STUDIES ON ICTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY IN BASTAR DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH STATE DEEPAK KUMAR BAGHEL

Transcription

1 STUDIES ON ICTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY IN BASTAR DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH STATE M.F.Sc. (Aquaculture) THESIS by DEEPAK KUMAR BAGHEL DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (C.G.) 2013

2 STUDIES ON ICTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY IN BASTAR DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH STATE Thesis Submitted to the Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur by DEEPAK KUMAR BAGHEL IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Fisheries Science (AQUACULTURE) Roll No ID No JULY 2013

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5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Education plays of fundamental role in socioal development and teachers play a fundamental role in imparting education. Teachers have crucial role in preparing young people not only to face the future with confidence but also to build up it with purpose and responsibility. There is no substitute for teachers pupil relationship First of all I would like to thank and praise almighty God, the most benefaction and merciful, for all his love and blessing conferred upon the mankind. With great reverence I express my warmest feelings with deep sense of gratitude to my Advisor and Chairman of my Advisory Committee Dr. M.S. Chari, Professor, Department of Fisheries, IGKV, Raipur. I have no words to express my heartfelt thanks to him for his illuminating guidance, unfailing encouragement, scholarly suggestions, unique supervision, constructive criticism, sympathetic attitude and interest during the course of my research and preparation of this manuscript. Moreover, I am highly indebted to him for his painstaking efforts in trying to instill in me some important and useful characters on personal basis. I have profound respect towards Dr. (Smt.) S.R. Gaur, Professor & Head, Department of Fisheries, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) as a member of my advisory committee for thoughtful suggestions, forbearance, unceasing encouragement & kind sympathetic attitude during the whole degree programme. With gratefulness and faithfulness, I sincerely acknowledge Dr. S.K. Shrivastava, Technical Assitant, IGKV, Raipur for his magnificent guidance, suggestions, marvelous support during the entire course & completion of this manuscript. I extend my heartiest thanks to members of my advisory committee Dr. Rajeev Gupta, Dean, College of Horticulture, Jagdalpur, Dr. R.K. Bajpai Professor & Head, Deparment of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry & Dr. R. R. Saxena, Professor, Department of Statistics, Mathematics and computer science for their sincere advice, critical suggestions and kind help during the period of investigation. I wish to record my grateful thanks to Dr.S.K. Patil, Hon ble Vice Chancellor, Dr. D.A. Sarnaik, Director of Research Services, Dr. S. Patel, Director of Instructions and Dr. O.P. Kashyap, Dean, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur for providing necessary facilities technical and administrative support for conductance of this research work. It is my great pleasure to convey my thanks to Dr. H.K. Vardia, Dean College of Fisheries, Kawardha, Dr. N. Sarang, Asst. Professor College of

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7 CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO. I INTRODUCTION 1-4 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5-22 III MATERIALS AND METHODS IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK ABSTRACT 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY

8 LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO. 3.1 Water resources in Chhattisgarh Major river systems in Chhattisgarh Icthyofauna in the Basin of Indravati, Narangi, Markandey and Mungabahar rivers Taxonomic details of fish fauna of Bastar district Frequency of availability of fish species at different sampling sites. 4.4 Comparison of Icthyofauna in the Basins of Indravati, Narangi, Markandey and Mungabahar. 4.5 Comparison of riverine Ichthyofauna as reported by different workers in the Indravati river system. 4.6 Comparison of Icthyofauna reported by different worker in the reservoirs of Chhattisgarh. 4.7 Comparison of Icthyofauna in the Godavari and Mahanadi river systems. 4.8 Classification of fishes according to their feeding habits. 4.9 List of fish species in the water resources of Bastar district under threatened category (En, Vu) as per NBFGR criteria, India (2010) Physico-chemical Parameters of water in selected Aquatic resources of Bastar district Soil qualities of selected aquatic resources of Bastar district Soil Test values used for productivity rating of soil. 90

9 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. PARTICULARS 4.1 Fish fauna contributed of by different Orders and Families in Bastar district BETWEEN PAGES Percentage of Orders contributing to fish catch Number of fish species contributed by different Families Contribution of fish fauna in respective Orders and families

10 LIST OF PLATES PLATE BETWEEN PARTICULARS NO. PAGES 1 Chhattisgarh drainage system Location of sampling sites Satellite images of Kosarteda reservoir and Dalpatsagar reservoir Fishing craft and gear used in different sampling sites Fishing gears & fish market Fish species of Bastar district 55-56

11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations Description % Per cent & And 0 C Degree Celsius et al. And other Fig. Figure g Gram ha Hectare hr Hour i.e. That is Kg Kilogram cm Centimeter m Meter mg Milligram ml Milliliter ppm Parts per million viz. Namely /g Per gram /kg Per kilogram /l Per liter km Kilometer sqkm Square kilometer

12 INTRODUCTION

13 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Freshwater ecosystems occupy less than 1% of the surface of the earth & are inhabited by more than 25% of the vertebrates. Fishes form one of the most important group of vertebrates influencing their lives in various ways. Biodiversity is the variety of life forms on earth and the essential interdependence of all living things. The concept of bio-diversity emphasis the interrelatedness of biological world and the importance of these interrelationships in maintaining diversity. It covers the terrestrial, marine and other aquatic environment such as river, streams wetland and ground water systems. Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem. Biodiversity is essential for stabilization of ecosystem protection of overall environmental quality for understanding intrinsic worth of all species on the earth (Ehrlich et al.1991). The rapid environmental change on earth therefore has its impact on the biodiversity, that s why the United Nations Organization (UNO) declared the year 2010 as the international year of biodiversity. Fishes play a very important role to maintain the lotic and lentic ecosystems. The inland water bodies of India have been divided in to five riverine systems the Ganga, the Brahamputra, the Indus, the East coast and the West coast and riverine fishery resources including their tributaries extend to a length of about km. Further there are million ha of freshwater ponds and tanks, 1.3 million hectare of jheels and derelict waters, 0.12 million Km. of irrigation canals and channels, 2.3 million hectare of paddy fields and 1.41 million ha of brackish water and estuarine area. Lakes and reservoirs cover 3.1 million ha (Ayyapan, 2006).

14 2 India is one of the largest biodiversity countries in the world and occupies ninth position in term of freshwater mega biodiversity. Eventual number of living recorded fish species in the world might be close to 32,000 (Wikipedia, 2012). In India there are 2,358 species of fishes of which 877 live in freshwater, 113 brackishwater and 1,368 are marine (NBFGR, 2011). Biodiversity of inland waters is also important for its economic value as a habitat for commercially important species and play an important role in food and nutritional security of people, especially in the rural areas. Knowledge of fish diversity of particular region is essential not only for rational management of ichthyofauna of that region but also for their conservation strategies. Additionally, for the exploitation and scientific development of aquaculture, knowledge of existing fish fauna of the area is a prerequisite. Chhattisgarh is divided into three agro climatic zones viz. Chhattisgarh plains, Bastar plateau and Northern hills region that support both terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity of natural resources. Bastar district comes under Bastar plateau. Chhattisgarh is blessed with a number of natural resources including productive waters in the form of rivers, tanks, reservoirs etc. Chhattisgarh lies in the catchments of the river Ganga, Godavari, Mahanadi and Narmada. River Sone is main tributary of Ganga in Chhattisgarh, likewise Godavari has river Indravati is in Bastar region. The Narmada covers a very small area in Chhattisgarh near Amarkantak, its origin. The Mahanadi is main river of Chhattisgarh and it originates from the Sihawa hills in the Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh. It flows through 286 km through the major catchment areas of Chhattisgarh state. Its main tributaries in the total course are Seonath, Kharun, Jonk, Hasdeo, Arpa, Pairy, Sondur and numerous seasonal streams in Chhattisgarh region.

15 3 River Godavari originates from Deolali hills near Nasik (Maharashtra) in the northern Western Ghats and drains into the Bay of Bengal in Andhra Pradesh below Rajahmundry near Dowlaiswaram. The Godavari drains an area of 3,12,980 sq k.m. (Jhingran, 1997) out of which 48.6% lies in Maharashtra, 23.8% in Andhra Pradesh, 20.7 % in Chhattisgarh, 1.4% in Karnataka and 5.5% in Odisha. The main tributaries of the Godavari are: Pravara, Sindhphana, Purna, Manjira Maner, Pranhita, Indravati and Sabari. One of the important rivers in the state of Chhattisgarh is Indravati river which is the main tributary of Godavari in Bastar region. Various aquatic animals including fishes are present in Indravati river so livelihood of many people is dependent on the fishing activities. Indravati originates from the Eastern Ghats of Dandakaranya range in Kalahandi district of Odisha state and flows in a westerly direction; enters Jagdalpur district in Chhattisgarh state. It further travels in the westerly direction and there after turns to southern direction before finally meeting Godavari river near village Bhadrakali in Bijapur district of Chhattisgarh. River Indravati flows only 210 km in Bastar district. Indravati itself has a number of tributaries in its catchments, they are Narangi, Boarding, Markandey, Kosarteda, Sankhini-Dankini, Kapur Nallah, Muran, Kora, Modang, Jaura Bhaskel, Nibra, Kotri, Bandia, Nandiraj, Chintababu, Talperu, and numerous seasonal streams. It travelles 530 km from origin to the meeting point of Godavari. Bastar district also possesses vast and varied natural water resources in the form of reservoirs, ponds and tanks. There are 1668 village ponds covering an area of 1146 ha that are available for fish production and 33 Irrigation tanks\reservoirs with an area of 1, ha where fish stocking is done. All reservoirs are multipurpose,

16 4 but their main objective is irrigation. They are rich in faunal biodiversity. Work on fish fauna has been recorded long ago by Vardia (1991) on Pre-impoundment fishery survey of the river Indravati in relation to Bodhghat Hydel Project. Although a large number of workers have studied ichthyofauna of lotic and lentic waters of the various riverine systems not much is known about the recent status of fish diversity in lotic and lentic water bodies of different districts of Chhattisgarh State. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to enlist icthyofauna of Bastar district. Hence, an investigation entitled Studies on icthyofaunal diversity in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh state was carried out with the following objectives: - 1. Selection of sampling sites and collection of fish specimen from various water resources in Bastar district. 2. Preservation and identification of collected specimen from sampling sites. 3. To enlist the fish species in various water resources of Bastar district.

17 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

18 5 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE The review of literature on the work done in the past is essential to understand the problem in depth, which provides necessary guidelines as well as feedback for the fulfillment of objectives of the study. Various researchers have worked on diversity of fishes in India and abroad. However, very few references are there on the fish diversity in Chhattisgarh. A brief account of relevant work done in Chhattisgarh, India and abroad is recorded below: Work done in Chhattisgarh The present study area is Bastar district (Chhattisgarh) with Indravati and its tributaries the main rivers of this area. Few researchers have earlier surveyed icthyofaunal biodiversity of the river Indravati. Hora (1938) reported on a collection of fish from the Bailadila range, Bastar state, Central Province. The Bailadila range is situated to the South of the Indravati river, a tributary of the Godawari, and runs through the centre of the Bastar state from North to South. This collection was made from four different streams and noted the ecological conditions of their waters. In this collection 13 species of fish were obtained from different localities viz Danio aequipinnatus (McClelland), Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton), Garra mullya (Sykes), Parapsilorhynchus tentaculatus (Annandale) Barbus ticto (Hamilton), Nemachilus dayi (Hora), Nemachilus evezardi (Day), Glyptothorax dekhanensis (Gunther), Ophiocephalus gachua (Hamilton), Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepdi), Barbus amphibius (Cuvier & Valenciennes) Barbus pinnauratus (Day), Nemachilus botia var aureus (Day). Among the 13 species of fish obtained, Mastacembelus armatus, Danio aequipinnatus, Rasbora daniconius, Barbus ticto and Ophiocephalus gachua are

19 6 fairly widely distributed all over India. The remaining species are generally restricted to Peninsular India, but their occurrence in the Bastar state deserves special attention. He observed that the fish fauna of Bailadila range has very close affinity to the Satpuras and the Western Ghats. Motwani and David (1957) reported fishes of the river Sone, a tributary of the river Ganga that originates in the elevated plateau near Pendra in Chhattisgarh. The fish fauna of the Sone river upto 70 miles upstream of its confluence with the river Ganga was mainly Gangetic and hence predominantly Himalayan in character. Most of the species represented in the collection were widely distributed in India. It is significant that the peninsular forms like Oxygaster boopis (Day), Puntius amphibius (Val.), Tor khudree (Sykes), Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch) and Labeo boggut (Sykes) though recorded by Hora (1949) from the Rihand near Pipri were not observed by Motawani and David (Op. cit.). Hora (1949) also divided fauna of Rihand into 3 zoogeographical categories, viz., (i) species common to peninsular India and Ceylon (Tor Khudree and Puntius amphibius, (ii) species widely distributed in peninsular India (Chela boopis, Garra mullya, Labeo boggut, Nemachilus dayi and Nemachilus denisonii) and (iii) species with restricted distribution in India (Amblyceps mangois, Laguvia rebeiroi, Glyptothorax annandalei, Glyptothorax horai, Gagata cenia, Crossochilus latius). Thus fish fauna of Rihand river was found to be a meeting ground of peninsular forms. Jayaram et al. (1976) worked on the Mahanadi drainage system in Orissa and Madhya Pradesh in a stretch extending from Cuttuck to Seorinarayan, a distance of about 350 km. 42 species were recorded of which some continue to live above and below the Hirakud dam. Taxonomic notes on a few interesting species were given.

20 7 Osteobrama cotio and Peninsularies silas were recorded for the first time from this river system. Datta and Karmakar (1980) and Karmakar and Datta (1981) also reported 100 species belonging to 45 genera and 19 families from headwaters of Godawari and Mahanadi river systems, namely Indrawati, Sabari, Mahanadi, Dudhnadi and Kokri (Bhor) rivers and lakes, tanks and other water masses in Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. Which indicated the presence of the endemic Deccan fish fauna in Bastar district with two new species, Clupisoma bastari and Puntius saberi. Vardia (1991) made a survey of fish fauna in the river Indravati flowing through Bastar from its origin in Kalahandi district of Orissa to the confluence with the river Godawari and reported 49 species. The main fishes found are Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo rohita, Cyprinus carpio, Anguilla bicolor, Mastacembalus aaculeatum, Rita buchanani, Rita chrysea, Rita hustata, Silundia silundia and Tor tor. Om Prakash (2004) studied the status of fish biodiversity of northern part of Raipur district (C.G.) India. He documented 64 species belonging to 40 genera, 19 families and 7 orders from 23 sampling sites. In his study he reported 18 new fish species (including 6 exotics), which were not reported earlier (Hora, 1940; Jayaram and Majumdar, 1979). The family Cyprinidae with 27 species formed the largest single group in the ichthyofauna of this region. Manoj kumar (2005) reported 43 fish species belonging to 28 genera, 13 families and 5 orders from Dhudhawa reservoir. The order Cypriniformes with 32 species represented 68.76%, followed by Perciformes contributing %, Synbranchiformes contributing (6.97%), Channiformes (4.65%) and Clupeiformes (2.32%) of the total fish fauna.

21 8 Singh and Chari (2006) identified 59 species belonging to 38 genera, 19 families and 7 orders which were recorded in the river Kharun, a major tributary of Mahanadi river system. The ichthyofauna was collected from the basin of the river Kharun from the Raipur district. Out of 59 species, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Channa gachua and Mastacembelus armatus were found in most of the sampling sites. Family Cyprinidae with 23 species formed the largest single group in the icthyofauna of Kharun. Singh et al. (2006) recorded the fish fauna from the catchment of river Mahanadi and Mahanadi proper from seven sampling sites in Raipur district during January to July A total 53 species belonging to 7 order, 17 family, 34 genera were recorded from this region. Out of these 53 species Notopterus notopterus, Labeo rohita, Puntius ticto, Puntius chola, Catla catla, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Aristicthys nobilis, Rita rita, Oreocromis mossambica, Mystus cavasius and Mystus tengra were found at most of the sites. The Family Cyprinidae with 19 species forms the largest single group in ichthyofauna of Mahanadi catchment contributing 35% of the total ichthyofauna. The second largest family is the Bagridae sharing 11% of the total ichthofauna. Dev (2008) studied the status of fish biodiversity of Durg district (C.G.) India and reported a total of 61 fish species belonging to 37 genera, 18 families and 6 orders from 12 sampling sites along with one new species Tor-tor was also enlisted. He enlisted 61, 43, 45 fish species from catchments area of Shivnath, Tandula and Kharun rivers respectively. Family Cyprinidae with 26 species forms the largest single group in the fish fauna of Durg district.sixteen possible candidate fish species for ornamental purpose has also been identified by the researcher.

22 9 Kolhe (2012) made studies on the status of fish biodiversity in the water resources of Rajnandgaon district of Chhattisgarh state. In his study he recorded a total of 63 species belonging to 37 genera, 20 families and 7 orders from 14 sampling sites with seven new species: Crossocheilus latius, Colisa lalia, Labeo dero, Labeo dyocheilus, Pseudambassis lala, Puntius amphibious and Ompok pabda. Seonath, Baghnadi, Kotrinadi, Pairynadi and Aamer rivers have 59, 46, 48, 45 and 44 fish species respectively. The family Cyprinidae with 26 species forms the largest single group in the fish fauna of Rajnandgaon district. Like wise 10 species were assessed for threat as per NBFGR criteria, of which two are endangered species and eight vulnerable species. Patel (2012) observed the status of fish biodiversity in aquatic resources of Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh, India. A total of 61 species under 41 genera, 22 families and 7 orders were recorded. Five new entrants Eutropiichthys murius, Gagata gagata, Johanius gangaticus, Ompak pabda and Tor putitora were recorded. In this study 54 species were recorded in Mahanadi, 30 in Mand and 37 from Kelo river. 24 from Chinkari dam and 18 from Kodar dam and 14, 12, 14 from Chhapora, Pussore and Kodatarai ponds respectively. Tamboli and Jha (2012) reported the Status of Cat Fish Diversity of River Kelo and Mand in Raigarh District, CG, India. They recorded 17 species of cat fishes from 12 genera and 6 families during the period of July 2010 to March 2011 when rivers had sufficient water. Choubey and Qureshi (2013) Study of Ichthyofaunal Biodiversity of Rajnandgaon district CG, India. Total forty five species from different sampling stations were collected. The collected fish species were classified in to 6 order, 15 families and 32 Genera. Order Cyprniformes comprised of 5 families Cyprinidae,

23 10 Siluridae, Bagridae, Saccobranchidae and Clariidae as a dominant group. The main fishes found are Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo rohita, Cyprinus carpio, Clarius batrachus and Oreochromis mossambicus. Work done in India Mathur (1951) studied the fish fauna from Aravalli range and collected fishes from rivers, streams, waterfalls, tanks and pools of Rajputana (Rajasthan). He listed 22 species from this region and classified them into 4 categories: widely distributed in India (11 species), distributed all over India (4 species) distributed all over peninsular India including the western ghats, the Vindhya-Satpura mountains and the Chota- Nagpur plateau (6 species) and restricted to the Sindh Hills (1 species). Job et al. (1955) surveyed the Mahanadi for a stretch of 65 miles and recorded 86 species from different localities both above and below the Hirakud Dam. Joshi (1999) reported 34 native fish species classified under 19 genera, 7 families and 3 orders from various rivers of Kumaun hills (Central Himalaya). Apart from native fishes, some other species are also available in the region. The exotic species introduction in some lacustrine ecosystems includes: Cyprinus carpio, Carassius auratus, Carassius carassius, Salmo gairdneri (Rainbow trout), Salmo trutta fario (Brown trout), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Silver carp) and Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass carp). The Chinese carps are still thriving there but the valuable trout species could not adapt themselves. The fish fauna survey of Bedthi River, Uttera Kannada (Karnataka) by Chandrasekharaiah et al.(2001) enlisted total 75 species, of these 48 freshwater fish species belonging to 14 families and 5 orders and 27 estuarine fish species under 23 families and 7 orders from that region. Among enlisted fishes Cyprinidae was the

24 11 dominant family with 26 species and the commercially important fishes of genetic value observed are Tor khudree, and Hypselobarbus pulchellus. Joshi and Sakhare (2002) in their survey of fish fauna and its water quality (at Bori reservoir Maharashtra) for a period of 12 months from November 2000 to October 2001, enlisted 20 species classified under 14 genera falling under 9 families and 5 orders. Of the 5 orders, Cypriniformes dominated with 7 species followed by Perciformes with 6 species, Siluriformes with 5 species and 1 species each of order Osteoglossiformes and Synbranchiformes. Anuradha Bhata (2003) worked on the Diversity and composition of freshwater fishes in river systems of Central Western Ghats, India. Four rivers, Sharavati, Aghanashini, Bedti and Kali, of the central Western Ghats were studied for their fish diversity and composition. A total species richness of 92 species was reported. A comparison of expected species richness (SR) estimates using different statistical estimators was made which showed the expected SR to be in the range of species. Temporal patterns, with regard to diurnal activity of fishes were studied. These showed that of the 72 species collected at night, 29 were exclusive to night sampling. Radhakrishnan et al. (2003) reported Biodiversity Status of fishes inhabiting rivers of Kerala. The identification of 175 freshwater fishes from 41 west flowing and 3 east flowing river systems of Kerala were confirmed. These are grouped under 106 ornamental and 67 food fishes. Thirty-three fish species were found to be endemic to the rivers of Kerala. The status of fish and fisheries in Ansupa lake, (Orissa) India was conducted by Pati (2006) and recorded 43 fish species belonging to 21 families. Among major

25 12 carps, rohu (Labeo rohita) showed maximum representation in the drag net catch followed by Catla catla, Cirrihinus mrigala and Labeo calbasu. Overall species compositions revealed the dominance of predatory and weed fishes in the fish fauna of that region. A rapid survey (CIFRI project) of ecological and fishery status of the entire Mahanadi river system right from its origin to sea mouth was conducted during by Pathak et al. (2007). They recorded a total of 312 species from 37 sampling sites of which 85 species belonging to 19 families from the upper stretch, 30 species under 11 families from the middle stretch and 197 species from the lower stretch. Among these fish species 63 species under 21 families from Sasang to cuttuck, 57 species under 27 families from Tirtal to Taldanda and 78 species under 48 families from brackish water zone namely Kujang and Paradip. The ecological status and production dynamics of Mahanadi river system were suitable for growth of aquatic organisms. Saxena and Shukla (2007) recorded a total of 23 species of fish belonging to 17 genera, under 8 families and 4 orders from the river Tapti. The family Cyprinidae represents the bulk of fish species, which includes fourteen species. The important fish species recorded from this family were Tor tor, Barilus bendelisis, Rasbora daniconius, Puntius ticto ticto, Garra mullya. Family Cobitidae was comprised of two species viz. Nimacheilus botia, Lepidocephalichthys guntea. The family Siluridae was represented by Ompok bimaculatus and Walago attu. Family Centropomidae was represented by a single species Ambasis nama. Family Gobidae was also recorded by a single species Glossogobius giuris.

26 13 The status of fish fauna of Narmada river in submergence area of Indira sagar reservoir, (M.P.) India were conducted by Vyas et al. (2007) and recorded 52 fish species belonging to 28 genera, 13 families and 7 orders in their investigation. Bhakta and Bandyopadhyay (2008) made comparative studies on the fish biodiversity in freshwater perennial water bodies of Ramnagar, East Midnapore (West Bengal) India. In their first investigation during the period 1990 to 1995, they found a total of 45 fish species belonging to 29 genera, 18 families and 8 orders whereas in their second investigation they enlisted a total of 34 species from 21 genera and 12 families under 7 orders in So, database of ichthyofauna clearly indicated that 11 fish species, 8 genera, 6 families and 1 order have been lost in this investigated area. An account on the fin and shellfish species inhabiting the Thottappally Spillway Canal of Alappuzha district, Kerala by Bhargavan et al. (2008) enlisted 37 fin and shellfish species belonging to 26 families representing 30 finfish species, 3 species of prawn, 3 species of crab and 1 species of mollusk. Among these 4 were typically marine, 21 were transient forms found in either both marine and estuarine zones or both estuarine and riverine zones and 11 were riverine forms. The only true estuarine species was the soleid finfish, Euryglossa orientalis. The transient forms dominated and constituted 56.7% of the total fin and shellfish species. Dua and Parkas (2009) studied the distribution and abundance of fish populations in Harike wetland which was declared as RAMSAR site in Punjab. They recorded a total of 61 fish species belonging to 35 genera and 17 families. Out of which Cirrihinus mrigala and Cyprinus carpio belonging to family Cyprinidae were the dominant fish species and these constituted 23% of the total fish catch in Harike wetland region.

27 14 Heda (2009) studied the Fish diversity of two rivers of the northeastern Godavari basin, Washim Maharashtra India. Constituted the Adan, tributary of the Painganga, and the Kathani, tributary of the Wainganga. Six sites were sampled in each river over three years using gill nets, cast nets and locally available nets where in 47 species of fish were identified. Shahnawaz et al. (2009) reported Water quality assessment and freshwater fish diversity of Bhadra river, Western Ghats, Karnataka. The mean water quality of study sites were as following, ph 6.98, air temperature degrees C, water temperature degrees C, dissolved oxygen 8.74 mg/l, total hardness 27 mg/l, alkalinity 48 mg/l (as CaCO(3)), conductivity mhos/cm, COD (15.16 mg/l), and BOD (3.78 mg/l), respectively. Altogether, 56 species of fish representing 31 genera and 15 families were recorded. The Cyprinid family was dominant in their study. Various diversity index packages have been used to assess the fish diversity. Shinde et al. (2009) studied the fish biodiversity of Pravara River of Ahmednagar (Maharashtra) India and enlisted a total of 41 fish species belonging to 26 genera, 14 families and 7 orders. Among the collected species, order Cypriniformes was most dominant constituting 50% followed by Siluriformes constituting 19%, Perciformes constituting 14.28%, steoglossiformes and Synbranchiformes constituting 4.76% and Mugiliformes and Beloniformes make up 2.38% of the total fish species. Ichthyofaunal diversity census was undertaken during Jan-2008 to Dec-2008 for the commercially important fishes in the Harsool-Savangi Dam District Aurangabad, (M.S.) India by Shinde et al. (2009). The results of their investigations revealed the occurrence of 15 fish species belonging to 3 orders, 4 families and 12

28 15 genera. The order cypriniformes was found dominant with 11 species, followed by perciformes 3 species and siluriformes with 1 species. Joshi and Biswas (2010) studied the piscine diversity and fisheries in the river Ken of Jabalpur district in Madhya Pradesh and recorded a total of 53 fish species classified under 40 genera, 19 families and 7 orders. Out of these, 51 species are native and 2 exotic. The river comprises some highly important threatened species including 4 endangered and 9 vulnerable species. Lakra et al. (2010) studied the Fish diversity, habitat ecology and their conservation and management issues of a tropical River in Ganga basin, India. They recorded 63 fish species belonging to 20 families and 45 genera from five sampling stations spread along the upstream, mid stream and lower streams. Cyprinids were the most dominant group represented by 26 species belonging to 15 genera, followed by Bagridae (6 species from 3 genera), and Schilbeidae (4 species from 4 genera). The distribution of fish showed interesting pattern and about 10% species were common to all the sites showing long migration range. Shannon-Weiner diversity index showed considerable variation and ranged from 1.89 to Out of 63 species status of 10 species were not known due to data deficit. Warna river is the major tributary of Mohite and Samant (2010) the river Krishna, originating in Western Ghats. The results of reveal occurrence of 42 species belonging to 4 orders, 10 families and 30 genera. Fish diversity was greatly affected by the anthropogenic activities. Sarwade and Khillare (2010) made observation on the fish diversity in Bhima River Ujani wetland of Pune District (MH), India. They enlisted 60 species of 36 different genera, 15 families and 6 orders from the Bhima River. Among the collected

29 16 species members of Order Cypriniformes was dominant with 40 species constituting %, followed by Perciformes with 7 species constituting %, Siluriformes with 6 species constituting 10 %, Beloniformes with 5 species constituting 8.33 %, Osteoglossiformes with 2 species constituting 3.33 % and Synbranchiformes with one species constituting 1.66 % of the total fish species. Vijaylaxmi et al. (2010) recorded the Freshwater fishes distribution and diversity status of Mullameri river, a minor tributary of Bheema River of Gulbarga district, Karnataka during April 2006 to March Monthly sampling was carried out at three sites. The result of the study reveals occurrence of 14 fish species belonging to 5 orders. The order Cypriniformes was dominant with 7 fish species followed by order Siluriformes with four species, and the order Channiformes, Mastacembeliformes and Osteoglossiformes each with one species. Amrutsagar and Lohar (2011) worked on the Diversity of Mollusca and Fish in Gondoor and Nakane Lakes in Dhulia, Northwest Maharashtra, India. A total of 17 species of molluscs and 18 fish species were recorded from both lakes. Ichthyofauna of Gondoor and Nakane lakes were dominated by major carps with 10 members belonging to cypriniformes followed by 6 members of family siluriformes and one genera with two species of family channiformes. Patterns of diversity and conservation status of freshwater fishes in the tributaries of River Ramganga in the Shiwaliks of the Western Himalaya were conducted by Atkore et al. (2011) and listed 41 species belonging to 8 families and 5 orders which included 29 species under the threatened category of which 16 species were common to the three rivers. The order Cypriniformes included 99.6% of the fish species. The family Cyprinidae was dominat with 23 species followed by Balitoridae with 8 species and Cobitidae with 3 species besides other families such as Channidae

30 17 with 2 species, Sisoridae with 2 species and one species each from Belonidae, Gobiidae and Mastacembelidae in this region. Fish fauna of Sasthamkotta Lake of Kerala, India were carried out by Girijakumari et al. (2011). They reported a total of 30 species classified under 16 families and 8 orders of which Cyprinidae was found to be dominant family with 8 species. Nineteen species were assessed for threat as per IUCN criteria, they are 04 endangered (EN), 02 critically endangered, 05 vulnerable (VU), 05 lower risks near threatened (LR-nt), 02 lower risk least concerned (LR-lc) and 01 data deficient (DD). Jadhav et al. (2011) studied the Freshwater fish fauna of Koyna River, northern Western Ghats, India studied for a period of two years from May 2007 to April He recorded 58 species belonging to 16 families and 35 genera. Eleven out of the 22 fish species were endemic to the Western Ghats are restricted to the Krishna River system. Eight endemic fish species are known to be threatened because of various anthropogenic activities. Sonawane et al. (2011) reported the Ichthyofanal diversity from Ambadi Dam, Taluka Kannad, District Aurangabad (M.H.) India. The fauna of Ambadi dam was correlated to aquatic ecosystem, during the study period from May 2006 to April 2008, and it was observed that the ichthyofauna belongs to 08 orders 11 families 22 genus and 27 species. Cyprinidae family was dominant over other families. Finally it was concluded that Ambadi dam is rich of fish diversity. Thirumala et al. (2011) worked on the Fish diversity in relation to physicochemical characteristics of Bhadra reservoir of Karnataka, India. The fish community of the Bhadra reservoir in relation to physic-chemical parameters was studied by taking monthly samples from June-2004 to May Fish collections were done

31 18 with gillnets of standardized dimensions with several mesh sizes. 33 fish fauna were identified during the study which belonged to Cyprinidae 18 species, Channidae 2 species, Bagridae and Siluridae with 3 species and a species each of Mastacembelidae, Ambassidae, Cichlidae, Claridae, Notopteridae, Cobitidae and Heteropneustidae. Dongre et al. (2012) recorded 68 species of fish from different sampling stations of Satpura Valley, Betul, Madhya Pradesh in India and classified them into 9 Orders and 22 families. The main fishes of the Satpura Valley are Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Cirrhinus reba, Labeo calbasu, Labeo fimbriatus, Labeo bata, Labeo gonius, Labeo rohita Cyprinus carpio (Common carp), Hypopthalmichthys molitrics (Silver carp), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass carp) Tor tor, Mystus seenghala, Mystus cavasius, Mystus aor, Wallago attu, Punctius sarana, Clupisoma gaura, Channa species, Mastacembelus armatus, Ompak bimaculatus, Notopterus notopterus. Jayalekshmy and Sanalkumar (2012) reported biseasonal variation in the piscian diversity in relation to physico-chemical parameters of Pallickal river Kerala, India. The study aimed to estimate the fish diversity of Pallickal River in relation to physico chemical parameters. The period of study was from March 2012 to October Thirty fishes belongs to 16 families of 9 orders were obtained, in which the dominant family was Cyprinidae. One endangered species and 7 vulnerable species were recorded during the study. Kharat Sanjay et al. (2012) made studies on Freshwater fish fauna of Krishna River in northern Western Ghats,(M.H) India at Wai, and the Dhom reservoir upstream of Wai. 51 species belonging to 14 families and 33 genera were recorded. Thirteen species were endemic to the Western Ghats and two to the Krishna River

32 19 system. Moderate to rare populations were found for six globally threatened species: Gonoproktopterus curmuca, Labeo potail, Schismatorhynchos nukta, Tor khudree, T. mussullah and Parapsilorhynchus discophorus. Kulkarni et al. (2012) reported the Ichthyological Fauna of Buldhana District, Maharashtra India. The Buldhana district is traversed by the river Purna and its principal tributaries, viz., the Nalganga, the Vishwaganga and the Gyanganga from the south and the Banganga from the north, and by the river Penganga. A total of 20 species belonging to 7 families were recorded. These families are; cyprinidae (10 species), Notopteridae (01 species), Cobittidae (01 species), Siluridae (01 species), Saccobranchidae (01 species), Clariidae (01 species), Ophiocephalidae (04 species), and Mastocembelidae (02 species). Saxena et al. (2012) In their studies on Tighra reservoir of Gwalior, 40 species of fishes belonging to 23 genera, 12 families and 6 orders were identified. The order Cypriniformes was found to be a major order with 55.0% percent contribution. Siluriformes with 20.0%, Perciformes 15.0%, Synbranchiformes 5.0% and Osteoglossiformes and Beloniformes with 1.5% contribution. Out of 40 species of fish, two species of fish are endangered, eight species of fish are vulnerable, twenty species at lower risk near threatened, three species under lower risk least concern and four species were reported to be data deficient. Conservation steps of fish fauna in the Tighra reservoir have also been suggested. Fishes were collected during the survey and sampling carried out during from 3 selected stations of Betwa river (M.P) by Vyas et al. (2012). A total of 60 species belonging to 36 genera and 18 families were collected from all the three stations. Cyprinidae formed the largest dominant family contributing 29 species (48.33%), Bagridae formed the subdominant family contributing 6 species (10%) and

33 20 Channidae represented 4 species, Schilbeidae 3 species and Siluridae, Cobitidae, Ambassidae and Mastacembelidae each represented 2 species and 1 species each of Notopteridae, Clupeidae, Clariidae, Heteropneustidae, Sisoridae, Nandidae, Cichlidae, Gobiidae, Belonidae and Mugilidae in Betwa river. Jha et al. (2013) reported the fishes of the middle stretch of river Tawa, Madhya Pradesh, India, with 57 fish species belonging to 35 genera, 13 families and 06 orders. Besides this, they classified the fauna of the river into 25 ornamental fish (43.85%), and 17 aquacultural fish (29.82%). In addition the trophic structure indicated dominance of herbivore with 19 fish species (33.33%) followed by carnivore 15 species (26.31%) and omnivore with 16 species (28.07%) while 4 species (7.01%) was not evaluated. As per red list of threatened species, 4 species belong to near threatened (NT) category and 1 belong to vulnerable category. Ridhi et al. (2013) studied the Fishes of Gandhisagar Reservoir in Madhya Pradesh, which was constructed on the river Chambal. Their work was conducted during April 2009 to December 2011 and recorded a total of 72 species of fishes belonging to 9 orders, 20 families and 43genera. Work done Abroad Jihua Wu et al. (2003) made studies on Freshwater fish biodiversity in the Yangtze River basin of China patterns, threats and conservation. They synthesized information on freshwater fish biodiversity in the Yangtze River basin. They documented 361 species and subspecies that had been recorded and described from the basin. Of these, 177 species are endemic. Jaroensutasinee et al. (2007) worked on Water Quality and Freshwater Fish Diversity at Khao Luang National Park, Thailand. The mean water quality of

34 21 waterfalls at Khao Luang National Park were as following ph 7.50, air temperature C, water temperature C, dissolved oxygen 7.88 mg/l, hardness mg/l, alkalinity mg/(as CaCO3). 20 fish species were found at Khao Luang National Park belonging to 9 families. The Cyprinids represented the major species in all the waterfalls comprising of 45%. Biodiversity in relation to physicochemical properties of keenjhar lake, Thatta district, Sindh, Pakistan were determined beginning from January until December 2005 by Koral et al. (2008). A total of 51 species of fishes belonging to 16 families in which Cyprinidae was found to be the most dominant family with 19 species and 8 species of prawns. Further 142 species of phytoplankton, 37 species of zooplankton, 39 species of aquatic plants were also recorded the physicochemical properties such as temperature, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, salinity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, chlorides, turbidity, ph and hardness were determined on monthly basis. Were found suitable for growth of aquatic biota. Mohsin and Haque (2009) made studies on Diversity of Fishes of Mahananda River at Chapai Nawabgonj District Bangladesh. From October, 2006 to November, The aim of the study was to find out the open water fish diversity in Mohananda River of Chapai Nawabgonj. Fifty six fish species were found and identified during the investigation under 9 orders, 20 families and 42 genera. Among the 56 species, 20 were found under the order Cypriniformes, 17 species were categorized under the order Siluriformes, 10 species were found under the order perciformes, 3 species were under the order Clupeiformes, 2 species were found under the order Channiformes and a single species was belonged to the order Synbranchiformes, Tetraodontiformes, Beloniformes and Cyprinodontiformes each. During the entire period of the study, only 19 endangered fish species were found

35 22 from the study point. Among exotic carps, only Hypophthalmichthys molitrix was found during the study period in the river Mohananda. Muchlisin et al. (2009) studied the diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes in Aceh water, northern- sumatra, Indonesia. They evaluated the diversity of freshwater fish and its distribution to establish an inventory of the freshwater fish fauna in Aceh water. Sampling was done in five regions of NAD at 17 sites. Explorative research was conducted from January to June 2008 by investigating rivers based on information by local residents. A total of 711 fishes belonging to 114 species, 69 genera, 41 families and 12 orders, were recorded five families were distributed widely and observed in all the five regions i.e., Anguillidae, Clariidae, Cyprinidae, Anabantidae and Channidae. Singh et al. (2009) recorded the status of fish diversity of Tamor river and its major tributaries of eastern Himalayan region of Nepal. A total of 30 fish species from different sampling stations were recorded. Psilorhynchoides pseudecheneis, endemic fish of Nepal, was recorded from all 7 stations, which can be considered as a common species of the study area. Recorded fish species were classified into 2 orders and five families. Order Cypriniformes comprised of 4 families: Cyprinidae, Cobitidae, Balitoridae and Psilorhynchidae with 26 species while order Siluriformes comprised of one family: Sisoridae and four species. Cyprinidae, Cobitidae, Balitoridae and Psilorhynchidae comprised 61%, 13%, 10% and 3% respectively while Sisoridae comprised of 13% fish species.

36 Materials and Methods

37 23 CHAPTER III MATERIALS AND METHODS This chapter deals with the description of the study area, period of the study, criteria of sampling, site selection, details of sampling sites and methods of collection of samples, preservation of fish specimen, etc. 3.1 General description of the Chhattisgarh Geographical details Chhattisgarh is situated between 17 o o 80 N latitude and 80 o o 24 E longitude. Geographically, Chhattisgarh has hilly areas, plateau and river basins. Hills range from 1000 to 3000 meters above sea level and consist of (i) Maikal ranges (ii) Churi-Udaipur hills (iii) Chang bhakhar-deogarh hills and (iv) Abujmarh hills. There are various plateaus: Bastar, Pendra-Lormi, Mainpat, etc. Chhattisgarh plains is a basin of many rivers and its water potential is trapped in the form of few reservoirs. The state receives good amount of precipitation ( mm) Water resources The state possesses vast and varied natural water resources in the form of rivers, reservoirs, ponds and tanks. About 60,248 water bodies covering an area of 1,63,100 ha is available for fish production, out of which 1734 covering 88,700 ha water area is in the form of Irrigation reservoirs and the remaining 58,514 are village ponds covering an area of 74,400 ha. The total fish production of C.G. in 2012 was about lakh tons. (Anonymns 2012).

38 24 Besides, the state has four river systems viz., Mahanadi, Godavari, Ganga and Narmada with their tributaries forming a network of 3,573 km (Table 3.2) Table 3.1 Water resources in Chhattisgarh S. No. 1 2 Water source Irrigation tanks Village tanks Available Under use Unavailable tanks Numbers Area (ha) Numbers Area (ha) Numbers Area(ha) 1,734 88,700 1,400 80, ,962 58,514 74,400 47,965 60,626 10,549 13,774 Total 60,248 1,63,100 49,365 1,41,364 10,883 21,736 Source: Directorate of fisheries, Raipur (2012) River Systems The details of four river system with their tributaries are as follows: Mahanadi river system The river Mahanadi is the major river of the state and covers 75 per cent of the total area. The tributaries of Mahanadi river system are Seonath, Kharun, Jonk, Hasdeo, Arpa, Pairy, Tandula, Jamunia, Khursi, Mand, Ibb, Kelo, Surangi, Maniyari, Lilagar, Borai etc. The river Mahanadi mainly drains into the central part of the state (Dhamtari, Mahasamund, Rajnandgaon, Durg, Raipur, Kawardha, Bilaspur, Janjgir- Champa, Jashpur and Raigarh districts) Godavari river system The Godavari is the second major river system of the state with tributaries Indravati, Sabari, Kotri, Chinta, Kohka Bagh, Dankni and Shankni, Narangi, Khobhra, Gudra, Mari, etc. Its catchment area is mainly in Kanker, Bastar and Dantewara districts.

39 Plate 1: Chhattisgarh drainage system

40 Ganga river system The river Ganga has very little drainage in the state with the tributaries Sone, Rihand, Kanhar, Rehar, Gopad, Banas, Bizal, Sope, etc. Its catchments mainly lies in Sarguja and Korea districts and drains Pendra and Bagicha tehsils of Bilaspur districts Narmada river system The river Narmada has negligible catchment in the state with the tributaries Bazar and Tanda. Its drainage extends into north Kawardha district. Table: 3.2 Major river systems in Chhattisgarh (Tripathi and Chandrakar, 2000) S. River Hills of Length Drainage area No. origin (km) (districts) 1. Mahanadi Sihawa 286 Dhamtari, Mahasmund, Raipur, Bilaspur, Janjgir-champa and Raigarh 2. Seonath Penbaras 200 Rajnandgaon, Durg, Bilaspur and Janjgir- Champa 3. Hasdeo Korea 176 Korea, Bilaspur, Korba and Janjgir- Champa 4. Mand Mainpat 155 Sarguja, Jashpur, Raigarh and Janjgir- Champa 5. Ibb Pendra Pat 87 Jashpur 6. Hanf Kandawani 88 Kawardha and Durg 7. Arpa Khongsra 100 Bilaspur 8. Kharun Sanjari 96 Durg and Raipur 9. Kanhar Bakhona 115 Jashpur and Sarguja Choti 10. Narangi Maakadi 135 Kondagaon and Bastar 11. Rihand Matiringa 145 Sarguja 12. Indravati Kalahandi 264 Bastar, Dantewara, and Bijapur 13. Sabari Bailadila 173 Dantewara and Sukma

41 Reservoir The state has several reservoirs in which the Ravishankar Sagar locally popular as Gangrel is the largest reservoir (9,540 ha FRL). Other reservoirs are of medium and small type namely Tandula (4,410 ha), Kodar (3,583 ha), Manohar Sagar (3,257 ha), Kharkhara (2,975 ha), Kharang (2,760 ha), Hasdeo-Bango (2,510 ha), Marmsilli (2,508 ha), Maniyari (2,460 ha), Dudhawa (1868 ha), Sikasar (1862 ha), Gondli (1862 ha), Kosarteda ( ha), Mongara (677.8 ha), Pipariya ( ha), Matiamoti (315 ha), Sondur, Maroda, Dulhera etc. All reservoirs are multipurpose in use but their main objective is irrigation. They are rich in faunal biodiversity and attract attention for their effects, whatsoever on the fish species. 3.2 Selection of the study area The Chhattisgarh state has 27 revenue districts, out of which Bastar district is selected for this study. Bastar district is located in the range of 17 46' and 20 34' North latitude and 80 15' and 82 15' East longitude and at an altitude of 2000 ft covering a total area of 39,114 sq.km. in Chhattisgarh state. Out of total 7 revenue blocks in Bastar district, 5 blocks were selected for this study to know the diversity of fish species. The blocks selected are: Jagdalpur, Bastar, Lohandiguda, Tokapal, and Darbha. 3.3 Selection of sites The study was made on the basis of catchments of rivers and their tributaries along with connected reservoirs/ponds present in the area. Bastar district was divided into the four zones for the study. This was on the basis of catchments of four rivers present in the area. Four zones are (i) Indravati basin (ii) Narangi basin (iii) Markandey basin and (iv) Mungabahar basin.

42 Selected Sampling Sites of Bastar district 17 46' and 20 34' N latitude and 80 15' and 82 15' E longitude Kosarteda Reservoir Jagdalpur Anicut Gangamunda reservoir Dalpatsagar reservoir Jagdalpur fish market Bastar Fish Market Bastar talab Siwani talab Mundagaon fishing site Lohandiguda fish market Chitrakot fish landing centre Burungpal reservoir Trathgarh fishins site Karaji talab Plate 2: Location of sampling sites

43 27 Site selection for the collection of fish specimens in these basins was done on the basis of availability of landing site and their approachability i.e., linking by roads, presence of small, medium or big reservoirs, village ponds etc. which are directly or indirectly connected to these rivers or streams. 3.4 Details of sampling sites Basin of Indravati river Site-1 Dalpat Sagar reservoir Dalpat Sagar Lake is located within Jagdalpur. It is one of the biggest artificial lake in Chhattisgarh. It is a small reservoir of ha. Dalpat Sagar is one of the major source of fishing and provide means of livelihood to many local people. The water of the reservoir is used for fish Culture, entertainment and bathing of the human beings. This lake is a great attraction for those residing in the town as well as the tourists coming to Jagdalpur to enjoy Dalpat Sagar, situated in the catchment of the river Indravati at Jagdalpur town. Site-2 Gangamunda reservoir It is a small reservoir of ha mainly used for fish culture and and bathing of the human beings. Situated in the catchment of the river Indravati at Jagdalpur town. Site-3 Jagdalpur anicut on Indravati river It is an anicut and small fishing site of the river indravati at Jagdalpur, this anicut is mainly used for water storage. Site-4 Jagdalpur Fish Market It is the main fish market of Bastar district. The fish come from the catches of the Indravati, the Dalpat Sagar, the Gangamunda reservoir and many village tanks in the catchments of this river.

44 28 Site-5 Lohandiguda fish market It is the main fish market of Lohandiguda region. The fish come from the catches of the Indravati, the Narangi and many village tanks in the catchments of this river. Site-6 Chitrakot fish landing centre It is the main fish landing centre of Indravati river. There is a water fall and used for fishery and tourism activities. The Chitrakot Falls is located on Indravati River. It is located 38 km from Jagdalpur. Site-7 Burungpal reservoir It is situated in the catchments of the river Indravati 12 Km from Jagdalpur near Burungpal village. It is small reservoir of ha and also used for irrigation purpose and fish culture. Site-8 Karanji talab It is perennial village pond of 3 ha situated in the catchments of the river Indravati 12 Km from Jagdalpur near Karanji village. Mainly used for fish culture and bathing of human beings Basin of Narangi river Site-9 Mundagaon fishing site It is located around 22 km from Bastar block. It is the fishing site in the catchments of this river. Site-10 Siwani Talab It is perennial urban pond of 5 ha situated in Siwani and mainly used for fish culture and bathing of the human beings. It is perennial village pond of 5 ha situated

45 Kosarteda reservoir ( ha) Dalpatsagar reservoir (110 ha) Plate 3 : Satellite Images of Reservoir

46 29 in Siwani 17 km from Bastar, mainly used for fish culture and bathing of human beings Basin of Markandey nala Site-11 Bastar fish market It is main fish market of Bastar block and situated near catchments of the river Markandey. Fishes comes from river Markandey, river Indravati, Kosarteda reservoir and many village ponds in the catchments of this river. Site-12 Bastar talab It is perennial urban pond of 8 ha situated in Bastar and mainly used for fish culture and bathing of the human beings. Site-13 Kosarteda reservoir It is a small reservoir of ha and used mainly for irrigation purpose and fish culture. It is situated in the catchments of the river Kosarteda proper, near Salemeta village on Bhanpuri road Basin of Mungabahar river Site-14 Tirathgarh fishing site It is located around 38 km from Jagdalpur in the renowned eco tourism site of Kanger Valley National Park. It is the fishing site in the catchments of this river. 3.5 Fishing methods and implements Bastar possesses a wealth of knowledge related to traditional fishing techniques. Their techniques are specialized according to structure, size of stream, season and species of fishes intented to be harvested. The fishing activities last mainly during the

47 30 dry months, between Octobers and ensuing May during which period the fishermen are employed in angling, trapping and netting. (Photographs were taken with the help of digital camera. Crafts and gears used in the study area are listed below: ) Crafts The crafts used in the study area are mostly traditional and indigenous Boats Fishing is usually done by dug-out boats of flat bottom made locally. Their sizes vary in length, width and depth. They are usually operated by one to three men. Locally available woods are used to construct the boat. The boats are locally known as Donga or Nav Gears Many types of fishing net, fishing gears, bamboo frames are commonly used in Bastar in running as well as stagnant water. These are popularly used in both small and large water bodies for collecting fishes. Contribution of hooks, gill nets and drag nets are maximum in relation to catch in the study area. Detail description of them is as follows: Cast nets Cast net is cone-shaped, sinkers are made of cast iron and thread is usually of nylon. Mesh sizes are usually very small. These nets are locally called as Jhari or Saukhi. It is used in shallow areas of river and reservoir. Most of the fishermen personally own cast net. Fishes like: Amblypharyngodon mola, Barilius barila, Clarius batrachus, Esomus danricus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Labeo boga, Lapidocephalichthys guntea, Channa punctatus, Noemachecheilus botia,

48 Cast net used in Karanji talab Trap used in Indravati river Nav / donga used in Dalpat sagar Dalpat sagar fishing site Bait fishing in Dalpat sagar Plate 4: Fishing craft and gear used in different sampling sites

49 Hooks & lines gear Gill net Lohandiguda fish market Plate 4: Fishing gears & fish market

50 31 Parluciosoma deniconius, Puntius sarana and Salmostoma bacaila are mostly caught using this gear Gill nets Gill nets are locally called as Tangri or Fansha Jaal. In Bastar district mainly floating gill nets are operated by Donga in lentic and lotic water bodies. The latter one has floats attached to the head twine and sinkers attached to the foot twine. The nets are made of nylon of varying mesh sizes, which are tied across the river or pond from one end to the other end on surface. It is kept hanging over night and taken out early morning. This is the main gear used in ponds and reservoirs. Fishes like: Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypopthalmichthys molitrix, Hypopthalmichthys nobilis, Labeo rohita, Labeo calbasu, Labeo gonius, Labeo fimbriatus, Bagarius bagarius, Rita rita, Rita chrysea and Tor tor are mostly caught using this gear Drag nets These are also of various mesh sizes and used for filtering water by dragging in rivers, ponds, irrigation tanks etc. Dragnets are operated by 2-6 persons in shallow water areas only. In reservoirs they are used at the periphery along the banks. They are locally called as Jhorli or jaal. They are generally made-up of nylon. Fishes like: Barilius barila, Barilius bendelisis, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Channa gachua, Channa striatus, Labeo bata Labeo rohita, Mystus tengara, Oreochromis mossambica, Oreochromis niloticus, Panasius pangasius, Puntius sophore and Puntius ticto are mostly caught using this gear.

51 Bag nets A bag type net is used to catch the fish by filtering the water and such nets are fixed to the stakes. These nets are made-up of nylon and mostly used in flowing waters. They are locally known as Jhorli. Fishes like: Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Cirrhinus reba, Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Channa gachua, Channa striatus, Labeo bata, Labeo rohita, Mystus tengara, Oreochromis mossambica, Oreochromis niloticus, Salmophasia phulo, Panasius pangasius, Puntius sophore and Puntius ticto are caught using this gear Lift nets These are locally used in rivers but are frequently used in small nala. They are tied with two to four bamboo poles and a lever to lift the net, set on the bottom. Some food is dropped and as soon as some fishes aggregate gear is lifted. They are locally called chogudi and dosa with minor differences. Fishes like: Amblypharyngodon mola, Labeo dero, Lapidocephalichys guntea, Mystus aor, Mystus seenghala, Noemachelius botia and Parluciosoma deniconius are caught using this gear Plung basket As soon as fish is seen is shallow areas, the basket is covered on the fish. It is then taken out by hand through upper mouth. Fishes like: Channa gachua, Channa orientalis, Clarius batrachus and Heteropneustus fossilis are caught using this gear Scoop/Push nets These are used in isolated pools only wherein triangular wooden frame is tied with a net piece forming a bag at caudal end. It is pushed and lifted by hand in shallow waters. It is locally called as pelna. Fishes like: Barilius barila, Esomus

52 33 danricus, Indoreonectus evezardi, Lapidocephalichthys guntea and Noemacheilus botia are caught using this gear Mosquito nets It is fine mesh net generally used for keeping the catch of fishes. Fishes like: Amblypharyngodon mola, Anabas testudineus, Barilius bendelisis, Channa gachua, Channa punctatus, Channa striatus, Chanda nama, Chanda ranga, Colisa faciatus, Colisa lalia, Glossogobius giurius, Macrognathus aral, Mastacembelus puncalus, Nandus nandus, Osteobrama cotio, Puntius ticto and puntius chola are caught using this gear Hooks & Lines Hooks and lines are very commonly used either with single hook tied across the river (gari) or a part of it with multipie hooks (danari). It is the most popular game fishing among local people. Fishes like: Anguilla bicolor, Bagarius bagarius, Labeo calbasu, Garra mullya, Puntius sarana, Rita rita are caught Traps Various types of traps are used which are made of bamboo. They are placed in such a way that a part of river flow passes through them. It is also used in paddy fields in rainy season. The gap in between traps is filled with paira or grasses, etc. These traps are locally called as Thapa, Bisar, Dandar, Sodia, etc. Small fishes are usually caught by this method. Fishes like: Barilius barila, Barilius bendelisis, Channa gachua, Chanda nama, Chanda ranga, Parluciosoma deniconius, Mystus vittatus, Mystus cavassius, Puntius sarana, Puntius sophore, Puntius ticto and Puntius chola are mostly caught.

53 Sampling of fish specimen Fishes were collected during the period of July, 2012 to April, Sampling was done in two ways: (1) By Nets: - The fish specimen were sampled from their natural habitats. (2) From Market and Landing sites: - The local fish market, village haats and landing sites were also visited and specimen procured. 3.8 Preservation of fish specimen Preservation of fish specimen was necessary for transportation to laboratory to confirm identification of fish species. The collected fish specimen was preserved in 6-8% formaldehyde solution at the sampling site itself. Small fish specimen (less than 10 cm in total length) were preserved directly without injection or opening the visceral cavity. But larger specimen was preserved with injection of preservative into the visceral cavity or slitting of abdomen for about 25% of body length. Larger specimens (more than 25 cm in total length) were injected with 8% formaldehyde in the belly to prevent spoilage. The preserved specimen were stored in plastic containers. 3.9 Labeling or recording of fish specimen Every sample was labeled with coded numbers and entered in a field diary against a number. The details included locality, date and time of collection and other related information of specimen. A strong plastic label was used with serial number Identification of fish specimen Samples were brought to the laboratory and Meristic and morphometric characters were measured and identified up to the species level, with the help of

54 35 standard keys and books of Day (1986), Datta Munshi and Shrivastava (1988), Talwar and Jhingran (1991), Jayaram (1994), Kar (2008), Das et al. (2010) and Fish Base (2012). Identification of fish specimen was based on diagnostic characters such as body form, colour, size, shape and position of fins, meristic features such as the number of rays in a fin or the number of scales in a specific series, the presence of scales in a specific series, the presence of distinctive organs such as barbles, or the lateral line and various proportions such as the ratio of the length of the head to the total length of the body, etc. After identification, fish species was compared amongst various sampling sites in different river basins, the frequency of occurrence differed significantly. Frequency distribution was calculated for individual river basins followed by Biradar (2002). Frequency distribution = Presencenumber of fish speciesin different sites Totalnumber of sites on basin x 100 Frequency distribution helps us to know which species is available in all sampling sites or one/more sampling sites. Hundred percent occurrence shows that the specific species is available at all sampling sites. i.e. through the river course. So, species on the basis of their percentage of occurrence categorized into: 1. Dominant: Species occurring in more than 80 percent of sampling sites, 2. Abundant: Species occurring in percent of sampling sites, 3. Less abundant: Species occurring in percent of sampling sites and 4. Rare: Species occurring less than 40 percent of sampling sites. In case of Narangi and Mungabahar river basin where only two and one sampling sites are these two categories are made i.e. Dominant and Abundant.

55 Physico-chemical analysis of water of sampling sites: Surface water samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis. Sampling was done from different selected sites between 9 a.m. to 10 a.m. for physico-chemical analysis. i. Temperature: Water temperature was measured by using centigrade mercury thermometer by dipping directly into the water for about one minute on the spot till the mercury column stabilized, after which temperature was recorded. ii. iii. Transparency: Transparency was measured with a Secchi disc. ph: ph of water sample was measured by using ph electrode of water analysis kit 1160 made by Environmental & Scientific Instruments Co. (ESICO) Haryana, India. iv. Dissolved Oxygen: (D.O.) Dissolved oxygen of water sample was measured by using D.O. electrode of water analysis kit (1160) made by Environmental & Scientific Instruments Co. (ESICO) Haryana, India and the result is expressed as mg/l. v. Alkalinity: Total alkalinity of water sample was estimated by combining both the values i.e. free carbon dioxide (carbonate alkalinity) measured by using phenolphthalein as an indicator and bicarbonate alkalinity (by using methyl orange indicator) where the sample was titrated against N/50 sulphuric acid (APHA, 1998). The result is expressed as mg/l.

56 37 vi. Total Hardness: Total hardness of the water sample was measured by EDTA titrimetric method (APHA, 1998). Eriochrome black-t was used as an indicator and result is expressed as mg/l. vii. Electrical Conductivity (E.C.): E.C. of water sample was measured by using EC electrode of water analysis kit 1160 made by Environmental & Scientific Instruments Co. (ESICO) Haryana, India and the result is expressed as ms/cm. viii. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): TDS of water sample was measured by using TDS electrode of water analysis kit1160 made by Environmental & Scientific Instruments Co. (ESICO) Haryana, India and the result is expressed as ppm or mg/l. 3.8 Physico-chemical analysis of Soil of sampling sites: I. ph: Soil ph was determined using 1:2.5 soils - water suspension after stirring for 30 minutes, by glass electrode ph meter as suggested by Piper (1966). II. Available nitrogen: Soil available nitrogen was determined by alkaline permanganate method as described by Subbiah and Asija (1956). III. Available phosphorus: Soil available phosphorus was extracted by NaHCO3 (ph 8.5) as described by Olsen et al. (1954) and the amount was determined by ascorbic acid method using spectrophotometer (Watnabe and Olsen; 1965). IV. Available potassium: Soil potassium was extracted by neutral normal ammonium acetate and determined with the help of flame photometer as described by Muhr et al. (1965).

57 RESULTs & DISCUSSION

58 38 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of the present study provides a systematic account of icthyofaunal diversity from freshwater rivers, streams, reservoirs, village ponds and urban ponds in the Bastar district on the basis of fish samples collected from July 2012 to April, During the study period different fish varieties were observed in the water resources of Bastar district. The result shows that the area is rich in fish fauna. Present study was made on the basis of fish samples collected from catchments of four rivers viz., 1) Indravati river 2) Narangi river 3) Markandey river 4) Mungabahar river The fish samples collected and identified from different sampling sites have been presented in the Table 4.1. The fishes have been identified and classified with the help of keys provided by Jayaram (1981), Talwar and Jhingran (1991), Kar (2008), Das et al. (2010) and Fish Base (2012). Their common and vernacular names, fin formula and geographical distribution are listed in Table 4.2. A systematic account of 74 fish species belonging to 43 genera, 21 families and 7 orders were recorded from 14 sampling sites in Bastar district (C.G.). Out of 74 species 35 belong to the order Cypriniformes dominating with (31 species of Cyprinidae, 1 species of Cobitidae and 3 species of Balitoridae) followed by the order Siluriformes with 17 species (4 species of Siluridae, 8 species of Bagridae, 2 species

59 39 of Clariidae and one species each of Sisoridae, Pangasiidae and Heteropneustidae), 14 belong to the order Perciformes (5 species of Channidae, 2 specics of Ambassidae, 2 species of Cichlidae, 2 species of Belontidae and one species each of Nandidae, Anabantidae and Gobiidae), 2 belong to the order Osteoglossiformes (2 species of Notopteridae), 4 belong to the order Synbranchiformes (3 species of Mastacembelidae and 1 species of Sybranchidae), 1 belong to the order Anguilliformes (1 species of Anguillidae) and 1 belong to the order Cyprinodontiformes (1 species of Belonidae) are presented in the Table 4.1 and 4.2. The present study collected 13 new fish species which were not recorded earlier (Hora, 1938; Vardia, 1991 and Kar, 2008) in the water resources of Bastar district in Chhattisgarh. Among the 13 species, 6 species were indigenous viz., Monopterus cuchia, Mystus tengara, Pangasius pangasius, Channa orientalis, Colisa fasciatus and Colisa lalia and 7 species were exotic viz., Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Clarias gariepinus, Oreochromis mossambicus and Oreochromis niloticus. Among the total enlisted species, the dominant ones included family Cyprinidae, Bagridae, Heteropneustidae and Gobiidae whereas, the abundant ones included family Channidae, Ambassidae Cobitidae and Cichlidae. Analysis of the 74 species recorded reveals that the species belonging to the order Cypriniformes was dominant constituting 47 %, (out of which Family Cyprinidae contributes about 42 %) followed by order Siluriformes constituting 23 % Perciformes 19 %, Synbranchiformes 6 %, Osteoglossiformes constituting 3 % and order Cyprinodontiformes and Anguilliformes constituting 1 % each of total fish species.

60 40 The dominant and abundant fish species includes all the 3 major carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala), 1 minor carp (Labeo bata), 1 cat fish (Clarius batrachas), besides native fishes 2 exotic carp (Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis mossambica) are having high economic and cultivable value in this region. The genera representing the icthyofauna (74 species) of Bastar district are Amblypharyngodon, Anguilla, Barilius, Catla, Cirrhinus, Ctenopharyngodon, Cyprinus, Esomus, Garra, Hypophthalmichthys, Labeo, Osteobrama, Parluciosoma, Puntius, Salmostoma, Tor, Lepidocephalichthys, Noemacheilus, Schistura, Indoreonectes, Ompok, Wallago, Silonia, Mystus, Sperata, Rita, Bagarius, Pangasius, Heteropneustes, Clarias, Xenentodon, Pseudambassis, Chanda, Channa, Nandus, Oreochromis, Anabas, Colisa, Glossogobius, Mastacembelus, Macrognathus, Monopterus and Notopterus. Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Clarius gariepinus, Channa orientalis, Colisa fasciatus, Colisa lalia Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Labeo boga, Mystus tengra, Monopterus cuchia, Oreochromis mossambica, Oreochromis niloticus and Pangasius pangasius, are new records in this region. 4.1 Fish Fauna of Indravati river basin A total of 70 species were found in the Indravati river basin of which 12 species are dominant (Table: 4.3) based on frequency distribution. They are: Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.), Catla catla (Ham.), Channa punctatus (Bloch.), Chanda nama (Ham.), Glossogobius giurius (Ham.), Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch.), Labeo bata (Ham.), Labeo rohita (Ham.), Sperata aor (Ham.), Sperata seenghala (Sykes.), Puntius sarana (Ham.), and Puntius sophore (Ham.). Twenty one species which are abundant or common are Barilius barila (Ham.-bush.), Cirrhinus reba

61 Table: 4.1 Icthyofauna in the Basin of Indravati, Narangi, Markandey and Mungabahar rivers. S.No Fish species Sampling sites Indravati basin Narangi Basin Markandey basin Mungabahar basin Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.) 2 Anabas testudineus (Bloch) 3 Anguilla bicolor (McClelland) 4 Bagarius bagarius (Ham.) 5 Barilius barila (Ham Bush.) 6 Barilius bendelisis (Ham.) 7 Catla catla (Ham.) Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) 9 Cirrhinus reba (Ham.) Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.) 11 Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) Channa gachua (Ham.) Channa orientalis (Ham.) Cont 41

62 Cont S.No Fish species Sampling sites Indravati basin Narangi Basin Markandey basin Mungabahar basin Channa marulius (Ham.) 15 Channa punctatus (Bloch) 16 Channa striatus (Bloch) 17 Chanda nama (Ham.) Chanda ranga (Ham.) Clarias batrachus (Linn) 20 Clarias gariepinus (Bloch) 21 Colisa faciatus (Bloch & Schn.) 22 Colisa lalia (Ham Buch) 23 Esomus danricus (Ham.) 24 Garra mullya (Sykes) Glossogobius giuris (Ham.) 26 Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) 27 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.) Cont 42

63 Cont S.No Fish species Sampling sites Indravati basin Narangi Basin Markandey basin Mungabahar basin Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Rich.) 29 Indoreonectus evezardi (Day.) Labeo bata (Ham.) Labeo boga (Bloch) Labeo boggut (Sykes.) Labeo calbasu (Ham.) Labeo dero (Sykes) Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch.) 36 Labeo gonius (Ham.- Boch.) Labeo rohita (Ham.) Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Ham.) 39 Macrognathus aral (Bloch.) 40 Mastacembelus pancalus (Ham.) 41 Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) 42 Monopterus cuchia (Ham.) 43 Sperata aor (Ham.) Cont 43

64 Cont S.No Fish species Sampling sites Indravati basin Narangi Basin Markandey basin Mungabahar basin Sperata seenghala (Sykes) 45 Mystus bleekeri (Day) Mystus tengara (Ham.) Mystus vittatus (Bloch) Mystus cavassius (Ham.) Nandus nandus (Ham.) Noemacheilus botia (Ham.) 51 Notopterus chitala (Ham.) 52 Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) 53 Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) 54 Ompak pabda (Ham.) Oreochromis mossambica (Peters) 56 Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.) 57 Osteobrama cotio (Ham.) Pangasius pangasius (Ham.) 59 Parluciosoma daniconius (Ham.- Buch.) Cont 44

65 45 Cont S.No Fish species Sampling sites Indravati basin Narangi Basin Markandey basin Mungabahar basin Puntius sarana (Ham.) Puntius sophore (Ham.) Puntius ticto (Ham.) Puntius chola (Ham.) Puntius conchonius (Ham.) 65 Puntius amphibius (Valenciennes) 66 Rita rita (Ham.) Rita chrysea (Day.) Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.) 69 Salmophasia phulo (Ham.) 70 Schistura denisoni (Day.) 71 Silonia silondia (Ham.) Tor tor (Ham.- Bush) Wallago attu (Bl. And Schn.) 74 Xenentodon cancila (Ham.) Total (+) (+) = Present, = Present, (-) (-) = Absent, = Absent, Sampling sites: 1 = Dalpat sagar reservoir, 2 = Gangamunda reservoir, 3 = Jagdalpur anicut, 4 = Jagdalpur fish market, 5 = Lohandiguda fish market, 6 = Chitrakot fishing site, 7 = Burungpal reservoir, 8 = Karanji talab, 9 = Mundagaon fishing site, 10 = Siwani talab, 11 = Bastar fish market, 12 = Bastar talab, 13 = Kosarteda reservoir, 14 = Tirathgarh fishing site.

66 46 (Ham.), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.), Cyprinus carpio (Linn.), Channa gachua (Ham.), Chanda ranga (Ham.), Clarius batrachus (Linn.), Esomus danricus (Ham.), Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Ham.), Macrognathus aral (Bloch.), Mastacembelus pancalus (Ham.), Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede), Mystus bleekeri (Day.), Mystus vittatus (Bloch.), Noemacheilus botia (Ham.), Notopterus notopterus (Pallas.), Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch.), Parlucisoma daniconius (Ham.-Buch.), Puntius chola (Ham.), Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.), and Salmophasia phulo(ham.). Fifteen species are less abundant Viz., Anabas testudienus (Bloch.), Channa striatus (Bloch.), Clarius gariepinus (Bloch.), Colisa faciatus (Bloch. & Schn.), Colisa lalia (Ham.-Buch.), Hypopthalmichthys molitrix (Val.), Labeo boga (Bloch.), Labeo calbasu (Ham.), Mystus cavassius (Ham.), Nandus nandus (Ham.), Oreochromis mossambica (Peters), Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.), Osteobrama cotio (Ham.), Puntius ticto (Ham.), and Puntius amphibius (Val.) and other 22 species are rare Viz., Anguilla bicolor (McClelland), Bagarius bagarius (Ham.), Barilius bendelisis (Ham.), Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.), Channa orientalis (Ham.), Channa marulius (Ham.), Garra mullya (Sykes), Hypopthalmichthys nobilis (Rich.), Labeo boggut (Sykes.), Labeo dero (Sykes.), Labeo gonius (Ham.- Boch.), Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch.), Monopterus cuchia (Ham.), Notopterus chitala (Ham.), Pangasius pangasius (Ham.), Puntius conchonius (Ham.), Rita rita (Ham.), Rita chrysea (Day.), Silonia silondia (Ham.), Tor tor (Ham.- Bush.), Wallago attu (Bl. & Schn.) and Xenentondon cancila (Ham.). 4.2 Fish Fauna of Narangi river basin A total of 43 species were recorded from Narangi basin with two sampling sites and fishes have been categorised as dominant and less abundant. 12 species are dominant based on frequency distribution while the remaining 31 species are less abundant. Dominant species are: Barilius bendelisis (Ham.), Catla catla (Ham.),

67 47 Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.), Channa gachua (Ham.), Cyprinus carpio (Linn.), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.), Channa gachua (Ham.), Channa punctatus (Bloch.), Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), Mystus tengara (Ham.), Puntius sophore (Ham.), and Puntius conchonius (Ham.) and less abundant are Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.), Anabas testudineus (Bloch), Channa striatus (Bloch), Chanda nama (Ham.), Chanda ranga (Ham.), Clarias batrachus (Linn), Glossogobius giuris (Ham.), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.), Labeo dero (Sykes), Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Ham.), Macrognathus aral (Bloch.), Mastacembelus pancalus (Ham.), Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede), Monopterus cuchia (Ham.), Mystus bleekeri (Day), Sperata aor (Ham.), Sperata seenghala (Sykes), Mystus cavassius (Ham.), Nandus nandus (Ham.), Noemacheilus botia (Ham.), Notopterus notopterus (Pallas), Oreochromis mossambica (Peters), Parluciosoma daniconius (Ham.- Buch.), Pangasius pangasius (Ham.), Puntius sarana (Ham.), Puntius chola (Ham.), Puntius amphibius (Valenciennes), Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.), Schistura denisoni (Day.), Wallago attu (Bl. And Schn.), and Xenentodon cancila (Ham.). 4.3 Fish Fauna of Markandey basin Fifty four species were recorded in Markandey basin from three sampling sites where 9 species are dominant Viz., Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.), Cyprinus carpio (Linn.), Channa striatus (Bloch), Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), Labeo rohita (Ham.), Sperata seenghala (Sykes), Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch.)Oreochromis mossambica (Peters) and Puntius sarana (Ham.). Twenty four species which are abundant or common are Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.), Anabas testudineus (Bloch), Catla catla (Ham.), Cirrhinus reba (Ham.), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.), Channa gachua (Ham.), Channa punctatus (Bloch.), Chanda nama (Ham.), Chanda ranga (Ham.), Glossogobius giuris (Ham.), Labeo bata (Ham.), Lepidocephalichthys

68 48 guntea (Ham.), Mastacembelus pancalus (Ham.), Sperata aor (Ham.), Mystus vittatus (Bloch), Mystus tengara (Ham.), Nandus nandus (Ham.), Noemacheilus botia (Ham.), Ompak pabda (Ham.), Puntius ticto (Ham.), Puntius sophore (Ham.), Puntius conchonius (Ham.), Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.) and Wallago attu (Bl. And Schn.) and 21 species are rare Viz., Bagarius bagarius (Ham.), Channa orientalis (Ham.), Clarias batrachus (Linn), Clarias gariepinus (Bloch), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.), Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Rich.), Labeo boga (Bloch), Labeo calbasu (Ham.), Labeo dero (Sykes), Macrognathus aral (Bloch.), Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede), Monopterus cuchia (Ham.), Mystus bleekeri (Day), Mystus cavassius (Ham.), Notopterus chitala (Ham.), Notopterus notopterus (Pallas), Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.), Pangasius pangasius (Ham.), Puntius chola (Ham.), Puntius amphibius (Val.), and Xenentodon cancila (Ham.). Twenty species are found missing in the Markandey basin out of 74 species recorded in Bastar district (Table 4.3). 4.4 Fish Fauna of Mungabahar basin A total of 36 species were observed in Mungabahar basin. In Mungabahar river basin only one sampling site was taken so only record of the species was made without any dominance. The recorded species are : Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.), Barilius barila (Ham.-Bush.), Barilius bendelisis (Ham.), Catla catla (Ham.), Channa gachua (Ham.), Cyprinus carpio (Linn.), Channa punctatus (Bloch.), Channa striatus (Bloch), Clarias batrachus (Linn), Chanda ranga (Ham.), Chanda nama (Ham.), Esomus danricus (Ham), Garra mullya (Sykes), Glossogobius giuris (Ham.), Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), Indoreonectus evezardi (Day.), Labeo bata (Ham.), Labeo gonius (Ham.-Boch.), Labeo rohita (Ham.), Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Ham.), Macrognathus aral (Bloch.), Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede), Mastacembelus pancalus (Ham.), Sperata seenghala (Sykes), Mystus vittatus (Bloch),

69 49 Table: 4.2 Taxonomic details of fish fauna of Bastar district. Phylum - Vertebrata Sub-phylum - Craniata Super class - Gnathostomata Series - Pisces Class - Teleostomi Sub-class - Actinopterygii S. No. Scientific name Local Name English Name Order - Cypriniformes, Family - Cyprinidae 1 Amblypharyngodo Kakai, Mola carplet D.9; P.14; V.9; A.7 (2/5); C.19; n mola (Ham.) Chandeni L.I-69; L.tr Barilius barila (Ham.- Bush.) Jori Barred baril D.9(2/7);P.13(1/12);V.9(1/8),A.3/1 0-11;Barbles two pairs 3 Barilius Jori Hamilton s D.9(2/7);P.15;V.9;A.10(2/8);C.18;L bendelisis(ham.) barila.i.38;l.tr.11(8/3);barbles two pairs 4 catla catla (Ham.) Katla Catla D.16; P.18; V.9; A.7; C.19; L.I- 38; L.tr. 7 1/2 /6 5 Cirrihinus mrigala Mrigaal Mrigal D.16 (3/3); P.18; V.9; A.8 (2/6); (Ham.) C.15; L.I.-42; L.tr. 7; barbles one pair 6 Cirrhinus reba Lohi Reba carp D.10; P.15; V.9; A.6; C.17; L.I.- (Ham) 32; L.tr. 6/5; barbles one pair 7 Ctenopharyngodon Grass idella (Val.) 8 Cyprinus carpio (Linn) Fin formula Distribution Fresh water of all the Indian states except the Malabar coast Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh & Burma India, Pakistan India, Pakistan Northern India, Pakistan and Burma Northern part of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Burma India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh Grass carp D.10 (3/7); A.11 (3/8); L.I.44 India, Pakistan, Burma carp Petla Common carp D.19 (1/18); P.16 (1/15); V.8 (1/7); A7 (1/6); C.21; L.I.34; L.tr.13, barbels 2 pairs India, Pakistan, Burma Cont

70 50 Cont 9 Esomus danricus (Ham.) 10 Garra mullya (Sykes) Dandai Flying barb D.8(2/6);A.8(3/5);P.(1/14-15);V.(1/6-7);Barbl two pairs Mendkho Mullya D.8-10(3); P.14; V.10; A.7(1/6); ri L.I.30; L.tr.41/2/31/2; Barbles two pairs Silver Silver carp D.10(3/7); V.8(1/7); A.14(2/12); carp L.I.110 Bighead Big head D.8; P.17; U.8; A.13; C.21; L.I- 11 Hypophthalmichth ys molitrix (Val.) 12 Hypophthalmichth ys nobilis (Bloch) Labeo dero (Ham.) - Dero D.9-12 (2/3); P (1); V.7 (1); A.5 (2/3); C.19; L.I-40-44; L.tr. 7, barbles one pairs 14 Labeo rohita (Ham- Buch) 15 Labeo calbasu (Ham-Buch) Rohu Rohu D.15 (2/13); P.17; V.9; A.7 (2/5); C.19; L.I-42; L.tr. 7, barbles one pairs Kar Calbasu D.16; P.18; V.9; A.7 (2/5); C.19; L.I-40; L.tr. 6/7, barbles two pairs 16 Labeo gonius (Ham.-Boch.) kulus Gonius D.15;P.17;V.9;A.7;C.19;L.I.80; L.tr.13/12;Barbles two pair 17 Labeo bata (Ham.) Bata Bata Labeo D.11; P.18; V.9; A.7 (2/5); C.19; L.I-40; L.tr. 5/6, barbles one pairs 18 Labeo boga (Bloch) 19 Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch.) 20 Labeo boggut (Sykes.) Lohia Boga Labeo D.11 (2/9); P.15; V.9; A.7 (2/5); C.17; L.I-37; L.tr.14 (7/7), barbles one pairs Kot Fringedlipped peninsula carp D.(3-4/15-18);A.(2-3/5);P.(1/15-18);V(1/8);Barbles two pairs Nakati Boggut labeo D.(3/8-9);A.(2/5);P.(1/16);V.(1/8);Barbl es one pairs India, Pakistan India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma India, Pakistan, Burma India, Pakistan, Nepal India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal and Burma India, Pakistan and Burma India, Pakistan and Burma India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan Madras, Rivers of Gangetic provinces South Kathiawar India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Myanmar India, Bangladesh and Pakistan Cont

71 51 Cont 21 Osteobrama cotio (Ham.-Buch) 22 Parluciosoma daniconius (Ham- Buch) 23 Puntius sarana (Ham-Buch) 24 Puntius sophore (Ham.) 25 Purtius conchonius (Ham.) 26 Puntius amphibius (Valenciennes) 27 Puntius ticto (Ham) 28 Puntius chola (Ham.) 29 Salmostoma bacaila (Ham.) Sarangi 30 Salmophasia phulo (Ham.) 31 Tor tor (Ham- Buch.) Family Cobitidae 32 Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Ham.) Kakai Cotio D.11 (3/8); P.14; V.9; A.30; C.19; L.I.55 L.tr. 13/15 Dandai Blackine Rasbora D.9; P.15; V.8; A.7; C.18; L.I- 30; L.tr. 3 1/2 /4 vert. 15/11 Kotra Olive barb D.11 (2/9); P. 15; V.9; A.8 (3/5); C.19; L.I-32; L.tr. 6 1/2 /5, barbles two pairs Kotri Stigma barb D.11 (3/8); P.14; V.9; A.8 (2/6); Fresh waters, throughout India excepted Malabar and South of Kistna, Pakistan, Burma, Nepal, Bangladesh and China India, Pakistan, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, South, China and Malayasia India, Pakistan, Burma, Nepal, Bangladesh, Thailand, Sri-Lanka and China India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, C.19; L.I-23; L.tr. 4 1/2 /4 1/2 Burma, China and Yunnan Kotri Rosy barb D.7-8 (3); P.18(1); V.8(1); A.5 (2/3); C.19; L.I-24-27; L.tr. 5 1/2 /5 Kotri Scarletbanded barb D (3/9); P. 16; V.9; A.8 (3/6); C.19; L.I-32; L.tr. 6 1/2 /5, barbles two pairs Kotri Ticto barb D.8 (3/4); P.12-14(1); V.8(1); A.5 (2/3); C.19; L.I-25; L.tr /2 /6-6 1/2 Kotri Green barb. D.11 (3/8); P.14; V.9; A.8 (3/5); C.19; L.I-27; L.tr. 5 1/2 /5 Large D.9 (2/7); P.12; V.8; A.14; C.17; razorbelly L.I.-43; L.tr. 12/10 minnow Dandai Minnow D10(3/7);A.(3/17-19);P.13(1/12);V.8(1/7) Kosaar Mahaser D.3/9; P.17; V.9; A.7; C.20; L.I.25; Ltr. 4½/4½; Barbels two pair Turu Loach D.8 (2/6); P.8; V.7; A.7 (2/5); C.16; L.r.100; Barbles four pairs India, Pakistan and Nepal India, Pakistan, Burma, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri-Lanka India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand and Siam India, Pakistan and Burma India except Malabar, Mysore and Madras India and Bangladesh. India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri lanka, China India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Burma Cont

72 52 Cont Family Balitoridae 33 Noemacheilus botia (Ham.) 34 Schistura denisoni (Day) 35 Indoreonectes evezardi (Day) Turu Loach D.11; P.13; V.8; A.7; C.18; L.I- 105; L.tr.28; Barbels three pairs Pakhana Loach D.11(3/8);A.(2- Turu 3/5);P.11(1/10);V.7(1/6);Barbles Blind fish, Turu Order Siluriformes, Family Siluridae 36 Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) 37 Ompok pabda (Ham.) 38 Wallago attu (Schneider) 39 Silonia silondia(ham.) Family Bagridae 40 Mystus bleekeri (Day) 41 Mystus cavasius (Ham.) 42 Mystus tengara (Ham.) 43 Sperata aor (Ham.) 44 Mystus vittatus (Bloch) short Loach D.10(3/7);A.7(2/5);P.(1/10-11);V.(1/6-7);Barbles short Balia Butter cat fish D.4; P15 (11/4) V.7; A60; C.17; Barbels two pairs Balia Butter cat fish D.4-5; P11-13 (1) V.6-7(1); A (2); Barbels two pairs Padena, Fresh water D.5; P.15 (1/14); V.9; A.90 Balia shark (4/86); C.17; Barbels two pairs Sidir Silond catfish D.8(1/7);P.16;C.17;A(3/40-36);V.8;Barbles two pairs Tengna Day,s Mystus D.7-8 (1); P (1); V.5(1); A. 6-7 (3); C.16: barbles 4 pairs Jarahi Dwarf Cat D.8 (1/7); P.9 (1/8): V.6; A.10 tegna fish (2/8); C.15; Barbles four pairs Tegna Tengara D.8 (1/7); P.8 (1/7); V.6; A.10 mystus (2/8), C.15; barbles four pairs Singhar Long D.8 (1/7); P.10 (1/9); V6; A.11 whiskered cat (3/8)C.19; barbles four pair fish Tengra Striped dwarf cat fish D.8 (1/7); P.10 (1/9); V.5 (1); A.7-9 (2/7); C.17; Barbles four pair Northern India, Nepal, Burma, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. India India Freshwater of India, Nepal, Sri lanka, Burma, Bangladesh, Thailand, Pakistan Freshwater of India, Nepal, Sri lanka, Burma, Bangladesh and Pakistan West Bengal, Manipur, Assam, Orissa, Burma. Asia: Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal and probably Myanmar Northern India, Pakistan, Burma and Sumatra Northern India, Pakistan and Burma North India and Pakistan South India Pakistan Bangaladesh, Burma and China India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma Cont

73 53 Cont 45 Sperata seenghala (Sykes) Tengra Gaint river cat fish D.9 (1/8); P.11 (1/10); V.6; A.11 (2/9); C.19; barbles 4 pairs 46 Rita rita (Ham.) Kokia Rita D.7(1/6);P.8(1/7);V.8;A.10(2/8); C.20;Barbles four pairs 47 Rita chrysea Kokia Rita D.(1/6-7);A.(2/8-10);P.(1/9- (Day.) 10);V.(1/6-7);C.20 Family-Sisoridae 48 Bagarius bagarius Bodh Dwarf (Ham.) goonch Family - Pangasiidae 49 Pangasius pangasius (Ham.) D.7(1/6); P. 13 (1/12); V.6; A. 13 (3/10); C. 17; Barbles four pairs Pangas Pangash D.8 (1/7); P.13 (1/12); V.6; A33 (4/29); C19; barbels two pairs Family - Heteropneustidae (Old name Saccobranchidae) 50 Heteropneutes Chinghi Stinging cat D.6; P8 (1/7); V.6; A.63; C.18 fossilis (Bloch) fish barbles 4 pairs Family - Clariidae 51 Clarias batrachas Mongri Air breathing D.65; P.19 (1/18); V.6; A.52; (Linn.) cat fish C.16; barbles 4 pairs 52 Clarias gariepinus Sarkari Magur North Africa Catfish Order - Perciformes, Family Channidae 53 Channa orientalis Khokshi Asiatic (Ham.) snake-head 54 Channa punctatus (Bloch) 55 Channa striatus (Bloch) 56 Channa marulius (Ham.) fish Khokshi Green snakehead fish Khokshi Stipped snake-head murrel Khokshi Giant snakehead murrel D.65; P.10 (1/9); V.6; A.50; C.20; barbles 4 pairs D ; P ; V. 6; A ; C. 12; L.I.- 42; L.tr. 3/6 D.31; P.16; V.6; A.21; C.12; LI.35; L.tr. 417 D.29; P.15; V.5; A.18; C.12; L.I.-40; L.tr. 15(5/10) D.51; P.18; V.5; A.32; C.15; L.I.-65; L.tr. 5 1/2 /12 India, Pakistan and Burma India India River of India, Pakistan Burma and upto East Indies Islands India, Pakistan, Burma, Malaya and Siam India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Burma and China India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Burma and Malaya Africa, Asia, Jordan, Isrnel, Syria India, Afghanistan,Bangladesh,Iran, Pakistan, Nepal and Ceylon Northern India, Pakistan and Ceylon India, Pakistan and Ceylon India, Pakistan, Ceylon and China Cont

74 54 Cont 57 Channa gachua (Ham.) Khokshi Snake-head murrel Family Ambassidae (Old name Centropomidae) 58 Chanda nama Chandeni Glassy (Ham.), Kakai perchlet 59 Pseudambassis ranga (Ham.) Family - Nandidae 60 Nandus nandus (Ham.-Buch) Family - Cichlidae 61 Oreochromis.mossambicus (Peters) 62 Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) Family - Anabantidae 63 Anabas testudineus (Bloch) Family - Belontidae 64 Colisa fasciatus (Bl. & Schm). 65 Colisa lalia (Ham.- Buch) Family - Gobiidae 66 Glossogobius giuris (Ham) Chandeni, Kakai Glassy perchlet D.34;P.15;V.6;A.21;C.12;L.I.42; L.tr.3/6 D.22 (1+6/1+14); P.13; V.6 (1/5); A19 (3/16); C.17; L.tr. Scales deciduous D.1+7/1/13; P. 11 V.1/5; A.3/14; C.17; L.I Scales deciduous L, tr. Scales deciduous Keu Nandus D.25 (14+11); P.14; V.1+6; A3+7; C.13; L.I-45; L.tr. 6/16 Koi Mozambi-que tilapia D.28 (16/12); P.14; V.6- (1/5);A.3/11; C.16; L.I.-33; L.tr. 3 1/2 /3 1/2 Koi Nile tilapia D.28 (17+11); P.14; V.6 (1/5); C.16; L.I.-30; L.tr. 3/10 Kevai Climbing perch D.26 (18+9); P.15; V.6 (1/5); A.18; C.16; L.I.29; L.tr. 4/8 Bandel colisa Gourami D.28 (12+16); P.10-12; V.1; A. 31(16/15); L.I.30; L.tr 5/12 Colisa Dwarf D.24 (16+8); P.8-10; V.1; A. gourami 37(18/19); L.I.30; L.tr 5/10 India, Pakistan and Ceylon India, Pakistan and Burma India, Pakistan, Burma, Malaya, Siam Nepal India, Pakistan and Burma India, Pakistan and Burma India, Pakistan and Burma India, Pakistan and Burma, Bangladesh Northern India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sind Bangladesh, Burma. Northern India, Nepal, Pakistan, Burma and Bangladesh Bhokwa Bareyed goby D. (6/1+10); P.18; V.6 (1/5); A.10 (1/9); C.15; L.-I 32; Ltr. 12 India, Pakistan, Ceylon, China, Burma, Japan and Philippines Order - Osteoglossiformes, Family - Notopteridae 67 Notopterus Patola Feather back D.8 (1/7); P.17; V.6; A100; Fresh water and brackish waters of India, Cont

75 55 Cont notopterus (Ham.) C.18; L.1-200; Vert. 25/50 Pakistan, Burma, Siam and Philippines 68 Notopterus Chitala (Ham.) Patola Humped feather D.9 (1/8); P.15; V.6; A.110; C.12; L.I-160 Fresh water and brackish waters of India, Pakistan, Burma, Siam & Philippines Order Cyprinodontiformes (Old name Atheriniformes), Family -Belonidae 69 Xenentodon cancila (Hamilton) Suja Fresh water gar fish D.16; P.11; V.6; A.17; C.15 India, Pakistan, Ceylon and Burma Order - Synbranchiformes (Old name Mastacembeliformes), Family Mastacembelidae 70 Mastacembelus armatus Bawari Spiny eel D.37/73; P.22; V. abst; A.3/75; C.20 (confluent with dorsal and India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Nepal, Burma and Malaya (Lacepede) anal) 71 Mastacembelus Bawari Spiny eel D.25/32; P.19-20; V. abst; India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Nepal and pancalus (Ham.) 72 Macrognathus aral(bloch.) Family - Synbranchidae 73 Monopterus cuchia (Ham.) Bami One-stripe spinyeel A.3/40; C.12 D.(16-23/44-45);A.(3/44-52);P.19-24;C-15 Kuchiya Cuchia D. very rudimentary; P1. P2. A. and C. absent. Order - Anguilliformes, Family - Anguillidae 74 Anguilla bicolor (McClelland) Dudum Shortfin eel Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): ; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: ; Vertebrae: Burma India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Nepal, Burma and Malaya India, Bangladesh Indonesia, India, Bangladesh, Kenya A : Anal fin, C : Caudal fin, D : Dorsal fin, P : Pectoral fin, V : Ventral fin or pelvic fin, L.I : Lateral line of perforated scales, L.tr. : Lateral transverse row of scales, B : Barbels

76 Family: Cyprinidae Amblypharyngodon mola Barilius barila Barilius bendelisis Catla catla Cirrhinus mrigala Cirrhinus reba Ctenopharyngodon idella Cyprinus carpio Esomus danricus Garra mullya Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Labeo dero Labeo rohita Labeo calbasu Labeo gonius Labeo bata Labeo boga Labeo fimbriatus Labeo boggut Osteobrama cotio Plate 5: Fish fauna families recorded in the water resources of Bastar district

77 Family: Cyprinidae cont. Parluciosoma daniconius Puntius sarana Puntius sophore Puntius conchonius Puntius amphibius Puntius ticto Puntius chola Salmostoma bacaila Salmostoma phulo Family: Balitoridae Tor tor Noemacheilus botia Family: Cobitidae Schistura denisoni Family: Siluridae Indoreonectus evezardi Lepidocephalichthys guntea Ompok pabda Ompok bimaculatus Wallago attu Silonia silondia Plate 5: Fish fauna families recorded in the water resources of Bastar district

78 Family: Bagridae Mystus bleekeri Mystus cavasius Mystus tengara Sperata aor Mystus vittatus Sperata seenghala Family: Bagridae Rita rita Family - Pangasiidae Rita chrysea Family - Heteropneustidae Bagarius bagarius Pangasius pangasius Family - Clariidae Heteropneustes fossils Clarias batrachus Clarias gariepinus Family Channidae Channa orientalis Channa punctatus Channa striatus Plate 5: Fish fauna families recorded in the water resources of Bastar district

79 Family Channidae Cont... Channa marulius Channa gachua Family Ambassidae Chanda nama Pseudambassis ranga Family - Nandidae Family - Cichlidea Nandus nandus Oreochromis mossambica Oreochromis niloticus Family - Anabantidae Family - Belontidae Anabas testudineus Family -Gobiidae Colisa lalia Family - Notopteridae Colisa fasciatus Glossogobius giuris Notopterus notopterus Notopterus chitala Plate 5: Fish fauna families recorded in the water resources of Bastar district

80 Family Belonidae Xenentodon cancila Family Mastacembelidae Macrognathus aral Mastacembelus puncalus Mastacembelus armatus Monopterus cuchia Family Anguillidae Anguilla bicolor Plate 5: Fish fauna families recorded in the water resources of Bastar district

81 No. of species Fig. 4.1: Fish species contributed by different Orders and Families in Bastar district 19% 6% 47% Cypriniformes Siluriformes 1% 3% 1% Cyprinodontiformes Osteoglossiformes Anguilliformes 23% Perciformes Synbranchiformes (4.1.1) Percentage of fish species contribution to different orders (4.1.2) Number of fish species contributed by different Families 1 Families Cyprinidae Balitoridae Cobitidae Siluridae Sisoridae Bagridae Pangasiidae Heteropneustidae Claridae Notopteridae Belonidae Chanidae Ambassidae Nanidae Cichlidae Anabantidae Gobiidae Belontidae Mastacembelidae Sybranchidae Anguillidae