Regional Workshop on the International Basic Safety Standards. Session 10: Emergency Preparedness and Response

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1 Regional Workshop on the International Basic Safety Standards Session 10: Emergency Preparedness and Response October 2012, Kiev, Ukraine Vladimir Kutkov Incident and Emergency Centre International Atomic Energy Agency

2 Overview: Lessons learned

3 Radiation hazard: From Planned to Emergency exposure situation

4 Defence in Depth for Protecting the Public and Environment A defence in depth is a combination of a number of consecutive and independent levels of protection that would have to fail before harmful effects could be caused to people or to the environment. A framework for emergency preparedness and response to a radiation emergency forms the last level of defence in depth. 4

5 Human Protection in Planned Exposure Situation Source is under a control Preparedness for Emergency Response 5

6 Section 4 of the GSR Part 3 Emergency Exposure Situations (1) Scope: The requirements for emergency exposure situations given in this section apply to activities undertaken in preparedness for and in response to a nuclear or radiological emergency

7 Human Protection in Emergency Exposure Situation Source is out of a control Implementation of protective actions 7

8 Section 4 of the GSR Part 3 Emergency Exposure Situations (2) Generic Requirements: Requirement 43 Public Exposure: Requirement 44 Exposure of Emergency Workers: Requirement 45 Transition from an Emergency Exposure to an Existing Exposure Situation: Requirement 46

9 Safety Standards Preparedness and Response for Nuclear or Radiological Emergency: Safety Requirements GS-R-2 (2002) Arrangements for Preparedness for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency: Safety Guide GS-G-2.1 (2007) Criteria for Use in Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergencies: General Safety Guide GSG-2 (2011)

10 Generic Requirements Requirement 43: Emergency management system The government shall ensure that an integrated and coordinated emergency management system is established and maintained.

11 Characterizing Emergency Exposure Situation

12 Dose Concepts Residual dose The dose expected to be incurred when protective actions have been fully implemented (or a decision has been taken not to implement any protective actions). Projected dose The dose that would be expected to be received in the absence of (some) planned protective actions. Received dose The dose that is incurred after protective actions have been fully implemented (or a decision has been taken not to implement any protective actions).

13 Developing a Strategy of Response to Emergency (1) Set reference level of residual dose between 20 msv msv Establish adequate Generic Criteria of projected or received dose warranting specific protective actions

14 Public Exposure Requirement 44: Preparedness and response to an emergency The government shall ensure that protection strategies are developed, justified and optimized at the planning stage, and that the response in an emergency is undertaken through their timely implementation.

15 Schedule IV of the GSR Part 3 Criteria for Use in Emergency Preparedness and Response Table IV-1: Generic criteria for acute doses at which protective and other actions are expected to be undertaken under any circumstances to avoid or minimize severe deterministic health effects (GSR Part 3, p. 92) Table IV-2: Guidance values for restricting exposure of emergency workers (GSR Part 3, p. 93)

16 Table IV-1. Generic Criteria to Avoid Deterministic Effects (a) Acute external, local and contact exposure Organ or tissue Red marrow Foetus Projected RBE weighted dose (<10 hr) 1 Gy 0.1 Gy Soft tissue 25 Gy at 0.5 cm to 100 cm 2 Skin derma* 10 Gy at 0.4 mm to 100 cm 2

17 Annex to Schedule IV Generic Criteria for Protective Actions and other Response Actions in Emergency Exposure Situations to Reduce the Risk of Stochastic Health Effects Table A-1: Generic criteria for protective actions and other response actions in emergency exposure situations to reduce the risk of stochastic health effects (GSR Part 3, p. 97)

18 Table A-1. Generic Criteria to Reduce the Risk of Stochastic Effects (a) Dosimetric quantity Projected dose in the first week and urgent protective actions Total effective dose Total equivalent dose in foetus or embryo Committed equivalent dose in thyroid 100 msv 100 msv 50 msv Sheltering, evacuation, decontamination, restriction of food consumption Iodine thyroid blocking

19 Table A-1. Generic Criteria to Reduce the Risk of Stochastic Effects (c) Received dose Action Total effective dose Total equivalent dose in embryo or foetus 100 msv in month 100 msv in period of in utero development Screening based on equivalent doses to specific radiosensitive organs (as a basis for medical follow-up), basic counseling Counseling to allow informed decisions to be made in individual circumstances

20 Generic and Operational Criteria GENERIC CRITERIA Operational Intervention Levels (OIL) Emergency Action Levels (EAL) Observables/ Indicators Field and laboratory measurements Abnormal facility conditions ACTIONS Conditions on-scene

21 Verification of compliance with dose limitations For the purpose of demonstrating compliance with dose limitations, the sum of the personal dose equivalent from external exposure of representative person to strongly penetrating radiation in the specified period and the committed equivalent dose or committed effective dose, as appropriate, from intakes of radioactive substances by representative person in the same period shall be used.

22 Concept of representative person The representative person is an individual, who will almost always be a hypothetical construct, receives a dose that is representative of the more highly exposed individuals in the population. The representative person is equivalent to, and replaces, the average member of the critical group recommended previously by the ICRP. (ICRP 2006)

23 Characteristics of representative person Total exposure Exposure Pathway Dosimetric model Dosimetric characteristic Ground shine Child (10 years) E [S,Ch] Cloud shine Adult E [C,Ad] Inhalation Adult E(τ) [H,Ad] Ingestion Infant (1 year) E(τ) [G,Inf] E E [ S, Ch] E [ C, Ad] E ( ) [ H, Ad] E ( ) [ G, In f ]

24 Exposure of Emergency Workers Requirement 45: Arrangements for controlling exposure of emergency workers The government shall establish a programme for managing, controlling and recording doses received in an emergency by emergency workers, which shall be implemented by response organizations and employers.

25 Emergency workers An emergency worker is any person having a specified role as a worker in an emergency and who might be exposed while taking actions in response to the emergency. Emergency workers may include those employed by registrants and licensees as well as personnel from response organizations, such as police officers, firefighters, medical personnel, and drivers and crews of evacuation vehicles.

26 Exposure of emergency workers In an emergency exposure situation, the relevant requirements for occupational exposure in planned exposure situations shall be applied for emergency workers, in accordance with a graded approach. Response organizations and employers shall ensure that no emergency worker is subject to an exposure in an emergency in excess of 50 msv other than those whose perform exceptional tasks. Emergency workers performing exceptional tasks have to be volunteers.

27 Tb. IV-2. Guidance Values for Restricting Exposure of Emergency Workers Tasks Guidance Value Life saving actions H P (10) < 500 msv* Actions to prevent severe deterministic health effects Actions to prevent development of catastrophic conditions Actions to avert a large collective dose H P (10) < 500 msv H P (10) < 100 msv ( * ) This value may be exceeded under the circumstances where the benefit to others clearly outweighs the emergency worker s own risk and the emergency worker volunteers to take the action, and understands and accepts this risk

28 Transition from an Emergency to an Existing Exposure Situation Requirement 46: Arrangements for transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure situation The government shall ensure that arrangements are put in place, and implemented as appropriate, for the transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure situation.

29 Summary: from SS-115 to GSR Part 3 Restructuring the text and deleting certain parts fully covered in GS-R-2, GS-G-2.1 and GSG-2 Consistency with 2007 ICRP Recommendations Arrangements for protection of the public, such as strategies for protection based on reference levels and generic criteria for some protective actions Graded approach for restricting exposure of emergency workers Requirements on transition from emergency exposure situation to existing exposure situation BSS Workshop Ukraine 2012

30 Summary: from SS-115 to GSR Part 3 (2) Introduction of the new dose concepts, dosimetric quantities and criteria Reference level of residual dose Generic criteria of projected dose for protective and other actions to avoid or minimize severe deterministic effects Generic criteria of projected dose for protective actions corresponding to the reference levels of residual dose to reduce risk of stochastic effects Generic criteria of received dose for medical protective actions Guidance values for emergency workers in terms of operational quantities

31 Thank you and any questions?