Locusts have caused problems for quite some time

Transcription

1 Locusts have caused problems for quite some time An Egyptian wall painting from 3425 years ago showing a Desert Locust on a papyrus flower I03a

2 General information on locusts they are grasshoppers they have the ability to gregarise there are different species on all five continents most important ones are in Acrididae family most serious is the Desert Locust - Schistocerca gregaria I03b

3 How do locusts affect people? Damage crops sporadic damage Social problems food security Political problems must respond Rural food source people eat them Sometimes associated with good times I03c

4 Some Desert Locust statistics? Each locust can eat its weight of food/day (2 g) Each km 2 of a dense swarm can contain 50,000,000 locusts, eating 100 tonnes of vegetation per day A very large swarm can cover 1000 km 2, consuming tonnes of vegetation per day equivalent to a million elephants or 4 million cattle I03d

5 Frequency of plagues I03e

6 Plagues (pink) and important infestations (yellow), Red Locust African Mig. Locust Madagascan Mig. Locust Desert Locust Date I03f

7 How are locusts different? Remote breeding areas Highly mobile Huge control capacity occasionally needed Faith instead of feedback on control Pesticide resistance is NOT likely IPM is more difficult than with other pests I03g

8 Desert Locust Plague Cycle Outbreaks Recession Upsurge sequences Plague decline onset spread Plague growth I03h

9 Desert Locust management strategies PLAGUE PREVENTION STRATEGIES Outbreak prevention Outbreaks Upsurge prevention Upsurge elimination Recession Upsurge sequences Plague decline onset spread Plague growth PLAGUE SUPPRESSION STRATEGY I03i

10 Elements of locust management Population monitoring (survey) Population reduction (control) Both of these require TRAINING I02j

11 Is eradication the aim? No, locusts play an important part in their ecosystems Even if it were the aim, it would probably be impossible! I03k

12 Conclusions Locust management is likely to improve as the years go by but. Nasty surprises will certainly happen from time to time. I03l

13 The Control Process What is the locust target and is control necessary? If so, how? Choose a control technology Choose application platform Choose control equipment Choose an insecticide Calibrate the control equipment and inform local population Find and delimit the target Monitor/record activities/efficacy Make sure conditions are right Control the locusts safely/efficiently Submit report Clean, maintain and store equipment/pesticide C01a

14 Which factors affect the decision to control or not? Phase gregarious, solitarious? Size of groups scattered, patches, bands, swarms? Size of infestation small, medium, large? Location of infestation remote area or near crops? Whether they are likely to survive or not favourable/unfavourable conditions? Other factors? C01b

15 Locust targets Individual locusts Scattered hoppers or adults Patches of hoppers or adults Single hopper bands Blocks of bands Settled or milling swarms Flying swarms

16 Isolated locusts C02b

17 Scattered indivduals C02c

18 Patches of locusts C02d

19 Individual hopper band Hopper band C02e

20 A block of hopper bands C02f

21 Stratiform swarm C02g

22 Cumuliform swarm C02h

23 Methods of control Mechanical methods e.g. digging trenches, beating, burning Baiting scattering locust food impregnated with an insecticide Dusting applying a fine dust impregnated with an insecticide Spraying liquid insecticides (chemical or biological) C02i

24 Dusting from a hessian sack C02j

25 Advantages and disadvantages of different control technologies Advantages Mechanical low cost no specialist equipment needs Baiting insecticide well targeted at locusts little specialist equipment needs Dusting no specialist equipment required Spraying easiest way to apply insecticide faster work rate liquid insecticides give more rapid /reliable control Disadvantages slow may be ineffective large quantities of bait required arduous mixing slow application large quantities of dust required slow application control may be poor spraying equipment required training and protective clothing required for safe and effective use C02k

26 Characteristics of ULV spraying very low volumes (0.3-3 l/ha), compared with 100s or 1000s for other spraying oil based formulations to stop evaporation no mixing - the ULV formulation is supplied ready to spray the wind carries droplets to the target and impacts them on it spray liquid is often quite concentrated the active ingredient for one hectare is contained in a very small volume of spray liquid C02l

27 Sprayer platforms C02m

28 Characteristics of different sprayer platforms Performance factor speed of response? Portable Vehicle Aircraft work rate? spray in rocks/hills/ soft sand? spray patches/bands? spray settled swarms? spray flying swarms? easy monitoring? C02n

29 Components of a sprayer Tank Atomizer or nozzle Energy source SPRAYER On/off and flow control Pump Pipes Note: there are other more minor components such as filters, gauges, guards for moving parts etc. C0 2o

30 Different types of atomiser and the sort of droplet spectrum they produce 1. Hydraulic nozzle, e.g. on a lever knapsack sprayer Pesticide? 2. Airblast nozzle, e.g. on a knapsack mistblower Airblast? Pesticide 3. Rotary atomiser, e.g. spinning disc sprayer? C02p

31 Droplet size assessment Question Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 1. Largest droplet? 2. Smallest droplet? 3. Largest range of sizes? 4. Smallest range of sizes? 5. Most suitable for ULV?

32 Different types of atomiser and the sort of droplet spectrum they produce 1. Hydraulic nozzle, e.g. on a lever knapsack sprayer Pesticide 2. Airblast nozzle, e.g. on a knapsack mistblower Airblast Pesticide 3. Rotary atomiser, e.g. spinning disc sprayer

33 Spray from a hydraulic nozzle Spray from a spinning disc C02s

34 Components of some pesticide formulations ACTIVE INGREDIENT Solvent Colour Carriers Stench Stickers Emulsifiers Emetics Note:ULV pesticides are often simpler than this since they do not need emulsifiers, carriers or some of the other components required for water-based crop spraying.

35 Some different types of pesticide formulation emulsifiable concentrates wettable powders wettable granules suspension concentrates ultra low volume formulation C03b

36 Factors to consider when choosing locust pesticides mammalian toxicity toxicity to locusts mode of action (contact, stomach) availability toxicity to non-target organisms cost persistence shelf life speed of action C03c

37 Types of insecticide Type Examples Inorganic Botanical Organochlorine Organophosphate Carbamates Pyrethroids Acyl-ureas (IGR) Phenyl pyrazole Other new types calcium arsenate pyrethrins, azidirachtin (Neem), rotenone dieldrin, DDT, HCH, endosulfan fenitrothion, parathion carbaryl, bendiocarb deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, cypermethrin diflubenzuron, teflubenzuron fipronil imidicloprid, diafenthiuron Myco-insecticides Metarhizium flavoride, Beauvaria bassiana C03d

38 Advantages and disadvantages of conventional insecticide types Advantages Organochlorines persistent Disadvantages dangerous to man and the environment - not recommended Organophosphates and carbamates medium mammalian toxicity quite fast acting (2-8 hrs) some have low cost some have high mammalian toxicity some kill birds and fish broad spectrum Pyrethroids fast knock down formulations have low mammalian toxicity locusts may recover after knockdown broad spectrum Mixtures or cocktails combine good features of two insecticides more complicated to calculate dose and calibrate C03e

39 New and alternative insecticide types Advantages Disadvantages Insect growth regulators (IGRs) persistent very low mammalian toxicity low environmental impact selective (stomach action) slow action (>3days) little effect on adult locusts effects on water arthopods Phenylpyrazoles persistent formulations have relatively low mammalian toxicity stomach and contact action Biopesticides specific therefore safe to environment. low mammalian toxicity possibility to produce locally Botanical insecticides may be produced at village level in small quantities low environmental impact Semiochemicals pheromones may be highly specific and safe products slow at low doses (1-2 days) broad spectrum - many other non-target arthropods are affected slow action and <100% kill. may have short shelf life or formulation difficulties. difficult to produce in large quantities rapidly slow action and usually incomplete kill limited commercial availability no direct kill none available commercially C03f

40 Desert Locust dose rates and speed of action of insecticides for which verified dose rates have been established by the FAO Pesticide Referee Group Dose (g a.i. per ha) Insecticide Full cover (blanket) Barriers (hoppers) Speed of action hoppers adults within overall bendiocarb F chlorpyrifos M deltamethrin F diflubenzuron 60 n/a S fenitrothion F fipronil M lambdacyhalothrin F malathion F Metarhizium sp S teflubenzuron 30 n/a n/d S triflumuron 25 n/a S Note: n/a= not applicable; n/d = no data; speed of action: F=fast, M=moderate, S=slow; 1 - Where the "lambda" isomer is not registered in a country, cyhalothrin is applied at 40g ai/ha 2 - Strain IMI , previously described as Metarhizium flavoride, but currently under review C03g

41 The concept of LD50 X grammes 10 active ingredient = 50% dead C03h

42 WHO pesticide hazard classifications Class Description Oral LD50 (mg/kg) Class 1a Extremely Hazardous up to 20 Class 1b Highly Hazardous Class II Moderately Hazardous Class III An additional class Slightly Hazardous Unlikely to to present acute hazard more than 2000 typcially 5000 mg/kg or more (but may be less) C03i

43 FAO Pictograms Storage pictograms Activity pictograms Advice pictograms Advice pictograms Warning pictograms C03j

44 FAO Pictograms Keep locked and out of reach of children Storage pictograms Activity pictograms Handling liquid concentrate Handling dry concentrate Application Advice pictograms Wear gloves Wear eye protection Wash after use Wear boots Advice pictograms Wear protection - nose and mouth Wear respirator Wear an overall Wear an apron Warning pictograms Dangerous/ harmful to animals Dangerous/harmful to fish - do not contaminate lakes or rivers C03k

45 Routes of pesticide entry Inhalation (breathing in) Dermal (through skin) Oral (swallowed) C03iia

46 Operator and environmental exposure can occur during: Storage Transport Application Product and container disposal Others? C03iib

47 Job related exposure - aerial spraying Exposure Message: handling CONCENTRATE can give high levels of exposure Pilot Mixer Flagman Mechanic Supervisor Scout Job of staff C03iic

48 Exposure by body region and task Exposure as % of total Message: Protect the skin, especially the hands Mixing Application 0 Head &Torso Hands & arms Legs & feet Inhalation Body region C03iid

49 Unload drums carefully Not like this Like this C03iie

50 Keep pesticide separate Like this ü C03iif

51 Recovery position Like this ü C03iig

52 Whirling hygrometer Water reservoir Dry-bulb Wet-bulb Cloth wick Handle Whirl in the shade C04a

53 Using a pith ball anemometer 1 Face the wind WIND 2 Hold the anemometer at eye level or above, making sure not to cover the holes Dwyer WIND METER 25 Scale METERS PER SEC. AIR VELOCITY - LOW RANGE METERS PER SEC. AIR VELOCITY - HIGH RANGE In low wind, read from the left-hand scale 1 Dwyer WIND METER 4 In high wind, cover the hole and read from the right-hand scale METERS PER SEC. AIR VELOCITY - LOW RANGE METERS PER SEC. AIR VELOCITY - HIGH RANGE Scale Repeat five times and use the average figure recorded C04b

54 C04c Using a vibrating tachometer

55 O TO FOLLOW A GIVEN BEARING (FOR EXAMPLE 300 ) A A 260 W W N 240 N S E Hold the compass with base arrow pointing straight forward and turn your body until S E C04d 1 3 Turn bezel until desired o bearing lines up with A (300 ) 4 Bezel arrow lines up with the red needle Walk forwards keeping red needle aligned with bezel arrow

56 TO FIND THE BEARING OF AN OBJECT "object" A N W N W E S 60 C04e S 160 Hold compass with base arrow pointing straight forward (away from vehicles or metal objects) 140 Turn your body so that the base arrow points in the direction of the object E Twist compass bezel until red needle lines up with bezel arrow Read bearing from direction o of base arrow (e.g. 300 ) 80

57 Using oil sensitive paper Oil-sensitive paper 50 cm Spray line Wind direction C05a

58 Settings for swath width exercise Wind Group 1. Small droplets (8 batteries), high emission height (2.5 m). Group 2. Small droplets (8 batteries), low emission height (0.5 m). Group 3. Large droplets (4 batteries), high emission height (2.5 m). Group 4. Large droplets (4 batteries), low emission height (0.5 m) C05b

59 Table for data entry during droplet counting Group n Drop size large/small Sprayer, high/low distance downwind (m) area used (1/4, 1/2 or 1 cm2) number of droplets (4 counts) average number of droplets average number of droplets per cm2 C05c

60 Swath width assessment Question Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 1. Swath begins? 2. Maximum deposit? 3. Swath ends? 4. Swath width? 5. Effect of emission height? 6. Effect of droplet size? 7. Track spacing to use? C05c (ii)

61 What happens if track spacing is the same as swath width? Deposit Pass 1 Wind Deposit from individual pass Distance downwind Swath width Pass 2 Pass 1 Total deposit Deposit Wind Deposit from individual passes Track spacing Swath width Swath width C05d

62 Overlapping swaths Deposit Pass 1 Wind Deposit from individual pass Distance downwind Swath width Pass 2 Pass 1 Total deposit Deposit Wind Deposit from individual passes Distance downwind Track spacing Swath width Pass 5 Pass 4 Pass 3 Pass 2 Pass 1 Total deposit Deposit from individual passes Deposit Wind Track spacing Distance downwind Swath width C05e

63 Overlapping the swaths for even cover Wind direction Spray pass 1 Target Area Swath width Spray pass 2 Target Area Spray pass 3 Target Area Spray pass 4 Target Area Last spray pass upwind of the target edge Target Area C05f

64 Where do droplets fall? Wind Droplet trajectory Gravity Wind Gravity Wind Gravity C06a

65 How fast do droplets fall? Diam. of droplets (um) Terminal velocity (cm/s) Time to fall 1 m (s) (1.4 mins) C06b

66 Where will the droplets deposit? Wind C06c

67 Turbulence depends on roughness of surface C06d

68 The effect of turbulence Wind Droplet trajectory Gravity Turbulence Wind Turbulence Gravity C06e

69 The effect of turbulence Wind Gravity Turbulence Wind Turbulence Gravity C06f

70 Droplet size and number d ½d C06g

71 Droplet spectra C06h

72 Volume median diameter (VMD) Half the volume VMD Half the volume 15 Number median diameter (NMD) Half the number NMD 9 Half the number C06i

73 R ratios for atomizer types Hydraulic nozzle e.g. on a lever knapsack sprayer R = more than 2.5 (very poor for ULV) Pesticide Air-shear nozzle e.g. on a motorized knapsack sprayer R = more than 2.0 (poor for ULV) Airblast Pesticide Rotary atomiser e.g a spinning disc or cage R = between 1.2 and 2 (good for ULV) C06j

74 Calibration factors Droplet size (if it is adjustable) VMD should be??? Emission height??? m??? M??? m Dose of insecticide??? grammes active ingredient 1 hectare 100 m 100 m C07a

75 Suggested settings for ULV spraying of different locust targets Sprayer Drop size (VMD) Emission height (m) Track spacing (m) Settled targets (bands, band blocks, settled swarms Hand-held spinning disc Knapsack mistblower Vehicle passive drift Fixed 30 Vehicle airblast directed up 50 Aircraft m 100 Milling swarms at roost Aircraft m 100 Stratiform swarms Aircraft above swarm Cumuliform swarms Aircraft wherever dense but towards rear 100 n/a C07b

76 Hydraulic nozzles on aircraft C07c

77 Calibration factors Droplet size (if it is adjustable) VMD should be m Emission height m m 5-10 m (may be higher for barrier spraying) Dose of insecticide??? grammes active ingredient 1 hectare 100 m 100 m C07d

78 Desert Locust dose rates and speed of action of insecticides for which verified dose rates have been established by the FAO Pesticide Referee Group Dose (g a.i. per ha) Insecticide Full cover (blanket) Barriers (hoppers) Speed of action hoppers adults within overall bendiocarb F chlorpyrifos M deltamethrin F diflubenzuron 60 n/a S fenitrothion F fipronil M lambdacyhalothrin F malathion F Metarhizium sp S teflubenzuron 30 n/a n/d S triflumuron 25 n/a S Note: n/a= not applicable; n/d = no data; speed of action: F=fast, M=moderate, S=slow; 1 - Where the "lambda" isomer is not registered in a country, cyhalothrin is applied at 40g ai/ha 2 - Strain IMI , previously described as Metarhizium flavoride, but currently under review C07e

79 Volume application rate (VAR)??? litres 1 hectare 100 m 100 m C07f

80 Measuring flow rate The collection technique C08a

81 Spray gear layout C08b

82 Windmill pump C08c

83 Electric pump C08d

84 Windspeed and droplets a Wind Droplet trajectory Gravity a Light wind Gravity a Strong wind Gravity C09a

85 Convection VERY HOT GROUND WARM AIR VERY HOT GROUND C09b

86 Convection WARM AIR VERY HOT GROUND C09c

87 Convection in light wind Wind HOT GROUND C09d

88 Convection in strong wind Wind C09e WARM GROUND

89 Windspeed and impaction Light wind Stronger wind C09f

90 Guidelines on ULV spraying conditions Condition Action Reason wind less than 2 m/s (or variable strength and direction) do not spray swath will be narrow and operator may be contaminated wind more than 10 m/s do not spray swath may be very wide and difficult to predict sun is very high and hot (and windspeed is low) do not spray convection may take the spray out of the target area rain is falling or will probably fall soon do not spray insecticide may be washed off the target C09g

91 Demarcating a small target Hopper band or swarm C10b

92 C10c Demarcating a block of targets

93 C10d Demarcating a big block of targets

94 Spraying a target (full coverage) Wind direction Do not spray during turns Downwind edge Hopper band or swarm Upwind edge C10e Start Finish

95 Spraying a target (full coverage) Wind direction Do not spray during turns Downwind edge Hopper band or swarm Upwind edge Start Finish C10f

96 Barrier spraying Hopper band or swarm WIND Hopper Bands Sprayed Area C10g m m

97 Aerial spraying GPS guidance and recording C10h

98 Aerial spraying with active spray system C10i

99 GPS records of control C10j

100 Why check locust mortality? To correct any problems as soon as possible, such as.. Wrong pesticide dose Wrong weather conditions Wrong droplet sizes Wrong emission height (mostly aircraft) Poor navigation (resulting in spray gaps ) Spray missed the target (or part of it) Inactive pesticide Without feedback on mortality, mistakes continue and locusts escape C11a

101 Summary of mortality assessment techniques Type Target When Rough field estimates Swarms, bands and scattered locusts Always after spraying Field counts of pre and post spray locust numbers Bands and scattered locusts Occasional spot checks (especially when new products, dosages or techniques are being used, or if there are control problems) Cage assessments Swarms, bands and scattered locusts Occasional spot checks, especially when using slow acting products on fast moving targets. C11b

102 Counting a quadrat I metre I metre C11c

103 Counting quadrats on a transect WIND C11d

104 Cage (frame and net) C11e

105 Cage (plastic bottle) C11f

106 Why monitor and record control operations? Check efficacy e.g. mortality problems Check safety e.g. protective clothing Check efficiency e.g. pesticide usage Check environmental impact e.g. bird deaths Provide a record of events for campaign analysis (leading to improvement in future) Also.. Remind spray teams of their duties Make spray teams accountable C12a

107 Spray monitoring form CONTROL LOCATION 1 st target date name (from DL Survey Form) VEGETATION DATA vegetation type (Grass, Bushes, Trees, Crop) G B T C height (m) crop names and damage (%) INSECTICIDE DATA trade name concentration (g a.i./l or %) formulation (EC, ULV, Dust) E U D expiry date is insecticide mixed with water or solvent? Y N if yes, what solvent and mixing ratio C12b

108 FAO SPRAY MONITORING FORM INSTRUCTIONS 1 CONTROL LOCATION 1-1 date 1-2 name (from DL Survey Form) Write the day / month / year of the control operation Write the local place name of where you made the control (? = name unknown). This should match the place name in the same column on the Survey and Control Form. 2 VEGETATION DATA 2-1 vegetation type (Grass, Bushes, Trees, Crop) Circle G if grass, B if bushes, T if trees or C if crop 2-2 height (m) Write the approximate or average height (in metres) of the vegetation 2-3 crop names and damage (%) Write the names of the crops and estimate the percentage of damage; if there are no crops and it is natural vegetation, write Natural. C12c

109 3 INSECTICIDE DATA 3-1 trade name 3-2 concentration (g a.i./l or %) 3-3 formulation (EC, ULV, Dust) 3-4 expiry data Write, for example, SUM for Sumithion and DUR for Dursban, etc. Write the concentration of the active ingredient in grammes/litre or as a percentage Circle E if Emulsion Concentrate, U if Ultra Low Volume or D if Dust formulation was used Write the expiry date of the insecticide found on the label of the drum is insecticide mixed with water or solvent? if yes, what solvent and mixing ratio Circle Y if the insecticide is mixed with water or solvent or N if not mixed Write the name of the solvent used for mixing and what ratio was used (insecticde:solvent) C12d

110 4 WEATHER CONDITIONS 4-1 time start and end of control operations: 4-2 temperature ( o C) 4-3 relative humidity (%) 4-4 wind speed (m/s) Write the required weather conditions at the start and the end of the control operations as indicated below Write the time operations started and the time operations ended Write the temperature at the time operations started and the temperature at the end of operations, in centigrade (use the dry-bulb reading on a whirling hygrometer) Write the relative humidity in percentage at the start and end of operations (use a whirling hygrometer) Write the speed of the wind in metre/second at the start and the end of operations (use a anemometer) 4-5 wind direction (degrees from N) Write the wind direction in degrees from the north at the start and the end of operations (use a compass) 4-6 spray direction (degrees from N) Write the spray direction in degrees from the north at the start and the end of operations (use a compass) C12e

111 5 SPRAY APPLICATION 5-1 sprayer type 5-2 sprayer operator Circle R for rotary, A for airblast, E for exhaust nozzle sprayer (ENS), H for hydraulic or O for other Circle P for pilot, D for driver, L for locust officer, H for hired labour or O for other operator 5-3 sprayer manufacturer Write the name of the sprayer manufacturer or company 5-4 sprayer model 5-5 sprayer platform 5-6 date of last calibration atomizer height above ground (m) ROTARY SPRAYERS: speed setting speed of atomizer (rpm) Write the model of the sprayer, for example, Micronair AU8000 or Micronair AU7010 Circle A for aerial spraying, V for vehicle spraying or H for handheld sprayer Write the date of the last calibration done on the sprayer used in the control operation Write the height (in metres) of the atomizer above the ground Write the degree of blade angle for Micronair, pully setting for Ulvamast or no. of batteries for Micro-ulva Write the speed of the atomizer per minute using a vibrating tachometer C12f

112 5-10 flow rate setting 5-11 flow rate/atomizer (l/min) 5-12 number of atomizers Write the colour or size of the nozzle, or what orifice or restrictor was used Write the flow rate (in litre/minute) for each atomizer used in the control operation Specify the number of atomizers used in the control operation (i.e. the number of atomizers on the aircraft used for control) 5-13 track spacing (m) Write the track spacing (in metres) used during spraying 5-14 BARRIERS ONLY: width and spacing (m) 5-15 forward speed (km/h) AERIAL SPRAYING: support supplied ground marking (GPS, flag, Mirror, smoke, Vehicle, None) Write the spraying width of a barrier and the width in between each barrier not sprayed (in metres) Write the sprayer speed (in km/h). This will be the speed of aircraft, vehicle or walking operator. Circle GP for ground party, RC for radio communication or TG for DGPS if it is used Circle G for GPS, F for flag, M for mirror, S for smoke, V for vehicle or N if no ground marking was used during the control operation C12g

113 6 CONTROL EFFICACY 6-1 locust mortality (% dead) 6-2 time after treatment (hours) 6-3 method of mortality estimation Write in figures the estimated percentage of locusts dead or dying Write the time (in hours) after treatment when the mortality estimate was carried out Circle Q for quadrats, T for target size, V for visual, C for cages or O for other methods 7 SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT 7-1 protective clothing: what did the operator wear? Circle G for goggles, M for mask, L for gloves, O for overalls and B boots 7-2 was soap and water available? 7-3 who was informed of spraying? Circle Y if soap and water were available or N if they were not available during operations Circle F for farmer, N for nomad, V for village, O for officials and B for beekeepers C12h

114 7-4 effect on non-target organisms? 7-5 if yes, what? Circle Y if you noticed an effect on non-locusts in the field after operations or N if none Write what insects, animals, wildlife etc were affected (killed or sick) by the control operation 7-6 detail if anyone felt unwell or if other problems were encountered: Write the details if any operators, ground teams or nearby inhabitants felt sick or unwell (i.e. headache, eye or skin irritation, dizziness, vomiting) after control. Write any other problems that were encountered during or after the spraying operations (i.e. broken vehicles, sudden rainfall during or shortly after control). C12i

115 How to use this form in the field Always carry this form with you to record control details. Use this form in conjunction with the FAO Survey and Control Form. Each column represents a control location and should match the location, habitat and locust information on the survey form. Equipment required for monitoring spraying Gloves, clipboard, blank copies of this form, pen, anemometer (for wind speed), tachometer (for speed of rotary atomizers), whirling hygrometer (for temperature/humidity), measuring cylinder, bucket, funnel, stop watch, tape measure, compass and GPS. Analyzing the data on this form The form should be reviewed by the Officer-in-charge of the control campaign and the Locust Unit Head on a regular basis. Any problems that turn up (e.g. lack of protective clothing, overdosing, poor efficacy, non-target effects) should be addressed quickly for subsequent control operations. After completion, submit both forms to the National Locust Unit Headquarters C12j

116 The Control Process What is the locust target and is control necessary. If so, how? Choose a control technology Choose application platform Choose control equipment Choose an insecticide Calibrate the control equipment and inform local population Find and delimit the target Monitor/record activities/efficacy Make sure conditions are right Control the locusts safely/efficiently Submit report Clean, maintain and store equipment/pesticide C01a

117 Emission height and swath Height (m) Distance downwind