DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICAL FITNESS IN KUMITE AND KATA PERFORMANCE BETWEEN FEMALE KARATE ATHLETES

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1 DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICAL FITNESS IN KUMITE AND KATA PERFORMANCE BETWEEN FEMALE KARATE ATHLETES Sandra Vujkov*, Slavko Obadov*, Tatjana Trivić*, and Nebojša Vujkov** * Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad ** Provincial Institute for Sport, Novi Sad Abstract Increasing the physical fitness level is the basic goal of all types of sport preparation. The importance of certain physical fitness abilities for success in a karate bout and kata performance varies in karatekas of various karate styles, gender and ages. The goal of this research was to determine differences in physical fitness between female karatekas in kumite and kata performance. Differences were estimated by applying tests for anaerobic and aerobic capacity. The Mann-Whitney test was used for comparisons of heart rate and blood lactate level between forms kata/kumite.the means (M) and standard deviations (SD) of every variable in each group are reported with the tests of significance of differences (the p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant). Keywords: anaerobic, aerobic, Heart rate, Lactate Introduction Karate is nowadays one of the most popular martial art sports worldwide. This sport distinguishes two competitive disciplines: kata and kumite. Kata represents preconceived established sequences of offensive and defensive techniques that represent actual fights against fictitious opponents, where-as kumite represents a real match against one opponent where the two competitors, under strict rules and limited area, are free to move, kick and punch in defensive and offensive ways. Although, many women are engaged in karate training nowadays (Atkinson, 1983), the understanding of metabolic demands of karate training is mostly confined to men, because most of studies used male subjects (Zehr and Sale, 1993; Imamura et al., 1997; Ribeiro, de Castro, Rosa, Baptista, and Oliviera, 2006). Only few studies were found that included female subjects (Show & Deutch, 1982; Gardecki, Fujino, and Kagaya, 1994; Imamura et al., 2002; Imamura, Yoshimura, Nishimura C., Nishimura S. and Sakamoto, 2003). Kumite represents intermittent interval activity characterized by intervals of the maximal (highspeed) exertion alternating with periods of low intensity performance. Female senior bout lasts up to two minutes (three in finals) of active fighting, with periods of rests (10-15 sec) for judges to announce the verdict (points, penalty or going out of the match area). Although, kata is performed on national and international competitions, and kata performers are being judged on specific parameters: technique, rhythm, power, expressiveness of movement, and kime, i.e. the force generated by an isometric contraction at the end of technique, it is necessary for kata competitors to be in best fitness shape too. Increasing the physical fitness level is the basic goal of all types of sport preparation. The importance of certain physical fitness abilities for success in a kumite and kata performance varies in karatekas of various karate styles, gender and ages. The goal of this research was to investigate HR and blood lactate responses between female black belt level karatekas in kumite and kata performance. 347

2 Materials and Methods Subjects Eight female black belt practitioners who are members of the Serbian national team participated in this study.. The testing was conducted at the beginning of the preparation cycle (that is at the end of transition period) for the Subjects were divided into two groups: in group 1 there were 4 female Shotokan kata performers and in group 2-4 female kumite fighters. Testing procedures Testing took place during two days. First day participants were tested for maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) on treadmill T150DE (Cosmed- Italy) with gas analyzer Quark b 2 (Cosmed-Italy) in diagnostic laboratory of Provincial Institution for Sport in Novi Sad. Testing protocol was designed as follows: 3 minutes of warming up on treadmill and then started exercise at the speed of 6km/h, which increased every 2 minutes by 2km/h. The results were measured and values were noted with every breath by computer software. Second day was simulated competition in kata performance and kumite bout. Heart rate was measured with HR monitor PC9 with elastic strap that recorded values of HR during performance. Blood Lactate was measured with Lactate Pro analyzer (LT-1710). Blood sample was taken from the tip of a finger while the subjects were in a sited position in a fifth minute of a recovery faze. Test protocol kata Four subjects that performed kata took 20 minutes warm up (with active and passive stretching workout). Subjects performed four katas as follows: Kata Hean Sandan Kata Empi Kata Jion Kata Gojushiho-sho Five judges rated Kata performance. Test protocol kumite Four female kumite participants took 20 minutes warm-up period, and then 4x2minute active kumite match. Kumite conducted 2+1 judges. The rests between kata/kumite were minutes, and the following parameters were obtained: HR right after performance of each kata/kumite, and then at 1 st, 3 rd, 5 th, 10 th and 15 th minute of recovery period (Table 1). In addition, the blood samples were collected in fifth minute of recovery (Chart 1). Statistics Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation. The Mann-Whitney test was used for comparisons of heart rate and lactate between forms kata/kumite. The level of significance was set at p<

3 Results Descriptive Statistics Kata N=4 Kumite N=4 M SD M SD Age Body Height Body Weight Experience Vo2MAX HR at rest HR after activity HR 1m recovery HR3m recovery HR5m recovery HR10m recovery HR15m recovery HR after activity HR 1m recovery HR 3m recovery HR 5m recovery HR 10m recovery HR 15m recovery HR after activity HR 1m recovery HR 3m recovery HR 5m recovery HR 10m recovery HR 15m recovery HR after activity HR 1m recovery HR 3m recovery HR 5m recovery HR 10m recovery HR 15m recovery Resting HR was 92.50±6.454 and 86±3.651 bpm for kata and kumite, respectively. HR first hand after activity for kata was ±5.43 bpm and for kumite ±3.39 bpm, respectively. These values represent 96% for kata and 90% for kumite of age predicted maximal heart rate (age 21). Post-exercise values of heart rate was significant greater than pre-exercise values for both forms, especially after first round. Pre-exercise blood lactate values were 2.05±0.21 and 1.85±0.32 mmol l -1. Five minutes after form execution, lactate levels were 9.39±1.67 and 6.75±0.38 mmol l -1 for kata and kumite, respectively. Postexercise lactate level was significant greater than pre-exercise lactate for both forms (p<0.05). In chart 1. The results of blood lactate level values in fifth minute recovery phase in kata/kumite are shown. Statistically significant results (p=.021) were reported after second and third series, respectively. 349

4 Chart 1. Blood Lactate Level 5th minute recovery mmol.l series kata kumite Discussion The main result of this research was that karate requires high level of both aerobic and anaerobic physical fitness. HR response and blood lactate concentrations measured during simulated competition were significant, and kata performers showed better response. Some researchers who evaluated heart rate through combined and selected techniques in katas (Schmidt and Royer, 1973; Shaw and Deutsch, 1982) suggested that karate exercise could rise HR to the level for enhance cardiovascular fitness. Findings from present study demonstrate that in female kata athlete performance attained 96% and kumite performance 90% of age-predicted HR maximum. In addition, Zehr and Sale (1993) evaluated efficacy of Chito Ryu Seisan Kata like aerobic power training method. HR and VO 2max were evaluated continuously through katas in moderate and intense pace (HR 93±6 and 101±3% of maximal HR obtained in maximal cycle ergo-meter test). They concluded that karate katas could cause desired effects of cardiovascular training when performed in intense pace. However, Shaw and Deutsch indicated that higher HR values were associated with high intensity katas. In addition, Schmidt and Royer (1973) demonstrated, on a sample of professional karate athletes, an average HR of bpm (80% of predicted HR max). The present study also reported that blood lactate increase to 9.39±1.67 and 6.75±0.38 mmol l -1 for kata and kumite, respectively. Anaerobic threshold have been considered 4mmol/l (Heck et al., 1985). Ribeiro et al. (2006) also measured blood lactate level through Changquan and Daoshu forms of modern Wushu and got results of lactate increase from pre exercise level 2.05±0.21 and 1.80±0.36 to 4.38±1.63 and 5.15±1.07 mmol/l five minutes after exercise. Zehr and sale also measured blood lactate during Chito Ryu Seisan Kata performed in moderate and intense paces. They represented results 11.5 and 22.2% respectively, of peak values from maximal cycle ergo-meter test. They concluded that faster pace produces significant higher response. The performance of shotokan katas gave higher results in blood lactate level than kumite. 350

5 Conclusions Present study demonstrates that karate athletes attained 96% in kata and 90% in kumite performance of age-predicted heart rate maximum, and 6.5 to 9.5 mmol l -1 of blood lactate after performing kumite and kata forms. The results also showed that the performance of karate kata in simulated competition gave nearly higher results than kumite. It is important to have more studies that analyze physiological responses of karate performance, so the specific training could be developed to enhance, even more, aerobic fitness in the combat sport of karate. The shotokan katas could be used for developing aerobic fitness with more effective training program design with a goal of higher level of performance. Reference 1. Atkinson, L. (1983). Women in the Martial Arts. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. 2. Gardecki, D., Fujino, R. and Kagaya, A. (1994). Anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics of Japanese university karate athletes. J.Exerc.Sci., 4, Heck, H., Mader, A., Hess, G., Mucke, S., Muller, R. and Hollmann, W. (1985). Justification of the 4- mmol/l lactate threshold. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 6, Imamura, H., Yoshimura, Y., Uchida, K., Tanaka, A., Nishimura S., Nakazawa, A.T. (1997). Heart rate, blood lactate responses and ratings of perceived exertion to 1000 punches and 1000 kicks in collegiate karate practitioners. Applied Human Science, 16, Imamura, H., Yoshimura, Y., Nishimura, S., Nakazawa, A.T., Teshima, K., Nishimura, C. and Miyamoto, N. (2002). Physiological responses during and following karate training in women. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physicall Fitness, 42, Imamura, H., Yoshimura, Y., Nishimura, C., Nishimura, S. and Sakamoto, K. (2003). Oxygen Uptake, Heart Rate and Blood Lactate Responses during 1000 Punches and 1000 Kicks in Female Collegiate Karate Practitioners. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and App. Hum. Sci., 22, Shaw, D.K., Deutsch, D.T. (1982). Heart rate and oxygen uptake response to performance of karate kata. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 22, Schmidt, R.J. and Royer, F.M. (1973). Telemetered heart rates recorded during karate katas: A case study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sports, 44, Ribeiro, J.L., de Castro, B.O., Rosa, C.S., Baptista, R.R. and Oliviera, A.R. (2006). Heart rate and blood lactate responses to Changquan and Daoshu forms of modern Wushu. Journal of Sports Medicine and Science, Zehr, E.P., Sale, D.G. (1993). Oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate responses to the Chito-ryu seisan kata in skilled karate practitioners. Int. J. Sports Med., 14,

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