tense Affirmative/Negative/Question Use Signal Words action in the present taking place once, never or several times

Transcription

1 tense Affirmative/Negative/Question Use Signal Words Simple Present A: He speaks. N: He does not speak. Q: Does he speak? action in the present taking place once, never or several times facts always, every, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if sentences type I (If I talk, ) actions taking place one after another action set by a timetable or schedule Present A: He is speaking. N: He is not speaking. Q: Is he speaking? action taking place in the moment of speaking action taking place only for a limited period of time at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now action arranged for the future Simple Past A: He spoke. N: He did not speak. Q: Did he speak? action in the past taking place once, never or several times actions taking place one after another yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday if sentence type II (If Italked, ) action taking place in the middle of another action Past A: He was speaking. N: He was not speaking. Q: Was he speaking? action going on at a certain time in the past actions taking place at the same time when, while, as long as action in the past that is interrupted by another action w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 1

2 Present Perfect Simple A: He has spoken. N: He has not spoken. Q: Has he spoken? putting emphasis on the result action that is still going on already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now action that stopped recently finished action that has an influence on the present action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking Present Perfect A: He has been speaking. N: He has not been speaking. Q: Has he been speaking? putting emphasis on the course or duration(not the result) action that recently stopped or is still going on all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week finished action that influenced the present Past Perfect Simple A: He had spoken. N: He had not spoken. Q: Had he spoken? action taking place before a certain time in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day if sentence type III (If I had talked, ) putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration) Past Perfect A: He had been speaking. N: He had not been speaking. Q: Had he been speaking? action taking place before a certain time in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect for, since, the whole day, all day w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 2

3 simple putting emphasis on the duration or courseof an action Future I Simple A: He will speak. N: He will not speak. Q: Will he speak? action in the future that cannot be influenced spontaneous decision assumption with regard to the future in a year, next, tomorrow If-Satz Typ I (If you ask her, shewill help you.) assumption: I think, probably, perhaps Future I Simple (going to) A: He is going to speak. N: He is not going to speak. Q: Is he going to speak? decision made for the future conclusion with regard to the future in one year, next week, tomorrow Future I A: He will be speaking. N: He will not be speaking. Q: Will he be speaking? action that is going on at a certain time in the future action that is sure to happen in the near future in one year, next week, tomorrow Future II Simple A: He will have spoken. N: He will not have spoken. Q: Will he have spoken? action that will be finished at a certain time in the future by Monday, in a week Future II A: He will have been speaking. N: He will not have been speaking. Q: Will he have been speaking? action taking place before a certain time in the future putting emphasis on the course of an action for, the last couple of hours, all day long w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 3

4 Conditional I Simple A: He would speak. N: He would not speak. Q: Would he speak? action that might take place if sentences type II (If I were you, I would gohome.) Conditional I A: He would be speaking. N: He would not be speaking. Q: Would he be speaking? action that might take place putting emphasis on the course / duration of the action Conditional II Simple A: He would have spoken. N: He would not have spoken. Q: Would he have spoken? action that might have taken place in the past if sentences type III (If I had seen that, I would have helped.) Conditional II A: He would have been speaking. N: He would not have been speaking. Q: Would he have been speaking? action that might have taken place in the past puts emphasis on the course / duration of the action Explanation Past Present Future Simple Past Simple Present Future I Simple action that takes place once, never or several times He played football every Tuesday. He plays football every Tuesday. He will / is going to play football every Tuesday. w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 4

5 actions that happen one after another He played football and then he went home. He plays football and then he goes home. He will play football and then he will go home. state He loved football. He loves football. He will love football. Past Present Future I action going on at that moment He was playing football. He is playing football. He will be playing football. actions taking place at the same time He was playing football and she was watching. He is playing football and she is watching. He will be playing football and she will be watching. Past Perfect Simple Present Perfect Simple Future II Simple action taking place before a certain moment in time; emphasises the result He had won five matches until that day. He has won five matches so far. He will have won five matches by then. Past Perfect Present Perfect Future II action taking place before a certain moment in time (and beyond), emphasises the duration He had been playing football for ten years. He has been playing football for ten years. He will have been playing football for ten years. w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 5

6 Tense Example Explanation Simple Present Present Simple Past Past Present Perfect Present Perfect Past Perfect Past Perfect will-future I play football every week. I'm playing football now. I played football yesterday. I was playing football the whole evening. I have just played football. I have been playing football for 2 hours. I had played football before Susan came. I had been playing football when Susan came. I will play football next Here you want to say that it happens regularly. Here you want to say that it is happening at the moment. You did it yesterday, it happened in the past. You were doing it in the past. It's not sure whether the action was finished or not. You have just finished it. So it has a connection to the present. Maybe your clothes are dirty. You want to say how long you have been doing it. (You started in the past and it continues up to the present. The two actions are related to each other: you had finished to play football and after that the girl arrived. Here you want to point out how long you had been doing it before the girl came. This is a prediction, you can probably do something else. w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 6

7 week. going to-future I'm going to play football this afternoon. This is a plan you've made. Future I will be playing football next Sunday. You do it every Sunday (as usual) Future Perfect I will have played football by tomorrow. You will have done it before tomorrow. Conditional Simple I would play football. You'll probably do it. Conditional Conditional Perfect I would be playingfootball. I would have playedfootball. You'll probably do it. Here you concentrate more on the progress of the action. You'll probably have finished playing football at a special time in the future. Here you concentrate on the fact (football). Conditional Perfect I would have been playing football. You'll probably have finished playing football at a special time in the future. Here you concentrate on the progress of playing (football). Negations of the sentences w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 7

8 Tense Simple Present Present Simple Past Past Present Perfect Present Perfect Past Perfect Past Perfect Example I do not play football every week. I don't play football every week. I am not playing football now. I'm not playing football now. I did not play football yesterday. I didn't play football yesterday. I was not playing football yesterday. I wasn't playing football yesterday. I have not played football. I haven't played football. I've not played football. I have not been playing football. I haven't been playing football. I've not been playing football. I had not played football. I hadn't played football. I'd not played football. I had not been playing football. I hadn't been playing football. w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 8

9 I'd not been playing football. will-future going to-future Future Future Perfect Conditional Simple Conditional Conditional Perfect Conditional Perfect I will/shall not play football next week. I won't play football next week. I am not going to play football this afternoon. I'm not going to play football this afternoon. I will/shall not be playing football. I won't be playing football. I will/shall not have played football. I won't have played football. I would not play football. I'd not play football. I would not be playing football. I wouldn't be playing football. I'd not be playing football. I would not have played football. I wouldn't have played football. I'd not have played football. I would not have been playing football. I wouldn't have been playing football. I'd not have been playing football. w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 9

10 Questions Tense Simple Present Present Simple Past Past Present Perfect Present Perfect Past Perfect Past Perfect will-future going to-future Future Future Perfect Example Do you play football? Are you playing football? Did you play football? Were you playing football? Have you played football? Have you been playing football? Had you played football? Had you been playing football? Will you play football? Are you going to play football? Will you be playing football? Will you have played football? w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 10

11 Conditional Simple Conditional Conditional Perfect Conditional Perfect Would you play football? Would you be playing football? Would you have played football? Would you have been playing football? A conjugation is a list of verb forms. It catalogues the person, number, tense, voice, and mood of a verb. Knowing how to conjugate verbs correctly will help you match verbs with their subjects, and give you a firmer grasp on how verbs function in different sentences. Here is a sample conjugation table: Present Tense, Active Voice, Indicative Mood: Jump Singular Plural I jump we jump you jump you jump he/she/it jumps they jump : is divided into three categories (first, second, and third person), and tells the reader whether the subject is speaking, is spoken to, or is spoken about. Each person is expressed using different subjects: first person uses I or we; second person uses you; and third person uses he/she/it or they. Keep in mind that these words are not the only indicators of person; for example in the sentence w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 11

12 Shakespeare uses images of the divine in his sonnets to represent his own delusions of grandeur, the verb uses is in the third person because Shakespeare could be replaced by he, an indicator of the third person. Number: Number refers to whether the verb is singular or plural. Tense: Tense tells the reader when the action of a verb takes place. English has six tenses: Present, Past, Future (the Simple Tenses), and Present Perfect, Past Perfect, and Future Perfect (the Perfect Tenses). Each of these tenses has another form, called the. Tenses will be further discussed below. Voice: The voice of a verb shows whether the subject of the verb is performing an action or is being acted upon. In the active voice, the subject of the verb performs an action; in the passive voice, the subject of the verb is being acted upon. For example: Active Voice: Socrates asserts that humans inherently know everything. Passive Voice: The assertion that humans inherently know everything is made by Socrates. Note that the word by is not part of the verb; however, by often accompanies verbs in the passive voice. Mood: The mood of a verb denotes the attitude of the speaker. English verbs can take one of three moods: indicative, imperative, or subjunctive. Indicative: The indicative mood is used to express questions and statements. Example: Approximately 30,000 people speak Irish as their native language. Imperative: The imperative mood is used to give commands or directions. w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 12

13 Example: Eat your beets! Subjunctive: The subjunctive mood is used to express a wish, a request, a requirement, or a condition that is contrary to fact. Often, subjunctives are accompanied by the helping verbs would, could, or should. Example: I would ride the bus to school if I lived on the bus line. Tenses Tenses tell when the action of the verb takes place. Using tenses correctly and consistently improves the readability of your writing. English has six tenses, each of which has a form. The Simple and Perfect tenses address action as a whole; these actions have a foreseeable beginning and end. The forms of these tenses convey motion, continuous action, or an action that is currently in progress. Use a form of the verb to be, such as am, were, been, etc., and add -ing to the main verb to construct the, e.g. she cried (Past tense) becomes she was crying (Past ). Definitions and conjugations of all six tenses are on the reverse of this handout. Present Tense Use the Present tense to show actions that happen in the present or are habitual. Present (Tense), Active (Voice), Indicative (Mood): Eat Singular Plural Present: The liquid nitrogen boils over. I eat we eat Present : The liquid nitrogen is boiling over. w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 13

14 you eat he/she/it eats you eat they eat Past Tense Use the Past tense to show actions that happened before the present moment. Past, Active, Indicative: Eat Singular Plural Past: Castaway Carl walked the plank. I ate we ate Past : Castaway Carl was walking the plank. you ate you ate he/she/it ate they ate Future Tense Use the Future tense to show actions that will happen in the future. w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 14

15 Future, Active, Indicative: Eat Singular Plural Future: I will explore animism in John Keats' Ode on I will eat we will eat a Grecian Urn. you will eat you will eat Future : I will be exploring animism in John Keats' Ode on a Grecian Urn. he/she/it will eat they will eat Present Perfect Tense Use the Present Perfect tense to show that the action of the verb has been completed in the past but is linked to the present. Present Perfect, Active, Indicative: Eat Singular Plural Present Perfect: She has called the doctor. I have eaten we have eaten Present Perfect : She has been calling the doctor. you have eaten you have eaten he/she/it has eaten they have eaten w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 15

16 Past Perfect Use the Past Perfect tense to show an action that was completed prior to another action that took place in the past. Past Perfect, Active, Indicative: Eat Singular Plural Past Perfect: President Lincoln had attended the I had eaten we had eaten theatre regularly before his assassination. Past Perfect : President Lincoln had been attending the theatre regularly before his you had eaten you had eaten assassination. he/she/it had eaten they had eaten Future Perfect Use the Future Perfect tense to show an action that will be completed prior to another action that will take place in the future. Future Perfect, Active, Indicative: Eat Singular Plural Future Perfect: We will have designed the poster w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 16

17 I will have eaten you will have eaten we will have eaten you will have eaten in three days. Future Perfect : We will have been designing the poster for three days. he/she/it will have eaten they will have eaten Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb. Present, Active, Indicative: Grow Singular Plural I you he/she/it we you they Past, Active, Indicative: Grow Singular Plural w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 17

18 I you he/she/it we you they Present Perfect, Active, Indicative: Grow Singular Plural I you he/she/it we you they Future, Active, Indicative: Grow Singular Plural I we w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 18

19 you he/she/it you they Past Perfect, Active, Indicative: Grow Singular Plural I you he/she/it we you they Future Perfect, Active, Indicative: Grow Singular Plural I you we you w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 19

20 he/she/it they w w w. r a j a r a o p. w o r d p r e s s. c o m Page 20

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