OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY MANUAL

Transcription

1 OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY MANUAL SECTION 4 CONTAINMENT AND RECOVERY CHECKLIST

2 SAFETY 4.1 WATERCOURSES CONTAINMENT & RECOVERY 4.5 ESTABLISHING COMMAND CENTRES 4.2 ICE-COVERED WATERCOURSES CONTAINMENT & RECOVERY 4.6 ESTABLISHING DECONTAMINATION CENTRES 4.3 EVALUATION OF CONTAINMENT & RECOVERY OPERATIONS 4.7 LAND CONTAINMENT & RECOVERY 4.4 WASTE DISPOSAL AT THE SPILL SITE 4.8

3 SAFETY 4.1 Ensure that safety of the response team and individuals during containment and recovery operations is of highest priority. Assess the site and potential hazards associated with containment and recovery operations prior to the commencement of work. Ensure that personnel on-site understand the safety issues and their responsibilities. Document issues discussed, concerns raised, actions taken and attendees at all safety briefings. Implement measures to eliminate or mitigate hazards. Control access into the site. Designate a safety supervisor. Develop spill site safety policy in regard to equipment requirements, ensure the appropriate equipment is available and workers are competent in its usage (i.e. Self Contained Breathing Apparatus, wind socks, barricades, warning tape, etc.). Common safety equipment at a spill site includes: monitors for combustible gas, toxic substances, O 2 deficiency span / calibration gas to test monitors chemical-resistant suits to prevent contact with hazardous chemicals safety footwear (neoprene / rubber as required) hard hats hearing protection safety glasses / goggles

4 respiratory protection: supplied / self contained air cartridge-type respirator specialized, job-specific equipment (i.e. chainsaw protective pants, face shield, safety belts and lifelines, etc.) identification markers to be worn by key response staff (i.e. marked arm bands, hard hats, or vests) communication equipment facilities (i.e. shelter, food and water, rest rooms, etc.) First Aid kits sized for the number of workers on site other equipment based on policy, hazards and number of workers (i.e. eye wash kits, burn blankets, stretchers, hearing protection, etc.) fire suppression equipment (i.e. portable extinguishers, water truck, pumps, etc.) wind socks Ensure that precautions are taken during the utilization of equipment. Conduct routine air monitoring in the vicinity of the equipment being utilized. Position equipment so that it is outside of the hot zone unless authorization is given and controls are established. Control the movement of equipment being utilized by spotters, minimizing the number of workers in the area. Ensure hazardous areas are well marked (i.e. buried lines, power lines, rough topography, restricted areas, weak ice, etc.) and that equipment operators understand the conditions related to the hazards.

5 ESTABLISHING COMMAND CENTRES 4.2 Establish an On-Site Command Post (OSCP) where the On-Scene Commander, supported by appropriate regulatory agencies, manages spill control operations. Choose a suitable location for the OSCP: identify safe areas outside the immediate spill recovery operations site (cold zone) that can be used by workers, visitors, media, etc. establish post in a position near enough to site entry to allow activity to be monitored, but remote enough to avoid repetitive unwarranted interruptions appropriate signage should be used throughout the site including: directional signs indicating OSCP location command centre signs at site hazard warning signs to inform workers / visitors entering spill site from the building Ensure that the OSCP is equipped with appropriate amenities. Consider having the following building amenities available: use grid or generator as a source of electricity, but ensure that system is surge protected and properly grounded

6 ensure that building has a water system sufficient for drinking and domestic use ensure there is enough washroom capacity. Provide a shower if workers will be on site for extended periods a quiet, separate rest area should be provided for short breaks sufficient room and desk space should be made available for several key response staff. This should include: separate room / space for clerical staff separate reception area at entry to screen new arrivals a separate coffee room area complete with refrigerator and supplies. This space could double as conference room if required a separate area for briefings and meeting with staff and/or media a storage area for supplies / safety equipment required by key response staff Ensure that the OSCP is equipped with sufficient office equipment and supplies. Consider having the following office equipment and supplies available: two telephone lines one reserved for outgoing calls if possible two radio systems one compatible with area operations, the second compatible with on site portables a facsimile (fax) machine on separate line from the telephone system. This machine may initially double as a photocopier a photocopier to duplicate records, documents, etc. a computer with software compatible with company accounting and word processing formats a minimum of 2 flip charts or white boards complete with markers wall maps indicating area access, watercourses, control points, etc. sufficient equipment to facilitate adequate documentation of the events related to the spill site recovery, and include as a minimum: log book to record workers on site and log visitors in and out camera to take pictures of progression of operations pocket memo recorder to assist in documentation of events a variety of office supplies to meet the initial needs of command centre staff: pens / pencils stationery

7 company forms, quickrite stationery, etc. an extra refrigerator clearly identified for sample storage only Have appropriate resource and technical information available at the OSCP. Have the following resource and technical information available: spill contingency manuals for the spill / recovery site with information that includes: contact numbers for key response staff and alternates standard and specialized equipment resource lists government contacts oil spill cooperative and WCSS information emergency numbers (police / fire / ambulance / hospitals) specialized consultants downstream water users / stakeholders land owners / area stakeholders technical information regarding equipment usage and diagrams to assist response personnel in giving instructions on deployment including: response checklist safety assessment / documentation checklists equipment deployment checklists / diagrams organizational flow charts responsibility summaries by position Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all regulated substances that workers may be exposed to on-site should be maintained in a file on-site telephone books for local area Develop a site layout plan for the OSCP and containment and recovery operations. Produce a sketch of the site layout with appropriate buffer areas and equipment positioning (see sample).

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9 For larger spills (i.e. Level 3 Emergency), it may be necessary to establish off-site operational centres to support the On-Scene Commander. Establish a corporate Emergency Response Centre if required. This is normally located in the company s regional office. A Government Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) may be established offsite where representatives from industry, local authorities and government department / agency representatives coordinate activities to assist the On- Scene Commander. Provide a company representative with the necessary authority, technical and news media relations skills.

10 ESTABLISHING DECONTAMINATION AREAS 4.3 Establish an area where response personnel can remove soiled clothing, wash up, return / clean equipment and change into street clothes. NOTE The need for, and type of, decontamination process varies and can be altered according to the type of spill. Ensure that the decontamination area is in a safe, convenient location. Select an area where contaminated wash water can be collected for disposal. Have the area identified with ribbon and appropriate signage (i.e. no smoking). Cover area with a bermed plastic sheet or tarp. Consider having the following equipment at the site: kiddies pool that responders can step into and have his/her outer rubber suit washed warm water supply and detergents washing supplies including hand soap, scrub brushes, wash basins and portable showers long-handled, soft-bristled scrub brushes small tables, and a variety of containers racks for drying and storing clothing and boots, and for equipment storage disinfectant for boots and breathing apparatus field showers dressing area (i.e. tent, trailer) for inclement weather lined bins for waste materials

11 LAND - CONTAINMENT AND RECOVERY 4.4 Following the detailed site evaluation, select one of, or a combination of the following containment techniques: culvert blocks bell holes / trenches dikes / inverted weirs water flushing in-situ burning sorbents for residual oil equipment Regardless of the technique chosen: remember that safety is the number one priority determine spill boundaries and flag area test for sub-surface contamination if appropriate consult with regulatory agencies, stakeholders and spill specialists secure site and control access minimize use of heavy equipment where possible salvage soils and never bury contaminated soil remove as much free fluid as possible (a thorough clean up will reduce reclamation costs and the time required to rehabilitate the site) prevent surface water from entering site avoid unnecessary damage to vegetation preference should be to treat the soil on site and not to remove contaminated soil if spill has the potential to reach ground water or a used water resource, consider excavation and removal of contaminated soil apply calcium soil amendment (ASAP) for produced water spills in soils with heavy clay content

12 CULVERT BLOCKS Utilize a culvert block to contain spilled product from migrating through the culvert. Consider installing culvert gates in sensitive areas where spill potential is high. Ensure plywood, vetter bags or other culvert block material is available for initial spill response. Monitor water levels when blocking culverts to ensure that wash-outs don t occur. BELL HOLES / TRENCHES Utilize bell holes / trenches to contain a spill, and prevent further migration of fluids and to collect fluids for recovery by vacuum, tank truck or pump suction hose. Ensure safety aspects are considered, including: monitor for toxic and combustible vapours before and during the use of hand tools or equipment that could be potential ignition sources site hazards (i.e. buried lines, overhead power lines, etc.) must be identified and marked pre-job safety meeting required to discuss: all hazards and methods to be used to eliminate or mitigate hazards personal protective equipment required

13 emergency egress plan other safety concerns firefighting equipment should be on stand by When utilizing bell holes and trenches, consider the following: preferable to utilize more numerous shallow bell holes or trenches to minimize risk of fluid penetration into soil. Shallow depth also reduces risk of striking buried hazards natural depressions should be used if possible. Natural seams can be utilized to collect and direct fluid instead of digging trenches when possible, excavated material should be placed away from path of draining fluids trenches can be used to direct spilled material and collect fluid for draining into bell holes. Use a herring bone pattern to aid in fluid recovery and feeder trenches to divert fluid into bell holes fluids can be squeegeed or allowed to drain into bell holes or trenches properly positioned bell holes or trenches at the perimeter of the spill site can be used to prevent further migration of fluids a disc or drum skimmer should be considered to recover oil from the bell hole DIKES / INVERTED WEIRS Utilize dikes and inverted weirs to contain and recover fluids. Ensure safety aspects are considered, including: monitor to ensure no toxic or combustible vapours are present prior to, and during, construction pre-job safety meeting should be held to discuss: method to be used to install dikes / weirs potential hazards and method to be used to eliminate or mitigate the hazards monitoring requirements, frequency, levels personal protective equipment requirements emergency response and egress plan adequate fire-fighting equipment must be on site. When utilizing dikes, consider the following: utilize natural low areas and seams to minimize construction and disturbance keep height and width to minimum to reduce construction time and disturbance

14 existing roads may be used by blocking culvert, but flow must be monitored to prevent wash out and losses of contaminants straw bales may be utilized in certain areas requiring oil retention oil (filter fence): constructed of double bales, with overlap, set evenly on level ground some site preparation to ensure level ground for good seal with bales may be required bales may have to be staked or re-enforced to prevent failure if significant flow expected a snow and ice dike can be used to contain a spill during winter months (see diagram on following page.) When utilizing an inverted weir, consider the following: used to contain oil and permit water to flow on through culvert (note: will not hold / retain high salinity water) utilize natural seams or low areas to minimize construction and disturbance if inadvertent failure could contaminate sensitive areas, construct 2 inverted weirs in succession to lessen risk utilize properly-sized culvert at appropriate angle to control water / oil level in the dike: if expected flow / culvert size not known, use bigger size culvert if large flows expected, use two culverts one set slightly higher to act as overflow if required bottom edge of culvert discharge will determine level of oil / water in dike bottom of culvert inlet (within dike) should be approximately two feet below expected water surface to prevent siphoning of oil and off bottom far enough to prevent plugging by siltation dike should be constructed of material with sufficient clay content to permit sealing around culvert and provide a strong dike consider reinforcing the dike walls with sand bags and plastic when it is in loose material straw or other sorbent material should be placed at discharge to catch small amounts of oil prepare for the release of a small slug of oil when weir is first put into operation install culverts with gates or pipes with vales, if there is need to control high fluid levels: gates / valves should be locked to prevent tampering and possible loss of contaminants

15 WATER FLUSHING In forested soils or soils with a high organic matter content, a low-pressure cold water flush may be appropriate to direct produced water (salt water) spills to a recovery area. NOTE Flushing a salt water spill on cultivated land and soils with a high clay content may cause additional damage (soil dispersion) unless a calcium amendment is first added to the flush water. For produced water spills on soils with a high clay content, add a calcium amendment (i.e. calcium nitrate fertilizer) in a water-soluble form while the soil is still wet. Follow-up with an application of calcium nitrate in less-soluble form (i.e. gypsum). Use caution when using calcium nitrate if there is a risk of contaminating surface or ground water with nitrates. Consult with company specialists or laboratory for recommendations on appropriate soil amendments.

16 Construct containment trenches in the appropriate location. Flush the contaminated area as soon as possible (not a produced water spill in mineral soil without calcium amendment). Preservation of native vegetation is a priority and minimizing the length of time salt water is in contact with plant roots is critical for their survival. Use water with conductivity less than 1 mmhos/cm. Apply by sprinkler or discharge from header pipes located above the spill. Collect leachate, etc. in trenches or bell holes. Repeating flushing at 3-4 day intervals may be advantageous. Utilize hot water flushing to direct oil to a recovery area. Ensure safety aspects are considered, including: hot water can increase the volatilization of light ends and vapours which can increase the risk of flammability and exposure of workers to hazardous vapours monitoring for toxic and flammable vapours required NOTE Exposure to water vapour may impair or render monitor sensors ineffective. Calibrate monitors frequently to ensure that they are operating properly. personal protective equipment required to mitigate risk of inhaling vapours and exposure to eye and skin. Hearing protection may be required for personnel using spray nozzles pre-job meetings should discuss: task hazards methods to eliminate or reduce hazard exposure monitoring requirements, frequency and limits personal protective equipment requirements, and emergency response plan / egress plan other safety issues fire equipment should be on stand-by at the site

17 When utilizing hot water flushing, consider the following: flush to bell holes or ditches to keep distances short and minimizing repeated effort to move same amount of oil flush from perimeter inward to keep a cleaned area between the workers and perimeter (provides safe egress route in case of ignition) flush with wind at workers back to reduce risk of inhaling vapours and in case of ignition separate debris when recovering fluid to minimize costs of fluid processing utilize squeegee, if safe to do so, to increase effectiveness by physically moving large amount of oil and washing remainder when possible, take recovered fluids back to the company facility for treatment IN-SITU BURNING Utilize in-situ burning of an oil spill when: regulatory approval has been given and the appropriate contacts made it is unsafe to contain and recover the product with men and equipment burning would prevent imminent contamination of a sensitive area equipment usage would cause a greater overall negative impact oil on water or thin / broken ice is of an adequate thickness (2 mm+) and in-situ burning is the best response further mechanical clean up is unfeasible a controlled burn is possible controls are in place to ensure a safe, effective burn and it is contained to the spill site NOTE If in water, a system is in place to contain and dispose of potentially contaminated water from snow / ice melt. Refer to Section 6.

18 SORBENTS Sorbents are used to recover residual oil that cannot effectively be recovered by mechanical equipment. Select sorbents that: recover product effectively are readily available are easy to apply and recover do not create a disposal problem (reduce waste on-site) are economical (consider using natural materials i.e. straw) EQUIPMENT Following the site assessment and the development of a plan that identifies techniques for containment and recovery, select the appropriate equipment. Refer to the table on the following pages for information on typical equipment used for containment and recovery operations.

19 EQUIPMENT TYPES USAGE Backhoes Dozers Wheeled Tracked Standard More mobile, easier / faster to move without trailers Limited use in softer ground conditions Newer 4-wheel and/or extend-a-hose have increased versatility Less mobile, requires trailer to move longer distances More versatile in soft ground conditions Usually larger, more powerful, longer reach Suitable for average to soft ground SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS Safe positioning required within spill site Potential ignition source from equipment components (exhaust, alternator, etc.) as well as steel striking steel / rock, etc. On-site hazards must be identified (i.e. power lines, underground lines, etc.) Continuous monitoring for combustible / toxic vapours is required Potential ignition sources: - engine and components; - steel striking steel / rock. Monitoring is required for combustible/toxic gases. OPERATING Do not dig deeper than minimum depth required Can be used to install bell holes, trenches, ditches, dikes, inverted weirs Can clear debris for other equipment workers Can position equipment matting for other equipment, towing build ramps to open tankage, etc. Dozers with winches are preferred: - winching out if stuck; - winching / towing other equipment Performance enhanced by tilt / angle blade. Maintaining/preparing access. Removing obstacles/ debris for equipment / workers. Towing equipment. Making ditches, dikes, inverted weirs. Piling debris for disposal. Wide Pad / Extended Track More versatile in soft ground conditions Pumps Various Skimming operations. Transporting fluids. Flushing and cleaning operations. Fire suppression. Continuous monitoring Follow manufacturer of the area for toxic / operating guidelines. flammable vapours. Follow manufacturer recommendations for operation. Ensure that gasoline and diesel engines are equipped with flame and spark arrestors on the exhaust system. Electric motors must be explosion-proof and grounded when necessary. Cool engines and ensure they are in a safe area (no ignition sources) prior to refuelling. Ensure operators wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including hearing protection.

20 EQUIPMENT TYPES USAGE Skimmers Oily Debris Separation Tank Tank Trucks Tanks Vacuum units, Disc skimmer, Drum skimmer, Rope mop skimmer, Acme skimmer, Mantaray skimmer, PEDCO skimmer, Skim-pak ½ Railway Tank with Series of Screens Wheeled Closed Open SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS Normally used in bell Monitoring for holes for land spills. combustible and toxic Disc skimmer, drum vapours is required. skimmer and rope mop Workers in or near will reduce the amount water should wear life of water collected. jackets. Specialized tank used for separating debris from recovered hydrocarbons. Position a minimum of 25 metres from ignition source. Portable open tank with compartments and screens. Separates debris from recovered fluid by screening fluid as it flows between compartments. Equipped with heating coils for use in winter. Available from Area G Co-op in Alberta For removal of recovered hydrocarbons and also have some capability for recovering spilled materials Can recover fluids if sufficient volume of spilled material is present at point of suction to keep unit from breaking suction. Are the cheapest type of truck unit to recover fluid Are not as efficient as vacuum trucks at removing oil from water since they cannot continually maintain suction. Efficiency can be enhanced by skimmer heads. Can be used to mix calcium amendment and apply to a produced water spill. Suitably sized valves / ports for unloading from large discharge hose. If solids / debris expected, should have man-ways to facilitate periodic clean-out. Preferred if large amounts of solids / debris expected. Overflow piping can be connected to prevent further spillage. Ground tank to proper ground rod: - provide trucks with ability to ground to rod or tank. Screens should be bonded to tank during insertion / removal. Guard rolls should be in position. Monitor the area for hydrocarbon gases. Should operate from outside spill perimeter and have gas monitoring to ensure they are not operating in potentially explosive / toxic atmospheres. Tankage should be located a safe distance from ignition source. There should be adequate secondary containment around tankage. Overflow piping can be connected to open tank with portable hose to eliminate overflow spills. Should be accessible for trucking. Adequate signage and grounding must be used. OPERATING Position skimmers to be presented with maximum amount of oil. Ensure that skimmer is adjusted to work efficiently. Locate recovery / storage tank close to skimmer. Tank should be positioned as close to spill site as safety allows. This will minimize haulage distances. Vacuum trucks can discharge into inlet and tank trucks can haul fluids back from discharge for processing. Periodically, inlet baskets / compartment should be cleaned by vacuum units and debris taken to approved disposal site. On produced water spills, recovered produced water can be cleaned using bulk furnace filter inside the double screen. Hoses can be swedged down to increase recovery distance. Properly maintained pump on tank truck can greatly increase suction distance / efficiency. Workers at hose suction end can increase efficiency through proper positioning (suction strainer reduces recovered debris). Portable pump used as a booster near suction end can increase suction distance. Can be used as short-term stationary pump to recover fluids and pump directly into tank. Adequate storage volume must be calculated and provided. Sufficient retention time to facilitate separation decreases cost, especially in remote areas. Regulatory approval required to release water from tankage following oil / water separation at the site.

21 EQUIPMENT TYPES USAGE Vacuum Trucks Port-A-Tanks Temporary Lined Pits Standard All-Terrain Portable, transportable by air or all-terrain vehicles. Best-suited for remote areas. Usually a temporary solution until large tankage can be installed. Usually very limited volumes. Should be constructed as shallow as possible and larger in dimension. Lined with impermeable synthetic liner of the proper type for product to be stored. Provision must be made during construction to ensure integrity of the liner (i.e. sand bed). Used only as temporary solution for remote areas. Single axle or tandem. Require good ground conditions to operate without towing assistance. Tandems utilizing only partial loads can operate on semi-soft ground. Are able to travel from spill right onto road. Caution required to avoid increasing safety risk by operating in unacceptable areas. Large tires provide capability to operate on soft ground unaided. Limited, cost-effective travelling distances. Must have on-site tankage to reduce costs. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS Monitor area to ensure that trucks are not within zone of combustible / toxic gas. Keep trucks outside of spill perimeter and use hoses to recover products. Vacuum pump air discharge should be piped away from engine. OPERATING Position outside spill perimeter, recover product utilizing hoses. Proper hose placement improves efficiency: - hoses can be swedged down to increase recovery distance; worker at hose suction end can increase efficiency through proper positioning.

22 WATERCOURSES CONTAINMENT AND RECOVERY 4.5 RIVERS AND STREAMS Determine appropriate control points for containment and recovery operations. Activate the area Oil Spill Contingency Manual. Complete an assessment of the spill (see Section 3.5). Develop a containment and recovery plan in consultation with company representatives, lead government agencies and other stakeholders. Mobilize appropriate resources, and make necessary contacts (i.e. internal, regulatory agency, dam operators, etc.). Select the exact location in the control point area to deploy containment and recovery equipment. Choose a site where the current is directed towards the recovery area. When possible, the equipment deployment site should be in slower-moving current (less than 4 km/h). On larger rivers, ensure that the site is on the same side of the river as the spilled hydrocarbon. Consider access when choosing the site. Determine current speed and corresponding boom angles from the following charts.

23 CURRENT SPEED AND BOOM ANGLE REQUIREMENTS Time in seconds stick travels 30 m (100 ft) Current Km/hr Current Mph Current (metres per second) Current (feet per second) Boom angle (degrees to current) degrees degrees degrees degrees Ensure safety of workers and visitors. Conduct a safety and hazard assessment and take precautionary measures (see Section 3.3). Deploy marker buoys and signage both upstream and downstream of the equipment deployment site to warn watercraft. Monitor safety on a continuous basis and consider key issues: monitoring for hydrocarbon vapours identification of restricted areas placement of appropriate signage and barricades provision of personal protective equipment proper usage of equipment emergency services are available if required unnecessary personnel and equipment are kept out of work areas personnel are briefed on a continuous basis and understand their responsibilities documentation of all safety aspects maintained

24 Select an anchoring method to secure the lead end of the boom. Select one of, or a combination of, the following anchoring techniques: Shoreline Pins in narrow watercourses with slower-moving current, utilize shoreline pins, screw in anchors, or natural anchors (i.e. trees, rocks) Trolley Line rope or cable is deployed on an angle with the anchoring point further upstream on the side of the river where equipment is being deployed. A split pulley is connected to the trolley line from which the boom is anchored. A rope is connected to the pulley to adjust the boom angle Bridge Pier Bridle the work boat crew wrap the bridle around the bridge pier to anchor boom (ensure that the boom angle is appropriate) In-Stream Anchors have the boat crew deploy anchors at the appropriate angle. Ensure that there is sufficient chain on the anchor s shaft (minimum 8 metres), and a series of anchors is deployed if necessary Boom Vane the Boom Vane and containment boom are deployed from shore and typically, boats are not required unless there is insufficient water depth near shore. If so, a small boat may be needed to deploy to deeper water. Refer to the following charts as a guideline to deploy containment and recovery equipment.

25 TROLLEY LINE BOOM DEPLOYMENT

26 Step 1 Determine target recovery point. Consider skimmer options; look for deep slow water with good access for trucks and storage. Determine optimum location for trolley line taking into consideration river width and current speed and boom angle. Install Marker Buoys upstream and downstream or place signage on shoreline to advise water users of the potential hazard. Step 2 Install a ½ rope across the river on an angle with the intended anchor point farther upstream on the side of the river where the skimmer will be deployed. Securely anchor the rope on both sides of the river using trees, rocks, shoreline anchors, equipment or a combination of the above.

27 Step 3 Lay out boom along shoreline, connect ATSM connectors, a tow bridle or tow paravane and a split pulley. Attach split pulley to trolley line. Step 4 Attach the Pedco skimmer to Boom. Attach handline bridles every 7 meters or as required and attach an adequate length of ½ shoreline rope to each handline bridle. Shoreline ropes must be set at an angle facing downstream when in the river. Ensure there are enough workers to work manage each rope.

28 Step 5 Attach shoreline boom to skimmer. Attach equalizer ropes on both sides of the split pulley. Attach suction hose, hose floats and an anchor rope to the discharge end of the Pedco skimmer. Have adequate number of workers managing each shoreline rope. Push split pulley out into current to allow current to deploy. Depending on current speed, workers may have to use equalizer ropes to assist in moving the boom out into the current. Once the boom is at the appropriate angle, tie off both equalizer ropes to a suitable anchor point. Step 6 Use a combination of handlines, and the ropes on the skimmer and shoreline boom to straighten out the river side boom. Attach the Suction hose to a trash pump or directly to a vacuum truck or tank truck. Recovery system can be expanded through manifold systems to allow pumping into temporary storage tanks or trucks.

29 Step 7 Install a secondary recovery system using either another trolley line, or instream, anchor setup. If conditions permit, a drum skimmer, and sorbents can be used to contain and recover product that migrates past the primary system.

30 BRIDGE PIER BOOM DEPLOYMENT

31 Step 1 Determine target recovery point. Consider skimmer options; look for deep slow water with good access for trucks and storage. Install Marker Buoys upstream and downstream or place signage on shoreline to advise water users of the potential hazard. Step 2 Ensure bridge pier bridle is long enough to go around the bridge pier. Install marker buoys on each end and in the middle of the bridle. Attach 8m rope to front end of bridle and wrap around boat tow post. Travel slowly upstream and within safe distance of bridge pier.

32 Step 3 When safely past the upstream end of the bridge pier, start ferrying across the front until the boat is on the opposite side of the bridge pier, and then continue upstream until the middle marker buoy is visible. Step 4 When you can see the middle marker buoy, release the tow rope and allow the current to wrap the bridge pier bridle around the bridge pier, using caution to keep the boat away from the upstream end of the bridge pier.

33 Step 5 The boat can then attach both ends together by connecting the safety snap hook onto the bridge pier bridle ring. Remove one of the marker buoys. The tow rope can be removed or left attached. Step 6 Set up boom on shore so that it can be safely towed out. Attach a tow paravane or tow bridle on the upstream side and a minimum 8m ½ rope. Attach a minimum 15m rope on the back end of the boom. The boat starts pulling the boom upstream, staying as close to shore as possible.

34 Step 7 The boat attaches the tow rope to the bridge pier bridle. Step 8 The boat starts attaching handline bridles and ropes to the river boom and ferrying them across to shoreline crews starting at the upstream end. As the boat is ferrying lines across, shoreline crews begin pulling the boom toward shore and securing to predetermined anchor points.

35 Step 9 When the shoreline crews have moved the boom close enough to shore, the skimmer crew attaches the shoreline boom, Pedco Skimmer, Hose Floats, Suction Hose and a tie off line. Step 10 Use a combination of handlines, and the ropes on the skimmer and shoreline boom to straighten out the river side boom. Attach the Suction hose to a trash pump or directly to a vacuum truck or tank truck. Recovery system can be expanded through manifold systems to allow pumping into temporary storage tanks or trucks.

36 Step 11 Install a secondary recovery system using either another trolley line, or instream, anchor setup. If conditions permit, a drum skimmer, and sorbents can be used to contain and recover product that migrates past the primary system.

37 INSTREAM ANCHOR BOOM DEPLOYMENT

38 Step 1 Determine target recovery point. Consider skimmer options; look for deep slow water with good access for trucks and storage. Install Marker Buoys upstream and downstream or place signage on shoreline to advise water users of the potential hazard. Ensure anchor assembly is complete with anchor, chain, rope and marker buoy. For most deployments there should be at least 15m of ½ chain and potentially 2 anchors. Determine optimum location for Anchor, considering river width, current speed and boom angle. Consider setting anchor 30m upstream of intended point to allow for anchor slippage. Step 2 When the boat is at the anchor deployment location, boat will hold river and crew will start deploying the anchor, chain rope and marker buoy. When the anchor is on the bottom of the river bed, the boat will start drifting downstream at a speed that allows the chain and rope to deploy safely. When there is about 3m of rope and marker buoy left in the boat, the boat operator will add power to hold his position in the water. The crew will wrap the rope around a front tow post and the boat operator will then begin drifting downstream again to try and set the anchor into the river bed. The anchor is considered set when the boat cannot pull the anchor assembly backwards with full power. The operator then moves ahead to take the slack out of the assembly, and the crew removes the rope from the tow post and allows it to settle into the water.

39 Step 3 Set up boom on shore so that it can be safely towed out. Attach a tow paravane or tow bridle on the upstream side with a minimum 8m ½ rope. Attach a minimum 15m rope on the back end of the boom. The boat starts pulling the boom upstream, staying as close to shore as possible. Step 4 The boat approaches the marker buoy and the crew attaches the rope to the marker buoy.

40 Step 5 The boat starts attaching handline bridles and ropes to the river boom and ferrying them across to shoreline crews starting at the upstream end. As the boat is ferrying lines across, shoreline crews begin pulling the boom toward shore and securing it to predetermined anchor points. Step 6 When the shoreline crews have moved the boom close enough to shore, the skimmer crew attaches the shoreline boom, Pedco Skimmer, Hose Floats, Suction Hose and a tie off line.

41 Step 7 Use a combination of handlines, and the ropes on the skimmer and shoreline boom to straighten out the river side boom. Attach the Suction hose to a trash pump or directly to a vacuum truck or tank truck. Recovery system can be expanded through manifold systems to allow pumping into temporary storage tanks or trucks. Step 8 Install a secondary recovery system using either another trolley line, or instream, anchor setup. If conditions permit, a drum skimmer, and sorbents can be used to contain and recover product that migrates past the primary system.

42 DEPLOYMENT GUIDELINES USING BOOM DEFLECTORS Boom deflectors can be used to help angle boom towards a containment and recovery area near a shoreline. STEP #1 Install the boom deflectors between each 50 length of boom using the ASTM common connector. Ensure that the deflector wing is locked in place prior to boom deployment. STEP #2 Tow the boom with the deflectors to the anchoring point STEP #3 The work boat crew next pull alongside each other STEP #4 Once all deflectors have been set it may be necessary to change the angle on some of the wings to achieve the appropriate boom angle.

43 RIVER OSR APPLICATION BOOMVANE NOTE The BoomVane is a versatile spill control tool perfect for both recovery and deflection modes of operation. Moored with only one line, the BoomVane is completely selftrimming and requires no attendance once deployed. The BoomVane may be used with any type or make of oil boom or skimming system, although shallow draught river booms and Circus-type recovery systems are recommended (i.e. FLEXI system). BOOMVANE RIVER DEPLOYMENT PROCEDURE (TYPICAL) STEP #1 Determine the recovery point; lay out the entire system along the bank (with some slack on the boom). Connect the BoomVane, line and boom to the connector plate. * BoomVane patent pending by ORC AB. Material in this manual pertaining to BoomVane has been excerpted from Fast Water Oil Spill Control Technology by ORC AB.

44 STEP #2 With the mooring line and boom end secured to shore, push out the BoomVane from the bank to let it float free. The BoomVane swings out towards midstream with the boom in tow. STEP #3 When the BoomVane has tightened up the boom, further mooring line is paid out until the optimum boom-to-current angle is achieved. STEP #4 The BoomVane control rudder (operated by the control line run along (i.e. the boom to the recovery point)), brings the system back to the bank (i.e. to let vessels pass or for system recovery).

45 NOTE The BoomVane the current while the boom, suspended in a curve between the vane connector plate and the shore-side recovery point downstream, is set at approximately 10 (Regardless of boom type, the boom-to-current angle is limited if the oil is to be prevented from diving under the boom.) The width or swath of the system is controlled by a number of variables, the length and angle of the mooring line and the length of the oil boom are two. Water velocity, type and state of oil are others. A very important feature of the rigging arrangement contributing to the exceptional stability of the BoomVane system is the connector plate arrangement. The boom is not suspended from the vane but connected directly to the mooring line. The BoomVane itself is hooked up to the connector plate by a bridle, thereby allowed to fly free like a kite. A mooring line with a break load of 5,000 6,000 kp is recommended. A lowfriction, small diameter line reduces drag thereby allowing for a longer boom to be deployed. NOTE Should the current be insufficient near the bank (<1 knot) for system deployment but stronger in mid-stream a strap can be inserted between the connector plate and vane bridle block to allow the BoomVane to reach the midstream flow without being held back by the boom.

46 LAKES AND SLOUGHS Predict locations where oil will contact shore. Determine wind speed and direction and through a visual assessment, identify the direction the spilled product is moving and the area of shoreline that will be affected. NOTE To reduce the need for shoreline clean-up, place booms along shore before contact with oil is made. Ensure safety of workers. Identify restricted areas. Place appropriate signage and barricades. Provide appropriate personal protective equipment for response teams. Provide training on use of personal protective equipment. Ensure proper use of all equipment. Ensure that a rescue team is on stand-by at all times. Keep unnecessary personnel and equipment out of work areas. Contain and recover the spilled oil.

47 If slick is blown onto one portion of shoreline, deploy a barrier (i.e. boom, straw bale, filter fence, etc.) to ensure that it is contained. Use a series of booms to hold stranded oil in place. Consider all options for removing oil from contaminated shoreline (including in-situ burning). If the spilled hydrocarbon is on open water, away from the shoreline, utilize boats, boom and skimmers to contain and recover or sweep the product to a recovery area on shore. Consider using in-situ burning (see Section 5). Utilize a combination of floating scarecrows and other devices (i.e. gas cannons) to keep waterfowl and other animals out of the spill site. Pump recovered product to holding tanks for temporary storage and eventual disposal.

48 ICE-COVERED WATERCOURSES CONTAINMENT & RECOVERY 4.6 NOTE This section describes the use of the ice slotting technique and a technique utilizing deflection boards for recovering oil from under solid ice cover. These techniques should be considered when the ice is thick enough to support equipment and personnel, and when the water beneath the ice is deep enough. Where these situations do not exist, other techniques (burning, booming, etc.) should be considered. Following the site assessment, determine the ice slot location. The slot or series of slots should be situated to contain any product from migrating downstream. The slot should be angled approximately 30 degrees to the river s edge. The width of the slot should be approximately 1.5 times the ice thickness and be wide enough for the skimmer (approximately 1 metre [3.25 feet]). There should be a slight J angle curve at the lead end of the slot to provide current flow towards the shoreline recovery angle. It may be necessary to create a larger opening in the ice by breaking it with larger equipment. Following the site and ice assessment, determine the location for the series of deflection boards and oil recovery hole.

49 The deflection boards (1¼ 2½ m [4 ft 8 ft] plywood or plastic 2 or 4 centimetres [c or ¼ inch] thickness) can be either cascaded or can be inserted in a continuous series, towards a recovery hole in the ice. The deflection boards should be angled at approximately 15-to-30 degrees to the river s current. The width of the slot in which the deflection boards are inserted should be just slightly larger than the width of the board. The boards are then held in place with shims. A typical chainsaw blade will cut a slot just slightly larger than 4 centimetres (¼ inch). If the boards are inserted in a cascade, each board should overlap the previous one by approximately ¼ of the board length, and should be approximately 30 to 50 centimetres (12 to 18 inches) apart. The deflection boards should be inserted into the water to an approximate depth of 30 centimetres (12 inches). The recovery hole should be large enough to accommodate the skimmer used to recover the spilled oil. The hydraulic drum skimmer works very well in this application. Choose the appropriate equipment to create the ice slot or deflection board slot based on the site assessment. Options for creating the slot include: chainsaws backhoe with a frost bucket and ice cleats ditch witch steam line Remove ice blocks from the slot, if using the ice slotting technique.

50 Auger holes in the centre of each ice block. Utilize a T-bar with chain and tractor or hand winch with frame to remove blocks. If possible, float blocks towards shore for removal. Remove ice blocks from the ice surface. If the water depth under the ice is adequate, blocks can be pushed under. Remove slush from the open slot with a scoop shovel with holes, screen mesh on a frame or rakes. Recover product that migrates into the ice slot or opening. Place a skimmer at the downstream end of the slot, close to shore. A steamer may be useful to help keep equipment thawed. Ensure that ice slot remains open. Remove accumulations of spilled product upstream of the ice slot, or deflection board site. Locate accumulations and remove or burn. It may be necessary to remove ice if it becomes heavily contaminated with the spilled product.

51 OIL UNDER ICE ICE SLOTTING TECHNIQUE

52 OIL UNDER ICE DEFLECTOR BOARD DEPLOYMENT

53 EVALUATION OF CONTAINMENT & RECOVERY OPERATIONS 4.7 As spill containment and recovery operations proceed, conduct routine evaluations to ensure safe, efficient control. Bird-scaring devices can be obtained through the custodian of the WCSS spill units or through Fish & Wildlife. Ensure that a safety plan has been implemented and is effective. Evaluate documentation to ensure that it is satisfactory. Check to verify that appropriate contacts have been made. Re-assess the site conditions and modify the containment and recovery plan if required. Continue with routine weather checks and continuously monitor wind speed and direction. Assess the effectiveness of resources and determine requirements for future operations. Collect necessary samples for analysis (i.e. water samples upstream of the pollution source and downstream of the last containment point). Conduct site-specific evaluations (i.e. effectiveness of recovery operations in a watercourse): safety anchoring systems boom deployment skimmer efficiency pumping system tankage

54 secondary containment and recovery waste management system resource requirements contact updates documentation Adjust operations based on the evaluations. Ensure response team is fully briefed of changes, and that they understand their responsibilities. Adjust the containment and recovery plan and ensure that appropriate inhouse personnel are advised, and that the lead government agency, land owners, etc., are in agreement. Continue with adjustments until the operation is running safely, effectively and cost-efficiently.

55 WASTE DISPOSAL AT THE SPILL SITE 4.8 Identification of wastes at the spill site. Common wastes at a spill site could include: contaminated debris and soil from crude oil and condensate spills contaminated debris and soil from produced water spills produced water oily rags contaminated fresh water from washing and flushing operations crude oil or condensate domestic garbage glycol diesel fuel or lube oil contaminated sorbent material Develop a strategy for minimizing the amount of waste at the spill site. Utilize the Four R s principle: reduce re-use recycle recover

56 Determine the proper waste storage requirements. Selected storage area should be large enough to accommodate anticipated waste volumes. Area should be identified with appropriate signage (i.e. WHMIS, TDG, etc) and barricades. Secondary containment is not required for temporary storage. Lined, bermed areas may be constructed for temporary storage of contaminated solid materials (free fluids must be removed). Temporary storage is restricted to 180 days maximum duration. If storage is required for longer periods, the requirements of AER Directive 55 must be met. Determine the waste disposal options. Refer to the Waste Management Table for a list of wastes and their required transportation, storage and disposal requirements. The information in the table should also be used when completing AER or TDG waste manifests. It is the responsibility of the waste generator to select the proper waste receiver. Once the waste has been identified, contact the nearest waste receiver to ensure that they are approved to receive the waste. Refer to the Table of AER-Approved Oilfield Waste Management Facilities. Consider the use of the WCSS mobile air curtain incinerator to dispose of oilcontaminated debris at the spill site (see Section 2.4 of this manual for contact information). Regulatory approval from lead government agency is required to utilize the incinerator (Alberta Energy Regulator ( AER ) in Alberta; Oil and Gas Commission ( OGC ) in British Columbia; Saskatchewan Energy and Mines ( SEM ) in Saskatchewan) see Section 2.6 in this manual for contact information.

57 WASTE MANAGEMENT TABLE WASTE NAME [AER WASTE CODE] WASTE CLASS TDG: SHIPPING NAME PIN CLASS PACKING GROUP / REQUIRED DOCUMENT TREATMENT / STORAGE / DISPOSAL OPTION Absorbents [OILABS] Acid Solutions (Unneutralized) [ACID] Caustic Solutions (Unneutralized, Spent) [CAUS] Contaminated Soil (Chemicals) [SOILCH] Contaminated Soil (Crude / Condensate) [SOILCO] Contaminated Soil (Produced Water) [SOILPW] Contaminated Soil (Refined Oils / Fuel) [SOILRO] Contaminated Soil (Sulphur) [SOILPW] Crude Oil Emulsion [COEMUL] N-DOW N-HAZ DOW S.W. WDG DOW S.W. WDG DOW S.W. WDG DOW S.W. WDG N-DOW N-HAZ DOW S.W. WDG S: None P: N/A T: Drain and recovery any free liquids P: N/A R: Recycle Docket S: Covered, labelled container C: N/A D: Recycle via Waste Broker Landfill Class II (AB) S: Corrosive Liquids, N.O.S. P: II T: Neutralize acid, if possible. ph should be between 6.0 and 9.9 P: UN1760 R: Manifest S: Store in appropriate lined container C: 8 (9.2) D: Deep Well Disposal Disposal Well Class Ib if ph is (6.0 9.o) or Class Ia (higher than 12.5 or lower than 4.5) S: Corrosive Liquids, N.O.S. P: I T: Re-use, neutralize ph P: UN1760 R: Manifest S: Store in a corrosive-resistant container (fibreglass, etc.) C: 8 D: re-use, neutralize ph, surface discharge Disposal Well S: Solids Containing Corrosive P: I T: Remove any free liquids prior to disposal. Liquid N.O.S. P: UN3244 R: Manifest S: Store on a covered, lined pad until disposal C: 8 D: On-site bioremediation or Waste Treatment Facility Landfill (Dependent on contaminant) S: Solids Containing Flammable Liquid N.O.S. P: II T: Remove any free liquids prior to disposal P: UN3175 R: Manifest S: Store on a covered, lined pad until disposal C: 9.1 D: On-site bioremediation or Waste Treatment Facility Landfill S: None P: N/A T: Remove any free liquids prior to disposal P: N/A R: Bill of Lading S: Store on a covered, lined pad until disposal C: N/A D: Waste Treatment Facility Landfill at approved Class Ia, Ib or II facility S: Solids Containing Flammable P: II T: Remove any free liquids prior to disposal Liquid N.O.S. P: UN3175 R: Manifest S: Store on a covered, lined pad until disposal C: 4.1 D: On-site bioremediation Waste Treatment Facility or Industrial Landfill N-DOW S: None P: N/A T: On-site treatment may include lime addition to neutralize DOW S.W. WDG P: N/A R: N/A S: Store in a covered container prior to disposal C: N/A D: Material may be taken to an approved Class II or higher landfill S: Flammable Liquids N.O.S. P: II T: Remove any free oil or water P: UN1993 R: Manifest S: Store in a covered container prior to disposal