The Positive Effect of Negative Pressure
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1 The Positive Effect of Negative Pressure (Future Direction in Resuscitative Care) Brent Parquette, NRP Lucas County EMS, Toledo, OH
2 Toledo, Ohio
3 Lucas County EMS (Toledo, OH) Primary service area: 340 sq mi Population: 500,000 City of Toledo 305,000 County-operated ALS transport agency ALS transport vehicles: 11 ALS/BLS first response: 13 area FDs Transport to 8 area hospitals Annual call volume: ~100,000 ALS/BLS
4 Brent Parquette, NRP 39 years pre-hospital service Toledo Fire Department (20 years) Lucas County Emergency Services Training and Quality Assurance Specialist Continuing Education Program Administrator
5
6 The Positive Effect of Negative Pressure (Future Direction in Resuscitative Care) Brent Parquette, NRP Lucas County EMS, Toledo, OH
7 Disclosure Information Brent Parquette, NRP Intrathoracic Pressure Regulation (IPR) FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: Contract Clinical Educator Zoll Medical IPR Division
8 What s on the EMS Radar screen for 2018? We continue to learn so much about what really Defining, Adopting, Promulgating and makes a difference in cardiac arrest. Subtle Measuring What Really Makes a Difference changes in our approaches to maximizing continuous in Cardiac Arrest perfusion can have a dramatic impact on survival. -Ed Racht, MD -Ed Racht, MD January Newsletter Friday Night [under the] Lights, January
9 Resuscitation: An Unsolved Puzzle
10 No Silver Bullet for CA Management But, Consider this..... A collection of Transformative Technologies
11 U.S. cardiac arrest survival All rhythms: 10% Witnessed VF: 30%
12 Disparity All rhythms: 3% to 30% 10 fold disparity VF witnessed: 4% to 62% 15 fold disparity
13 Where you live should not determine if you live!
14 The Goal >30% Survival >50% >60%
15 How do we get there?
16 What does the science tell us? Is there evidence?
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19 Unaided Manual CPR The cornerstone of resuscitation Generally the first option for rescuers Has remained essentially unchanged for >50 years HQ-CPR only circulates 25-40% of normal blood flow Can we do better? 19
20 CHANGE AHEAD: HIGH-PERFORMANCE HIGH-PERFUSION CPR CPR 20
21 Mechanism of CPR: Heart vs Thoracic Pump
22 The thoracic cavity is like a bellows Compression Passive Recoil Positive Pressure PUSHES air away, fluid out Inhibits blood return Negative Pressure Creates a vacuum PULLS fluid and air in
23 Airway Pressures During Conventional CPR 23
24 Agonal Gasping: Dying Breath Reflex Survival Mechanism: Perfusion
25 Journal of American College of Cardiology September 19, 2017 A major prognostic variable in predicting 1-year survival with favorable brain function 25
26 Effect of Gasping During Cardiac Arrest Airway Ao RA ICP
27 Intrathoracic Pressure Regulation Intrathoracic Pressure Regulation (IPR) is a therapy that enhances negative pressure in the chest and has been shown in studies to effectively improve circulation of blood to the brain and other vital organs. Perfusion
28 Intrathoracic Pressure and Blood Flow As intrathoracic pressure decreases... Blood flow increases Respiration and circulation are closely linked. Dating back to 1967, we have known there is an inverse relationship between intrathoracic pressure and blood flow. Intrathoracic Pressure (cmh 2 O) Blood Flow, Abdominal Vena Cava (l/min -1 ) Moreno et al. Respiratory regulation of splanchnic and systemic venous return. Am J Physiol 1967;213:
29 Evolution: Impedance Threshold Device (ITD) Concept: Lower intrathoracic pressure in the chest during the decompression phase of CPR Enhance venous return to the thorax.
30 Insert: ITD Animation Video
31 Airway Pressures During CPR Conventional CPR CPR with ITD Vacuum is limited as air is drawn in (minimal preload) Enhanced vacuum during chest wall recoil draws more blood back into heart (increases preload) 31
32 Intrathoracic Pressure Regulation: Effect Tracheal Pressure ITPR On Aortic Pressure Intracranial Pressure 30 sec. 32
33 ITD on a Facemask or Advanced Airway Important: Maintain Tight Seal on Mask 33
34 Death by Hyperventilation Ventilation rate: 47/min 34
35 ITD: Clinical Evidence / Experience Clinical research has demonstrated that use of the ITD: Increases survival by 25% or more Doubles blood flow to the heart Increases blood flow to the brain by 50% Doubles systolic blood pressure Lowers intracranial pressure Idris AH, et al. Circulation. 2012;126:LBBS AHA. Langhelle A, et al. Resuscitation. 2002;52: Lurie K, et al. Chest. 1998;113(4): Pirrallo RG, et al. Resuscitation. 2005;66: Aufdherheide TP, et al. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(11)S397-S
36 Salt Lake City, UT Experience Hopkins et al J Am Heart Assoc
37 Methodology BEFORE (n = 330) Sept 2008 Sept 2011 Adoption of electronic medical record that permitted performance evaluation and structured electronic queries Not directly measuring CPR quality AFTER (n = 407) Oct 2011 Dec 2014 CPR Quality Initiatives Real-time CPR feedback On-scene resuscitation Post-incident review/debrief Added ITD Simplified Medication Algorithm EMS Crew Team Training 37
38 Results: Improved Functional Survival 100% Improvement 86% Improvement Favorable Neurological Outcome (CPC 1 or 2) at Hospital Discharge (%) n=407 n=97 n=330 n=70 Hopkins et al. J Am Heart Assoc 2016 P<0.05 for both comparisons 38
39 Alameda County, CA Experience Sporer et al Prehosp Emerg Care
40 Survival Survival (%) System Enhancements to Prehospital Resuscitation 2005 AHA updates (drug, defib & CPR changes) MPDS Center added AEDs required in health clubs Changes to intubation procedures Intensive airway and enhanced CPR training by MD ITD added CPR in the Schools pilot project Re-emphasis on CPR techniques CPR7 Program implemented Second MPDS Center added Therapeutic cooling Introduction of Cardiac Arrest Centers Sporer et al. AHA Scientific Sessions
41 CPR Inefficiency Incomplete chest wall relaxation / recoil Vacuum development affected Loss of enhanced negative pressure Preload minimized Again Can we do better? 41
42 Airway Pressure Waveforms Inefficiency: CPR with Incomplete Chest Relaxation 0 mmhg Vacuum fails to develop because rescuer is leaning on chest during recoil Intrathoracic pressure (mmhg)) Yannopoulos et al. Resuscitation 2005;64(3):
43 Optimizing Chest Wall Recoil Index Case 1987 Pt. saved by a Household Plunger San Francisco General Hospital Active Compression-Decompression CPR CPR: the P stands for plumber s ACD-CPRhelper, Lurie, JAMA 1990.
44 Active Compression-Decompression (ACD) Passive Recoil Active Decompression 10 kg of lifting force Conventional CPR ACD-CPR 44
45 ACD-CPR + ITD
46 Putting it all together - ACD-CPR + ITD 46
47 Airway Pressures During CPR Conventional CPR CPR with ITD CPR with ACD-CPR +ITD Heart Refills (preload) Chest Wall Recoil Phase 47
48 Airway Pressures During CPR ITP Ao RA ICP S-CPR Conventional or ACD-CPR CPR with ITD ACD-CPR w/ ITD CPR with ACD-CPR +ITD CoPP CePP Heart Refills (preload) Chest Wall Recoil Phase 48
49 Using the ACD-CPR Device 49
50 Near-Normal Blood Flow to the Brain 67% Improvement in Blood Flow with ACD-CPR +ITD ml/min/gm P=0.028 Voelkel et al. Pediatr Res 2002;51: Pre-clinical data may not be indicative of clinical outcomes. 50
51 Improved Survival ACD-CPR +ITD showed an improvement in survival at discharge and one-year compared to conventional CPR Survival with Favorable Neurologic Outcome (%) Aufderheide et al. Lancet
52 Experience: Collierville, TN Insert: ROSC Data 62.5% improvement in ROSC ACD-CPR + ITD Combination 52
53 Henry County, Georgia Experience Insert: ROSC / Survival Data 53
54 Brent Parquette, NRP Lucas County EMS 2144 Monroe Street Toledo, Ohio Lucas County EMS
55 Resuscitation Bundle Approach to CA LCEMS: ~400 cardiac arrests/yr. BLS: Perfusion: ACD-CPR + ITD Pit Crew Concept ALS ETC02 Automatic Transport Ventilators CFR >90% Minimize Peri-shock pauses Pre-charged defibrillation Automated CPR Transport Transport to Cardiac Specialty Centers
56 Lucas County EMS, (Toledo,Ohio) Field ROSC Rates ITD + Automated CPR ACD-CPR + ITD Automated CPR ITD Added Insert: Field ROSC Data : Intra-arrest cooling / PCI-Capable Hospital
57 Lucas County EMS, (Toledo,Ohio) Utstein Survival ACD-CPR + ITD Automated CPR ITD + Automated CPR ITD Added Insert: Witnessed VF Data : Intra-arrest cooling / PCI-Capable Hospital
58 Lucas County EMS, (Toledo,Ohio) Overall Functional Survival ITD + Automated CPR ACD-CPR + ITD Automated CPR ITD Added Insert: Overall Survival : Intra-arrest cooling / PCI-Capable Hospital
59 Future Direction IPR Therapy
60 Heads Up CPR ITD + Automated CPR + head elevated : Enhanced venous return Decreased ICP Increased cardiac output Increased cerebral perfusion Debaty and colleagues 60
61 61
62 35 Relationship Between Head Angle and Coronary Perfusion Pressure (CPP) and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CePP) mmhg CPP 30 Degrees Head Down Therapy 0 Degrees 30 Degrees Head Up Therapy CePP Debaty G, Shin SD, Metzger A, Ryu HH, Kim T, Rees J, McKnite S, Matsuura T, Lick M, Yannopoulos D, Lurie K. Gravity-assisted head up cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves cerebral blood flow and perfusion pressures in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. Circulation 2014; in press.
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68 68 IPR DURING HYPOTENSION ITD-7
69 69 IPR FOR HYPOTENSION: ITD-7
70 APPLICATION: SPONTANEOUSLY BREATHING HYPOTENSIVEPATIENTS 70 Trauma Sepsis Dehydration Orthostasis Dialysis Heat exhaustion Etc......
71 PROTOCOL FOR APPLICATION 71 Indications: Patients >25 lbs Hypotension Various etiologies: Hypovolemia Dehydration Sepsis Dialysis Orthostatic intolerance Contraindications: Shortness of breath Active congestive heart failure Flail chest On-going, uncontrolled blood loss
72 RESULTS: ALL PATIENTS N = 259, p < 0.01 for SBP and DBP Before vs After ITD q Before ITD q During ITD q After ITD SBP DBP HR S. Smith et al; Journal of Emergency Medicine 2011
73 RESULTS: PATIENTS WITHOUT FLUIDS N = 55, p < 0.01 for SBP and DBP Before vs After ITD q Before ITD q During ITD q After ITD SBP DBP HR
74 Positive Effect of Negative Pressure Therapy that enhances negative pressure in the chest to effectively improve circulation of blood to the brain and other vital organs. Perfusion: Future Direction in Resuscitative Care
75 Thank You! Brent Parquette, NRP Lucas County EMS 2144 Monroe Street Toledo, Ohio
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