Douglas Dean CSU Extension Livestock & Range Agent
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1 Douglas Dean CSU Extension Livestock & Range Agent
2 $22 billion per year 2012 actual game damage claims for Colorado > $1 million Does not include NON GAME animal claims
3 Deer Elk Other Ungulates Bears Coyotes Geese
4 Commercial Crops consume, damage Grains contaminate Spread disease avian influenza Gardens consume, damage Ornamentals consume, damage Golf courses consume, damage New tree plantings consume, damage Livestock losses
5 Aircraft damage Houses/dwellings Prey on other desirable species elk, deer, pronghorn, wild sheep, game birds, etc.
6 Be based on sound economic, ecological, and sociological principles Carried out as positive, necessary components of wildlife management programs Actions must be justified, environmentally safe, humane, and in the public interest
7 Facts about repellents Repellents are not fences Most practical for non-commercial users Most practical for low to moderate damage Typically used to protect small # of trees, shrubs, crops, ornamentals, gardens May be useful as a temporary, emergency control for commercial grower Should be applied prior to period of anticipated damage before animals become habituated to plants
8 Typically must apply frequently because of rainfall or period of rapid growth. Can add sticker to mixture to reduce rainfall/moisture effects Should switch types of repellents to prevent animals from becoming accustomed to taste/odor Hungry animals are more likely to accept(enjoy) treated foods if natural food source is low/absent
9 Deer Away Putrescent whole egg solids Deer Busters hanging sachets Meat meal/red pepper Bye Deer sachets Sodium salts of mixed fatty acids Deer Stopper Thiram(bittering agent), capsaicin, egg solids Plantskydd Dried bloodmeal
10 Deer Busters Coyote urine(who has enough coyotes to harvest their urine??) Not Tonight Deer Dehydrated whole egg solids, Montok pepper Dr. T s Deer & Rabbit Repel Putrescent whole eggs, capsaicin, garlic, mint There are more but these cover most of the formulas/ingredients
11 Powders Full strength Powders Mix with water Liquids Full strength Liquids - Mix with water Sachets Porous bags Liquids Used in foggers
12 Inducing Fear Sulfurous odors Predator activity Predator urine based Meat proteins Putrescent egg solids Conditioned Avoidance Nausea/gastrointestional distress Animals associate distress with last food source eaten
13 Pain and/or Irritation eyes, nose, mouth, gut Capsaicin Ammonia Bad Taste Thiram bitter taste(is a fungicide and animal repellent)
14 Systemic Incorporated into the plant Compounds absorbed and translocated by the plant, rendering the foliage less desirable Ideal delivery system since cannot be washed off. Few if any systemic products available. The concentration needed to deter browsing animals usually harms plant
15 Area Repellents Create a chemical barrier to discourage animals to cross an area by diffusion of an odor that animals find frightening or offensive Low success unless palatable forage is available elsewhere in vicinity
16 Contact Repellents Topically applied or attached to plant Contact repellents are typically the most effective method of delivery
17 Topical repellents worked better than area repellents Fear inducing repellents worked better than other types Sulfurous odors(decaying animal protein, egg, slaughterhouse waste, predator urine) Showed effectiveness for 8 12 weeks
18 Number and density of problem animals Mobility of problem animals Accessibility of alternative desirable sites Availability of alternative foods Palatability of treated plants High palatability lower success and vice versa Weather conditions
19 Geese problem areas Lawns Golf courses Cemeteries Athletic fields Crops
20 Overgrazing Pulling up new seedlings Golf courses/athletic fields/parks ½ pound of fecal matter/day/goose Crop damage Alfalfa, winter wheat, oats, buckwheat, soybeans, corn
21 Methyl anthranilate Taste aversion agent Derived from concord grapes limited success due to multiple application # s. Better success if applied with fog machine. Produces gastrointestinal upset. Safe for food crops/turf grasses Anthraquinone Taste aversion agent Not for food crops Turf grasses and ornamentals Building and roof surfaces
22 Problems with Avian repellents Can become expensive & labor intensive Typically low effectiveness Other means of repelling geese. Hazing with dogs Propane cannons must be moved frequently Predator effigies Drones Nets on fruit crops
23 Restricted use Avitrol 4 Aminopyridine Can be fatal but birds that do not die will recover Causes alarm behavior alarm calls/erratic flying For use on pigeons, starlings, sparrows, blackbirds, crows Treated grain
24 Alpha chloralose Anesthetic/stupefying agent Treated grain Used on pigeons, sparrows, seagulls etc Does not cause mortality outright Anesthetized birds are collected and dispatched. Problems with pigeons eating grain and flying off and falling out of sky. Hitting cars, people, buildings, public sidewalks etc
25 DRC chloro 4 methylbenzenamine Hydrochloride Lethal Species most succeptible Pigeons, blackbirds, crows, magpies, seagulls Treated grain Always need to pre-feed non-treated grain for # of days to get birds accustomed to feeding in area
26 With Avitrol, Alpha chloralose, and DRC-1339 Must be concerned with NON target species Must have applicators license Should use Personal Protection Equipment(PPE) Controlled agents Always Read Label Directions!
27 Exclusion Method 8 ft woven wire fence Wooden snow fence Electric fences Individual tree protectors Large wooden panels Welded wire panel exclosure
28 Cultural Methods Plant species that are undesirable to deer/elk Plant larger trees esp. conifers Plant lure crops to hold deer/elk in offsite area Harvest crops early if possible
29 Frightening Methods Propane cannons Hazing with dogs check local laws. Could be considered harassing wildlife Pyrotechnics flare guns Human effigies
30 Non lethal methods Live capture & relocate - $$$ Darting Nets Birth control tubal ligation - $$$$ Cornell Campus study in Ithaca, NY May be only option in cities/towns
31 Lethal methods Shooting - rifle/archery Sport hunting Damage permits Compensation from state?? Toxicants none registered
32 Black bear issues Livestock Wildlife Apairies Cabins/homes Crops Exclusion methods Electric fences Woven wire fences
33 Cultural methods Brush control around dwellings Remove livestock carcasses Pet food Garbage Outdoor cooking
34 Frightening methods Loud noises Motion lights Rubber shotgun slugs/buckshot Dogs
35 Trapping & relocating Culvert trap Foot snares Darting
36 Lethal methods Shooting firearms & archery Sport hunting Damage permit state wildlife dept.
37 Coyote issues Livestock Wildlife Crops watermelons Pets in cities
38 Exclusion methods Netwire fences can dig under & jump Tall wooden fences Electric fences Roller fences
39 Cultural methods Remove livestock carcasses Oversight of lambing/kidding/calving pastures Monitor small pets
40 Frightening methods Sirens, propane cannons Guard llamas & donkeys Guard dogs
41 Toxicants LETHAL M-44 sodium cyanide capsules ejector device Compound livestock protection collars Fumigants gas cartridges registered for burrows/dens
42 Trapping Leghold traps Snares Box/cage traps Shooting Sport hunting Predator control Aerial gunning
43 Questions?
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