Technical Rescue Awareness. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 1

Transcription

1 Technical Rescue Awareness January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 1

2 General Objectives 1-1 Definitions see student handouts 2-1 General Identify the OSFM certification requirements as presented in class Identify the need for the AHJ to have action plans and policies in place for technical rescues Identify the need for the AHJ to conduct a hazard analysis of the response area and determine the feasibility of conducting technical rescue. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 2

3 General Objectives Identify the NFPA recognized levels of operational capability at technical rescue incidents Identify general necessary elements to afford safety at technical rescue incidents Identify hazard analysis and risk assessment principles at technical rescue incidents (size (size-up). January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 3

4 General Objectives Identify the need for establishing an Incident Command System (ICS) / Incident Management System (IMS) at technical rescue incidents Identify the needs and methods for scene control Identify the initial company operations. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 4

5 General Course Requirements & Standards Follows guidelines OSFM & NFPA 1670 Provide a means to identify and properly react to uncommon, dangerous and difficult rescues Further training is required for actual rescue operations and practices January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 5

6 General NOTE This course DOES NOT contain hands on training The AHJ is responsible for training per NFPA 1670 Operations and Training at Technical Rescue Incidents The AHJ must instruct members in EMS January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 6

7 Course content Structural collapse General Various types of building collapse Rope rescue Various rescue situations require rope work Confined space Rescues in confined spaces, vats, sewers, silos, etc. Vehicles & Machinery Roadway extrication and industrial rescue / extrication January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 7

8 General Course content Water Ice, surf, dive, and swift water Wilderness search and rescue Search patterns and situation analysis Trench & excavation January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 8

9 General OSFM requirements for certification Certified Firefighter II 100% attendance of the 8 hour awareness course Passing the state written exam by 70% January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 9

10 General Each AHJ needs to have an action plan and policies in place to handle technical rescues AHJ has complete control over all resources requested Authority to stop all rescue attempts January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 10

11 General AHJ must conduct risk and hazard analysis Information to make informed decision Likelihood of incident Where it might occur Effects on the community January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 11

12 General AHJ required to establish SOP s / SOG s Awareness Level Basic initial company response First on the scene in course of duty Identify type of incident Start initial company operations Generally NOT considered rescuers January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 12

13 General Operations Level Basic technical response Deal with most non-complex situations Technician Level Considered expert in the field Deal with complex and difficult situations January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 13

14 General Safety at a technical rescue Personnel accountability system (PAS) Account for all members at incident Evacuation procedures / guidelines Every member must know SOG s / SOP s Each sector must know its actions if evacuation order is given January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 14

15 PPE General Each AHJ is responsible for determining appropriate level of PPE January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 15

16 General Hazard & risk assessment (size-up) Continuous Every technical rescue, no matter what magnitude, can change in a second Initial size-up will set ground work for entire incident January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 16

17 General Size-up Scope, magnitude, nature of incident Location and number of victims Risk / benefit analysis Will the end result justify the means Pre-plans Will address more than one way to get to an area Environmental factors Loss of life Extreme heat and cold January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 17

18 General Size-up (con t) Patient contact Your safety is paramount Can you see or hear patients? Hailing, tag lines, radios, con-space systems Does the patient know where they are? Availability / needed resources What resources do you have available? January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 18

19 General IMS / ICS In order to manage the incident command and control must be established Sectors (minimum) Command Responsible for entire incident Safety Should be trained to level of incident January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 19

20 General IMS / ICS Sectors Rescue Establish rescue plan Inform all sectors of plan Insure the plan is carried out Operation Sector RESCUE Logistics, staging, public info, rehab, suppression, EMS, others Others outlined in NFPA 1561 Standard for FD Incident Management January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 20

21 General Scene control / initial company operations Control zones Hot, warm, cold Witness interviews Who, what, where, when, why from all people in area Patient contact Control who talks to victim and what victim hears Bystander interaction Control zones will keep non-essential people out of harms way January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 21

22 General Scene control / initial company operations Police assistance PD is a valuable resource Machinery / vehicles Find someone with expertise (machines) What are the actions of a full cycles machine? Use apparatus to block traffic, not personnel Utilities Have their emergency numbers available on all apparatus January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 22

23 Structural Collapse January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 23

24 Structural Collapse Objectives Identify the general principles for structural collapse incidents Identify the destructive forces placed on a structure to cause collapse Identify triage criteria for a collapsed structure at a structural collapse incident Identify general collapse patterns for structural collapses Identify the initial company operations at a structural collapse. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 24

25 Structural Collapse Awareness level functions Size-up Gather information Swiftly & unemotional Test all assumptions Structural safety Important to pass on initial observations to technical rescue team January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 25

26 Structural Collapse Initial responders Relatives and friends of missing are sure they are alive Long hours of physical & emotionally draining work Feelings that it s not possible for victims to survive badly collapsed structures A need to experience closure January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 26

27 Structural Collapse Triage Criteria Perform risk / benefit analysis Occupancy Potential total number of occupants Activity done in building Structure type Materials Access difficulty Potential hazard mitigation January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 27

28 Structural Collapse Triage criteria Collapse mechanism How building failed Types of voids Victim survival Time of day Prior intelligence Information from public, local authorities, 1 st responders, etc. related to trapped victims January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 28

29 Structural Collapse Triage criteria Search & rescue resources available Beyond what is readily available Heavy machinery, etc. Structural condition of the building Can search and rescue ops proceed with minimum stabilization effort January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 29

30 Structural Collapse Destructive forces Earthquakes Shaking Greatest effect on weak, heavy structures dynamically coupled to their site Wind Damage Wind velocity Airborne missiles Tidal surge Atmospheric pressure difference» Effects mostly light, un-engineered buildings» Causes high uplift / blowout forces January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 30

31 Structural Collapse Destructive forces Floods Riverine Flash type, high water rise, high velocity May produce wall of water effect Slow, unconfined flow over low lying broad area Coastal Caused by severe storms and high tide Hurricanes Forces - step up surges and high winds January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 31

32 Structural Collapse Destructive forces Floods Damage from flooding caused by hydrostatic lateral pressure/lifting Hydrodynamic forces due to velocity and wave heights Debris impact from waterborne objects January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 32

33 Structural Collapse Destructive forces Snow and heavy rain Cause roof collapse due to overload Occurs in long span, flat roof construction Beams or trusses fail Partial collapse Snow More complete collapse» Failure of vertical supports January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 33

34 Structural Collapse Destructive forces Construction problems Often caused by lack of lateral bracing & vertical shoring Failures during: Concrete pours Placing large beams / trusses Lifting large concrete slabs Overloading with stockpiles Un-engineered alterations January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 34

35 Structural Collapse Destructive forces Explosions Natural gas build ups Deliberately set bombs Weakest part blown out to reduce pressure» Light weight wood & steel» Roof, wall skins, windows Reinforced concrete buildings» Contain blast» Greater loss of life» Columns badly damaged, floors collapse Pre-cast concrete» Large members become disconnected» Progressive collapse January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 35

36 Structural Collapse Destructive forces Structural decay Collapse of older building and bridges Most devastating when vertical supports fail Multi-floor collapse Un-reinforced masonry Exterior walls on older buildings may be standing No bracing by pancaked floors Walls could fall in or out January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 36

37 Structural Collapse Destructive forces Fire Wood/metal roof collapse Burn through Pull exterior masonry/concrete walls in Leave standing unsupported Steel left standing after a fire Reduced strength Loss of heat treatment Concrete Damaged due to spalling Sheer walls crack due to floor expansion January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 37

38 Structural Collapse Destructive forces Transportation accidents Structural collapse Impact Spillage of large quantity of materials January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 38

39 Structural Collapse Roles within the response system Initial spontaneous response Unskilled neighbors, community response teams, and passers-by Heroically help remove lightly trapped/injured victims Act far beyond their level of skill Save ¾ or more of victims Survival rates are high» Victims are only lightly trapped FD, EMS, PD may help organize and participate» Usually ends after 1 st night January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 39

40 Structural Collapse Roles within the response system Planned community response Trained community response teams Call out and visual searches» Locate and rescue non-structurally collapsed trapped Some lifting of objects» Furniture» Loose bricks Mitigate small hazards» Extinguish small fires» Turn off gas» Observe/refer haz-mat January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 40

41 Structural Collapse Roles within the response system Void space rescue Performed by emergency rescue services Prioritize site(s) to make better risk analysis Rescue using existing cavities Ducts Plumbing shafts Basements Small cut openings in walls or floors Some shoring Protect safe havens Protect victims/workers This phase may start 1 st day Not until efforts are organized January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 41

42 Structural Collapse Roles within the response system Technical, urban search & rescue Trained technical rescue specialists Aided by equipment Sites re-evaluated Re-searched Prioritized for 10-day long effort Extensive cutting, shoring etc. Use of cranes January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 42

43 Structural Collapse Initial tasks for first due companies Must realize there are many tasks to accomplish Identify the scene Size of structure Occupancy type Structure type Collapse mechanism Weather Exposures Time of day Location of victims January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 43

44 Structural Collapse Scene control Isolate bystanders, family, personnel Banner tape, cones, PD Set up collapse zones Mitigate existing hazards Gas Electric Water Haz-mat January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 44

45 Structural Collapse Initial tasks for first due companies Perform re-con Complete survey of all 4 sides, top and bottom of building if possible Note possible entry points Verify contact with viable victims This stage most hazardous to 1 st due companies Overwhelming urge to assist victims in need Secondary collapse is high concern January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 45

46 Structural Collapse General construction hazards Operations level Light frame ordinary Un-reinforced and reinforced masonry Technician level Concrete tilt up Reinforced concrete January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 46

47 Wood Houses W 2s January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 47

48 URM Bearing Wall Bldg 3s January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 48

49 Tilt-Up Wall Buildings TU 3s January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 49

50 Precast Concrete Bldgs PC2 3s January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 50

51 Structural Collapse Collapse types Lean-to V-shape A-type Pancake Cantilever January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 51

52 Heavy Wall Collapse Patterns Lean-To Vee Pancake Cantilever Wood Floor Collapse Patterns 3s January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 52

53 Structural Collapse Identify signs of secondary collapse Mark with Chalk Spray paint Mechanical devices Equipment used to locate trapped victims Visual Verbal and/or audible January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 53

54 Structural Collapse Marking systems Building marking Structure marking FEMA task force SAR marking system January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 54

55 Building Marking I. D. by Street & Number Case 1 - If some numbers are known, fill in Block Alpha Street January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 55

56 Building Marking I. D. by Street & Number Case 2 - No numbers known, use low no s Block Alpha Street January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 56

57 Building Marking SIDES OF STRUCTURE If more than one side, use more numbers SIDE THREE SIDE TWO SIDE FOUR SIDE ONE 700 Block Alpha Street January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 57

58 Building Marking Quadrants within Structure Also use and MARK column grid Quad. B Quad. A E Quad. C Quad. D 700 Block Alpha Street January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 58

59 Building Marking MULTI - STORY STRUCTURES Ground Floor is 1, Second is 2, Third is 3, etc. First Floor below grade is B-1, Second is B-2, etc. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 59

60 Building Marking STRUCTURE / HAZARDS MARK Struct & Hazmat Spec make a 2 x 2 box on building adjacent to accessible entry. Done after doing Hazards Assessment and filling out Structure / Hazards Evaluation. Box is spray painted with using International Orange (in TF Cache) January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 60

61 Building Marking STRUCTURE / HAZARDS MARK Structure relatively safe for S&R ops. There is little chance of further Collapse. Victims could be trapped by contents or could be unconscious January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 61

62 Building Marking STRUCTURE / HAZARDS MARK Structure is Significantly Damaged. Some areas may be relatively safe, but others may need shoring, bracing, removal, and/or monitoring of hazards Building could be completely pancaked January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 62

63 Building Marking STRUCTURE / HAZARDS MARK Structure is NOT SAFE for Rescue Ops and may be subject to Sudden Collapse. Remote search Ops may proceed at significant risk. If rescue Ops are undertaken, Safe Haven areas, & rapid evacuation routes (with Structure Monitoring) Should be Created. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 63

64 Building Marking STRUCTURE / HAZARDS MARK Arrow next to Marking Box indicates the direction of Safest Entry to Structure January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 64

65 Building Marking STRUCTURE / HAZARDS HM MARK HM indicates hazardous material condition in or adjacent to structure. S&R Ops normally will not be allowed until condition is better defined or eliminated. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 65

66 Building Marking STRUCTURE / HAZARDS MARK - SUMMARY 15JUN92 HM NATURAL GAS OR-1 No entry until gas is turned off. When it s mitigated, should line out the HM mark and record new date and TF January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 66

67 Building Marking SEARCH ASSESSMENT MARK 2 x 2 X near each entry 15JUL HR First slash made when entering OR-1 3 DEAD RATS Crossing slash made as TF exits January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 67

68 ROPE January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 68

69 Rope Objectives Identify the types of incidents requiring rope rescue Identify general hazards associated with rope rescue operations Identify the initial tasks of first in companies of a rope rescue. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 69

70 Rope Standards NFPA 1983 Fire Service Life Safety Rope and System Components NFPA 1670 Performance standard for rope & hardware Operations & Training for Technical Rescue Incidents NFPA 1006 Identify & establish levels of functional capability Rescue Technician Professional Qualifications Minimum job performance requirements January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 70

71 Rope Rope rescue Providing aid to those in danger where the use of rope and related equipment is needed to perform safe rescue January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 71

72 Rope Types of rope rescue High angle Vertical rescue Victim and rescuers have all weight supported by rope Slope evacuation Low angle Weight of rescuer on ground Victims weight on litter tender or rescuer January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 72

73 Rope Uses for rope rescue Basic foundation for most rescue disciplines High / low angle Confined space Trench Water Wildland S & R January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 73

74 Rope Rope rescue hazards Falls / elevation Trip hazards Uneven, wet ground Entanglement, pinching hazards Hands caught Falling objects Utilities Weather / atmospheric hazards Untrained responders Hostile by-standers / victims Location January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 74

75 Rope General safety considerations Pre-plan Potential rope rescue locations Identify hazards Prepare for incident Training SOG s / SOP s January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 75

76 Rope First due company operations January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 76

77 Rope First due company ops Size-up Scope, magnitude, nature of incident Location of incident Risk vs. benefit analysis Rescue or recovery? Scene access Environmental factors Available / needed resources Ability to contact victim Without endangering rescuers or victims January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 77

78 Rope First due company ops Secure the general area 300 area or more Make area safe for rescuers Control / limit traffic Control / limit access Identify all hazards Reduce or remove them Notify qualified rescue team per SOG s / SOP s January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 78

79 January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 79

80 January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 80

81 Confined Space January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 81

82 Confined Space Objectives Identify the definition of different confined spaces based on OSHA standard 29 CFR (nonpermit, permit, alternate entry) Identify OSHA statistics on employee and rescuer injury and death in confined spaces Identify reasons for entering confined spaces Identify general hazards associated with confined space rescue operations Identify the initial tasks of first-in companies at the scene of a confined space rescue. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 82

83 Confined Space Confined spaces OSHA law 29 CFR IDOL Adopted OSHA law Law identifies two types of spaces January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 83

84 Confined Space Confined space Non-permit Large enough and so configured to bodily enter Limited or restricted means of entry and exit Not designed for continuous human occupancy January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 84

85 Confined Space Confined spaces Permit required confined space A confined space that contains one of the following: Contains or has the potential to contain hazardous atmosphere (IDLH) Contains a substance that could engulf the entrant Contains inwardly converging walls/floors that could trap the entrant causing asphyxiation Other recognized serious health or safety hazard January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 85

86 Confined spaces Alternate entry procedures PRCS Only hazard posed is actual or potential hazardous atmosphere Must demonstrate continuous forced air ventilation will maintain space for safe entry Confined Space January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 86

87 Confined Space OSHA statistics Confined space deaths 60 80% of deaths are would-be rescuers Up to 90% of deaths are due to atmospheric problems Reasons to enter confined spaces Inspections / maintenance Rescue Training January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 87

88 Confined Space Hazards Bad atmospheres Falls / trips / slips Other hazards determined by AHJ Utilities Electric Gas Pneumatic Mechanical Drowning / engulfment Excessive temperatures Lack of special training & equipment SCBA / SABA January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 88

89 Confined Space First due company ops Size-up Determine best access to space Make contact with victims if safe to do so Attempt to determine # of victims Interview attendants / acquire copy of permit Secure area around space Control / limit traffic & sources of vibration Shut down vehicles and equipment Control / limit access to general area by unnecessary personnel January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 89

90 January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 90

91 Confined Space Identify hazards Remove or reduce their impact Lock out / Tag out OSHA 29 CFR Notify qualified rescue team Don t get pushed into someone else s emergency Law requires owner of space to provide rescue team This does not always mean FD is obligated Owner of space must have agreement with FD to do rescues January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 91

92 Confined Space Initial rescue actions Monitor atmosphere in space Ventilate the space Reduce atmospheric hazards Reduces environmental hazards Retrieve victims by non-entry rescue Pre-rigged devices January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 92

93 Vehicles & Machinery Objectives Identify the size-up that must occur at a vehicle/machinery incident Identify and notify the resources necessary to conduct safe and effective operations Identify the hazards associated with vehicle and machinery rescues Describe the need for control at the scene of an incident Identify the initial company operations at a vehicle/machinery incident. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 93

94 Vehicles & Machinery Size-up Environmental conditions Extreme heat & cold Rain, sleet and snow Darkness January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 94

95 Vehicles & Machinery Size-up Patient injuries Mechanism of injury Trauma Head, face, hand and arms» Windshield, airbags, steering wheel, A/B post, rear view mirror, roof, auger, roller, conveyor, belt etc. Chest, stomach and hips» Steering wheel, airbag, door, seat belts, etc. Legs and feet» Steering wheel, dash board, door, etc. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 95

96 Vehicles & Machinery Size-up Patient injuries Internal Organs, spine, brain, blood vessels, etc. External Head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, legs, feet, back, hips, etc.» Bruises, fractures, lacerations, amputations January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 96

97 Vehicles & Machinery Scene conditions Vehicle stability Maximize contact surface between car & ground Support key points on machines Prevents further injury to victim Hazardous materials Identify Control Remove January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 97

98 Vehicles & Machinery Scene conditions Electrical hazards Vehicles Batteries Utilities Power lines Machines Lock out / tag out Multiple sources January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 98

99 Vehicles & Machinery Scene conditions Fire Fuels Crowd control Hydraulic bumpers Shocks, hood/hatch pistons, suspension Survey scene Eight-sided approach January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 99

100 Vehicles & Machinery Identify & notify resources Safe & effective operation Police Crowd control Traffic control Preserve scene» Accident reconstruction» Investigation January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 100

101 Vehicles & Machinery Identify & notify resources Fire department Maintain scene safety Extinguish fires Prevent fires Spills / leaks» Fuels» Haz-mat Maintain vehicle safety Fuel system Electrical system Assist EMS / extrication January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 101

102 Vehicles & Machinery Identify & notify resources EMS Patient assessment Packaging Assess patient disentanglement & extrication Patient handling Transportation January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 102

103 Vehicles & Machinery Identify & notify resources Extrication personnel Vehicle stabilization Create safe access for EMS Safe disentanglement of patient Assist EMS January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 103

104 Vehicles & Machinery Identify hazards Air bag systems Logos SRS, SLR, airbag, side airbag, knee impact airbags, head impact airbag, head curtain bag, etc. Electrical drain time After battery disconnected» 30 seconds 30 minutes Safety distances» Keep space between rescuers / patients» 5 side airbags» 10 drivers airbag» 18 passengers airbag January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 104

105 Vehicles & Machinery Identify hazards Fuel systems Gasoline Diesel Large quantities Compressed natural gas or LPG Electrical systems Electric cars / industrial machines» Battery acid January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 105

106 Vehicles & Machinery Identify hazards Hydraulic shocks Absorbing bumpers Hood / hatch back pistons Suspension Battery locations Under hood (high or low) Under back seat Trunk Wheel wells January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 106

107 Vehicles & Machinery Identify hazards Seat belt pretensioners Low and mid B post C post low Inner front and rear seat bucklers Gears, chains, pulleys, augers & conveyor belts Power source Electric, motor, air or hydraulic Lock out / tag out Rugged construction Chemical hazards Stored potential energy Full cycle machines January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 107

108 Vehicles & Machinery Identify hazards Gears, chains, pulleys, augers & conveyor belts Remote areas Delay getting to patient Disassembly of machines Maintenance personnel» Very helpful January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 108

109 Vehicles & Machinery Initial company operations Scene safety Protection of rescuers #1 priority Control access Initial access to vehicle or machine Initial stabilization Cribbing January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 109

110 Vehicles & Machinery Scene control Traffic control Rescuer safety Crowd control Crowds restrict rescuers activities Machines Shut off power Main disconnect(s)» Lock out / tag out January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 110

111 Vehicles & Machinery CAUTION! Beware of stored potential energy or full cycle machinery Example: machinery that continues to move after power is removed January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 111

112 WATER January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 112

113 Water Objectives Identify the hazards associated with a water rescue incident Identify the personal protective equipment requirements for a water rescue incident Identify the rescue vs. recovery mode when concerned with a cold water near drowning patient Identify when there is need to request additional equipment and trained personnel at a water rescue incident Identify the initial tasks of first-in companies at water rescue incident. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 113

114 Water Need for water rescue awareness Most FD s have some body of water Potential for flooding Many water incidents require resources beyond capability of FD Operations and technician trained Proper PPE Technical rescue equipment January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 114

115 Water NFPA 1670 Water related disciplines Dive Ice Surface Swift water January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 115

116 Water Hazards associated with water rescue Firefighter (human) nature Action oriented Need to do something now Make rescue attempts without proper training or equipment January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 116

117 Water Environmental hazards Extreme temperatures Cold Hypothermia, frostbite, equipment malfunctions» Effects ability to think clearly & fine motor skills Heat Hyperthermia, overheating in PPE Underwater survival time lost in hot temperatures» Exhaustion, dehydration January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 117

118 Water Environmental hazards Weather Rain, snow, high winds, fog Accelerates hypothermia In still water, body heat is lost 25 times greater than in still air at the same temperature Aquatic environment Animal life, fish, insects Plant life, seaweed Biohazards, bacterial, viral January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 118

119 Water General hazards Utilities Electric, gas, sanitary, communications Hazardous materials Personal hazards water s edge Tripping, falling Steep, slippery terrain Drop-offs Holes Hidden obstructions» Cause injury, entanglement January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 119

120 Water Dive operation hazards Barotraumas Decompression sickness Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen toxicity Embolism Drowning Fatigue Lost diver Loss of air Anxiety reactions January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 120

121 Water Ice operation hazards Cold injuries Frostbite, hypothermia Thin ice Sudden immersion Entrapment under ice January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 121

122 Water Surf operation hazards Breaking waves Generate extreme force Undertows, tides, current January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 122

123 Water Swift water operation hazards Awesome, relentless power of moving water Strainers & debris Stationary objects Holes Obstructions Above the water surface Below the water surface Upstream V Downstream V January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 123

124 Water Swift water operation hazards Current patterns Laminar flow Helical flow Upwelling Eddies Back current Heavy downpours Make quiet streams swiftwater January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 124

125 Water Low head dam hazards The killing / drowning machine Boil line Point where water breaks in two directions Illusion Cannot be perceived from upstream Do not look dangerous Hydraulic Vertical whirlpool Aeration in the hydraulic Causes cavitation to boat props January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 125

126 Water Water rescue PPE Firefighting helmets, boots, and turnout gear are NOT appropriate for water rescue Thermal protection Wet suits / dry suits / exposure suits PFD s (whistle & knife) Worn by all personnel» In or near water» On a boat Taglines / lifelines Helmet January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 126

127 Water Cold water near drowning Age of victim Temperature of water Below 70 o F Patient could be below thermocline Length of submersion Under 90 minutes Still rescue mode Quality BLS & ALS treatment January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 127

128 Water First due company operations Size-up Scope, magnitude, type of water rescue incident Environmental factors Change in weather conditions Loss of daylight Water levels Current changes January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 128

129 Water First due company operations Size-up Assessment of hazards Location & number of victims Risk / benefit analysis Rescue vs. recovery Access to scene January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 129

130 Water First due company operations Initial tasks Scene control Establish IC Accountability & safety Proper training & equipment Evaluate patient condition Can patient assist with rescue? Needed resources January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 130

131 Water First due company operations Initial tasks Secure & interview witnesses Keep witnesses at scene Interview witnesses separately Collect witnesses personal information Establish last seen point Triangulate with multiple witnesses Use a reference object Hole in ice is great last seen point» Don t destroy it January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 131

132 Water First due company operations Initial tasks Evaluate physical evidence Notes Clothes Footprints Tire tracks Debris Oil slick Bubbles January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 132

133 Water Water rescue beyond the awareness level AHJ must have emergency response plan Operations & technician level personnel Police & evidence technicians Specialized equipment Boats, tow trucks, etc. EMS response Ambulance for patient(s) Ambulance for divers Aeromedical transport January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 133

134 Water Rehab personnel early Operational plan Reach, throw, row, go Request divers early in an incident Victims at the surface may submerge Keep incident operating in rescue mode January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 134

135 Wilderness Search & Rescue January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 135

136 Wilderness SAR Objectives Identify the four hazards associated with wilderness SAR operations Identify the four core elements in wilderness SAR operations Identify the seven components that are used to complete the elements of a SAR operation Identify the five resources that can be used for wilderness SAR Identify the method of calculating search urgency. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 136

137 Wilderness SAR Objectives Identify the types of responses that are used dependant on search urgency Identify the components of a lost person(s) report Identify the four basic means of establishing a search area Identify three types of search tactics Identify the initial company operations at a wilderness SAR incident. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 137

138 Wilderness SAR National Search and Rescue Plan Established by US Air Force 1956 Executive agent for inland S & R Covers continental US Except navigable waterways January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 138

139 Wilderness SAR Core elements Locate the victim Most time spent here Reach the victim Stabilize the victim Evacuate the victim Reduced survivability January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 139

140 Wilderness SAR SAR Components Pre-planning Organization and management guidelines Includes callout SOP s & equipment Notification Have to be notified to handle it Planning & strategy Gathering information to do assessment January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 140

141 Wilderness SAR SAR Components Tactics Type of response Solution to handle problem Operations Field phase where tactical solutions are carried out Suspension Discontinue operation Critique Evaluation of participants, methods and strategy January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 141

142 Wilderness SAR Resources Search dogs Cover more area than humans in shorter time Trackers Aircraft Ground / air search specialist Rope rescue specialist Water rescue specialist Trench rescue specialist Collapse rescue specialist January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 142

143 Wilderness SAR Calculating search urgency Factors Subject profile Weather profile Equipment profile Subject experience profile Terrain and hazards profile History of incidents in this area Bastard search January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 143

144 Wilderness SAR The lower the value of each factor and of the sum of all factors, the more urgent the situation. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 144

145 Wilderness SAR Broad types of responses Depends on search urgency Emergency response Based on information» Convinced death, serious injury if no help Blitz or hasty team» Minimum number of experienced rescuers sent to locate victims Followed by support team» Additional equipment Narrow margin of safety Perceptible amount of risk January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 145

146 Wilderness SAR Broad types of responses Measured response Appropriate information on hand is insufficient to dictate exact outline of S & R action plan Evaluative response Occurs when reported problem is unconfirmed Seems likely to resolve itself January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 146

147 Wilderness SAR Lost person(s) report Interview and obtain information from Participants Witnesses Goal = devise an effective course of action Each person lost receives a file Part I - Information critical in determining decisions of the initiation phase of search Part II May be significant later in mission January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 147

148 Wilderness SAR Wilderness SAR hazards Personal Blisters, scrapes, scratches, falls, blows, bruises, dehydration, etc. Environmental hazards Insect bites, stings, poisonous plants, exposure, snow-blindness, altitude illness, lightning, sunburn, animals January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 148

149 Wilderness SAR Wilderness SAR hazards Terrain Cliffs, avalanches, standing / moving water, ice, caves, mines, wells, winds, snow, surf, etc. Man-made hazards Booby-trapped stills & drug labs, haz-mat dumps, attack dogs, etc. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 149

150 Wilderness SAR Establishing probable search areas Theoretical method Using tables that express area as a function of distance traveled by the lost subject Reliable point last seen (PLS) Radius is maximum distance victim could have journeyed» In given terrain» In time elapsed since last seen January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 150

151 Wilderness SAR Establishing probable search areas Statistical method Based on data from case studies Subjective method Historical data Intuition Location of natural barriers & clues Consideration of physical & mental limitations January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 151

152 Wilderness SAR Establishing probable search areas The Mattson Method Balances subjective & objective information Uses individual personnel to view probable search area Combines percentage of all individuals Total percentage from all Greatest percentage is where search will start January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 152

153 Wilderness SAR Search Tactics Type I (Detection phase) Hasty teams Type II Open grid Fast & efficient Search of locales of high probability Using methods to produce highest results / hour Dogs Planes Open grid sweeps» 3-7 searchers spaced ft. apart January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 153

154 Wilderness SAR Search Tactics Type III Close grid 30 searchers Walk a line ft. apart Maybe less for evidence recovery January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 154

155 Wilderness SAR Initial tasks of first-in companies Establish ICS Evaluate search urgency Obtain lost person report Determine type of response Determine available resources Determine probable search area January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 155

156 Wilderness SAR Relative Urgency Rating Factors Form Student manual Page 45 Lost Persons Checklist Student manual Pages January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 156

157 Trench & Excavation January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 157

158 Trench & Excavation Objectives Identify the OSHA definition of a trench Identify common hazards associated with trench rescues Identify four types of trench collapses Identify the characteristics of soil Identify the methods of victim and rescuer protection Identify the initial tasks of first in companies at the scene of a trench rescue. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 158

159 Trench & Excavation Trench defined Deeper than it is wide Less than 15 wide Over 5 deep Shallower with special hazards OSHA 29 CFR 1926 IDOL has adopted January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 159

160 Trench & Excavation OSHA requires escape routes Air quality monitoring Other protective measures in all trenches January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 160

161 Trench & Excavation Trench hazards Secondary collapse is most lethal Trench walls collapse is less than 1/10 th of a second 65% of all deaths are cave-ins on would-be rescuers Many hazards are hidden and unpredictable Trench rescues are NOT common occurrences January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 161

162 Trench & Excavation Trench hazards Types of collapses Slough-in Sidewall-in Shear-in Spoil-in January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 162

163 Slough-In Shear-In Sidewall-In Spoil-In January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 163

164 Trench & Excavation Trench hazards OSHA guidelines Trenches up to 20 deep & 15 wide Excavations beyond these dimensions» Special engineering by registered professional engineer (RPE) Easy to get fooled into entering an unprotected trench Trapped / injured / ill worker» Pressure from victim, co-workers, family January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 164

165 Trench & Excavation Trench hazards Rescues are long-term operations 4-10 hours Victims cannot just be pulled out from under dirt Victims must be completely uncovered Extensive equipment not readily available January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 165

166 Trench & Excavation Trench hazards Effects on trench stability Exposure to elements / gravity Superimposed loads Underground utilities Surface encumbrances Water Undermines trench walls Drowning hazard January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 166

167 January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 167

168 Trench & Excavation Soil classifications Class A Most stable, cohesive, clay Class B Somewhat cohesive, not as good as Class A Class C Sandy soils, gravel, wet Soils January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 168

169 Trench & Excavation Soil classifications Analyze soil immediately after excavated Re-analyzed periodically for changes Wet soils Added weight Loss of friction Water moves through soil January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 169

170 Trench & Excavation Soil classifications Layered soils Trench walls will expose different layers Fissured soils Cracks Visible in trench wall Area around trench» Cave-in shortly January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 170

171 Trench & Excavation Previously disturbed soils Most stable Undisturbed for thousands of years Least stable After is has been dug up Vibrations Utilities, roads, building Speed up collapse January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 171

172 Stop Vibrations within 300 of trench 300 January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 172

173 Trench & Excavation Dirt 1 cubic foot averages 100 lbs. 100 lbs. / square foot Small cave-in 1.5 cubic yards 4000 lbs. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 173

174 Trench & Excavation Protective systems Sloping Cutting back sides to angle where earth will no longer slide Angle of repose January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 174

175 Trench & Excavation Protective systems Shielding Very strong metal box Engineered to withstand pressure of earth Protects against moving dirt Must be even or above lip No more than 2 off bottom January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 175

176 Trench & Excavation Protective systems Shoring Support system within trench Pressurizes trench walls Creates arch effect Not strong enough to stop moving dirt January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 176

177 Trench & Excavation Protective systems Shoring systems Cross brace Uprights Walers Shoring materials Lumber Screw jacks Pneumatic Hydraulic OSHA charts Timber & hydraulic shoring Dry trench 15 wide 20 deep Bigger must be engineered by RPE or Tabulated data from manufacturer January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 177

178 Walers Uprights Cross braces January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 178

179 The weaker, the deeper, and the wider the trench is, the stronger and more numerous the shoring members must be. January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 179

180 Trench & Excavation Initial tasks of first-in companies Typical first-in company not trained or equipped Non-entry options Place a ladder in trench for victims to self-rescue Initiate trench rescue response plan Establish ICS Do NOT allow personnel to enter trench Secondary collapses January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 180

181 Trench & Excavation Initial tasks of first-in companies Stops all sources of vibration within 300 Set up control zones Limit access to trench Set up ground pads to stand on around trench Move spoils pile at least 2 back from trench lip Locate victims position Approach trench from ends to recon January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 181

182 Trench & Excavation Initial tasks of first-in companies Mark victims location Score ground on both sides Estimate or measure depth Interview co-workers Victims last position January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 182

183 Trench & Excavation Prepare for unexpected injuries Fractures Lung injuries Head injuries Spinal injuries Injuries from lack of O 2 Hypothermia Crush syndrome January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 183

184 Technical Rescue First-in in Company Scenarios January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 184