Potential effects of noise on fish

Transcription

1 Potential effects of noise on fish Francis Juanes Department of Biology University of Victoria Rodney Rountree, UMass Photo by Tony Hawkins

2 Potential effects of noise on fish Sound production in fishes? How, why Applied uses of fish sounds Sound detection (hearing) Potential effects of noise

3 Fish produce sounds? So far >700 vocal species worldwide

4 Fish sounds: simple vs complex

5 How do fish make sound? Stridulation rubbing or scrapping together of fins, bones, or teeth

6 How do fish make sound? Air passage little understood internal movement of air, or escape of air through mouth, gills, or anus

7 How do fish make sound? Drumming special muscles pushing/ pulling on the internal air/swim bladder (called sonic muscles)

8 Why/when are fish vocal? " Spawning and courtship behaviour " Aggression and territorial behaviour " Distress " Predator/prey behaviour?

9 Drumming muscle mass (g) Male cod display larger drumming muscles females males Somatic mass (g) Rowe & Hutchings 04

10 Drumming muscle index Male cod display larger drumming muscles at spawning time Rowe & Hutchings 03

11 Drumming muscle index Male cod drumming muscles are correlated with body condition Body condition index Rowe & Hutchings 03

12 Drumming muscle index Male cod drumming muscles are correlated with fertilization potential Fertilization potential index Rowe & Hutchings 03

13 Haddock Courtship Behaviour Pulse Repetition rate changes at each stage of courtship Hawkins

14 Hawkins Male Solitary Display

15 Hawkins Sounds During Solitary Display

16 Hawkins Male Flaunting to Female

17 Some

18 Aggressive behaviour: gadids

19 How do we study fish sounds? Passive acoustics Technologies that enable us to listen to and record ambient underwater sounds Only recently used as a tool for the census and exploration of marine life

20 Advantages of passive acoustics Non-invasive Non-visual (light not needed) Continuous remote monitoring Provides detailed behavioral information

21 In situ underwater recording hydrophone Phil Lobel, BUMP

22 Remote-controlled instrument platform for synchronous recording of behaviour specific fish sound and video observations Base station Surface Buoy Radio link Kevlar cable Underwater bottle of anodised aluminium Institute of Marine Research Jan Tore Øvredal

23 Remote recording Jan Tore Øvredal, Inst. Of Marine Res., Norway

24 At Sea Sampling in Norway Tony Hawkins

25 Portable hydrophone unit 100 feet of cable Rechargeable 9-volt batteries Nomad Temperature logger Rechargeable 6-volt battery Hydrophone

26 SMAST Pier

27 AULS (Autonomous underwater listening stations)

28 ROVs

29 ISIS Video System

30 Ecological uses of fish sounds Locate vocal fishes Identify essential fish habitat (EFH) Locate spawning habitats/locations Exploration of the seas/census of marine life Determine when fish are vocal Spawning behavior Predator/prey interactions Foraging Territorial defense Season and Time of day Study of Underwater Noise Effects Identify noise source and levels Quantify temporal and spatial patterns in noise Quantify noise impact on fish behavior Examine fish interactions with fishing gear Rountree & Juanes

31 Case Studies: Sciaenid (drum fishes) Research Black Drum, Pogonias cromis Weakfish, Cynoscion regalis Grant Gilmore Red Drum, Sciaenops ocellata

32 Mapping estuarine spawning areas Grant Gilmore

33 Mapping spawning seasons SILVER PERCH WEAKFISH SEATROUT BLACK DRUM O N D J F M A M J J A S Grant Gilmore MONTH RED DRUM

34 Case study: Cusk-eels Ophidion marginatum, (Ophidiidae) " Range extension Discovery of striped cusk-eel in Cape Cod waters, where they were formally unknown despite a long history of biological sampling, demonstrates the usefulness of even low-budget, low-tech passive acoustic methods as a survey and exploration tool. " Reproductive Ecology Striped cusk-eels call in a chorus just after sunset. The chorus time closely tracks the time of sunset through the summer. " Noise Pollution The impact of boat noise on spawning chorus behavior needs further study Response of cusk-eel to boat noise Cal Call 1 Call 2 Toadfish Time Cusk-eel calls Call 3 Call 4 Call 5 Seasonal Pattern in Chorus Time Call 6 Cusk eel Seasonal pattern of chorus time 23:02 22:33 22:04 Percentage of Boat Noise For Each Two Minute Sample 21:36 120% 100% 21:07 80% 20:38 60% Offset 20:09 40% 20% Peak 19:40 0% 19:12 12:00 AM 4:48 AM 9:36 AM 2:24 PM 7:12 PM 12:00 AM Onset Time 18:43 Sunset 18:14 Percantage of Boat Noise at Different times of the Day 5/24/2002 6/13/2002 7/3/2002 7/23/2002 8/12/2002 9/1/2002 9/21/ /11/ Date Sunset Climax Onset Offset Percentage Percentage of Boat Noise 12:01AM 3:01AM 6:01AM 9:01AM 12:01PM 3:01PM 6:01PM 9:01PM Time Interval Prevalence of boat noise by time of day Percentage of Boat Noise According to Time of Day Percentage of Boat Noise of Toatl Minutes Recorded 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% sunrise day sunset night Time of Day

35 Case study: Haddock Jefferies Ledge Jefferies ledge " Offshore Technology " Cooperative Fisheries: Cliff Goudey (MIT Sea Grant) Francis Juanes and Rodney Rountree (UMASS) have developed low-cost Autonomous Underwater Listening Stations (AULS) suitable for deployment from commercial fishing vessels. Collaborating fishermen deploy the AULS on the fishing grounds during normal fishing operations to obtain acoustic data needed to identify spawning sites and times for haddock, cod and other groundfishes. " Deployments to 1000 m depths began in 2004 First in situ recording of haddock in North America AULS First in situ recording of daily vocal activity (i.e. spawning) patterns No. Calls :00 AM Bosto n Gloucest er Provinceto wn Stellwage n Bank Figure 1. Study area located on the Jefferies Ledge fishing ground for cod and haddock. Daily timing of haddock calls 8:30 AM 10:00 AM 11:30 AM 1:00 PM 2:30 PM 4:00 PM 5:30 PM 7:00 PM 8:30 PM 10:00 PM 11:30 PM 1:00 AM 2:30 AM 4:00 AM 5:30 AM 7:00 AM 6-May 9-May 10-Jun Figure 6. Daily pattern of vocal activity recorded on Jefferies Ledge on three separate dates.

36 Haddock spawn primarily at night 0.5 CPUE Spawning ready Time categories across 24h time period Night hours

37 Potential of passive acoustics to monitor the invasion of the Hudson River by the freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens Francis Juanes (Univ. Victoria) and Rodney Rountree (Univ. Mass)

38 How are sounds detected? Fishes have 2 inner ears but no middle or external ear Inner ear structure similar to other vertebrates Sensory hair cells responsible for converting sound to electrical signals

39 Despite the concerns raised by the increased presence of anthropogenic sound in the aquatic environment, very little is known about the effects of exposure to such sounds on marine mammals, and far less is known about the effects on fishes One must always be cautious when extrapolating outside the bounds of empirical data, and because data available for the effects of sound on fishes are so few, extra caution is advised when attempting to extrapolate between fish species, even for identical stimuli. Moreover, one must also be cautious with any attempt to extrapolate results between stimuli because the characteristics of the sources (e.g. air guns, sonars, ships, pile driving) differ significantly from one another.

40 Thomsen et al. 06 Offshore wind turbine sound

41 Potential effects on hearing? " High intensity (relatively transient) sounds can fatigue, damage or kill sensory hair cells " Unlike mammals, fish can replace or repair damaged sensory cells McCauley et al. 03

42 Behavioural Pile driving effects sound on hearing? Thomsen et al. 06

43 Behavioural effects of pile driving noise " Direct mortality in surfperches Extent of damage and mortality greater closer to the source " Startle and alarm responses when exposed to an air gun (rockfish) Tighter schools Schools collapsed to the bottom Became motionless on bottom

44 Potential effects on hearing? " High intensity (relatively transient) sounds can fatigue, damage or kill sensory hair cells " Unlike mammals, fish can replace or repair damaged sensory cells " Lower intensity (but longer term) may have more behavioural and physiological effects and perhaps highest impact " Low frequency noise from shipping " Higher frequency underwater measurement sounds

45 Slabbekoorn et al. 2010

46 Behavioural effects of noise? Slabbekoorn et al. 2010

47 Behavioural effects of noise? Diving herring school after being approached by a trawl Wahlberg and Westerberg 05

48 Behavioural effects of noise? Cod catch before, during and after a seismic survey using an air gun

49 Thomsen et al. 06 Offshore wind turbine sound

50 Effects of wind farm noise " Salmon and cod likely detect wind farm sounds at maximum distance of 25km Distance depends on wind speed, type and number of windmills, water depth and bottom substrate " Little evidence that windmills can cause temporal or permanent hearing damage But may cause avoidance, physiological stress And will have an effect on maximum acoustic signaling distance (masking) " Wind farm construction may have much higher impacts than operations Pile driving may be heard up to 80 km

51 Volume of world shipping traffic Slabbekoorn et al Halpern et al. NCEAS

52 Effects of shipping noise? Shipping is probably the most extensive source of noise in the oceans, especially along the major shipping channels (e.g., from Alaska to California for supertankers carrying oil). -Popper, 2003 Plainfin midshipman

53 Ecological implications? " Noise dependent fish distributions Are there differences in how fish are distributed in quiet and noisy environments, and how might these distributions vary depending on sound source, species, fish age, and other physical and biological factors? How does noise affect orientation (larvae/juveniles)? " Reproductive consequences of noisy conditions Is there a negative influence of anthropogenic noise on reproductive success, by causing physiological stress, by restricting mate finding, or by keeping fish from preferred spawning sites?

54 Ecological implications? " Masking effects on communicative sounds Does the presence of masking sounds of different types and intensities impact the ability of fish to communicate acoustically or use the acoustic soundscape to learn about the environment? " Masking effects on predator-prey relationships Does the presence of masking noise affect the ability of fish to find prey (get food) or detect the presence of predators (become food)?

55 Thanks!