Andrew Sutherland Bay Area Urban IPM Advisor UCCE and UC IPM. Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program

Transcription

1 Bed bug management in multiunit residential housing Assessing California s current practices and future needs Andrew Sutherland Bay Area Urban IPM Advisor UCCE and UC IPM Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program

2 What s an Urban IPM Advisor?! Andrew Sutherland: Bay Area Urban IPM Advisor Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara counties Professional / commercial landscape IPM Structural / industrial IPM Urban agricultural IPM amsutherland@ucanr.edu

3 Outline of presentation IPM for bed bugs: a program outline Special considerations for multi-unit residential sites Recent trends and issues Bed bug legislation Bed bug litigation Canine detection issues UC ANR assessment / demonstration UC IPM (and other) resources

4 Bed bugs can jump and / or fly A. True B. False Truth: bed bugs must crawl to travel between host and harborage (or be transported)

5 Bed bugs are microscopic A. True B. False Truth: bed bugs can be seen by the unaided eye during all life stages

6 Bed bugs are associated with unsanitary, low-class environments A. True B. False Truth: bed bugs can be found in very clean, very expensive hotels and homes Bed bugs require only a host and a harborage to become established

7 Bed bugs have been demonstrated to spread blood-borne disease such as HIV and hepatitis A. True B. False Truth: bed bugs have never been demonstrated to transmit any human pathogens

8 Central tenets of IPM Education Prevention Monitoring Treatment Thresholds Multiple Tactics Integration Evaluation

9 Education Biology IPM for bed bugs True bug (Heteroptera / Hemiptera) Piercing-sucking mouthparts Wingless Incomplete / gradual metamorphosis Obligate haematophages

10

11

12

13 Education Biology Ecology IPM for bed bugs Nest parasites (require harborage) Feed while host is inactive (usually night) Development requires regular blood meals Can survive months to years without feeding

14 Blood meal required prior to molting, egg-laying

15 IPM for bed bugs Education Prevention Of introduction Education and communication Traveling precautions Second-hand furniture Infested personal items Protection for at-risk professions

16 Education for Prevention

17 Education for Prevention

18 Education for prevention: Tenant Training

19

20 Second-hand Furniture Corner of Oak Street and Franklin Street, SF, June 2014 Most discarded items unmarked

21 Precautions for at-risk professions At-risk: pest management, health care, education and child care, law enforcement, housing / lodging, taxi / bus / transport home visitors Plumbers, electricians, public health, hospice, movers, painters County biologists / inspectors

22 Precautions for at-risk professions Educate yourself! Consider dedicated clothing, shoes Seal in plastic, leave in vehicle or toolbox Do not sit down or set down bags on upholstered or wooden furniture Inspect clothing and shoes often Consider barriers (Tyvek suit, etc) Launder at hot settings

23 Education Prevention IPM for bed bugs Of introduction Of establishment Elimination of harborage sites Encasements / barriers Appropriate sanitation and maintenance

24 Room renovation: pest prevention by design

25 Consideration of clutter

26 Education Prevention Monitoring IPM for bed bugs Visual / manual inspection Bugs, eggs, exuviae, fecal spots, blood smears / spots Bed bug monitors Canine detection

27 Bed bug signs

28

29 Bed bug monitors Active monitors Employ some attractant CO 2 Heat Pheromones / kairomones Can detect bugs in absence of host Passive monitors Harborage or pitfall traps Interceptor traps

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37 Bed bug monitor efficacy research (Vernard Lewis laboratory, UC Berkeley) monitors_bedbug.pdf

38 Bed bug monitors: summary Active monitors in absence of host All tested able to attract bugs Best for detection, evaluation purposes Easier to inspect than furniture More monitors, more time = better Proper placement is key

39 Canine Detection Classical conditioning Potential for very high accuracy (> 90%) Potential for false positive detection Canine team requires constant training, re-conditioning 3 rd party certification Should always be confirmed with visual / manual inspection by trained PCO

40 Canine Detection Accuracy Pest Control Technology: pctonline.com; August 2011

41 Canine Detection Accuracy Pest Control Technology: pctonline.com; August 2011

42 Certification important, but SHOW ME THE BUGS!

43 Education Prevention Monitoring Thresholds? IPM for bed bugs Housing / lodging / public services: one bug is too many? State, county mandates Liability Hypersensitive immune responses

44 IPM for bed bugs Education Prevention Monitoring Thresholds Multiple Tactics Mechanical / nonchemical Chemical

45 Mechanical / Nonchemical Tactics Disposal of infested items (clearly marked) Barriers (encasements, interceptors) Laundering (heat is most important) Vacuum (provide HEPA filter) Steam Heat (> 45 o C or > 115 o F) Cold (below freezing)???

46 Laundering infested items Water temperature should be as hot as possible (60 o C; 140 o F) Tumble dry at hot setting for > 30 minutes, until dry if items wet Consider dissolving laundry bags

47 Vacuuming bed bugs Make sure HEPA filter in place Use of brushes not advised Target known harborages

48 Steam application for bed bug control Kills all stages Often used before chemical applications Low vapor flow, high temperature best Check treated surfaces with infrared Should be 160 o F Reduce flow rate if possible

49 Spot freezing?

50 Chemical control of bed bugs Do-it-yourself pesticides unlikely to successfully manage bed bugs bug bombs can be dangerous! Many effective materials available to pest management professionals Liquids Solids (powder, dusts) Fumigation

51 Chemical control of bed bugs Liquids pyrethrin Pyrethroids Neonicotinoid / pyrethroid combinations Pyrrole: chlorfenapyr Insect growth regulator: hydroprene Cold-pressed neem cake Botanicals and other oils

52 Chemical control of bed bugs Liquids pyrethrin Pyrethroids Neonicotinoid / pyrethroid combinations Pyrrole: chlorfenapyr Insect growth regulator: hydroprene Cold-pressed neem cake Botanicals and other oils Natural (sometimes considered organic) materials; contact knockdown, but little residual activity

53 Chemical control of bed bugs Liquids pyrethrin Pyrethroids Neonicotinoid / pyrethroid combinations Pyrrole: chlorfenapyr Insect growth regulator: hydroprene Cold-pressed neem cake Botanicals and other oils Most commonly-used, offer knockdown and residual activity OVER-RELIANCE MAY BE DRIVING RESISTANCE

54 What is pesticide resistance? Repeat applications of pesticides select for resistant populations when: The same active ingredient is employed Related active ingredients are employed Pesticides are applied at rates lower than those called for on the label(s)

55 Populations of organisms almost always contain variability and individual variation (think about our species!)

56 Mechanisms of pesticide resistance Genetic Physical (may have genetic basis) Behavioral (may have genetic basis) Pesticide resistance is a classic example of natural selection (within a time scale we can observe)

57 Bed bugs: resistance to pyrethroids Romero et al, 2007: resistance to residues of deltamethrin and λ-cyhalothrin

58 Fang et al, 2010: resistance genes (mutations) are widespread in field-collected bed bugs

59 Fang et al, 2010: resistance genes (mutations) are widespread in field-collected bed bugs

60 Zhu et al, 2013: most field-collected bed bugs have multiple genetic mechanisms for resistance

61 Mechanisms of pesticide resistance Genetic Physical (may have genetic basis) Thicker cuticle (exoskeleton) Smaller micropyles (egg pores) Behavioral (may have genetic basis) Pesticide resistance is a classic example of natural selection (within a time scale we can observe)

62 Mechanisms of pesticide resistance Genetic Physical (may have genetic basis) Behavioral (may have genetic basis) Pesticide resistance is a classic example of natural selection (within a time scale we can observe)

63 Romero et al, 2009: bed bugs avoid surfaces treated with pyrethroid insecticides

64 Resistance to neonicotinoids Gordon et al, 2014: field-collected (KY, MI) were found to be resistant to neonic / pyrethroid combo products

65 Resistance to neonicotinoids Gordon et al, 2014: laboratory selection greatly increased resistance to neonic / pyrethroid combo products

66 How do we prevent insecticide Practice IPM! resistance? Emphasis on prevention Employ nonchemical tactics! It s hard to be resistant to vacuums, heat, steam, etc. Utilize multiple tactics! Rotate pesticide classes / categories Rotate pesticide active ingredients

67 Chemical control of bed bugs Liquids pyrethrin Pyrethroids Neonicotinoid / pyrethroid combinations Pyrrole: chlorfenapyr Insect growth regulator: hydroprene Cold-pressed neem cake Botanicals and other oils Reduced-risk materials; generally take longer than pyrethroids to kill bugs, may be good choice when dealing with resistant populations

68 Chemical control of bed bugs Liquids pyrethrin Pyrethroids Neonicotinoid / pyrethroid combinations Pyrrole: chlorfenapyr Insect growth regulator: hydroprene Cold-pressed neem cake Botanicals and other oils Newly registered material; long history of use in agriculture; manufacturer claims contact, residual, and fumigant action

69 Chemical control of bed bugs Liquids Solids (powder, dusts) Borates Diatomaceous earth (DE) Silica Limestone Formulations of pyrethrins, pyrethroids

70 Chemical control of bed bugs Liquids Solids (powder, dusts) Borates Diatomaceous earth (DE) Silica Limestone Questionable efficacy since requires grooming, ingestion (stomach poison) Formulations of pyrethrins, pyrethroids

71 Chemical control of bed bugs Liquids Solids (powder, dusts) Borates Diatomaceous earth (DE) Silica Limestone Desiccants: break down waxy cuticle of insect, insect dies slowly due to water loss Formulations of pyrethrins, pyrethroids

72 Chemical control of bed bugs Liquids Solids (powder, dusts) Borates Diatomaceous earth (DE) Silica Limestone Activity, mode of action similar to as discussed for liquid formulations Formulations of pyrethrins, pyrethroids

73 Chemical control of bed bugs Liquids Solids (powder, dusts) Borates Diatomaceous earth (DE) Silica Limestone Formulations of pyrethrins, pyrethroids Must remain dry to retain efficacy, have potential to remain active for long period of time

74 Chemical control of bed bugs Liquids Solids (powder, dusts) Fumigation sulfuryl fluoride

75 IPM for bed bugs Education Prevention Monitoring Thresholds Multiple Tactics Integration No tactic should interfere with another

76 IPM for bed bugs Education Prevention Monitoring Thresholds Multiple Tactics Integration Evaluation Monitor for population changes Resistant population?

77 Special considerations for multi-unit residential sites Resident turnover Second-hand furniture Clutter Sleeping surfaces / occupant density Structural continuity

78

79

80 Bed bug IPM in multi-occupancy housing situations Understand habitability laws Education: management, tenants, etc. Create defensible spaces during unit turnover Tile vs. carpet Seal cracks and crevices Apply desiccants in voids Provide on-site heat / fumigation chamber for new tenants?

81 Trends (opportunities) and issues (challenges) in bed bug management Bed bug incidence is increasing in CA! Bed bugs are legally considered vermin in CA! PCOs have new legal responsibilities! Habitability lawsuits have new clout! Landlords may target PCOs in court! How can PCOs protect themselves?

82 Terminix, 2013

83 SB 488: establishes bed bugs as vermin, authorizes inspection by code enforcement officers, requires enforcement by cities / counties

84 SB 1167: Conducive conditions must also be corrected

85 Documents responsibilities for property owners, tenants, and PCOs Requires specific inspection protocol, reporting, etc.

86 City of Concord / Contra Costa County procedures Outlines roles / responsibilities for: Tenants Property owners City of Concord

87

88

89 Bed bug addenda (CAA example below)

90

91 Bed bug litigation protection for PCOs Is your company protected? Are you following NPMA s BMPs for bed bugs? Mother Nature Network USA Today

92

93 Education Prevention Monitoring Treatment Thresholds Multiple Tactics Integration Evaluation

94 Case study: supportive housing Mandatory full inspection (entire building / complex) Mandatory tenant trainings Bill for time as labor Provide incentives Canines less effective Chemical tactics more important May be bound to IPM policies, green and / or LEED requirements

95

96 Pest Notes:

97 Quick Tips:

98 The future Bed bugs increasingly common not going away any time soon Easing of stigma? Litigation costs? Housing / lodging managers need to plan / budget for bed bug program Better detection tools needed Eventual consumer tolerance?

99 Thanks!...Questions? Andrew Sutherland Bay Area Urban IPM Advisor office cell 1131 Harbor Bay Parkway; Alameda