Living Seas The Wildlife Trusts vision. Protecting Wildlife for the Future

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1 Living Seas The Wildlife Trusts vision Protecting Wildlife for the Future

2 Contents The Wildlife Trusts There are 47 Wildlife Trusts across the whole of the UK, the Isle of Man and Alderney. Together, we are the UK s largest voluntary organisation dedicated to protecting wildlife and wild places whether they be in the country, in cities or at sea. We are supported by more than 765,000 members, 135,000 of which belong to our junior branch, Wildlife Watch. Our expert staff are helped by a formidable workforce of more than 39,000 volunteers. 3 What are Living Seas? 4 The UK s hidden depths 5 Our seas in trouble 6 Why must we act now? 7 Why are the next five years critical? 8 The role of The Wildlife Trusts 9 Our achievements in protecting UK seas Our strategy to achieve Living Seas Marine Protected Areas and wildlife Fishing and seafood Marine planning and sustainable development Legislation and policy Join us on our journey towards Living Seas 22 Cover image: Spider crabs. Photo by Dave Peake This page: Kelp Forest. Photo by Luke Atkinson. page Living Seas The Wildlife Trust s Trusts Vision vision

3 Living Seas The Wildlife Trusts vision Living Seas. What picture does this phrase conjure up in your mind? A rocky reef bursting with brightly coloured fish, corals and sponges? A boat trip in the company of leaping dolphins and playful seals? Fishermen hauling nets brimming with big, tasty fish? Living Seas are all these things and more. We urgently need your help to bring back the UK s Living Seas. The next five years are critical. It is literally make or break time. With new laws and Government commitments in the offing, we have a once in a lifetime opportunity. If we make the very best of it, pushing every step of the way, our seas will turn the corner and start to recover their health. If we do not, they will continue on their downward spiral. Please join us in our quest for Living Seas. It is time to make history. Read on to find out how you can be involved. The fried egg sea anemone, prawn cracker sponge, baked bean sea squirt and hot cross bun jellyfish are just a few of the many thousands of different animals and plants found in UK seas. Reef scene. Photo by Dave Peake. page

4 What are Living Seas? Living Seas are The Wildlife Trusts vision for the future of the UK s seas and sea life Living Seas are seas in which wildlife thrives, from the top to the bottom of the ocean food-web. In Living Seas: Threatened habitats and wildlife are recovering from past decline. The natural environment is adapting well to a changing climate, and ocean processes are helping to slow down climate change. Use of the seas resources is environmentally sustainable. People appreciate, understand and value the sea for the many ways in which it supports our quality of life. The Wildlife Trusts believe it is possible to achieve Living Seas around the UK within 20 years a single generation but only if opportunities are seized now, to make radical changes over the next five years. Join us, and support our role as the champions and guardians of the UK s Living Seas. The world s largest recorded sea turtle was a leatherback turtle found in Harlech, Wales in At 2.9 metres long and just under a tonne in weight, this turtle was bigger and heavier than a Smart car. Sea turtles are summer visitors to UK seas, feasting on the seasonal glut of jellyfish. Fireworks Anemone and squat lobster. Photo by Charles Erb. page

5 The UK s hidden depths The seas around the UK have the potential to be among the most productive and wildlife-rich on Earth. Hidden beneath the surface are landscapes every bit as varied and beautiful as those we see on land, with undersea cliffs, caves, chasms, mountains, dunes and plains. Colourful reefs, meadows of seagrass and other extraordinary habitats are home to many thousands of plants and animals, from tiny corals to the massive basking shark, the world s second largest fish. The UK s seas are also our life support system. They absorb vast quantities of harmful greenhouse gases, while releasing oxygen for us to breathe. Our seas regulate the climate, and good bacteria in the sea help govern clouds and rainfall. The sea provides us with many everyday resources too: energy from oil, gas and renewable sources; sand and gravel to construct roads and buildings; seafood and ports through which more than 90% of our imports and exports travel. Our coastal waters are an unrivalled playground, enjoyed for sport and relaxation. In all, our coasts and seas play a central role in our nation s history, identity, wealth and happiness. Hidden beneath the waves is an undersea landscape to rival that on land. Could places such as the Lune Deep Gorge, the Mixon Hole, the Bracklesham Balls and the Dolphin Shoals one day be as familiar to us as Snowdonia and the Norfolk Broads? Feather star and kelp. Photo by Paul Naylor. page 3

6 Our seas in trouble Right now, the seas around the UK are not Living Seas. The environment is a shadow of its former self. For centuries we have taken the seas riches for granted, taking too much with too little care. Fragile habitats have been destroyed, whether ripped up by fishing gear or contaminated by industry. Only 2% of the UK s sea area has even a minimal level of protection for wildlife, and less than a thousandth of 1% (0.001%) is fully protected from all damaging activities. Numbers of basking sharks have dropped by more than 95%, while the common skate, once abundant throughout UK seas, is on the brink of extinction. Corals, seahorses, whales, dolphins and seals all have been affected. Fish stocks have collapsed and marine resources are depleted. The ocean processes that regulate our climate and reduce climate change are also under threat. The marine environment our life support system is on its knees. Thankfully, it is not too late to turn this situation around. Our seas and sea life have a remarkable capacity to recover but only if we give them the chance. With time, space and care, our seas will bounce back. If we act now, Living Seas are within our grasp. The Lundy Island No Take Zone in the Bristol Channel is showing remarkable signs of recovery since receiving full protection in Large lobsters are now seven times more abundant in the protected zone than in the surrounding area. Common lobster. Photo by Paul Naylor. page

7 Why must we act now? 2009 could be remembered as the most important year in history for the protection and management of UK seas. Following more than a decade of campaigning by The Wildlife Trusts and partners, this year should see the passage of a Marine and Coastal Access Act, covering English and Welsh inshore waters and offshore waters around the whole UK. This Act could dramatically boost protection for marine wildlife and improve management of activities at sea. It has five key areas, every one of which could help us achieve Living Seas: A new network of marine protected areas. New authorities and powers to manage fishing in inshore waters. Improved arrangements for licensing industrial activity at sea. Joined-up planning of marine industry, leisure and conservation. A Marine Management Organisation charged with developing marine plans. In addition to the UK Act, a Scottish Marine Act with similar objectives will go before the Scottish Parliament in This will be followed by a Northern Irish Act in Together, these Acts give us an unprecedented opportunity to bring back Living Seas. Basking sharks are globally endangered. The Isle of Man is probably the best place in the world to see them. In 2007 a Manx basking shark, fitted with an electronic tag, was recorded swimming all the way to Canada. John dory. Photo by David Stephens. page 5

8 Why are the next five years critical? New legislation is only the beginning. The real challenge is to make it happen to achieve real change - and that is where The Wildlife Trusts come in. We believe the Marine Acts gives us a unique opportunity to set a course for Living Seas. It might take 20 years to get there but decisions made, and actions taken, over the next five years will determine whether we stand a chance. It is unlikely we will get another opportunity this good in our lifetimes. If we falter now we will, in all likelihood, push our seas beyond a point from which they can recover. We must recognise this unique opportunity and seize it with both hands. If we act now, we can restore to their former abundance giants such as the common skate and basking shark. We can ensure a future for corals, seahorses and seagrass meadows. We can rebuild Living Seas. Our seas and shores are literally the last resort for many endangered seabirds. UK seas are home to one-tenth of the world s puffins, three-quarters of the world s gannets and nearly all of the world s Manx shearwaters. By restoring the health of UK seas, we will benefit globally threatened wildlife. Tompot blenny. Photo by Gareth Millson. page 6

9 The role of The Wildlife Trusts The Wildlife Trusts are natural champions of Living Seas. As a voluntary organisation, we are independent of governments. This allows us to set out a long-term vision which goes way beyond short-term political goals. We can voice our concerns openly and honestly. We can respond rapidly to changing or emergency situations, raising funds and public support to enable our work. What sets us apart from other organisations, however, is our localness. Everywhere you go in the UK, there is a Wildlife Trust representing local people and standing up for local wildlife. Our heart and soul is in local communities and local wildlife issues. Our strength also lies in our collective impact. By sharing knowledge and experience between Wildlife Trusts, we are greater than the sum of our parts. And by coming together at the national and UK levels, with a united voice informed by our considerable experience, we have a powerful influence and are respected and trusted by decisionmakers. From the seashore to the halls of power, The Wildlife Trusts have the knowledge and experience to make a difference, and the drive to make it happen. Seahorses are thought to mate for life and, famously, it is the males that get pregnant and give birth. Shortly after dawn each day, seahorse couples perform a special dance for each other, believed to strengthen the bond between them. Two species are found in UK seas: the spiny seahorse and the short-snouted seahorse. Short-snouted seahorse. Photo by Paul Naylor. page

10 Our achievements in protecting UK seas The Wildlife Trusts have been leading the way in marine conservation for more than 30 years. These pages show just a few examples of what we have achieved.. Every year we co-ordinate National Marine Week and organise hundreds of marine awareness activities and events. For 18 years, we championed the protection of the Lyme Bay Reefs from harmful fishing practices, culminating in legal protection in We established the UK s first mainland Voluntary Marine Nature Reserve (VMNR) at Kimmeridge in Dorset back in In 2008 our six year study identified basking shark hotspots around the UK. For many years we have opposed harmful development at sea and worked with marine industries including fishing, aggregates, oil and gas and renewable energy to help minimise their impact on habitats and wildlife. For more than 12 years we have trained and co-ordinated volunteer scuba divers to record seabed habitats and wildlife. In 2007, we presented the EU Fisheries Commissioner with a 370,000-signature petition asking him to prevent dolphins dying in fishing nets. page 10

11 In 2007 our 14 year study of dolphins and porpoises showed a dramatic decline in numbers of the South West of England. We recorded and mapped more than 1400 pink sea fans rare corals around the Cornish coast Our 250 coastal and marine wildlife reserves are havens for seals, seabirds and a huge range of other plants and animals. Our 5 coastal and marine visitor centres are great places to learn about Living Seas We campaigned for more than 10 years for a Marine Bill to improve protection for marine wildlife. For five years we worked with the marine aggregate industry to improve understanding of the impacts of dredging on sand and gravel habitats. We worked with cookery schools and celebrity chefs to promote sustainable seafood. page 11

12 Our strategy to achieve Living Seas United by our vision of Living Seas, The Wildlife Trusts ambition is to lead the way towards a healthy, productive and wildlife-rich future for UK coasts and seas. Our work will focus on four Living Seas themes: Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and wildlife. Fishing and seafood. Marine planning and sustainable development. Legislation and policy. We need to ensure that significant progress is made on each of these themes. While MPAs and wildlife are naturally the focus for much of our marine conservation work, we cannot hope to achieve Living Seas without also addressing the other themes. Even a far-reaching network of MPAs, for example, will fail to bring about recovery of marine ecosystems unless accompanied by improved controls on fishing and a sustainable approach to licensing marine industry. And none of this will be possible without Marine Acts throughout the UK and continuous improvements to marine policy. But how will we make a difference? To effect change, we need to address each of the Living Seas themes at the UK, national, regional and local level. We must play to our strengths, utilising our unique partnership, our reputation, our relationships, our supporters and our extensive experience to the full. For each of the Living Seas themes, we will apply six cross-cutting Living Seas strategies: Advancing knowledge Plotting the course Finding common ground Influencing decisions Inspiring people Making waves The diagram opposite illustrates how the six Living Seas strategies will apply to the four Living Seas themes. This is explained further on the following pages. Gravel life. Photo by Paul Naylor. page 12

13 Living Seas themes Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and wildlife. We will drive forward the creation of effective MPA networks and promote conservation of threatened habitats and wildlife throughout UK seas. See pages Fishing and seafood. We will promote sustainable fishing and fish-farming, and encourage environmentally-friendly seafood choices. See pages Marine planning and sustainable development. We will work with marine industry and decision-makers to ensure development at sea has minimal impacts on habitats and wildlife. See pages Legislation and policy. We will continue to push for new marine legislation, policies and guidance to support all of the other themes. See pages Advancing knowledge: We will carry out research, collate data and interpret our findings to improve understanding of Living Seas. Living Seas strategies Plotting the course: Finding common ground: Influencing decisions: We will identify, trial and promote policies and practices that best contribute to the achievement of Living Seas. We will work with marine sectors and stakeholders to understand their perspective and find shared solutions. We will develop and maintain relationships with key decision-makers and seek to improve the quality of their decisions for Living Seas. Inspiring people: We will raise public awareness of UK seas and sea life and promote widespread understanding of the importance of a healthy marine environment. Making waves: We will deliver effective campaigns to build public and political support to achieve Living Seas. page 13

14 Marine Protected Areas and wildlife What are the opportunities? The most important and exciting aspect of the forthcoming Marine Acts is the creation of a network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) throughout UK seas. MPAs are sites in which human activities are restricted to varying degrees. They are a tried and tested means of safeguarding important habitats and wildlife. MPAs protect the wildlife within their boundaries and allow nature to recover and thrive. In many cases, MPAs have an influence beyond their boundaries too, as burgeoning wildlife populations spill out into the surrounding sea. Carefully designed and well managed networks of MPAs bring even greater benefits. Networks can boost the health of the marine environment as a whole, helping it recover from past impacts and enabling it to sustain current pressures. To achieve this, MPA networks must include not just sites that protect rare and threatened wildlife, but also those that protect examples of the whole range of typical habitats and wildlife found in healthy seas. MPAs are the heart of marine nature conservation and essential for the sustainable management of the UK s marine area. That is why The Wildlife Trusts regard MPAs as the bedrock of Living Seas. Some endangered wildlife especially animals that travel over thousand of miles of sea are vulnerable wherever they roam. So our approach also includes identifying and promoting measures that offer protection outside of MPAs. A blue whale s heart is the size of a small car, while the arteries are up to 45cm across wide enough for a child to swim through. Blue whales were hunted intensively in the late 19th and 20th centuries from Iceland, Norway, Ireland, Shetland, the Hebrides and the Faroes. Numbers alive today are thought to be only 2% of historic levels. Shore crab. Photo by Robert Bailey. page 14

15 Marine Protected Areas and wildlife What will we do? Advancing knowledge. The Wildlife Trusts will collect valuable data on endangered species such as whales, dolphins, basking sharks and seahorses. We will survey important habitats including seagrass meadows and sea caves. This data will be used to call for action to ensure the conservation and recovery of these vulnerable treasures in our seas, wherever they occur. Influencing decisions. We will seek to achieve the best possible network of MPAs, by participating fully at every stage in the planning and design of the MPA networks. And by using our extensive contacts to build high-level support for the networks amongst influencers and decision-makers. Finding common ground. Using our contacts with scuba divers, sailors, anglers and other sea users, we will raise awareness of the need for MPAs. These are the stakeholders who stand to gain the most immediate benefit from an effective network of MPAs. If The Wildlife Trusts can win their support, their voices will be invaluable in countering opposition to MPAs from other quarters. Plotting the course. The Wildlife Trusts will draw upon our extensive experience of managing wildlife reserves and our expertise in marine conservation policy to keep the development of the MPA networks on track. We will act as a watchdog, making sure the Government honours its commitments. Inspiring people. Using our visitor centres, reserves, educational outreach programmes, websites, member publications, junior groups and other channels - we will raise public awareness of marine wildlife and conservation issues and build support for MPAs. Making waves. Where extra support is needed to ensure the network of MPAs is achieved, we will deliver high profile campaigns to mobilise pubic support. For more information on the achievements and active work of The Wildlife Trusts on this theme, please see the Living Seas project briefs, available on the Living Seas pages at Spiny starfish and algae. Photo by Paul Naylor page 15

16 Fishing and seafood What are the opportunities? The UK Marine Acts bring in a new approach to managing inshore fisheries in England and Wales. One that recognises the impacts fishing can have not just on stocks but also on the wider environment. It creates new responsibilities and powers to manage these impacts. Meanwhile, the EU Common Fisheries Policy, which influences fisheries management throughout UK seas, is undergoing a major review. Improvements could make a significant contribution to Living Seas. Fishing - more than any other human activity - has the potential to cause widespread damage to marine habitats and wildlife decline. However, if we get it right, wise management can bring the greatest benefits for wildlife over large areas. Practical action can be taken to prevent the accidental capture of animals, such as dolphins and seabirds, minimise the damage to seabed habitats from heavy fishing gear, reduce impacts on the marine food web, and ensure target species are not over-fished. Amid concerns about food security and dwindling wild fish stocks, farming of seafood is likely to increase, so there is also a need to ensure this industry is environmentally sustainable. We believe that changes afoot now, and in the next few years, could mark the turning point towards a sustainable seafood industry in the UK. But a change of name for the fisheries management bodies is not enough. Those bodies need to embrace their new powers and responsibilities and use them proactively to improve the sustainability of seafood and the health of the sea. The corkwing wrasse is the most house-proud fish in UK seas. Each spring, males make a nest in a nook or cranny on a rocky reef and decorate it with colourful pieces of seaweed which they collect by mouth. Female wrasse then tour the reef - checking out the males DIY credentials - and pick the best nest in which to lay their eggs. Corkwing Wrasse. Photo by Sally Sharrock. page 16

17 Fishing and seafood What will we do? Influencing decisions. We will advise and influence the new regional fisheries management bodies. We will identify opportunities for them to use their powers to benefit the environment, and we will encourage them to take a bold, proactive approach. Finding common ground. We will work with a range of stakeholders across the commercial and recreational fishing and seafood sectors, including regulators, fishermen, fish farmers and sea anglers. We will seek to understand their views and find shared solutions. Plotting the course. We will continue to identify, test and promote technical and practical solutions that are good for the industry and good for wildlife. Where appropriate we will bring in international experts to help shape and strengthen our position. Inspiring people. We will raise public awareness of sustainability issues in the fishing and seafood sectors, and promote environmentally-friendly seafood choices. Making waves. Where extra support is needed for example, when Ministers have to make tough decisions between specific fisheries and conservation interests we will mount focused campaigns to demonstrate public support for the conservation outcomes. Advancing knowledge. We will undertake research that sheds light on the interactions between fishing, habitats and wildlife. For more information on the achievements and active work of The Wildlife Trusts on this theme, please see the Living Seas project briefs, available on the Living Seas pages at Some sea slugs - amongst the most beautiful and brightly coloured creatures in UK - have evolved a remarkable adaptation enabling them to recycle their prey s defences. When eating sea anemones, slugs are unaffected by their prey s harpoon-like sting cells. From within the sea slug s stomach, the sting cells migrate to the tips of the tentacle-like projections on the slug s back. It can then fire them to protect itself from larger predators. Wolf fish. Photo by Jim Greenfield. page 17

18 Marine planning and sustainable development What are the opportunities? The Marine Acts will bring in wide-ranging new powers to plan, licence and manage marine industry. Only if these powers are used in a coherent way, putting the health of the marine environment at the heart of decision-making, will they bring about a return to Living Seas. The pressure on UK seas to provide services and resources has never been greater. More and more commercial activities are shifting into the sea, or developing there, as industry overcomes the technological challenges and realises the economies of operating on a vast scale in the open ocean. The fastest growing sector is marine energy. The pressure is on to extract every possible drop from the UK s dwindling offshore oil and natural gas reserves. Once empty, there are plans to use the oil and gas fields to store imported gas. Meanwhile, the UK s ambitious renewable energy targets will only be met through a massive expansion and most of this is set to take place at sea, through windfarms, wave farms, barrages and tidal turbines. The construction industry is increasingly looking to the seas, rather than quarries on land, to provide sand and gravel, while growth in shipping and marine leisure is creating demand for new port and marina facilities. The natural ability of a healthy sea to regulate the atmosphere, climate and weather is of enormous value. There are also proposals to use the sea to tackle climate change in artificial ways for example by capturing and storing carbon dioxide under the sea. Dolphins sleep with one eye open. A sleeping dolphin shuts down one half of its brain at a time, and closes the opposite eye. The other half of the brain stays awake, to watch for predators, obstacles and other animals. It also makes sure the dolphin comes to the surface regularly to breathe. Roughly every two hours, it will switch sides and rest the other half of the brain. Phosphorescent sea pen. Photo by Paul Naylor. page 18

19 Marine planning and sustainable development What will we do? Influencing decisions. The Wildlife Trusts will take part in the preparation of local, regional and national marine plans, helping to ensure development at sea remains well within the sustainable limits of the natural ecosystem. We will advise marine industry and decision-makers on the best places to develop marine resources to maximise benefits and minimise impacts on habitats and wildlife. Finding common ground. We will build working relationships with marine industry, to help realise the potential for conservation benefits for example, helping with the design of seabed structures to improve their value as artificial habitats, or running public boat trips combining wildlife-watching with views of windfarms. Inspiring people. We will raise awareness and promote public debate on the issues surrounding marine resources and nature conservation. Making waves. In cases where there is greatest risk to wildlife, we will run high profile campaigns to show Government our position has public support. Plotting the course. We will champion novel ways to manage and mitigate the risks to wildlife from development at sea. Advancing knowledge. We will collect data on the distribution of marine habitats and wildlife that will help inform marine planning and development decisions. For more information on the achievements and active work of The Wildlife Trusts on this theme, please see the Living Seas project briefs, available on the Living Seas pages at Plankton is not just the microscopic plants and animals that whales and basking sharks eat. Plankton is all plants and animals not strong enough to swim against ocean currents and so drift wherever oceans take them. The UK s biggest plankton is the dustbin-lid jellyfish, which can grow up to 90 cm across, with four large dangling arms. Thongweed and red seaweeds. Photo by Paul Naylor. page 19

20 Legislation and policy What are the opportunities? Together, the Marine Acts could pave the way for Living Seas and revolutionise the way we manage them. But we cannot yet assume the new laws are a given or that they will achieve everything needed. If all three Acts make it into law (and, at the time of writing, it is still not certain), they will be followed by a flurry of additional policy documents, guidance notes and secondary legislation that will spell out the detail of how the Acts are to be put into force. It is as important that we influence those documents too. It is unlikely the Marine Acts will get everything right first time. There may turn out to be gaps in coverage, loopholes or other problems that undermine or complicate its progress. New European and international laws and agreements could require the UK to go further than the Acts allow. In order to identify new needs and opportunities, we must monitor closely the implementation of the Acts and their impacts on the health of UK seas. Some crabs improve their natural camouflage by adorning themselves with pieces of seaweed, living sponges and other wildlife. The sponge crab takes this to the extreme, growing an enormous hat out of living sponge, perfectly fitted to the shape of the crab s shell. Some hermit crabs go even further, carrying around a live anemone on their back, to scare off predators with its powerful sting. Hermit crab in eelgrass. Photo by Paul Naylor. page 20

21 Legislation and policy What we will do Plotting the course. Guided by our vision of Living Seas, The Wildlife Trusts will set ambitious standards for the management and protection of the UK s marine environment. We will develop case studies of good and bad practice and identify policies to promote improvements Influencing decisions. We will make use of our excellent relationships with governments, Ministers, MPs and statutory conservation bodies to push for new legislation, policy and guidance to achieve Living Seas. Making waves. We will continue to rally public support as required, demonstrating that voters care about the state of our seas. For more information on the achievements and active work of The Wildlife Trusts on this theme, please see the Living Seas project briefs, available on the Living Seas pages at Not only can a starfish re-grow lost arms, it can also regrow its stomach. A starfish feeds by turning its stomach inside out and pushing it inside the shell of a clam. It breaks the clam s body down - into a seafood soup - before swallowing its stomach, meal and all. If disturbed mid-meal, the starfish will bite off its stomach, leaving it in the clam. It will then creep away to a hiding place where it can stay while growing a new stomach. Starfish on Mussel bed. Photo by Paul Naylor. page 21

22 Join us on our journey towards Living Seas This is truly a monumental time in the history of our seas. We have the next five years to set the UK s marine environment on the road to recovery. If we succeed, we will have achieved something our children and grandchildren will thank us for. If we fail, we will have robbed future generations of the chance to enjoy all the benefits Living Seas can bring. We would like you to join us on the journey to be a part of this historic moment. Your support today could make all the difference. Donations. Please contact us to discuss how you can support vital conservation projects around the UK. See the Living Seas project briefs for more information. Campaigns. Join the SOS team, our online campaigners network, to find out how you can support and take part in our marine campaigns. Volunteer. Contact your local Wildlife Trust to find out how you can get involved in Living Seas. Share our vision. Tell your friends, family and colleagues about Living Seas, and ask them to help us too. In 2008 we asked 200 scuba divers for their fondest memories of encounters with wildlife in the UK. Their memories ranged from hang-gliding crabs to juggling lobsters but the indisputable stars of the show were seals. A quarter of the divers who took part rated diving or swimming with seals off the Farne Islands, Lundy, the Isle of Man, Scotland, Norfolk and the South West - as their best ever marine wildlife encounter. Painted goby. Photo by Cathy Lewis. page 22

23 Grey seal. Photo by Arthur Kingdon. page 23

24 The Wildlife Trusts The Kiln, Waterside, Mather Road, Newark, NG24 1WT Tel: Fax: Written by Lisa Chilton. Copyright The Wildlife Trusts Registered Charity Number Printed on environmentally-friendly paper. Corkwing wrasse building a nest. Photo by Robert Bailey. Protecting Wildlife for the Future