Where now for slug control without Draza?
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- Grace Wood
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1 Where now for slug control without Draza? Gordon Port Mollusc Centre of Expertise School of Biology Newcastle University
2 Where now for slug control without Draza? Slug species and damage Slug life cycles activity and distribution Thresholds Cultivations Biological control Chemical control
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4 Species of Slug About 30 species of slug in North West Europe Three slug genera regularly cause problems Deroceras reticulatum (Field slug) Arion hortensis, A. circumscriptus, A. sylvaticus, A. lusitanicus (Round back slug) Milax (Tandonia) budapestensis, M. sowerbeyi (Keeled slug)
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6 Nature of the problem Damage to plants Contamination of plants Loss of plants
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10 Costs of Damage Loss of crop (can plants compensate?) + Costs of sampling + Cost of treatments + Cost of application + Costs of resowing UK potato crop million UK wheat crop 2-3 million
11 Why they are difficult to manage? They are very different from other pests Their behaviour is key to their survival
12 Life Cycle of Slugs Many species show an annual life cycle However growth and development may be fast in good conditions and vice versa The field slug (Deroceras reticulatum) breeds at any time Slugs are hermaphrodite, but not usually self fertilising
13 Number of slugs active varies throughout the year 800 Active Population in set aside grassland 700 Number of slugs Jul-97 7-Sep-97 6-Nov-97 5-Jan-98 6-Mar-98 5-May-98 4-Jul-98 2-Sep-98 1-Nov-98
14 Where Do Slugs Go? In winter (cold) and summer (dry) slugs are not active They rest below vegetation or in the soil In extreme conditions they move into soil cracks and crevices and may be found up to 2m deep This strategy has limits. Extremely hot and dry summers e.g. 2006, caused population crashes in many areas
15 Activity & Distribution of Slugs and Snails Activity greatest in moist conditions when temperature is not too extreme can be continuous under vegetation in open is greatest in spring and autumn Spatial distribution is patchy result of egg distribution result of variable soil conditions
16 a) 0 Distribution of Deroceras reticulatum in June 1997 in winter wheat (from LARS) Northings (m) Eastings (m) Slug Density
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18 Action Thresholds Wheat - 4 slugs per trap (before cultivation, together with other factors) Oilseed rape - 1 slug per trap (together with other factors) Brussels sprouts 1 slug per trap Lettuce any slugs in the traps Traps: 25cm upturned plant pot saucers baited with chicken layers-mash
19 Identifying sites at risk e.g. risk factors for wheat Heavy soils Previous crop with dense canopy Seedbed coarse tilth Seed sown near surface "History" of slugs at site
20 Cultivation Cultivations cause Physical damage to slugs Exposes slugs to adverse weather conditions Exposes slugs to natural enemies e.g. beetles and birds Buries slugs deep in the soil We do not know its full impact
21 Biological control of slugs A number of natural enemies identified Nematodes (Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita) can be applied like a pesticide. Good results, but too expensive to use on arable crops
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23 Biological control of slugs Polyphagous predators such as carabids Large species frequently take slugs Species more typical of arable environments (e.g. Pterostichus melanarius) may take slugs, but what is their impact? What stage do they feed on? Are they killing slugs or scavenging?
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25 Efficacy of molluscicides? Laboratory and semi-field tests show that slugs are killed by molluscicides Field tests show that slugs are poisoned by molluscicides, but what proportion of the population? Molluscicide applications sometimes "fail" to protect the crop Data showing yield response are rare
26 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging?
27 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging? Mollusc encounters bait pellet
28 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging? Mollusc encounters bait pellet Test feed
29 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging? Mollusc encounters bait pellet Test feed Mollusc continues to feed
30 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging? Mollusc encounters bait pellet Test feed Mollusc continues to feed Meal completed
31 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging? Attractants Mollusc encounters bait pellet Test feed Mollusc continues to feed Meal completed Molluscs respond to odours, but no evidence of long range attraction to food
32 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging? Attractants Mollusc encounters bait pellet Arrestants Test feed Mollusc continues to feed Meal completed Role of nutritive stimuli, such as sugars
33 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging? Attractants Mollusc encounters bait pellet Arrestants Test feed Palatability Mollusc continues to feed Meal completed Effects of pellet hardness and concentration of active ingredient
34 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging? Mollusc encounters bait pellet Test feed Mollusc continues to feed Meal completed Known Unknowns What proportion of the population forage for food each night?
35 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging? Mollusc encounters bait pellet Test feed Mollusc continues to feed Meal completed Known Unknowns What is the effect of pellet hardness on feeding?
36 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging? Mollusc encounters bait pellet Test feed Mollusc continues to feed Meal completed Known Unknowns What causes meal termination?
37 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging? Mollusc encounters bait pellet Test feed Mollusc continues to feed Meal completed Mollusc poisoned
38 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging? Mollusc encounters bait pellet Test feed Mollusc continues to feed Mollusc continues to forage Meal completed Mollusc poisoned Mollusc ceases foraging
39 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging? Mollusc encounters bait pellet Test feed Mollusc continues to feed Meal completed Mollusc poisoned Death through toxic effects
40 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging? Mollusc encounters bait pellet Test feed Mollusc continues to feed Meal completed Mollusc poisoned Death through environmental effects or natural enemies Death through toxic effects
41 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging? Mollusc encounters bait pellet Test feed Mollusc continues to feed Meal completed Mollusc poisoned Death through environmental effects or natural enemies Death through toxic effects Recovery
42 How Molluscs Respond to Baits Do temperature and soil moisture favour foraging? Mollusc encounters bait pellet Test feed Mollusc continues to feed Meal completed Mollusc poisoned Even with really effective molluscicides the control by baits is poor
43 Targeting molluscicide use Identify sites at risk from slugs Discriminate between sites with small and large populations Predict timing of attack Treat when conditions for activity are good
44 Where now for slug control without Draza? Several pest species Direct damage and cosmetic damage, both costly Flexible life cycles and behaviour Sampling can identify problem areas Good crop husbandry important Biological controls limited Use molluscicide pellets, but at the right time and place
45 Where now for slug control without Draza? Any Questions?
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