Development of a parametric model for analysing temperature effects of solar radiation on yachts

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Presentation 17 th February 1, La Spezia, Italy The perfection of a

John MacGregor, Scottish explorer and designer of the first modern

Experimental Measurements Development of the Parametric Model Solar

Analysis Effects of High Temperatures Solutions and Implementation

1 Development of a parametric model for analysing temperature effects of solar radiation on yachts Vivek Kumar EMSHip Week Master Thesis Presentation 17 th February 1, La Spezia, Italy The perfection of a yacht's beauty is that nothing should be there for only beauty's sake. John MacGregor, Scottish explorer and designer of the first modern sailing canoes Introduction The Problem Research Methodology Experimental Measurements Development of the Parametric Model Solar Ray Tracing Heat Transfer and Temperature Calculation Results and Analysis Effects of High Temperatures Solutions and Implementation Plans Conclusions Question Time VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy

Looks - Colour choice - The intensity of

temperatures of the surrounding water and

Italy 3 White Ship MEASUREMENTS Dark-Blue

2 INTRODUCTION Why is a yacht typically white? Aesthetics is all about Engineering The colour of the hull paint Gap between Looks - Colour choice - The intensity of solar radiation Material choice Temperature Effects - Engineering The effects of shading from the sun The temperatures of the surrounding water and air The temperature of air and liquids within the ship The effects of wind and waves in dissipating heat Extremely high temperatures of the welding process during fabrication Cheaper Forgives Imperfections Does not excessively glitter and reflect Dark surfaces show more dirt and splashes Doesn t fade so fast Pseudo-standard MUCH COOLER under solar radiation VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 3 White Ship MEASUREMENTS Dark-Blue Ship SUMMER WINTER White Blue White Blue VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy

3 MEASUREMENTS Temperature Variation Blue Ship White Ship Blue Ship [Port] White Ship [Port] Blue Ship [Stern] White Ship [Stern] [Starboard] [Starboard] Blue Ship [Bow] White Ship [Bow] Not Available VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 5 Longitudinal temperature variation Vertical temperature variation VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy

4 White Ship Silver Grey Ship Dark-Blue Ship Port temperature variation Starboard temperature variation VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 7 DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARAMETRIC MODEL 1. Perform Solar Ray Tracing. Calculate Ship Geometry 3. Calculate Heat Transfers. Parametric Evaluations 5. Calculate Temperature Effects Sun Elevation Sun Azimuth Panel creation Ship-surface azimuths and tilt angles Energy Balance Surface Temperatures Deflections Optical Distortions Energy Usage VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy

Experimental Setup Part Plate Epoxy Layer Aluminium 3

5mm Transverse Frames Longitudinal Stringer Lamp mm x

capable of C, fixed mm from the plate for simulating

Panel Front Side (above) Back side (below) VIVEK KUMAR

5 Experimental Setup Part Plate Epoxy Layer Aluminium 3 H111 Layer Dimensions mm x mm Test-1 : mm / Test- : mm 5mm Transverse Frames Longitudinal Stringer Lamp mm x 5mm (Web) mm x mm (Web), mm x mm (Flange) Halogen Lamp capable of C, fixed mm from the plate for simulating temperature of 5 C (corresponding to black colour) Panel Front Side (above) Back side (below) VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 9 1. Solar Ray Tracing 1. Selection of the ASHRAE model 1. Practical to use. Available data 3. Well-established methods Theoretical modelling External Reference VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy

Heat Transfers 1 T s εσa + T s h c A + + 1 h s h w R overall εσat sky + h c

6 . Ship Geometry Tilt Angle Surface Azimuth Angle VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy Heat Transfers 1 T s εσa + T s h c A h s h w R overall εσat sky + h c AT + T ship R overall + T w h s h w = VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 1

7 Parametric Analysis VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 13 Heat Transfers 1 Bulwark : Starboard Black Surface Temperature Variation 1 Bulwark : Port Black Surface Temperature Variation Bulwark: Starboard White Surface Temperature Variation 1 Bulwark: Port White Surface Temperature Variation VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 1

8 Effect of Paint Colour Maximum ly Layer Temperature Variation Ship Heading = - degrees Temperature [Deg C] s Paint-Epoxy (SB) Epoxy-Metal (SB) Metal-Insulation (SB) Paint-Epoxy (SW) Epoxy-Metal (SW) Metal-Insulation (SW) Ship Temp Black Ship Temp White Surface Colour White smooth surfaces Fraction of Incident Radiation Absorbed Maximum ly Layer Temperature Variation Ship Heading = - degrees Grey to dark grey. -. Temperature [Deg C] s Paint-Epoxy (PB) Epoxy-Metal (PB) Metal-Insulation (PB) Paint-Epoxy (PW) Epoxy-Metal (PW) Metal-Insulation (PW) Black Ship Int Temp White Ship Int Temp Green, red and brown Dark brown to blue Dark blue to black VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 15 Ship berthed on land and water Maximum Temperature per month when the ship is In/Out Water 55 5 Temperature [deg C] 35 In Water (SB) In Water (SW) In Water (PB) In Water (PW) Out of Water (SB) Out of Water (SW) Out of Water (PB) Out of Water (PW) In Water VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 1

Effect of Sun Elevation Annual Hourly Temperature Variation Starboard Black Paint Annual Hourly Temperature Variation Port Black Paint Temperature [Deg C] 1 1 1 1 Hours Annual Hourly Temperature

the reflectivity of water (Hechtman, 195) Temperature [Deg C] 1 1 1 1 Hours Temperature [Deg C] 1 1 1 1 Hours Ground reflectance values of typical surfaces (ASHRAE,9) VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1

9 Effect of Sun Elevation Annual Hourly Temperature Variation Starboard Black Paint Annual Hourly Temperature Variation Port Black Paint Temperature [Deg C] Hours Annual Hourly Temperature Variation Starboard White Paint Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Temperature [Deg C] Hours Annual Hourly Temperature Variation Port White Paint Effect of the incidence angle on the reflectivity of water (Hechtman, 195) Temperature [Deg C] Hours Temperature [Deg C] Hours Ground reflectance values of typical surfaces (ASHRAE,9) VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 17 1 Bulwark : Starboard Black Surface Temperature Variation 1 Bulwark : Port Black Surface Temperature Variation 1 Bulwark : Starboard Black Surface Temperature Variation 1 Bulwark : Port Black Surface Temperature Variation Effect of Ship Time of Day Heading [hour] Bulwark: Starboard White Surface Temperature Variation Bulwark: Port White Surface Temperature Variation Bulwark: Starboard White Surface Temperature Variation Bulwark: Port White Surface Temperature Variation Bulwark : Starboard Black Surface Temperature Variation 1 Bulwark : Port Black Surface Temperature Variation 1 Bulwark : Starboard Black Surface Temperature Variation 1 Bulwark : Port Black Surface Temperature Variation Bulwark: Starboard White Surface Temperature Variation Bulwark: Port White Surface Temperature Variation Bulwark: Starboard White Surface Temperature Variation Bulwark: Port White Surface Temperature Variation VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 1

Thermal Comfort VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards,

10 Effects of High Temperatures Hull Deformations Optical Distortion Effects Hull Coating Defects Increased Cooling Loads Internal Hull Surface Condensation Thermal Comfort VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 19 Deflections VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy

DEFLECTIONS Section of ship Aft Midships Fore Plate Zone Max

5 - Mid-plating 3 Bulge near engine room bulkhead

5 - Mid-plating 5 -mm deflections near portholes

5 Mid-plating 1 Bow area under chine not measured

5 VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto

11 DEFLECTIONS Section of ship Aft Midships Fore Plate Zone Max [mm ] Avg. [mm] Remarks Bulwark.5 - Mid-plating 3 Bulge near engine room bulkhead Bottom-plating - Bulwark Mid-plating 5 -mm deflections near portholes Bottom-plating 3 - Bulwark.5 Mid-plating 1 Bow area under chine not measured Bottom-plating 1.5 VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 1 Deformation Analysis Porthole Port Side (Sun Exposed) Stern End mode shape between bulkheads Engine Room Bulkhead mode shape between frames Bow End Starboard Side (In Shade) VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy

12 Optical Distortion Effects VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 3 Optical Distortion Cooler Air Heated Air virtual, upright & magnified image object F F F' F' deviation VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy

University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy Solutions and

13 Other Effects of Temperature Hull Coating Defects Fuel consumption variation with load (DieselService&Supply, 1) VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy Solutions and Implementations VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 7

TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) Process Analysis Root Cause Analysis

Analysis Model of Problem Determination of ideal final result Physical

Paint Pigment Paint Topcoats Paint Undercoats Epoxy Fine Layer Ship Hull Insulation

Dock Mooring Fenders Interior Air Air Conditioner Generator Primer Stiffners and

Shipyards, Italy Aesthetics destroyed Root-Cause Analysis Increased visibility of

Expansion of epoxy and metal (This branch is the same for analysing Increased

surface temperatures Local loads Plate expansion restricted at the edges Stiffners

induce secondary and tertiary stresses in the frames and plating.

Region between bulkheads behaves like simply supported beams Region between

14 TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) Process Analysis Root Cause Analysis Functional Analysis SUPER SYSTEM SYSTEM SUB SYSTEM Concept Implementation Problem Analysis Model of Problem Determination of ideal final result Physical contradictions Inventive Principles Sun Atmosphere Water Paint Epoxy Primer Metal Paint Pigment Paint Topcoats Paint Undercoats Epoxy Fine Layer Ship Hull Insulation Epoxy Coarse Layer Concept Test Plan Concept Evaluation & Selection Other Ships / Dock Mooring Fenders Interior Air Air Conditioner Generator Primer Stiffners and Panels Insulation Layers VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy Aesthetics destroyed Root-Cause Analysis Increased visibility of hull surface deflections Uneven surface profile Functional Analysis Thermal Expansion of epoxy and metal (This branch is the same for analysing Increased Cooling Requirement) High thermal expansion levels of material used Increase in surface temperatures Local loads Plate expansion restricted at the edges Stiffners are rigid Global loads Hydrostatic loads cause primary stresses Primary stresses induce secondary and tertiary stresses in the frames and plating. Increase in absorbtion of solar radiation Connected to other stiffners and frames Region between bulkheads behaves like simply supported beams Region between bulkheads has low stiffness Choice of dark colour VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy Bulkheads stiffer 9 than frames

Solutions for reducing high temperatures and deformations Increase web height of frames and stiffeners in region between bulkheads Reduce spacing between longitudinal stiffeners in region between

Vinyl Paints Remove yacht from water when not in use and/or store in covered garage Align yacht with East-West direction so the sun hits only the bow or stern regions and not the hull directly.

15 Solutions for reducing high temperatures and deformations Increase web height of frames and stiffeners in region between bulkheads Reduce spacing between longitudinal stiffeners in region between bulkheads Reduce porthole-hull area ratio Low Solar Absorption (LSA) paints reflect IR light but not visible light Use silver grey instead of dark grey (more reflective) Climate Controlled Chamberes Vinyl Paints Remove yacht from water when not in use and/or store in covered garage Align yacht with East-West direction so the sun hits only the bow or stern regions and not the hull directly. VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy Solutions for improving/assessing hull coatings Define beauty objectively on a project-by-project basis Defectometry 1-point appearance evaluation system ISO draft standard TC / SC 1 and BIS 1137 VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 31

Solutions for improving Energy Efficiency Benchmark similar ships of different colours (energy use / fuel consumed ) Reduce porthole-hull area ratio Optimum balance between air conditioner size and

16 Solutions for improving Energy Efficiency Benchmark similar ships of different colours (energy use / fuel consumed ) Reduce porthole-hull area ratio Optimum balance between air conditioner size and insulation thickness Reuse waste heat energy from the engine Update old electrical equipment and wiring systems Separation of HVAC systems such that different areas of the ship are cooled differently Minimize impact of heat generating devices by using heat shields VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 3 Only Structural Mode shapes due to load coupling (qualitative) Thermal + Structural 1 ºC 5 ºC VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 33

Detailed FEM for Ship Scale Thermal-Structural Analysis Temperature only deflections in a ship section MSC SINDA 13 with the

Italy 3 Conclusion From this this project, temperature variations of any metallic hulled ship can be analysed, anywhere in the

Colour plays the most important role in deciding surface temperatures, followed by material and stiffness of the structure for

bulwark to waterline, and from bow to stern Complex nature of ship structures - each part of the structure exercises some

17 Detailed FEM for Ship Scale Thermal-Structural Analysis Temperature only deflections in a ship section MSC SINDA 13 with the Environmental Module Structural only deflections in a ship section VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 3 Conclusion From this this project, temperature variations of any metallic hulled ship can be analysed, anywhere in the world. Colour plays the most important role in deciding surface temperatures, followed by material and stiffness of the structure for deciding structural responses Port and starboard are asymmetrically exposed to solar radiation with a thermal gradient from bulwark to waterline, and from bow to stern Complex nature of ship structures - each part of the structure exercises some restraint or contraction on adjacent structures. Thermal and structural stresses interact, with material properties changing with temperature Yachts typically spend a majority of their time docked at the marina VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 35

18 Questions? VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 3 37

19 VIVEK KUMAR EMSHIP 1-1 University of Genoa Baglietto Shipyards, Italy 3

RULES PUBLICATION NO. 20/P SHIP SIDE STRENGTHENING OF FISHING VESSELS MOORING AT SEA ALONGSIDE OTHER VESSELS

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