THE SQUID & CUTTLEFISH RESOURCES IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Transcription

1 BULETIN PERIKANAN BIL. 45 FISHERIESBULLETIN NO. THE SQUID & CUTTLEFISH RESOURCES IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA ABU TALIB AND MAHYAM FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE GELUGOR, PENANG

2 NO; Itll'~!?~ TARIKH: i:}14j~~. THE SQUID & CUTTLEFISH RESOU.. (..1 IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE GELUGOR, PENANG _. DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, MALAYSIA t PE~P\JMS~~~~~EC\ DPP:~Pi../.:J.~~ 1'ERENGGANU -

3 LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES A. Calculation of the Squid & Cuttlefish stock parameters caught by trawls alone. B. Calculation of the Squid and Cuttlefish stock parameters caught by all type of gears. 1. The trends of annual landing. 2. Catch by trawls On the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia On the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. 3. Catch by all type of gears On the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia On the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. 4. The landing of Squid & Cuttlefish in Peninsular Malaysia On the West Coast On the East Coast. 5. Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) and Optimum Fishing Effort (X opt.) Estimates of MSY and X opt by subarea from the commercial catch data Estimates of MSY and X opt. for the West and East Coats of Peninsular Malaysia by using CPUE obtained by the research vessel, K.K. " JENAHAK" and the total catch from the commercial boats. I PERPUST AKAAN 1 DPp,~SrM ~H.!~AFOE C I TERENGGANU

4 Annual fluctuation of parameters of Squid & Cuttlefish caught by trawlers on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Annual fluctuation of parameters of Squid & Cuttlefish caught by trawlers on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Annual fluctuation of pa!ameters of Squid & Cuttlefish caught by trawlers in each sub-area of Peninsular Malaysia. Annual fluctuation of parameters of Squid & Cuttlefish caught by all types of gear on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Annual fluctuation of parameters of Squid & Cuttlefish caught by all types of gear on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Annual fluctuation of parameters of Squid & Cuttlefish caught by all types of gear in each sub-area of Peninsular Malaysia. Average catch rate (kg/hr) and percentage catch of Squid & Cuttlefish in comparision with other commercial catch on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Survey data of K.K. "JENAHAK", 1981). Catch Composition of Squid & Cuttlefish from the survey data of K.K. "JENAHAK", 1981 on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Catch Composition of Squid & Cuttlefish by trawl and other gears in 1981 on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Catch Composition of Squid & Cuttlefish from trawlers in 1981 by state and by different tonnage classes on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The catch rate and percentage catch of Squid & Cuttlefish by depth on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (survey data of K.K. "JENAHAK" in 1981).

5 Average catch rate (kg/hr) and percentage catch of Squid & Cuttlefish in comparision with other commercial catch. (Survey data of K.K. "JENAHAK" in 1981 on East Coast of Peninsular Malaysiai. Catch Composition of Squid & Cuttlefish from the survey data of K.K. "JENAHAK", 1981 on the! East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Catch Composition of Squid & Cuttlefish by trawl and other gears in 1981 on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Catch Composition of Squid & Cuttlefish from trawlers in 1981 by state and by different tonnage class on the' EastCoast of Peninsular Malaysia. The catch rate and percentage of Squid & Cuttlefish by depth on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (survey data of K.K. "JENAHAK" in 1981). The com parisian between MSY and X values of Squid & Cuttlefish by sub-area and coastal area using Schaefer and Fox Models for the period of Annual total catch from commercial fishing vessels, extrapolate CPUE from research survey data and estimated effort on the West and East Coasts of Peninsular Malaysia during the period of Type of Squid, Cuttlefisn and Octopus in the Peninsular Malaysia. Map of Peninsular Malaysia showing sub-areas I - IV on the West Coast and V - VIII on the East Coast. in Pe- Trend of annual landing of Squid & Cuttlefish ninsular Malaysia. a). By gear. b). By area. Annual fluctuation of parameters of Squid & Cuttlefish caught by trawlers Or! the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

6 Annual fluctuation of parameterspf Squid & Cuttlefish caught by trawlers on tne East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Comparison of Total Catch, Total Effort, Density and Stock Size of Squid & Cuttlefish caught by trawlers, between sub-areas in Peninsular Malaysia during the ten years period ( ). Annual fluctuation of parameters of Squids & Cuttlefish caught by all types of gear on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Annual fluctuation of parameters of Squid & Cuttlefish caught by all types of gear on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Yearly average catch rate of Squid & Cuttlefish caught by research vessel K.K. "JENAHAK" on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Yearly average catch rate of Squid & Cuttlefish caught by research vessel K.K. "JENAHAK" on the EastCoast of Peninsular Malaysia.

7 Squids and cuttlefish fishery is one of the most important fishery in Peninsular Malaysia. The information on the species, biological aspects, the resource and the rate of exploitation is not well known. In this.paper, attempts is being made to study the resource and the rate of exploitation by using the available ten-years commercial landing data and the survey data taken from *K. K. "JE- NAHAK". The MSY values of Squids and Cuttlefish for West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia using Schaefer and Fox Models are x 10 3 M. Tons and x l<ym. Tons respectively. While for the East Coast, the MSY values of Squids and Cuttlefish using Schaefer's Model are 4.3 x 10 3 M. Tons or 3.6 x 103M. Tons of fox Model is used, instead. Perikanan satang adalah salah satu jenis perikanan yang penting sekali di Semenanjung Malaysia. Maklumat tentang spesies, asp'ek biologi, sumber dan kadar eksploitasi masih kurang diketahui. Oi dalam kertas ini, percubaan dibuat untuk mengkaji sumber dan kadar eksploitasi dengan menggunakan data-data pendaratan komersial bagi tahun 1971 hingga 1980 yang tersedia ada dan data penyelidikan yang diperolehi dari * K.K. "JENAHAK". Nilai 'MSY' untuk satang di Pantai Sarat Semenanjung Malaysia dengan menggunakan Model Schaefer ialah x 10 3 tan metrik dan Model Fox ialah x 10 2 tan metrik. Oi Pantai Timur pula, nilai 'MSY' dari Model ~efer ialall. 4.3 x 103 tan metrik dan 3.6 x 10 3 tan metrik jika Model Fox digunakan. --

8 Squids and Cuttlefish* fisheries have become one of the most important fisheries in Peninsular Malaysia. They are in great demand both in the local and world market. Most of them are being exported either in frozen or dried form, at a very good price. The estimated annual landing of Squids and Cuttlefish in the whole Peninsular Malaysia has increased from approximately 3,600 M. tons in 1971 to over 16,500 M. tons in 1978, before decreasing to 11,140 M. tons in However, the export values continue to increase from million in 1971 to million in In 1980, the total landing of Squids and Cuttlefish contributed about 1.9% of the total commercial landing and 3.4% of the commercial fish in Peninsular Malaysia, with 74% of them being landed at the West Coast. From this data, the break down into groups shows that, 65% was contributed by Squid, 27% by Cuttlefish and 5% by Octopus. Squids is a ten-armed cephalopod, usually with a selender body and feeds on nektonic life, mostly in an oceanic environment. Cuttlefish which is also a ten-armed cephalopod and may be called squids in a broad sense, have shorter bodies with an internal shell except for bob-tailed cuttlefish which belongs to another family known as Sepiolidae. They are usually neritic species, feeding on bottom-associated life eventhough they are capable of swimming like a squid. At present, there are about species of squids and cuttlefish belonging to 30 families. On the other hand, octupus which is an eight-armed cephalopod, comprising about species in the oceans. They are either nektonic (Swimming) or planktonic (floating) forms which have a bizarre shape of body (Figure 1) The biological aspects of these local cephalopods have not been studied well. Also, the spawning behaviour and the migration pattern are not well understood. Although the stock are believed to be large and composed of several local species, the rate of exploitation and the available resource to be exploited is not yet known. Therefore, in order to assessthe status of this fisheries, a reliable information related to the catch and its effort must be well known. It is also important to study the species composition, size composition, distribution pattern and seasonal variations. These biological data or informations constitute the essential information for the development and management planning of the squids & cuttlefish fisheries as well as for the conservation of the fishery resources and the fishing grounds. Therefore, this paper aims to provide some information on the state of the exploitation of the squids and cuttlefish in Peninsular Malaysia by using a ten year commercial landing data.

9 Figure 1: Type of Squids and Culltefish and Octopus in the Peninsular Malaysia waters.

10 The commercial catch data for the period of 1971 to 1980, compiled by the Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia, were used in this study. The annual catch of Squids and Cuttlefish in eight sub-areas (Figure 2) were separated i!1to catch by trawls and catch by all type of gears Z- to) N V // " 7- (- VI SOUTH CH INA SEA ( I J, II PENINSULAR MALAYSIA Chukal,- PAHANG VII Figure 2: Map of Peninsular Malaysia showing sub-areas 1. IV on the West Coast and V. VII on the East Coast.

11 In the catch-effort data for 1980, the trawlers were divided into tonnage classes of 0-9.9, , and tons, and the effort is in units of fishing hours. By using the ration of number of boats and their catches by tonnage class for 1980, together with total number of boats and total catch of the previous nine years, the annual catch and effort by tonnage class for the year 1971 to 1979 were estimated. The trawlers with tonnage class of tons was selected to be the standard since they c-enstitute pre-dominent class with the biggest amount of catch for the whole ten year period. The formula below is used to translate the effort from other tonnage classes into selected standard tonnage class unit (Gulland, Total trawlable areas above 3 nautical miles from the shore or island up to 30 nautical miles was used as a fishing area for trawler. But, when calculating the stock parameters of the total catch by all types of,gear, total fishing areas up to 30 nautical miles from coast line was used instead. The following calculated. formulae show how the parameters of the stock are being (for trawler tonnage class fishing hours). Where, Xi denotes fishing effort expended in sub-area i 3. Simple CPUE or unit of production in term of catch (kg) per hour D = C/X 4. Total population or strock size index in term of catch (kg) per hour, and on squre kilometer base N = L A. UI (Where Ai denotes square kilometres of subareas i, Ui simple CPU'Ein sub-area i).

12 5. Mean density of population or mean stock density index in term of catch (kg) per hour = NIL Ai B. Calculation of the Squid and Cuttlefish stock parameters caught by all type of gears. In this case, total catch by all types of gear and simple CPUE derived from the above calculation (catch by trawls) were used to get the estimated effort in term of standard fishing hours for each sub-area. C' = L '" C' Where, C"I denotes the catch of j fishing gear types in sub-area i. 'I X' =' L C' I~O I) L I Where, Ui denoted catches per unit effort of trawl in sub-area i. 3. Simple.CPUE in term of catch (kg) per estimated stand~rd fishing hours U' = C'/X' 4. Total population, or stock size index in term of catch (kg) per hour and on square kilometer base N' = LA',. D', Where, A'j denotes square kilometer of sub-area i. Ui, denotes CPUE in sub-area i. Mean density of population or stock density index in term of catch (kg) per hour lp' = N'ILA', e ' = D'/~' The total catch and the total estimated effort derived from the above calculation in each sub-area are then applied to the Schaefer Production Model (1954, 1957) and Fox Model (1970) in order to compare the values of Maximl;J!Jl Sustainable Yield (MSY) and the Optimum Effort Xopt) Since these are equilibrium models, weighted running average (X,) was used for approximating the equilibrium of the fishing effort. Therefore the following formula was applied:

13 Where X w : weighted average effort in year t X, : actual effort in the year t k : number of years included in weighted average calculation The Schaefer Production Model was fitted by plotting log CPUE versus average effort (X). The MSY and X opt are calculated by means of the following' formulae: MSY = (- slope) (X) (X w. op,) XwoPt = Intercept/ -2 (slope) The following formulae show how the Fox Model was fitted by plotting log CPUE versus weighted average effort ()(,). The MSY and X opt are calculated: MSY = expo (intercept - 1) -- --Slope ---- However, these commercial landing data are considered to be very unrealiable for estimating the MSY values. Therefore, the extrapolate CPUE obtained from research surveys was used to estimate the total fishing effort interm of fishing hours by research vessel. The production model was then applied to these data for estimating the MSY and optimum effort (X opt ). Figure 3a and 3b show the trends of annual landing of Squid and Cuttlefish during the ten years period. About 91 % of the total catch are landed by trawl (Figure 3a) and 71 % of the total volume land on the West Coast (Figure 3b). There are about 80% of the total trawler boats operating here. As shown in Table 1 and Figure 4, total catch (C), continued to decrease from 1465 metric tons in 1972 to reach the peak at metric tons in The total catch shows a declined for the next year to 8588 metric tons. The Total Standardized effort (X), shows two prominet peaks in 1972 and 1979 and gradually decreased from 1972 to 1975 before increased dramatically to reach the peak in The effective effort ()(), has the same fluctuation as that of X, except for 1974 when X shows a slightly upward trend.

14 X TOTAL - - TRAWL OTHER GEARS --TOTAL... WEST COAST EAST COAST Figure 3: Trends of annual landing of Squid and Cuttlefish in Peninsular Malaysia. Table 1. Annual fluctuation of parameters of Squid and Cuttlefish caught by trawlers on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Year Total Total Simple SILl: Density Effective- Effective catch effort CPUE index index ness effort (C) (Xl (Ul IN) ([>1 l lei (Xl U U Sum! Mean Total catch in metric tons. Size index in metric tons. Total effort in standard hours. Density index in kilogram. Simple CPU E in kilogram per hour. Effective effort in std. hours. The size of each sub-area, Ai is given in Table 3. 7

15 Figure 4: Annual fluctuation of parameters of Squids and Cuttlefish caught by trawlers on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

16 The simple CPUE (U), density index (lpl and size indexs (N) show almost similar fluctuation. These parameters increased dramatically to reach peak in The curves declined in 1972 after reacfilflg the peak except for 0, whereby the curve shows an upward trend in The curve for effectiveness of effort (El declined after 1974 to the lowest level in However, the curved shows an improvement in As shown in Table 2 and Figure 5, total catch (C) increase dramatically from 721 metric tons in 1971, to reach the peak at 3187 metric tons in 1976 before decrease sharply to only 1233 and 1751 metric tons in 1977 and 1980, respectively. The total standardized effort (Xl, shows a fluctuation trend with two prominent peaks in 1972 and However, the effective effort 6(l, shows only one prominent peak in 1972 before declined fluctuately thereafter. The simple CPUE (OJ, shows three prominent peaks in 1973, 1976 and 1979, with the lowest level recorded to be in Both size index (N) and density index (q» share the same trend of fluctuation. These parameters increased from 1972 to 1978 before decreasing especially in The effectiveness (t ) values are recorded to be above 1.0 during 1972 to 1974, but it decreased to 0.64 in 1978 before indicate an improvement. From the above separate population parameters for the West and East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia several conclusions about the Squids and Cuttlefish stock exploited by trawls in both areas during the ten years period can be summarized as follows:- i) The total catch for both coasts show a decreasing trend in This is probably due to the decreased in fishing effort for that year. The sharp decreased in 1977 on the East Coast was probably due to the same reason. ii The relationship between geographical distribution of fishing effort and fish stock are shown by the effective effort X. On the East Coast, the values of X during 1972 to 1974 were higher than X. However, for the West Coast, X values were lower than X. These show that the real fishing pressure towards the Squids and Cuttlefish stock for these year are lower than the actual fishing effort X, operated during that period. Therefore, the reducing in number of effort in 1980 caused an increament in the catch rate value for that year. iiil On the West Coast, all the parameters representing the stock size or density (N, ~ and 0) gradually decreased after 1977 eventhough the number of fishing effort keep increasing until These probably

17 Table 2. Annual fluctuation of parameters of Squid and Cuttlefish caught by trawlers on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Year Total Total Simple Size Density Effective- Effective catch effort CPUE index index ness effort (t\; (X) (0) (N) (~) ( ) 6() Sum/ Mean Total catch in metic tons. Size index in metric tons. Total efort in standard hours. Density index in kilogram. Simple CPUE in kilogram per hour. Effective effort in std. hours. The size of each sub-area, Ai is given in Table 3. due to the fact that the stock was already over exploited. However, on the East Coast, the trend of these parameters are completely dependent upon the trend of the effort expanded especially after The lower parameters value in 1971, 1972 and 1975 probably due to the reason, that the good fishing ground for Squid and Cuttlefish could not be found by the fishermen on that particular year. iv. On the West Coast, the value of effectiveness of effort at an average of 0.76 during the ten years period indicates that the fishermen could not find a good fishing ground for Squid and Cuttlefish. The trawlers are operating in a poor fishing ground especially during the years 1976 to Wherelse, in the East Coast the values are at an average of This shows that the fishermen are operating in a good fishing ground for Squid and Cuttlefish except for 1975 and The more detailed data showing annual catch, effort and density in each sub-area are shown in Table 3. Sub-area I and II show an increasing trend in the total catch and reach the peak in 1977 and 1978 respectively. The highest effort are recorded in 1979 for both areas. Therefore, the highest density and stock size in both sub-areas are fitted in The highest catch and effort values for sub-areas III and IV are

18 ..- -7~ '\ -- _ _. =}i-' I - "V "-,,/ '-'" -_.... Figure 5: Annual fluctuation of parameters of Squids and Cuttlefish caught by trawlers on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

19 Table 3. Annual fluctuation of parameters of Squid & Cuttlefish caught by trawlers in each sub-area of Peninsular Malaysia. V AR AREAl (25626 SQ. KM) AREA II (18185 SQ. KM) CATCH EFFOIlT DENSITY dxa CATCH EXPORT DENSITY dxa SUM/MEAN V AR AREA ~ (8053 SQ. KM) AREA rv (3282 SQ. KM) EFfORT DENSITY dxa CATCH EXPORT DENSITY dxa ' ' SUMIMEAN l ; ~ 0.8l V AR /-- -~ AREA V (4733 SQ. KM) AREA VI (16926 SQ. KM) r. i'lonsrrv XA CATCH EFFORT DENSITY dxa CATCH EFFORT ' SUMIMEAN ' V AR AREA VI (16138 SQ. KM) AREA VIII (11559 SQ. KM) EFFORT DENSITY dxa CATCH EFFORT DENSITY dxa ' '976 4' ' ' SUMIMEAN Gotch in metric tons. Effortin stondord hours. Areas I - IV - on the West Coost. Areas V - VIII = on the EastCoast.

20 recorded to be in 1979 out the density and stock show a declining tendency after 1977 and 1975, respectively. All the sub-areas in the West Coast show a decline in the total catch and total effort in 1980, hence, for the whole Peninsular. However sub-areas I and III show an upward trend for CPUE and stock size except for sub-areas II and IV. All the sub-areas in the East Coast show a fluctuations in the total catch, CPUE and stock size during the ten years period. However in 1980, density for sub-areas V and VI increased similarly with the whole Peninsular, except for sub-areas VII and VIII.' The comparison of the parameter between sub-areas for the ten years period is shown in Figure 6. More than 75% of the total landing of Squid and Cuttlefish are landed on the West Coast. The two most important sub-areas are sub-areas I and II. The total landing contributed by these areas is about 62% with total effort of 43% of the total effort for the whole Peninsular Malaysia. In term of density, subarea VIII on the East Coast is the highest (28% of the total density), followed by sub-area II (19%) and sub-area I (17%). But the highest stock size was located at sub-area I which contributed about 28% of the total stock size followed by sub-area II (22%) and sub-area VIII (21%). The lowest density and stock size was recorded in sub-area IV at 3% and 1% respectively. The results of the calculated parameters are summarized in Table 4 and the trend of curves are shown in Figure 7. Total catch (C') shows the same trend as that of the trawls. This shows that the catch by other gears other than trawl are almost at the same level during this period. The curve of estimated effort (X') also shows the same trend as that of X except in 1976 when the upward trend of X' is slightly lower than the trend shown by X. The trend in effective effort, (X') is slightly different than that of X. The curves of simple CPUE (U'), similar to that of 0, Nand q>. size index (N') and density index rq)') are The effectiveness of the effort ( ') has the same trend as that of the E, except in 1971 and 1978 during which the curve shows a downward and upward trends, respectively. On the other hand tile curve of c.. does not show a clear specific trend during that particular year. The calculated parameters are suml11drizedin Table 5 and the trend of the curves are shown in Figure 8.

21 Total catch (C') show the same trend as that of C except in 1971 and This shows that catch by other gears other than trawls increased sharply in this two years, whilst for the rest of the year the total catch were almost at the same level AREA Total catch in Matric Tons. Total effort in Standard Hours AREA AREA Density index in Kilograms. d x A in Metric Tons. Figure 6: Comparison of Total Catch, Total Effort, Density and Stock Size of Squids and Cuttlefish caught by trawlers, between sub-areas in Peninsular Malaysia during the ten years period. Table 4. Annual fluctuation of parameters of Squid and Cuttlefish caught by all types of fishing gear on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Year Total Estim. Simple Size Density Effective- Effective catch effort CPUE index index ness effort (C) (X') Ii]') (N') (lfl'l (t') ()(-) HJ Sum/ Mean Total catch in metric tons. SiLe mdex in metric tons. Total effort in standard hours. Density index in kilograms. Simple CPUE in kilograms per hour. Effective effort in std. hours. The size of each sub-area, Ai is given in Table 6. 14

22 ("Ill). I! I 'Ill o-r---r l o-i-o-i 21l_LJ I, 10 0 I_o~ _ I.1i I I I -...,......, Figure 7: Annual fluctuation of parameters of Squids and Cuttlefish caught by all types of gear on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

23 The total effort (X') has a completely new trend before 1975 compare to that of X. The sharp decreasing trend from 1971 to 1974 is similar to the trend shown by other gears expanded during that years. However, the trend of X' after 1975 are the same as that shown by X. This show that the trends of total effort by trawls and other gears are the same during that period. The effective effort (X') shows the same trend as that of X, except for 1979 when the X' continued to decrease. The trend of size index (N') and density index (~') are similar to each other and to N and ~. However the lowest ii>' was recorded in 1971, whilst the lowest 4), Nand N' were recorded in The simple CPUE (U') shows the slightly different trend than that IT in 1974 and The effectiveness of effort ( ') trends different from that of when the upward trend was maintain in 1976 to 1977 at the highest level. The trend decreased in 1978 to 1979 before reimproved in 1980.

24 (l<10~ ' i! V 1\ t-.. 1/ \ / ""'"' J' - =F- (x100000) I! / /' v \ / ~ I -- V/ / i'-- / - r--v --.._ / I ~\~=1::=;= v i-- -.._.- _._ '_ _ _...,-- J \ / 7 '..: 7 _. /' -_. V I / \ -, - I I Figure 8: Annual fluctuation of parameters of Squids and Cuttlefish caught by all types of gear on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

25 From the above parameters, the following can be said about the Squid and Cuttlefish resources exploited by all types of gear on the East and West Coasts of Peninsular Malaysia during the ten years period: i) On the West Coast, the trawl is the major gear in exploiting the Squid and Cuttlefish resources. Therefore, the trend of total catch is mainly depended upon the trend shown by trawls. On the other hand the trend on the East Coast was not only depended upon the trawls but also by other types of gear, especially during the period of 1971 to 1974 and 1978 to ii. The values of effective effort by all types of gear for both coasts were lower than the values of the estimated effort except in 1976 to 1977 for the East Coast. This means that, the real fishing pressure by all types of gear toward this resources on both coasts were lower than the actual fishing effort expended during the period. On average, the value of effectiveness of effort for all types of gear (0.76) on the West Coast is similar with the average value obtain from trawl alone. However, the average value of the effectiveness of the effort by all types of gear on the East Coast (0.68) was much lower than the average value obtain by trawls (1.04). This shows that, on the East Coast, the gears other than trawl are operating in a poor fishing ground especially during the year of 1971 to 1975 and 1978 to Here, the highest value of effectiveness of effort by all types of gear is recorded to be the period of in 1976 to 1977.'This shows that gears other than trawl during found a better fishing ground. density and stock size by sub- Table 6 shows the total catch, total effort, area. As shown in Table 6, all the parameters has increased slightly in all subarea, except for sub-area VI whereby the total catch and effort have increased by 3 and 7 times respectively. These values are higher than those recorded by trawl alone. In this sub-area landing data for 1980 shows that only 21% of the total catch is landed by trawls, while 55% by Miscellanuous (mostly Squid jigging), 13% by Purse seines, 10% by Portable traps and 5% by Hooks and lines. From the survey data of K.K. "JENAHAK" in 1981, the catch of Squids and Cuttlefish contributes about 14% (6.2 kg/hrl of the total commercial landing (Table 7). The highest catch rate was recorded to be at sub-area I,' which contributes about 20% of the total landing catch.

26 Table 6: Annual fluctuation of Squid & Cuttlefish caught all the type of fishing gear in each sub-area of Peninsular Malaysia. AREAl [28790 SQ KM) AREA II (19921 SQ KM) YEAR CATCH EFFORT CPlJE S. SIZE CATCH S. SIZE CPUE S. SIZE (C)' (X). (Dr (0 x A)' (C)' (OX A)' (0)' (OX AI' ooסס SUM/MEAN YEAR AREA", (9768 SQ. KM) AREA IV (7138 SQ. KM) CATCH EFFORT CPlJE S. SIZE CATCH EFFORT CPlJE S. SIZE (C)' (X).) (Dr [0 X A)' (C)' (Xl' (0)' (OX A)' ooסס QOOOO SUM/MEAN AREA V (4733 SQ. KM) AREA VI (20926 SQ. KM) YEAR CATCH EFFORT CPlJE S. SIZE CATCH EFFORT CPUE S. SIZE (C)' (Xl' (X). (0 X A)' (C)' (X). (Xl' (OXAr ooסס ooסס QOOOO ooסס SUMIMEAN YEAR AREA VI (19091 SQ. KM) AREA vnl [13932 SQ. KM) EXPORT CPUE S SIZE CATCH EXPORT CPUE S. SIZE (X). (Dr (OX AI' IC)' (X). (Dr (0 X AI' t ) OQOOO ooסס SUMIMEAN

27 Table 7. Average catch rate (kg/hrl and percentage catch of Squids and Cuttlefish in comparison with other commercial catch on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Survey data of K.K. "JENAHAK", II Average Sub-areas kg/hr % kg/hr % kg/hr % Commercial Fish l Squid & Cuttlefish , Total Almost 80% of the landing catch of Squid and Cuttlefish consists of Loliginidae as shown in Table 8. The remainder is the species of Sepiidae. There is no catch of Octopidae being recorded from this survey. But from the commercial landing catch of trawlers in 1981, it was found that, there is small amout of Octopidae being caught at Penang and Kedah waters. The percentage that had been caught at Kedah waters in higher than that of Penang waters. Table 9, also shows that almost 98% of the total catch of Squid and Cuttlefish are caught by trawlers. From this, 65% of the catch consists of Loliginidae, 36% Sepiidae and the remainder is Octopidae. Table 8 : Catch Composition of Squid and Cuttlefish from the survey data of K.K. "JENAHAK", 1981on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. II Average kg/hr % kg/hr % kg/hr % Loliginidae Sepiidae Octopidae Total Table 9 Catch composition of Squid, Cuttlefish and Octopus by trawl and other gears in 1981on West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Trawl Other Gears Total SQUIDS CUTTLE FISH OCTOPUS % SQUIDS CUTTLE FISH OCTOPUS % %, I I Perlis Kedah Penang Perak Selangor W. Johore

28 Table 10, shows that Loliginidae and Sepiidae are mainly caught by trawler of GRT. The small percentage of Octopidae was caught by trawlers of GRT., and above. For West Johore, the catch of squid and cuttlefish was mainly contributed by those boats less than 25 GRT. Table 10 : Catch composition of Squid and Cuttlefish from trawler in 1981 by state and by different tonnage classes on the West Coast oflpeninsular Malaysia GRT GRT GRT GRT TOTAL SQUIDS' CUTTLE CUnLE CUnLE CUnLE OCTOPUS SQUIDS OCTOPUS SQUIDS OCTOPUS' SQUID FISH' FISH FISH FISH OCTOPUS % PER LIS KEDAH PENANG PERAK SELANGOR WEST JOHORE AVERAGE Table 11. The catch rate and percentage of Squid and Cuttlefish by depth on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Survey data of K.K. "JENAHAK" in 1981) m 21-30m 31-40m 41-50m 51-70m kg/hr % kg/hr % kg/hr % kg/hr % kg/hr % Loliginidae Sepidae Octopidae Total From the survey data of K.K. "JENAHAK" in 1981, (Table 11), the catch rate and the percentage composition of Loliginidae decreases as the depth increases. But for Sepiidae, both the catch rate and the percentage composition increasesas the depth increases. However, Loliginidae is still the dominant species for all the depth zones. Zone m is the most productive zone with the average catch rate of 7.3 kg/hr. The survey data of K.K. "JENAHAK" in 1981, shows that the catch of squids and cuttlefish contributes about 17% (96 kg/hrl of the total catch of

29 commercial fish (Table 12). The highest catch rate was recorded at sub-area IV, which contributed about 33% (17.7 kg/hr) of the total catch from that area. The least catch rate is at sub-area III, where only 10% (6.0 kg/hr) of the totaj landing was recorded. Table 12: Average catch rate lkg/hr) and percentage catch of Squid and Cuttlefish in comparison with other commercial catch. (Survey data of K.K. "JENAHAK" in 1981on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. III IV Average kg/hr 't kg/hr kg/hr % kg/hr 't kg/hr % Commercial fish Squid & Cuttlefish Total On the whole, 79% of the total catch of squids and cuttlefish in the East Coast consists of Loliginidae. The remainder is the species of Sepiidae. There is no catch of Octopidae being recorded (Table 13). From the commercial landing data of Trawlers in 1981, a small percentage of Octopidae was recorded at subarea VIII (East Johore). It constitutes 0.1 % of the total landing data of squids and cuttlefish from that area. Table 13. Catch Compositions of Squid and Cuttlefish from the survey data of K.K. "JENAHAK", 1981on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia Loliginidae 5.6 Sepiidae 1.5 Octopidae Almost 90% of the total catch of squids and cuttlefish in the East Coast was mainly caught by trawlers except at sub-areas VI whereby 92% of the catch came from other gear especially squid jigging (Table 14). However for the East Coast in 1981, trawling and squids jigging account for about 52% and 56% of the total squids and cuttlefish landings, respectively. Trawlers of class tonnage GRT catch more squids and cuttlefish as compared with the rest of tonnage classes (Table 15),

30 Table 14. Catch Composition of Squid and Cuttlefish by trawl and other gears in 1981on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. trawls sub other gears sub Total total total squid cuttle- octo- % squid cuttle- octo- % % fish pus fish pus Kelantan Trengganu Pahang E. Johore Table 15 : Catch composition of Squi.d and Cuttlefish from trawlerin 1981 by state and different tonnage classes GRT GRT GRT 40 and ABOVE TOTAl SQUIDS CUTTLE OCTOPUS SQUIDS CUTTLE CUITLE OCTOPUS SQUIDS CUTTLE OCTOPUS SQUIDS FISH FISH FISH FISH' OCTOPUS % KELANTAN TRENGGANU PAHANG B EAST JOHORE AVERAGE Table 16 shows that the catch rate of Loliginidae and Sepiidaedecreasesas the depth increases. The percentage composition of Loliginidae increases with depths but for Sepiidae, it is decreasing. Therefore, as the water gets deeper, there is more Loliginidae as compared with that of Sepiidae. The most productive depth zone is between 10-40mat an average catch rate of 9.8 kg/hr. Table 16. The catch rate and percentage of Squid & Cuttlefish by depth on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Survey data of K.K. "JENAHAK", 1981) m 21-30m ll 41-50m 51-70m kg/hr % kg/h, % k~ 111 0'0 kg/h' "-0 kg/h, % Loliginidae ,1 85 7,9 90 Sepiidae ,9 10 Octopidae Total 12, ,

31 5. Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) and Optimum Fishing Effort (xopt.l of Squids and Cuttlefish using Schaefer and Fox Models. 5.1 Estimate of MSY and XoPtfrom separate analysis of each sub-area and single analysis by coast as a whole. Table 17 shows the values of MSY and X opt obtained from the two models that had been used. By using Schaefer model, the MSY values of squids and cuttlefish can only be calculated at such-areas I and IV. While, for Fox model, it is only at such-area IV. For the other sub-areas and the West Coast as a whole, the two models are unable to calculate the MSY and Xopt.,since the values of CPUE and total effort are still fluctuating. For the East Coast, the two models are able to calculate the MSY and Xopt.values for all sub-area and the coast as a whole. The total values of MSY from separate analysis of ec,chsub-area, using Schaefer and Fox Models are 4.94 x 103m. ton and 3.67 x jq3 m. ton, respectively. These are given by the optimum effort values of 34.7 x 105 hours and x 105 hours respectively. On the other hand the MSY values from single analysis using both Schaefer and Fox Models are 4.74 x 103m. ton and 3.44 x 103m. ton, respe~tively. The values of the optimum effort are x 105 hours from Schaefer Model and x 105 hours, from Fox Model. From these values, it can be said that there is a good agreement between values obtained from separate analysis by sub-area with that obtained using single analysis by coast a whole for both models. Schaefer Model record the highest MSY at 2.62 x 103 m. tons in subarea VI but for Fox Model, it is at 1.91 x 103 m. ton in sub-area VIII. 5.2 Estimate of MSY and XOPIfor the West and East Coasts using CPUE obtained from research vessel and total catch from the commercial boats. The trawl surveys were conducted on the West and East Coast for several times during the period 1970 to On the West Coast, the surveys were conducted at sub-areas I and II in , 1978 and As for the East Coast, several surveys were conducted at sub-areas V and VI in and Figures 9 and 10 show the yearly catch rate of Squids and Cuttlefish for both West and East Coast, respectively. The vessel used is K.K. "JENAHAK" with a standard German Trawl Net and the cod-end mesh size of 40 mm. The MSY values for West and East Coasts using Schaefer Model are x 103 m. tons and 4.30 x 103m. ton respectively. The optimum effort values are at x 105 hours and x 105 hours, respectively (Table 18). And by using Fox Model, the MSY values for both West and East Coasts are x 103m. ton and 3.64 x 103 m. ton respectively. The optimum effort for the West Coast is 9.70 x 105 hours and that of the East East, it is at x 105 hours.

32 // / " , TABLE 17) The comparison betwen MSY and Xopt values of squids & \, J cuttlefish by sub-area and coastal area using Schaefer and Fox '-", for the period of "'--- Total catch Total effort Average x 10J X 10 5 CPUE (M, tons) (Std, hours)' (Kg/hr) Schaefer Model Fox Model MSY (x1oj Xw opt. (x1os) MSY (x1oj) Xw,opt. (x1os) (M, tons) (Std. hr) (M. tons) (Std. hr) Separate analysis by Sub-area I , II III IV ,04 Single West analysis Coast , by coast (I-IV) Separate analysis -- by Sub-area.._;._-.._ V , ,09 VI (2.6?) VII O VIII ,11 1, ~ Single East ~'4,~ analysis Coast , ,51 by coast (V - VIII) " -," /

33 Table 18. Annual total catch from commercial fishing vessels, extrapolate CPUE from research survey data and estimated effort on the West and Ea$t Coasts of Peninsular Malaysia during the period Area West Coast East Coast Total CPUE" Estimated Total CPUE Estimated Year catch (RIV) effort catch (RIV) effort x 10" x 10.2 x 1<J5 x 10" x 10.2 x 1<J5 (m. tons) (m.t.!hrl (hours) (m. tons) (m.t.!hr) (hours) OOסס Schaefer Production Model MSY x 10" metric tons 4.30 x 10" metric tons fl., -~ r) :' 1/\ X opt x 1<J5hours x 1<J5hours Fox Model MSY x 10" metric tons 3.64 x 10" metric tons X opt x 1<J5hours x 10" hours R/V = Research Vessel Extrapolate values from g~aph of research survey's data in sub-areas 1 and 2 on the West Coast and sub-areas 5 and 6 on the East Coast.

34 0.000 m n n ~ M ~ ~ n ~ ~ 00 ~ Year Figure 9: Yearly average catch rate of Squid and Cuttlefish caught by Research Vessel K.K. "JENAHAK" on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia , c en 't E.008 :J 1: U -- '0 :2 ctj r-:.007 '3 0'--" (f) ~ '0 en Q).006 > :;..c.005..c 0 ~ Q) '" Q; en a. Q)..c a:: B.n > '" u IX ~ m n n ~ M ~ ~ n M ~ 00 Year Figure 10: Yearly average catch rate of Squids and Cuttlefish caught by Research Vessel K.K. "JENAHAK" on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

35 In Peninsular Malaysia, trawler is tha major gear that used to exploit the resource of Squids and Cuttlefish except in Terengganu, whereby, squid jigging is the main gear. Therefore, the trend of the total catch of squids and cuttlefish for is mainly depended upon the trend shown by the trawl. However, during this period all the fishing gears are not operating in a good fishing ground for squids and cuttlefish resources. Hence, the average value of effectiveness of effort (e) obtained from the calculation is at This is true since the squids and cuttlefish is not the target species for all the gears except for squids jigging in Terengganu waters. It was also found that sub-areas I and II in the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia and sub-area VIII in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia are found to be the richest area for squids and cuttlefish resources while sub-area VI in the West Coast is the poorest. From the commercial and survey data, it was found that Loliginidae is the major component of squids and cuttlefish followed by Sepiidae. There is very little amount of Octopidae being landed at certain sub-areas. Both Loliginidae ~( and Sepiidae are found at all depth zones from 10-70m depth. The composition. i of Loliginidae is increasing with depth for both the West Co;st and East Coast. / The percentage of Sepiidae is decreasing by depth in the East Coast of ') '7 Peninsular Malaysia. However, Loliginidae is still the dominant species for J L, all depth zones. The zone below than 50m. From the observation of the ten years commercial catch data, the MSY values using Schaefer Model for sub-area I and sub-area IV are 9.16 x 10 3 m. tons and 0.28 x 10 3 m. tons respectively. Both Schaefer and Fox Model cannot be applied for sub-areas II and III and the West Coasts as the whole. The CPUE and effort values are fluctuating during this period. T~ total MSY values for the 4... sub-areas on the East Coast are 4.94 x 10 3 m. tons (using Schaefer Model) and 3.44 x 10 3 m. tons (using Fox Model). The MSY values of Squids and Cuttlefish for West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia is x 10 3 m. tons (using Schaefer Model) or x 10 3 m. tons, if use Fox Models. While for the East Coast, the MSY values of Squids and Cuttlefish using Schaefer Models is 4.3 x 10 3 m. tons or 3.64 x 10 3 m. tons if Fox Model is use, instead.

36 ABU TALlB, A. and S. HAYASE, 1984a. An assessment of demersal fisheries resources in Peninsular Malaysia, TD/CTP/27. SEAF- DEC. Thailand 4Opp...., 1984b. Population parameters of ten demersal species off the Southern East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. TD/CTP/29. SEAFDEC. Thailand. 3Opp. CADDY, J.F Advances in assessment of world cephalopod resources. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No FIRM/T231, Rome, 452PP. MALAYSIA, Annual Fisheries Statistics. Fish. Div. Min. of Agric., Malaysia. MENASVETA, D., Resources of fisheries of the Gulf of Thailand. TRB/No. 8, SEAFDEC. 104pp. MOHO. SHAARI S.A.L., Malaysia Squid Resources. National reports on squid fisheries. Indo-Pacific Fishery Commission Report. FAO Fisheries Report No FID/R275, Rome, 2pp. MOHARI, M.T., Half year reports. Prk.ML. (Peny.) 197. A.34(5l. Fish. Research Inst. Malaysia. (Unpublishedl....,1982. Half year reports. Prk.ML. (Peny.)-197.a.34(6l. Fish. Research Inst. Malaysia. (Unpublished). OKUTANI, T., Stock Assessment of Cephalopod Resources Fished by Japan. FAO, Fisheries Technical paper No FIRS/T173. Rome. 63pp SCHAEFER, M.B., A study of the dynamics of the Yellow Fin Tuna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean. Bull. Inter. Amer. Trap. Tuna Comm. 1(6); 13pp. FOX, W.W., An exponential surplus yield model for optimizing exploited fish populations. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 99; 9pp.

37 1. Total catch of trawls in metric tons c ""(;c< where, C j denotes catch by trawls in sub-area L 2. Total effort in term of hours of fishing X = ( Xi. (for trawler tonnage class fishing hours) where, Xi denotes fishing effort expended in Sub-area i. 4. Total J::opulationor stock size index in term of catch (kg) per hour, and on square kilometer base... N =f:(c:ai/x~) (where A denotes Square kilometers of Sub-areas i, U simple CPUE in I I sub-area Mean density of population or mean stock density index in terms of catch (kg) per hour ~::: { (Ct1ij'lCi)}/ A' 6. Effectiveness of effort f. jj/ ~ B. Calculation of the Squid and Cuttlefish stock parameters caught by all!types of gear. 1. Total catch of all type of gear in metric ton...c'..(.(.ji( Vi where, C ij denotes the catch of j fishing gear types in sub-area i. 2. Total estimated standard fishing effort... where, O. denoted catches per unit effort of trawl in sub-area i. 3. Simple CPUE in term of catch (kg) per estimated standard fishing hours...u {,C;jl{l;(c.'i/iicJ} 4. Total population, or stock size index in terms of catch (kg) per hour and on square kilometer base N' = ( ( (.;. ~)/ (C.ij/iJ.) where, Ai denotes square kilometer of sub-area i. Ui denotes CPUE in sub-area i 5. Mean density of population or stock density index in terms of catch (kg) per hour... 9'. [( (ai ~)/ ((ii/u~)}leai 6. Effectiveness of effort.' ii16'.

38 The authors wish to thank Y.M. Tengku Dato' Ubaidillah bin Abdul Kadir, Director General of Fisheries Malaysia for his support. Thanks are also due to Mr. Shaari Sam Abd. Latiff (the Director of Fisheries Research Institute). Mr. V. Selvarajah (the Head of Resource Section) and Mr. Lui Yean Pong (the Head of Demersal Unit) for treir constructive comments and suggestion in publishing this paper. Last but not least, the authors wish to thank Mr. Yeap Tho Seng and Ms. Cheah Lay Swee for their invaluable assistance.

39 (1) Encik Abu Talib Ahmad, berkelulusan Sarjana MiJda Sains (Genetik) dengan kepujian kelas II bawah dari Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia pada tahun Mula berkhidmat di Institut Penyelidikan Perikanan di Pulau Pinang sebagai Pegawai Perikanan Penyelidikan. Beliau pernah terlibat di dalam kajian-kajian biologi ikan, biologi udang dan kajian Penafsiran Sumber Perikanan Laut. Beliau juga pernah mengikuti kapal-kapal kajian dari Jepun, SEAFDEC dan FAO.. (2) Cik Mahyam Mohd. Isa, berkelulusan Sarjana Muda Sains (kepujian) dari Universiti Sains Malaysia pada tahun Mula berkhidmat di Institut Penyelidikan Perikanan, Pulau Pinang pada tahun Beliau terlibat dan berpengalaman dalam bidang statistik, khususnya dalam pengutipan data-data dan kajian ke atas sumber-sumber di laut. Beliau pernah mengikuti kursus-kursus di dalam dan luar negeri yang dianjurkan oleh FAO, DANIDA dan SEAFDEC. Di Cetak Oleh: Percetakan Wotan Sdn. Bhd. 26. Jolon Doud. Kg. Baru Kuala Lumpur. Tel: