1 3); Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 511; Nishinomiya city, 1996, pl. 33, fig. 176a c; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 363, figs , , Aegista diversa excellens Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1939, pp. 75(J), 83(E); Lee, 1956, p. 33; Kang et al., 1971, p. 69; Kwon and Habe, 1979a, p. 31; Je, 1989, p. 34. Aegista (Plectotropis) diversa excellens: Kwon, 1990, p. 388; Higo and Goto, 1993, p The shell may be left handed, depressed, subdiscoidal, low conoid form and thin. Corneous tinted with light brown, surface with numerous minute spiral striations carrying cuticular sacles and bristles, these presented with growth line; last whorl have more longer cuticular sacles; lower surface marked with fine cuticular scale. Whorls 6.5, suture rather shallow, but clear, with poor convex, very slowly increasing regularly, the last descended in front, periphery of last whorl obtuse-

69 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Lepidopisum 61 ly angular with not shouldered. The base of shell and umbilicus around is convex. Body whorl height is 8.2 mm, occupying about 81% of shell height. The aperture is rather large in shell, oblique, ovate-lunate. Peristome margin white, outer and basal lips are thick, reflected; umbilicus length 6 mm, about 30% total width of shell and wide and deep. The shell height mm, diameter 20.1 mm and width of aperture including peristome 9 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Dart sac and accessory sac is oppssite direction to other species. Accessory sac is very smaller than dart sac; grape shape and a paired with 2 mucous gland occurred downward and similar length to the vagina; thickness of vagina is constant slim, at terminal region of vagina divided into oviduct and stalk of receptaculum; large hermaphrodite duct is smooth, anterior region of stalk of receptaculum is thick and gradually slim; receptaculum seminis is oval form; anterior region of penis sheath is extreme bended and connected to epiphallus; flagellum surface in wrinkles; vas deferens divided from flagellum is contacted to penis sheath and through the vigina middle region and then join to prostate gland. DISTRIBUTION: Korea. KOREA: GW, GG. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 3 specimens (Odaesan, Gangwon-do: 9.v.1991); 12 specimens (Cheongpyeongsa, Gangwon-do: 8.iv.2003); 5 specimens (Changchon, Gangwon-do: 3.vi.2005). REMARKS: This species is first collected by Kuroda in Soyosan, Gyeonggido and new recorded in Aegista (Plectotropis) quelpartensis (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1904) is closely resembles to A. (P.) diversa but the shell is left handed. Genus Lepidopisum Habe, 1957 Bi-neul-kong-dal-phaeng-i-sok ( ) The shell is small, elevated conical form, periphery rounded, and umbilicus deep. Dart sac is absent in genital organs, penis sheath especially large, epiphallus long and slender. Genus Lepidopisum is distribted in Koeea and Japan. SPECIES 1 (1 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Northeast Asia in temperate zone. 41. Lepidopisum verrucosum (Reinhardt, 1877) (Fig. 12, Pl. 41) Bi-neul-kong-dal-paeng-i ( ) Helix verrucosa Reinhardt, 1877, p Eulota verrucosa: Pilsbry, 1908, p. 454; Pilsbry, 1926, p Euhadra verrucosa: Shiba, 1934, p. 31. Euhadra (?) verrucosa: Lee, 1956, p. 34. Lepidopisum verrucosum: Kang et al., 1971, p. 70; Kwon, 1979, p. 20; Kwon and Habe, 1979a, p. 30;

70 62 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I at ps A ep vd va fl B st lh rs ag C D Fig. 12. Lepidopisum verrucosum. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=1 mm, D=3 mm. Azuma, 1982, p. 202, pl. 37, fig. 400; Yamashita et al., 1990, p. 57; Kwon, 1990, pl. 17, fig. 75, 75-1, 75-2, p. 367; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 38, 191, fig. 79; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 511; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 363, fig , Aegista verrucosum: Je, 1989, p. 34. Helix (Satsuma) gradata Möllendorff, 1887, p. 13, 14. Ganesella (?) gradata: Pilsbry, 1908, p. 455.

71 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Trishoplita 63 Eulota (?) gradata: Pilsbry, 1926, p Aegista (Aegista?) gradata: Shiba, 1934, p. 31. Aegista (?) gradata: Lee, 1956, p. 33. Aegista gradata: Kang et al., 1971, p. 69; Je, 1989, p. 34. Helix (Satsuma) gradata: Kwon, 1979, p. 20; Kwon and Habe, 1979a, p. 30. Aegista (Aegista) gradata: Higo and Goto, 1993, p Shell spire high, conical form and thin, easy to fragile. Shell surface dull glossy, corneous brown in color with short scale, mainly cuticular. Lower surface is extending finely cuticular scales with growth lines. Whorls 5, suture rather deep, with well convex, whorls increasing apex to aperture, the last descended in front, periphery of last whorl rounded. Base is slightly convex. Body whorl height is 3.7 mm, occupying about 76% of shell height. Aperture is small, ovate-lunate, rather oblique; Peristome margin glossy white, thin, outer and basal lip rather thick and reflected. Columella lip reflected, its columella portion partly covering the umbilicus. The circumference umbilicus is rounded; umbilicus very narrow and deep. The shell height 5 6 mm, diameter 6 7 mm and aperture including peristome width 3, height 2.8 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Dart sac is absent in genital organs. The length of vagina is about 5 mm and thick, swelling; at terminal region of vagina divided into oviduct and stalk of receptaculum; stalk of receptaculum seminis long, pronouncedly thickened at the base, but soon narrowed to a slender duct; receptaculum seminis long, situated on the distal end of the stalk. Oviduct is connected to inflated large hermaphrodite duct; prostate glands extend on hermaphrodite duct. Vas deferens divided from epiphallus is extended upper region of vigina and then connected to flagellum. Boundary of epiphallus and penis sheath is not clear, but epiphallus is flatted and penis sheath is thick; flagellum is large, smooth, no joint, and elevated on terminal. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: GW, GG, GB, PN, HB. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 5 specimens (Cheongpyeong, Gyeonggi-do: 5.iv.2005); 3 specimens (Chuncheon, Gangwon-do: 3.ix.2005); 7 specimens (Uljin, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 21.ix.2005). REMARKS: The type locality of this species is Tokyo, in Japan and collected only in Japan and Korea. It is smaller species in Baradybanidae. Trishoplita ottoi (Pilsbry, 1906) resembles to this species, but distinguished from moderately low spire and with dull peripheral angle in body whorl. Genus Trishoplita Jacobi, 1898 Gong-ju-dal-paeng-i-sok ( ) Two species (T. ottoi, T. pumilio) occur in Korea (Kwon and Habe, 1979), but indistinguishable from each others. Shell small, thin, light brown, glossy; penultimate to the last whorls swollen; aperture thin, umbilicus wide and deep. SPECIES ca. 38 (2 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Northeast Asia in temperate zone.

72 64 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I 42. Trishoplita ottoi (Pilsbry, 1926) (Fig. 13, Pl. 42) Gak-si-dal-paeng-i ( ) Eulota (Trishoplita) ottoi Pilsbry, 1926, p. 461, pl. 33, figs. 5, 5a, 5b. Trishoplita ottoi: Shiba, 1934, p. 31; Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1939, p. 71; Lee, 1956, p. 34; Kang et al., 1971, p. 70; Kwon, 1979, p. 20; Kwon and Habe, 1979, p. 31; Je, 1989, p. 35; Kwon, 1990, p. 369; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 38, 192, fig. 81(1 2); Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 513; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 363, figs , , Aegista (Trishoplita) ottoi: Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1943a, p Trishoplita dacostae awajiensis: Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908b, p. 60; Pilsbry, 1908, p. 454; Shiba, 1934, p. 31; Lee, 1956, p. 34; Kang et al., 1971, p. 70. at A ep ps va as ds fl vd mg pt B lh st rs ag C D Fig. 13. Trishoplita ottoi. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=1 mm, D=2 mm.

73 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Acusta 65 Trishoplita awajiensis: Kuroda, 1963, p. 52; Azuma, 1982, p. 219, pl. 45, fig. 459; Okutani, 1986, p. 265; Yamashita et al., 1990, p. 57; Higo and Goto, 1993, p Trishoplita minima Pilsbry and Hirase, 1904: Kuroda, 1963, p. 52; Higo and Goto, 1993, p Shell spire rather high, conical form and thin, easy to fragile. Shell surface smooth and dull glossy, corneous brown in color with faint growth line; lower surface also extending finely growth lines. Whorls 5, suture rather shallow, poorly swell, whorls gradually increasing apex to aperture, the last descended in front, periphery of last whorl slightly angular. Base is slightly flatted. Body whorl height is 3.7 mm, occupying about 77% of shell height. Aperture is small, ovate-lunate, rather oblique, peristome margin, thin, glossy white, outer and basal lip rather thick and reflected. Columella lip white and short reflected. The circumference umbilicus is rounded, umbilicus length 1 mm rather narrow and deep. The shell height 5.6 mm, diameter 8 mm and aperture including peristome width 3.2, height 3.5 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Dart sac lager than accessory dart sac and, mucous glands in small globulla, situated between the accessory dart sacs and occurred downward. Vagina is rather long length, at terminal region divided into oviduct and stalk of receptaculum. Oviduct inflated and connected large hermaphrodite duct, anterior region of stalk of receptaculum inflated and then gradually narrow connected to receptaculum seminis. A bendy penis reached epiphallus, penis sheath region opaqe white, epiphallus tinted with transparent white. Surface of epiphallus and flagellum are granulated; the flagellum is acute. Vas deferens divided from flagellum is contacted to attrium and then join to prostate gland. DISTRIBUTION: Korea. KOREA: GW, CB, GB, GN, JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 8 specimens (Daeseongsang, Gangwon-do: 4.xi.2006); 3 specimens (Uljin, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 21.ix.2005). REMARKS: This species is collected by Pilsbry and new recorded of Korean fauna in This species is Korea endemic species and type locality is Busan. Trishoplita pumilio (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1909) is closely resembles to this species, but distinguished from moderately conical form, without dull peripheral angle in whorl. Subfamily Bradybaeninae Pilsbry, 1934 Dal-paeng-i-a-gwa ( ) The Bradybaeninae comprise medium to large snails. The shells are usually color banded, generally wider than high and loosely coiled so that the central axial column is hollow or umbilicate. However, in the adult shell the umbilicus is often hide over by an expansion of the lip. GENERA 16 (7 in Korea), species 45 (20 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed at northeast Asia in temperate zone.

74 66 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I Key to the genus of subfamily Bradybaeninae 1. Aperture round-lunate, not reflacted lip, covered the umbilicus by columella lip Acusta Shell colored grayish white, glossy, umbilicus narrow and shallow Chosenelix 2. Shell colored reddish brown, color band unclear Karaftohelix Shell colored yellowish brown, color band clear Koreanohadra Genus Acusta Albers, 1860 Dal-paeng-i-sok ( ) The sell size is medium (height 20 mm, width 20 mm) globular, thin, and semi-transparency. Whorl is rounded, no angular. Aperture is large, round, thin, and not reflected. Genital system is without a flagellum. Genus Acusta is distributed only one species, Acusta despecta sieboldiana, has been recorded from Korea. It is one of the most widely distribted snails in Korea. SPECIES 13 (1 in Korea) DISTRIBUTION: Northeast Asia in temperate zone. 43. Acusta despecta sieboldiana (Pfeiffer, 1850) (Fig. 14, Pl. 43) Dal-paeng-i ( ) Helix (Acusta) sieboldiana Pfeiffer, 1850, p. 87 (cited Möllendorff, 1887, p. 15). Helix sieboldiana: Martens, 1861, p. 33. Eulota (Acusta) sieboldiana: Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908a, p. 15; Pilsbry, 1926, p Eulota sieboldiana: Pilsbry, 1908b, p Fruticiola (Acusta) sieboboldiana (sic): Shiba, 1934, p. 31. Bradybaena (Acustav) sieboldiana: Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1943a, p. 125; Je, 1989, p. 34. Fruticiola sieboldiana: Lee, 1956, p. 33; Kang et al., 1971, p. 69. Fruticiola (Acusta) sieboldiana: Kuroda, 1963, p Acusta despecta sieboldiana: Kwon, 1979, p. 20; Kwon and Habe, 1979a, p. 30; Azuma, 1982, p. 227, pl. 48, fig. 483; Okutani, 1986, p. 271; Kwon, 1990, p. 365; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 36, 189, fig. 73(1 3); Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 516; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 365, figs , , Shell is globose, spire conic and somewhate elevated, thin easy to fragile, light brown, semi-transparency, dull glossy. Shell surface with irregular growth lines, lower surface marked with fine, inconspicuous and very close spiral growth line, rather convex. Whorls 5 1 /3, convex with distinctly impressed suture. The succeeding whorls are gradually increasing diameter towards aperture, the last one slightly descending in front. Body whorl height is 13.2 mm, occupying about 89% of shell height, well rounded at the periphery. Aperture is large, roundly ovate. Peristome thin, sometime columella lip reflected, columella portion partly covering the umbilicus. Umbilicus is

75 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Acusta 67 at A rm ep ps vd va od as mg ds st pr B lh rs ag C D Fig. 14. Acusta despecta sieboldiana. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=1 mm, D=4 mm. closed. The shell height 21 mm, diameter 20 mm and aperture including peristome width 11.5, height 10.7 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Dart sac lager than accessory dart sac and, mucous glands in small globulla, situated between the accessory dart sacs and occurred downward. Vagina is rather swelled, short, at terminal region divided into oviduct and stalk of receptaculum. Stalk of receptaculum is long, thickened proximally, but soon narrowed to a slender duct and then connected receptaculum seminis. Oviduct connected to large hermaphrodite duct, uniform thickness and connected albumen gland. Penis sheath is long, somewhate thickening distally connected epiphallus, without flagellum. Vas deferens divided from flagellum is contacted to dart sac and then join to prostate gland.

76 68 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, China. KOREA: All provinces. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 21 specimens (Chuncheon, Gangwon-do: 7.v.2003); 6 specimens (Jeju-do: 14.v.2003); 32 specimens (Jindo, Jeollanam-do: 9.v.2002). REMARKS: This species is live in humen dwelling region generally and most widely distribted in land. Chosenelix prnoblematica (Pilsbry, 1926) is apparently very close to this species, but differs from the surface glossy, depressed with conical spire, and opened umbilicus. Genus Chosenelix Pilsbry, 1926 Dal-paeng-i-a-jae-bi-sok ( ) Shell small to medium, globose, spire rather depressed, thin and fragile, deathly white in color. Shell surface smooth, body whorl large, periphery round. Aparture rounded, thin, no reflected. The Korean endemicgenus and only one species, Chosenelix problematica, has been recorded from Korea. SPECIES 2 (1 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Northeast Asia in temperate zone. 44. Chosenelix problematica (Pilsbry, 1926) (Fig. 15, Pl. 44) Dal-paeng-i-a-jae-bi ( ) Chloritis (Chosenelix) problematica Pilsbry, 1926, p. 462, pl. 35, figs. 9, 9a. Chloritis problematica: Shiba, 1934, p. 30; Lee, 1956, p. 32; Je, 1989, p. 33. Bradybaena (Chosenelix) problematica: Lee, 1956, p. 34; Kang et al., 1971, p. 70. Chosenelix problematica: Kwon, 1979, p. 20; Kwon and Habe, 1979, p. 30; Je, 1989, p. 33; Kwon, 1990, p. 366; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 38, 190, fig. 76(1 4); Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 514; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 363, figs , , Shell is globose, spire conic and rather depressed; thin easy to fragile, grayish white, semi-transparency, glossy. Protoconch is strongly glossy, smooth, with much thread like wrinkles. Shell surface smooth, with fine spiral growth line, under side with fine growth line, flatted. Whorls 5 in number, suture rather deep, with convex whorl. The succeeding whorls are gradually increasing diameter towards aperture, the last one slightly descending in front. Body whorl 90% the shell height, well rounded at the periphery. Aperture is large, roundly lunate. Outer and basal lips thin, columella lip reflected columella portion partly covering the umbilicus, umbilicus narrow. The shell height 12.8 mm, diameter 17 mm and aperture including peristome width 9, height 8 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Dart sac lager than accessory dart sac and, mucous glands situated between the accessory dart sac and occurred downward. Vagina is rather narrow, short, at terminal region divided into oviduct and stalk of receptaculum. Stalk of receptaculum thickened proximally, but

77 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Chosenelix 69 at A ps vg as ds ep vd mg pr B lh rs ag C D Fig. 15. Chosenelix problematica. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=1 mm, D=5 mm. soon narrowed to a slender duct and then connected receptaculum seminis. Oviduct swelled, connected to large hermaphrodite duct, hermaphrodite duct uniform thickness and connected albumen gland. Penis sheath thickened proximally connected epiphallus, without flagellum. Vas deferens divided from flagellum is contacted to dart sac and then join to prostate gland. DISTRIBUTION: Korea. KOREA: GW, GG, CB, JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 3 specimens (Taebaeksan, Gangwon-do: 4.v.2002); 2 specimens (Hwacheon, Gangwon-do: 2.iv.2006).

78 70 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I REMARKS: This species is collected by Hirase in Bukhansan, near Seoul and first recorded in Korean fauna by Pilsbry in Chosenelix prnoblematica is Korea endemic species and type locality is Bukhansan, near Seoul. Acusta despecta sieboldiana (Pfeiffer, 1850) is apparently very close to this species, but differs from the surface rough, moderately conical spire, and closed umbilicus. Genus Karaftohelix Pilsbry, 1927 Ul-reung-do-dal-paeng-i-sok ( ) Shell small to medium, low conical form, rounded periphery. Aperture is large and rounded, umbilicus narrow. Shell whorl is rapidly increasing in size and with the unclear reddish brown color band. The genus Karaftohelix includes only one species in Korea. Karaftohelix adamsi has been recorded from Korea. It is only from a few localities in the Ulleung island of Gyeongsangbuk-do. SPECIES 4 (1 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Northeast Asia in temperate zone. 45. Karaftohelix adamsi (Kuroda and Hukuda, 1944) (Fig. 16, Pl. 45) Ul-reung-do-dal-paeng-i ( ) Bradybaena (Karaftohelix) adamsi Kuroda and Hukuda, 1944, p. 225, pl. 5, figs Bradybaena (Karaftohelix) adamsi: Lee, 1956, p. 34; Kang et al., 1971, p. 70; Yoo, 1976, p. 99, textfig. 21(9). Karaftohelix adamsi: Kwon, 1979, p. 20; Kwon and Habe, 1979a, p. 30; Kwon, 1990, p. 367; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 38, 191, fig. 78(1 3); Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 516; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 365, figs ,1153-2, Bradybaena (Karaftohelix) adamai (sic): Je, 1989, p. 34. Shell is globose, spire rather low, conic with an obtuse top, corneous thin, red brown in color, semi-transparency, glossy. Protoconch is 1 2 whorl, glossy, smooth. Surface marked with closely minute growth lines and irregularly placed coarser ones and dark. Under side with rather rounded. Whorls 4.5 in number, suture deep, with convex whorl. The succeeding whorls are increasing diameter towards aperture, the last one slightly descending in front. Body whorl height is 9.7 mm, occupying about 89% of shell height, obtusely angular at the periphery, band in dark red brown with periphery of body whorl. Aperture is large, roundly ovate, rather oblique, peristome thin, spread. Columella lip reflected columella portion, but not covering the umbilicus. Umbilicus is 2.2 mm narrow in width or 14% of shell diameter. The shell height 11 mm, diameter 16 mm and aperture including peristome width 7, height 7.5 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Dart sac lager than accessory dart sac and, these separated each other; mucous glands 4 5 tubular form, situated between the accessory dart sac and occurred downward. Vagina is thick and short, at terminal region divided into oviduct and stalk of receptaculum. Stalk of

79 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Karaftohelix 71 at A ep ps vd va as ds rm od mg fl rs lh B pr ag C D Fig. 16. Karaftohelix adamsi. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=2 mm, D=5 mm. receptaculum 7.5 mm long thickened proximally. Receptaculum seminis more large than the other species. Oviduct connected to large hermaphrodite duct, hermaphrodite duct uniform thickness and connected albumen gland. Penis sheath color in opaque white, thickened proximally. Epiphallus is rather transparent, terminal region in connected to short flagellum. Vas deferens divided from flagellum is contacted to vagina and then join to prostate gland. DISTRIBUTION: Korea. KOREA: GB. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 65 specimens (Ulleungdo Gyeongsangbuk-do: 25.ix.2004).

80 72 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I REMARKS: This species is endemic species in Korea and type locality is Ulleungdo in Gyeongsangbuk-do. This species is considered one of the more rare and endangered land snails of the Korean fauna. Karaftohelix blakeana (Newcomb, 1865) in Japan appears to be a related species, but differ in without dull angulated periphery of body whorl, more conical form, and with the clear color band. Genus Koreanohadra Kuroda and Habe, 1949 Buk-han-san-dal-paeng-i-sok ( ) Koreanohadra is endemic genus of Korea. Four species has been recorded in Koreanohadra but only two species (K. kurodana and K. koreana) are recognized. Shell medium, thin, glossy, yellow or light brown with reddish brown color band; body whorl rounded, with narrow umbilicus. SPECIES 4 (4 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Korea. Key to the species of genus Koreanohadra 1. Shell 28 mm or more in diameter; 5 whorls K. kurodana Shell 16 mm or less in diameter; 4.5 whorls K. koreana 46. Koreanohadra kurodana (Pilsbry, 1926) (Fig. 17, Pl. 46) Buk-han-san-dal-paeng-i ( ) Eulota (Euhadra) kurodana Pilsbry, 1926, p. 455, pl. 33, figs. 3, 4. Euhadra kurodana: Shiba, 1934, p. 31. Bradybaena kurodana: Kuroda, 1936, p Fruticiola (Koreanohadra) kurodana: Lee, 1956, p. 33; Kang et al., 1971, p. 69; Yamashita et al., 1990, p. 59. Koreanohadra kurodana: Yoo, 1976, p. 93, pl. 19, figs. 9, 10; Kwon, 1979, p. 20; Kwon and Habe, 1979a, p. 30; Je, 1989, p. 34; Kwon, 1990, p. 365; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 37, 189, 190, fig. 74(1 4); Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 515; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 365, figs ,1151-2, Shell is depressed-globose, with rather low conic spire; solid though not thick; yellowish brown in color, fading to a tincture of reddish brown just below the suture and at the umbilicus, and encircled with a chestnut brown band above the periphery. This band appears narrowly above the suture on the penult whorl. Surface sculptured throughout with irregular striae of growth and minute incised spiral lines, the first whorls nearly smooth. Whorls about 5 1 / 2, each whorl moderately convex, shell with regularly increasing whorls, the last whorl wide, rounded, convex beneath, slowly and slightly desending in front. Body whorl height is 18.5 mm, occupying about 88% of shell height. Sutures are moderately deep. The aperture is oblique, broadly lunate. Peristome is thin, expanded and narrowly reflected, brownish, pale at the edge, expanded and towards the

81 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Koreanohadra 73 at A ps va as ds ep od vd mg rm B lh pr ag st rs C D Fig. 17. Koreanohadra kurodana. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=5 mm, D=6 mm. columellar insertion, partly covering the umbilicus. Umbilicus length 3.1 mm; its width contained 1/10 in the diameter of the shell. The shell height 21 mm, diameter 28.6 mm and aperture including peristome width 17 mm, height 12 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: The size of the dart sac (ds) and accessory dart sac are almost same, these separated each other; mucous glands (mg) two wrinkled grape form, situated between the accessory dart sacs and occurred downward. Vagina (vg) is wide, 6 mm long, at lateral region divided into oviduct and stalk of receptaculum. Stalk of receptaculum (st) is thin and about 60 mm long, and connected receptaculum seminis. Receptaculum seminis (rs) is globur and short. Oviduct connected to large hermaphrodite duct (lh); hermaphrodite duct folded in upper region and uniform thickness downward and connected albumen gland (ag). Penis sheath (ps) color in opaque white, regula

82 74 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I thickness proximally; Epiphallus (ep) with a node at frontal and terminal region is narrow; retractor muscle of penis is adjacent in vas deferens, without flagellum. Vas deferens (vd) slender, attached on vigina and then connected middle region in prostate gland. DISTRIBUTION: Korea. KOREA: GW. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 16 specimens (Cheongpyeongsa, Gangwon-do: 18.vii.1993); 37 specimens (Pyeongchang-gun Mitan, Gangwon-do: 2.v.1991). REMARKS: This species is endemic species in Korea and type locality is Mt. Bukhan near Seoul. Koreanohadra kurodana fragilis (Pilsbry, 1926) is apparently very close to this species, but differs from it in the smaller shell, very thin, and narrower umbilicus. 47. Koreanohadra koreana (Pfeiffer, 1850) (Fig. 18, Pl. 47) Cham-dal-paeng-i ( ) Helix koreana Pfefferr, 1850, p Helix koreana: Pfeiffer, 1850, p. 72; Pfeiffer 1851, p. 63; Habe and Lee, 1958, p. 68; Kwon and Habe, 1979, p. 31; Kwon et al., 1993, p Eulota koreana: Pilsbry, 1908, p Eulota (Euhadra) koreana: Pilsbry, 1926, p Euhadra koreana: Shiba, 1934, p. 31. Fruticiola koreana: Lee, 1956, p. 33; Kang et al., 1971, p. 70; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 190; Higo and Goto, 1993, p Fruticiola (Koreanohadra) koreana: Habe and Lee, 1958, pp Koreanohadra koreana: Yoo, 1976, p. 93, pl. 19, figs. 15, 16; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 37, 190, fig. 75(1 5); Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 365, figs , , , Bradybaena koreana: Je, 1989, p. 34. Shell is depressed-globose, with low conic spire, moderately solid though not thick, yellowish or reddish brown in color. Surface sculptured throughout with almost regular striae of growth and minute incised spiral lines, the first whorls nearly smooth. Whorls 5, moderately convex, shell with rapidly increasing in size, but regularly, the last whorl wide, evenly rounded, beneath more convex, not desending in front. Body whorl rather large, occupying about 89% of shell height. Sutures are moderately deep. The aperture is oblique, broadly lunate. Peristome is thin, expanded and narrowly reflected, whitish the edge, expanded and whitsh towards the columellar insertion, covering the umbilicus not covering. Umbilicus is 3.2 mm in width or 12% of shell diameter. The shell 17.9 mm, diameter 26.9 mm and aperture including peristome width 12 mm, height 11 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: The dart sac larger than accessory dart sac, these clear separated each other; mucous glands wrinkled oval form, situated between the accessory dart sac and occurred downward. Vagina width is constant, about 6 mm long. Large hermaphrodite duct is unfolded smooth form and connected upper side in oviduct. Stalk of receptaculum is very thin and connected into albumen gland. Diameters of receptaculum seminis is about 1.5mm, smaller than other species. Penis sheath is thicker than epiphallus, but unclear boundary region. Retractor muscle located

83 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Koreanohadra 75 at vd A ps va as ds ep rm mg B lh st pr ag rs C D Fig. 18. Koreanohadra koreana. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scale: D=6 mm. terminal region in epiphallus and without flagellum. Vas deferens slender attached on vigina and then connected middle region in prostate gland. DISTRIBUTION: Korea. KOREA: JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 17 specimens (Hongdo, Jeollanam-do: 23.vii.1991). REMARKS: This species is endemic species in Korea. In 1958, Habe and Lee are re-established type locality in this species, Hongdo in Jeollanam-do. Koreanohadra kurodana (Pilsbry, 1926) is apparently very close to this species, but differs from it in the large shell, higher conical form, narrow umbilicus, and convex beneath the last whorl.

84 76 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I Subfamily Euhadrinae Minato, 1988 Tti-dal-paeng-i-a-gwa ( ) The Euhadrinae are large size snails in Korea. The shells are umbilicate perforate, usually with expanded or reflected lips, and are often conspicuously marked with color bands. Two genera (Euhadra, Nesiohelix) are recorded in the Korea. GENERA 3 (2 in Korea), species 82 (5 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed at northeast Asia in temperate zone. Key to the genus of subfamily Euhadrinae 1. Shell medium to large, less than 40 mm in diameter; Irregular color band Euhadra Shell large, more than 40 mm in diameter; color band 0234 type Nesiohelix Genus Euhadra Pilsbry, 1890 Tti-dal-paeng-i-sok ( ) The shells are covered with thick periostracum, conspicuously with color bands, but sometimes different band type accourd in specimenss. Shell spire is relatively higher than Nesiohelix. In genitalia, with the large dart and accessory sac; mucus gland divide into several branched. The genus Euhadra confirmed two species, E. herklotsi and E. dixoni in Korea. SPECIES ca. 54 (2 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Northeast Asia in temperate zone. Key to species of the genus Euhadra 1. Shell thick, dark brown and with fine spiral growth line E. herklotsi Shell thin relatively high spire, white brown and moderately glossy E. dixoni 48. Euhadra herklotsi (Martens, 1861) (Fig. 19, Pl. 48) Chung-mu-tti-dal-paeng-i ( ) Helix herklotsi Martens, 1861, p. 38. Eulota luhuana Reeve, 1852: Pilsbry, 1908b, p Euhadra herklotsi: Lee, 1956, p. 34; Kuroda, 1963, p. 55; Kwon, 1979, p. 21; Kwon and Habe, 1979a, p. 31; Azuma, 1982, p. 229, pl. 49, fig. 485; Je, 1989, p. 35; Kwon, 1990, p. 374; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 41, 196, fig. 93(1 3); Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 365, figs ,1155-2, Euhadra luhuana tsushimana Möellendorff, 1900: Kwon, 1979, p. 21; Je, 1989; Kwon and Habe, 1979a, p. 31.

85 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Euhadra 77 at A ps ep vd as ds ov fl mg B lh st pr rs ag C D Fig. 19. Euhadra herklotsi. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=6 mm, D=5 mm. Euhadra herklotsi herklotsi: Yamashita et al., 1990, p. 62; Maeda et al., 1990, p. 25; Higo and Goto, 1993, p Euhadra luhuana (Reeve, 1852 non Sowerby, 1839): Kuroda, 1963, p. 55; Higo and Goto, 1993, p Euhadra luhuana tsushimana: Pilsbry, 1926, p. 457; Shiba, 1934, p. 31; Lee, 1956, p. 34. Euhadra luhuana tsushima: Kang et al., 1971, p. 70. Euhadra herklotsi tsushimana: Yamashita et al., 1990, p. 62. Euhadra tsushimana: Higo and Goto, 1993, p Euhadra nesiotica Pilsbry, 1902: Higo and Goto, 1993, p Shell large, solid and thick, dark brown in color. Spire rather low, conical in form. Penultimate to last whorls distinctly swollen. Band wide in reddish brown encircled periphery. Band patterns of

86 78 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I a formula 0204 or 1234 (especially lower peripheral band widen). Shell surface sculptured throughout with regular striae of growth and minute incised spiral lines, the protoconch is occupied with 2 whorls, nearly smooth. Whorls about 5 1 / 2, each whorl moderately convex, gradually increase the diameter to the aperture, rounded at the periphery, last whorl beneath convex, slowly and slightly desending in front. Body whorl height is 20.7 mm, occupying about 85% of shell height. Sutures are moderately deep. The aperture is oblique, broadly lunate. Peristome is moderately thick, expanded and narrowly reflected, white at the edge, expanded towards the columellar insertion, but not covering the umbilicus. Umbilicus is 5.1 mm in width or 15% of shell diameter. The shell height 24 mm, diameter 34 mm and aperture including peristome width 10.4 mm, height 10.6 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Dart sac and accessory dart sac are especially large than other species and not particularly differented in these size; mucous glands 5 7 tubular form, situated between the accessory dart sac and occurred downward at didived oviduct region. Vagina is relatively slende, under side divided into oviduct and stalk of receptaculum. Stalk of receptaculum somewhat thickened proximally, but soon become to uniform thickness and connected receptaculum seminis. Receptaculum seminis is short and ovate. Oviduct connected to large hermaphrodite duct; hermaphrodite duct folded in upper side and swelling in the middle region and then gradually slender and connected albumen gland. Penis sheath is long, proximal of attrium, more less thick and then gradually slender and connected in epiphallus. Epiphallus color in opaque white, connected flasellum. Vas deferens divided at middle region in epiphallus and flagellum, attached on vigina and then connected middle region in prostate gland. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: GN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 4 specimens (Chungmu, Gyeonsangnam-do: 25.vii.1991); 12 specimens (Geoje-si Galkoj, Gyeonsangnam-do: 23.ii.2000), REMARKS: Nesiohelix samarangae Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1943 is resembles to this specie but differ from the shell size and band pattern (0234 form). 49. Euhadra dixoni (Pilsbry, 1900) (Fig. 20, Pl. 49) Nae-jang-san-tti-dal-paeng-i ( ) Eulota (Euhadra) callizona dixoni Pilsbry, 1900, pp. 59, 60. Euhadra dixoni: Lee, 1956, p. 34; Kuroda, 1963, p. 56; Kwon, 1979, p. 21; Kwon, 1979b, pp. 148, 149, Figs. 1 3; Kwon and Habe, 1979a, p. 31; Kwon and Habe, 1979b, pp. 148, 149; Azuma, 1982, p. 239, pl. 59, fig. 500; Okutani, 1986, p. 268; Je, 1989, p. 35; Kwon, 1990, p. 373; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 40, 196, figs. 92(1 3); Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 365, figs ,1156-2, , Euhadra dixoni dixoni: Higo and Goto, 1993, p Euhadra callizoa minor Gude, 1900, pp Euhadra callizoa minor: Pilsbry, 1926, p. 457; Shiba, 1934, p. 31; Lee, 1956, p. 34. Euhadra dixoni minor: Lee, 1956, p. 34. Eulota callizona minor: Kwon, 1979, p. 21; Kwon and Habe, 1979a, p. 31; Je, 1989, p. 35; Higo and Goto, 1993, p Eulota (Euhadra) callizona minor: Kwon, 1990, p. 389.

87 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Euhadra 79 at A ps va as ds mg ep vd od st B fl pr lh rs ag C D Fig. 20. Euhadra dixoni. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=6 mm, D=2 mm. Shell medium to large and thin, white brown in color. Spire rather high, conical in form. Protoconch is occupied with 2 whorls. Penultimate to last whorls are distinctly swollen. Band is wide, in reddish brown encircled periphery. Band patterns of a formula 0034 or bandless (especially lower peripheral band widen). Shell surface sculptured throughout with regular fine striae of growth and minute incised spiral lines, the protoconch whorls nearly smooth. Whorls about 5 1 / 2, each whorl moderately convex, gradually increase the diameter to the aperture, rounded at the periphery, last whorl beneath convex, slowly and slightly desending in front. Body whorl height is 16 mm, occupying about 80% of shell height. Sutures are deep. The aperture is oblique, broadly lunate.

88 80 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I Peristome is moderately thin, expanded and narrowly reflected, white at the edge, expanded towards the columellar insertion, covering the umbilicus. The shell heght 20 mm, diameter 26 mm and aperture including peristome width 13.4 mm, height 6.3 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Dart sac and accessory dart sac are moderately smaller than other species and not particularly differented in this size; mucous glands 6 7 tubular form, situated between the accesory dart sac and occurred downward at didived oviduct region. Vagina is relatively slende, under side divided into oviduct and stalk of receptaculum. Stalk of receptaculum somewhat thickened proximally, but soon become to uniform thickness and connected receptaculum seminis. Receptaculum seminis is short and ovate. Oviduct connected to large hermaphrodite duct; hermaphrodite duct folded in upper side and swelling in the middle region and then gradually slender and connected albumen gland. Penis sheath is long and uniform thickness and connected in epiphallus. Epiphallus color in opaque white, connected lanceolate flasellum. Vas deferens divided at upper region in epiphallus and flagellum, short, attached on oviduct and then connected upper region in prostate gland. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: JB, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 12 specimens (Jeolmu, Jeju-do: 12.vii.2005), 5 specimens (Naejangsan, Jeollabuk-do: 4.ix.2006). REMARKS: This species is the first record by, Kwon and Habe (1979) from the Korean peninsula and live in the same species in Japan. Euhadra herklotsi (v. Marten, 1860) is similar to this species but, differ from by the band type, dull glossy surface, and lower spire. Genus Nesiohelix Kuroda and Emura, 1943 Dong-yang-dal-paeng-i-sok ( ) Shell large, with a slightly raised spire and low conical form. Shell thick and brown or reddish brown color. Body whorl is with dark reddish brown spiral color bands. Aperture is lunate form, thick and reflected lip. This genus is distributed in Japann, China, and Korea. Only one apecies, Nesiohelix samarangae, has been collected in Korea. SPECIES 14 (1 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: Northeast Asia in temperate zone. 50. Nesiohelix samarangae Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1943 (Fig. 21, Pl. 50) Dong-yang-dal-paeng-i ( ) Euhadra (Nesiohelix?) samarangae Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1943, pp. 125, 126, 129. Euhadra (Nesiohelix?) samarangae: Kuroda and Emura, 1943, pp Helix orientalis Adams and Reeve, 1948, p. 61, pl. 16, fig. 4. Helix orientalis: Kwon, 1979, p. 21; Kwon and Habe, 1979a, p. 31; Kwon, 1990, p. 375.

89 Eupulmonata: Bradybenidae: Nesiohelix 81 at ds A vd va as mg ps ep lh B fl st pr rs ag C D Fig. 21. Nesiohelix samarangae. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. genitalia. Scales: A C=4 mm, D=5 mm. Eulota orientalis: Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908b, p. 60; Pilsbry, 1908b, p Eulota (Euhadra) orientalis: Pilsbry, 1926, p Euhadra orientalis: Shiba, 1934, p. 31. Nesiohelix samarangae: Lee, 1956, p. 34; Kang et al., 1971, p. 70; Yoo, 1976, p. 93, pl. 19, figs ; Kwon, 1979, p. 21; Kwon and Habe, 1979a, p. 31; Je, 1989, p. 35; Kwon, 1990, p. 375; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 41, 197, fig. 94(1 4); Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 521; Lee and Min, 2002, Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Min et al., 2004, p. 365, figs ,1157-2, Nesiohelix samarangae is most large snail in Korea. Shell is more solid and thick. Shell spire is lower conical form. Shell tincted yellowish or reddish brown and encircled 0234 type clear color band in body whorl. This band appears narrowly above the suture on the penult whorls. Whorls about

90 82 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I 5 1 / 2, each whorl moderately convex, gradually increase the diameter to the aperture, rounded at the periphery, last whorl beneath convex, slowly and slightly desending in front. Body whorl height is 24 mm, occupying about 87% of shell height. Shell surface sculptured throughout with regular striae of growth and minute incised spiral lines, the protoconch whorls nearly smooth. The aperture is oblique, broadly lunate. Peristome is moderately thick, expanded and narrowly reflected, white at the edge, expanded towards the columellar insertion, but not covering the umbilicus. Umbilicus is deep and 8 mm in width or 19% of shell diameter. The shell height 28 mm, diameter 42 mm and aperture including peristome width 23 mm, height 19 mm. GENITAL SYSTEM: Dart sac and accessory dart sac are not particularly differented in these size; mucous glands a lump form, situated between the accessory dart sac and occurred downward at didived oviduct region. Vagina is relatively short and slende, under side divided into oviduct and stalk of receptaculum. Length of stalk of receptaculum is 75 mm, somewhat thickened proximally, sometimes nodules appered in middle region, but soon become to uniform thickness and connected receptaculum seminis. Oviduct connected to large hermaphrodite duct; hermaphrodite duct excessive folded and swelling in the middle region and then gradually slender, and connected albumen gland. Vas deferens divided at middle region in epiphallus and attached on vigina and then connected middle region in prostate gland. Flagellum in the epiphallus is long and slim. The border of penis sheath and epiphallus are unclear, suddenly slender and connected in epiphallus. DISTRIBUTION: Korea. KOREA: GW, GG, CN, JB, JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 11 specimens (Jeolmul, Jeju-do: 12.vii.2005); 21 specimens (Pyeongchanggun Mitan, Gangwon-do: 24.viii. 2003). REMARKS: This species is most large snail in Korea. The science name of this species is changed from Euhadra (Euhadra) orientalis by Kuroda and Miyanaga in E. herklotsi (Martens, 1861) is closely resembles to this species, but distinguished from by the shell size and band patterns.

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95 Literature Cited 87 Abhhandlungen Reihe E: Palaobiologie, 32: Roding, P.F., Museum Boltenianum sive catalogus cimeloriume tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa. Bolten, M. D. p. d. per XL. Annos Protophysicus Hamburgensis, pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia, bivalvia et multivalvia. pp. i vii, J.C. Trapii, Hamburg. Siba, N., Catalogue of the Mollusca of Chosen (Corea). J. Chosen Nat. Hist., 18: Smith, E.A., A list of Gastropoda collected in Japanese Seas by Commander H.C. St. John, R.N. Ann. Mag. Hist., series 4, 15: Sohl, N.F., Cretaceous gastropods; contrast between Tethys and the temperate provinces. J. Paleont., 61: Sowerby, G.B., Description of two new species of shells from Japan. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., series 7. 4: Stimpson, W., On certains genera and families of zoophagous gastropods. Amer. J. Conch., 1(1): Taki, I. and K. Oyama, Revision of M. Yokoyama s The Pliocene and later faunas from the Kwanto region in Japan. Spec. Pap. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, no pp, 49 pls. Teramachi, A., Toyama-wan no bai-gyo (Whelk fishing in Toyama Bay). Venus, 3(6): Verkrüzen, T.A., Buccinum, L. (Fortsetzung). Jahr. Deut. Malak. Gessellschaft, 3: , , Yamashita, A.H. and T. Haba, A new Buccinidae species from Yellow Sea. Venus, 24(2): , fl. 12(14). Yen, T.C., The marine gastropods of Shantung Penisula. Contr. Inst. Zool., Nat. Acad. Peiping, 3(5): , pls Yokoyama, M., Fossile from the Miura Peninsula and its immediated north. J. Colle. Sci., Imp. Univ., Tokyo, 39(6): 1 198, pls. 1 20, Tokyo. Yoo, J.S., Korean shells in color. Il Ji Sa Publishing Co., Seoul, Korea, pp , pls

96 88 Plates 1. Volutopsius middendorffii middendorffii. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 2. Lussivolutopsius furukawai. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 3. Pseudoliomesus ooides ooidesi. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 5 mm. 4. Plicifusus (Plicifusus) aurantius. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 5. Neptunea (Neptunea) polycostata polycostata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 6. Neptunea (Neptunea) intersculpta. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 8. Neptunea (Neptunea) lyrata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 9. Neptunea (Neptunea) elegantula. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 10. Neptunea (Barbitonia) arthritica. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 11. Neptunea (Barbitonia) cumingi. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 12. Neptunea (Barbitonia) subdilatata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 13. Siphonalia cassidariaformis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 14. Siphonalia fusoides. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 5 mm. 15. Siphonalia spadicea. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 5 mm. 16. Kelletia lischkei. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 17. Japeuthria ferrea. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 5 mm. 18. Searlesia modesta. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 5 mm. 19. Buccinum opisoplectum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 20. Buccinum middendorffi. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 5 mm. 21. Buccinum ochotensis ochotensis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 5 mm. 22. Buccinum mirandum koreanum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 5 mm. 23. Buccinum bayani. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 24. Buccinum osagawai. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 25. Buccinum striatissimum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 26. Buccinum tenuissimum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 27. Buccinum rossicum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 5 mm. 28. Buccinum kushiroensis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 29. Buccinum yokomaruae. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 5 mm. 30. Reticubuccinum acutispiratum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 10 mm. 31. Aegista (Aegista) chejuensis. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 32. Aegista (Aegista) gottschei. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 33. Aegista (Aegista) gottschei fusanica. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 34. Aegista (Aegista) pyramidata. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 35. Aegista (Aegista) proxima. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 36. Aegista (Aegista) chosenica. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 37. Aegista (Aegista) hebes. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 38. Aegista (Aegista) tenuissima. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 39. Aegista (Plectotropis) quelpartensis. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 40. Aegista (Plectotropis) diversa. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 41. Lepidopisum verrucosum. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 42. Trishoplita ottoi. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 43. Acusta despecta sieboldiana. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view.

97 44. Chosenelix problematica. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 45. Karaftohelix adamsi. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 46. Koreanohadra kurodana. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 47. Koreanohadra koreana. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 48. Euhadra herklotsi. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 49. Euhadra dixoni. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. 50. Nesiohelix samarangae. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. Plates 89

98 90 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I 1A B 2A B 3A B 4A B 5A B 6A B 7A B 8A B

99 Plates 91 9A B 10A B 11A B 12A B 13A B 14A B 15A B 16A B

100 92 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I 17A B 18A B 19A B 20A B 21A B 22A B 23A B 24A B

101 Plates 93 25A B 26A B 27A B 28A B 29A B 30A B

102 94 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I 31A 31B 32A 32B 33A 33B 34A 34B 35A 35B 36A 36B

103 Plates 95 37A 37B 38A 38B 39A 39B 40A 40B 41A 41B 42A 42B

104 96 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Gastropods I 43A 43B 44A 44B 45A 45B 46A 46B 47A 47B 48A 48B

105 Plates 97 49A 49B 50A 50B