South Africa / Norway Programme of Research Cooperation SANCOOP Theme Environment

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1 South Africa / Norway Programme of Research Cooperation SANCOOP Theme Environment Migration ecology of fishes for improved fisheries management in South Africa

2 Dr Paul Cowley Dr Tor Næsje 2001 Exchange visits (SA & Norway) 2002 MOU & Drafted proposals 2003 SA/Norway Programme on Research Cooperation Phase I and Phase II 2014 SANCOOP

3 Movement patterns and management of important estuarine fishery species Migration ecology of adults for improved management

4 Problem identification No knowledge of movement behaviour, distribution patterns, population dynamics and migrations Current management regulations ineffective Lack of law enforcement = little compliance to regulations

5 Methods Acoustic telemetry

6 Fish with transmitter Data - logging receivers

7 Mortality 7% 5% 24% 56%

8 Capacity building Rhodes Univ. Postgrad students Lectures + projects Univ. of Zululand Fieldtrips UCT Fieldtrips Fort Hare Univ. BSc (hons) Lectures, tutorials, fieldtrips

9 Postgraduate students Year Student Degree 2002 Alusha Hitula BSc Honours Amber-Robyn Childs MSc Bronwyn O Connell MSc Rhett Bennett PhD Amber-Robyn Childs PhD Taryn Murray PhD 2014 Nokuthula Daweti BSc Honours 2014 Mike Dames BSc Honours Rachel Kramer MSc Mike Dames MSc 75% Female

10 Community Outreach SciFest Work shadowing Angler surveys Angler competitions changed format

11 25+ publications

12 50+ conference presentations in 13 countries

13 Acoustic telemetry research Location of published acoustic telemetry studies (n = 567)

14 OTN partner R5-million worth of acoustic receivers. Platform Development Grant R Platform Development Grant R ATAP

15 >100 listening stations???? Ryan Daly

16 PHASE 3 (SANCOOP): Migration Ecology Receivers in marine environment Receivers in estuarine environment

17 Leervis Multi-year large-scale movements N SOUTH AFRICA Eastern Cape Mzimvubu Estuary GweGwe!(!( Port St Johns Western Cape!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( Mossel Bay!( TAGGED PE Harbour 840 mm FL 02-Aug-12!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( Algoa Bay N = 50 Port Alfred SUMMER WINTER

18 Dusky kob N Local residency SOUTH AFRICA N = 34 Breede Estuary Fish # Tagged in mouth on 20/10/16 Caught 394 days later Spent 84% of time at sea (16% in estuary) Visited the Breede Estuary 12 times (ave. stay = 5.9 days) Also visited the Duiwenhoks Estuary twice (< 2 days)

19 Summary Dependence on estuaries High use areas (home range sizes) Proportion of time spent in estuaries Behavioural differences between estuaries Marine-estuarine connectivity HIGH MORTALITY Behavioural pattern of adults confirmed Differences between species THE CHALLENGE

20 14 other research organisation Commercially exploited species Data-limited species Long-term monitoring of climate change effects

21 Thank you

22

23 Typical life history Estuarine-dependent species Adults spawn at sea Estuary = nursery area Early juveniles mm TL Juveniles 1 3 years

24 Great Fish Estuary single estuary PHASE 1: 2 species, 1 estuary N SOUTH AFRICA km Study area GREAT FISH RIVER Subsistence fishery km km 3.8 km km km = Receivers km 0.4 km 1 N

25 PHASE 2: Many species, many estuaries N SOUTH AFRICA Location of acoustic receivers Great Fish Study area Gamtoos Swartkops Coega Harbour PE Harbour Sundays Kariega Bushmans Woody Cape Kowie Kromme N 0 30 km INDIAN OCEAN

26 Proportion of time (mean %) 30 Great Fish 30 Goukou Sundays 0 30 Kowie Sundays 0 30 Great Fish Kariega 0 30 Kariega Distance from mouth (% of estuary length)

27 Vulnerability to fisheries EXAMPLE Leervis (n = 21) Kowie Estuary 33% mortality rate TAGGED TAG DIED DART TAG RECAPTURE KILLED 300 days No sea trips Transmitter ORI dart tag 15 Jan Nov Feb Mar May mm FL 520 mm FL

28 TAGGED 303 mm FL Caught FOUR times TAG DEAD 300 days No sea trips 11 Nov 2013 Below legal size! Did not spawn once! DART TAG Recaptured THREE times 14 Feb mm FL Tagged TWICE RECAPTURE 31 Mar 2014 Killed ONCE KILLED Transmitter Dart tag 03 May 2014

29 Spotted grunter Fidelity to home estuary Some large-scale movements Tagged in the Goukou Estuary Data : Cowley, Lamberth & du Plessis

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