Some aspects of spawning season and biology of Indian Oil sardine, Sardinella longiceps along, Goa Karwar sector of West Coast of India

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1 Indian Journal of Go Marin Scincs Vol. 45 (11), Novmbr 2016, pp Som aspcts of spawning sason and biology of Indian Oil sardin, Sardinlla longicps along, Goa Karwar sctor of Wst Coast of India A V Dshmukh*, K S Sumod, K V Ansh Kumar, B R Smitha & S K Yadav Cntr for Marin Living Rsourcs & Ecology (CMLRE), Ministry of Earth scinc Kochi, Pin , India * [ adshmukh0110@gmail.com] Rcivd 28 August 2014; rvisd 18 Novmbr 2015 Th paramtrs of th lngth-wight rlationship of th form W = al b ar prsntd for S. longicps, caught along th Goa and Karwar Wst coast of India. Sampls from commrcial (trawl, purs sins, and gill nts) and artisanal gars wr collctd during Jun to Octobr Lngth wight rlationship for mals collctd from Goa wr W = L 2.92, fmals wr W = 0.019L 2.80, and for combind sxs wr W = L Lngth wight analysis for th spcimns collctd from Karwar showd that mals wr W = L 2.82, fmals W = L 2.85 and combind W = L 2.98 rspctivly. In Goa, fmals with maximum GSI valu of gm wr obsrvd in th month of Jun whil minimum was 3.730gm in th month of August, It has bn that in Karwar, maximum GSI of 7.557gm and minimum of gm in th months of August and Sptmbr wr obsrvd rspctivly. Numbr of matur ggs in th ovaris of th gravid fmals of fish ranging from 55,000 to 76,000 Goa and 50,000 to 80,000 for sardins collctd from Goa and Karwar, rspctivly. [Kyword: Sardinlla longicps, rproductiv biology, Goa and Karwar, Arabian Sa] Introduction Th Indian oil sardin, Sardinlla longicps Val., is a major nritic plagic fishry rsourc of th country. It has a wid distribution along th coasts of Sychlls, Somalia, Africa, Pakistan, India and Philippins. Along th Indian pninsula, th rsourc has bn prdominant along th southwst coast btwn 8 N and 16 N latituds covring Krala, Karnataka, Goa and southrn part of Maharashtra Annigiri t al 1 Invstigations on th oil Sardin hav bn carrid out in India sinc 1908 whn Hornll mad his prliminary survy, and th summary of th important rsults obtaind by Hornll and Nayudu was publishd in 1924 Panikkar 2.Considrabl work has bn carrid out on th fishry and biology of oil sardin of th wst coast of India Nair 3, Skharan 4, Bnsam 5, Antony Raja 6, Radhakrishnan 7, Annigiri 8, Prabu and Dulkhd 9, Sam Bannt 10, Dshmukh t al 11 Th oil sardin fishry off th Malabar Coast of India is a commrcially important fishry du to food valu and industrial uss for sardin oil, frtilizrs, and canning. It contributs significantly to th marin fish landing of India, and forms th mainstay of Indian Plagic fishris along th wst coast. This fishry xhibits dramatic fluctuations from yar to yar Xu and Boyc 12. Annual marin fish landings for India rgistrd an all tim high of 3.94 million mtric tonns during th yar It has bn stimatd that th avrag production of oil sardin during th yar 2012 was 7.20 lakhs tonns in India. Th sardins rank first in importanc and form on an avrag about 18.2% of th total plagic catch Anon 13.Sx ratio studis ar important and provid basic yt vital information for assssing th rproductiv condition of th fish stock Wang t al 14, Vicntini and Araújo 15, Al-Jufaili 16. Sinc th Goa and Karwar ara falls in activ Sardin fishry rgion, any chang in th rproductiv biology of sardin in this ara will mak a vast chang in th annual production of sardin. In viw of this, th data collctd at Goa and Karwar hav bn analysd to lucidat th rlationship of rproductiv biology S. longicps and rsults ar prsntd. Matrials and Mthods Sampling wr conductd along Goa (15 25'N to 15 3'N; 73 43'E to 73 55'E) and Karwar coast (14 50'N; 73 54'E) (Fig.1) during th yar In Goa and Karwar, all major and minor fishing harbors ar situatd on th wst coast of India, ths stations wr slctd for collcting sampls of S. longicps. Fig.1: Location of th study sits

2 1482 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL 45, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2016 Sardin sampls wr collctd monthly on random basis from landing cntrs during Jun to Octobr Sampls collctd wr prsrvd in cool box with ic flaks and wr analysd on th sam day of sampling. Linar masurmnts lik total lngth, fork lngth and standard lngth wr rcordd with th hlp of fish masuring board to accuracy of 0.5 mm. Elctronic balanc with prcision of 0.1mg was usd to rcord th total wight and gonad wight. A total of 290 and 227 no of spcimns wr collctd during th Jun to Octobr 2013 to study th spawning sason and rproductiv biology. Each spcimn was proprly placd on masuring board, aftr fixing th tip of snout of th spcimn to vrtical sid of masuring board, total lngth, fork lngth and standard lngth wr masurd. For gonado-somatic indx stimation, th two gonads fusd at thir bas whr thy ar connctd to th body cavity wr sparatd by horizontal cut. Wight of gonads and total body wight wr takn with hlp of lctronic balanc. Commonly followd mthod for finding out gonado-somatic indx 17 and is xprssd as GSI = gonad wight/body wight 100 Spcimns wr dissctd to xamin th sx by xamining th gonads sinc no xtrnal charactrs ar known to distinguish mals and fmals and th sx ratio wr workd out. All maturity stags wr obsrvd with th hlp of colour and shap of ovary as rportd arlir Bal and Rao 17. A sampl of 2 mg matur ovary was wighd with an lctronic balanc of 0.1 mg accuracy. Th sampl was thn takn in a watch glass and numbrs of matur ova in th sampls wr countd physically. In th prsnt study, fcundity of fish was dtrmin from th Goa rgion siz ranging from 18 to cm in total lngth and 52 to gm whil at Karwar rgion ranging from to 20.5 cm in total lngth 66.9 to 82 gm in total wight. Th fcundity was dtrmind by th formula Garg t al 18. F = TW / SW numbr of ova of pnultimat stag countd in th sampl. Whr, F = Fcundity TW = Total wight of th ovary SW = sampl wight Maturity stags of fmals of S. longicps in diffrnt months shown in Tabl 3 Rsults During th study priod, a total of 292 sardins wr collctd from Goa and 227 from Karwar. 136 mal sardins wr sampld from Goa and thir lngths rangd from to 206 mm (with a man of 172 ± 1.6 mm). 154 fmal sardins wr sampld and thir lngths rangd from 152 to 205 mm (with a man of ± 2.02 mm.) 105 mal sardins wr sampld from Karwar and thir lngths rangd 153 to 206 mm (with a man of 169 ± 1.4 mm.). 122 fmal sardins wr sampld and thir lngths rangd from 150 to 205 mm (with a man of 168 ± 2.1 mm). Lngths of mal and fmal sardins wr statistically provd to b not diffrnt (P < 0.05). During th study priod th wights of th mal sardins from Goa wr rangd from 31 to gm (with a man of ± 0.57 gm), whras for fmals th wights rangd from to g (with a man of ± 0.52 gm). At Karwar station wights of th mal sardins rangd from to gm, (with a man of ± 0.52 gm,) whras for fmals th wights rangd from to gm (with a man of ± 0.52 gm). Total wight of mal and fmal sardins provd to b not statistically diffrnt (P < 0.05). Indpndnt statistical analysis of thir lngth and wight rlationship gav th following rgrssion quations: In Goa: 1. Mals: W = 0.012L 2.92 (Fig. 1a) 2. Fmals: W= 0.017L 2.80 (Fig. 1b) 3. Combind: W = L 2.87 (Fig. 1c) In Karwar: 4. Mals: W = L 2.82 (Fig. 2a) 5. Fmals: W = L 2.85 (Fig. 2b) 6. Combind: W = L 2.98 (Fig. 2c) Th b valu obtaind for both mal and fmal for Goa and Karwar was found to b 2.92, 2.80 and 2.82, 2.85, rspctivly and it was found to b statistically insignificant from th isomtric valu 3 (t-tst, P<0.005). All ths rsults confirm that both mal and fmal S. longicps from Karwar and Goa showd an isomtric growth pattrn. Lngth wight rlations showd no significant diffrnc btwn mal and fmal (ANCOVA).

3 DESHMUKH t al: SPAWNING SEASON AND BIOLOGY OF INDIAN OIL SARDINE 1483 Fig 1. Logarithmic rlationship btwn lngth and wight in th mal of S. longicps along Goa coast. Fig 4. Logarithmic rlationship btwn lngth and wight in th mal of S. longicps along Karwar coast. Fig 2. Logarithmic rlationship btwn lngth and wight in th fmal of S. longicps along Goa coast. Fig 5. Logarithmic rlationship btwn lngth and wight in th fmal of S. longicps along Karwar coast. Fig 3. Logarithmic rlationship btwn lngth and wight in combind sx of S. longicps along Goa coast. Fig 6. Logarithmic rlationship btwn lngth and wight in combind sx of S. longicps along Karwar coast.

4 1484 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL 45, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2016 Tabl 1. Monthly avrag GSI valus of mals and Fmals of S. longicps along Goa and Karwar coast. Goa Karwar Months Mal Fmal Mal Fmal Jun August Sptmbr Octobr Avrag GSI wr calculatd month wis, which showd high and low valus in sx. High and low valus in Jun to Sptmbr suggstd maturity of gonads during ths months. Thrfor, it can b infrrd that th spawning of S. longicps occurrd only onc in a yar (Tabl: 1). Sx composition of sampls xamind during ach month from Jun to Octobr 2013 has bn rprsntd. Sx ratio of mal to fmal sardin was found to b 1: and 1: for Goa and Karwar, rspctivly (Tabl 2). Tabl 2. Month wis sx ratio of S. longicps along Goa and Karwar coast. Goa Karwar Months Mal Fmal Sx ratio Mal Fmal Sx ratio Jun : August : : Sptmb r : : Octobr : : Avrag : :211 Fmals wr mor in numbr during sampling priod. Th obsrvation rvald that fmals outnumbrd mals in all months with highst ratio in th month of Sptmbr and Octobr for Goa and Karwar, rspctivly. Chi squar tst rvald that thr was no significant diffrnc in sx ratio during th study priod (P>0.05). In th prsnt study a total of 157 and 132 ovaris wr xamind for Goa and Karwar stations. It was obsrvd that, maturity stags IV, V, VI, VII, VII spnt obsrvd during th months from Jun to Octobr. Fully matur stags VI and VII wr obsrvd during th months of Jun and August (Tabl. 3). According to th prsnt study spawning sason appars to b from July to Sptmbr. Mor numbr of spnt fish was obsrvd from Sptmbr and Octobr. Th fcundity of S. longicps in th month of August rangd from to along th Goa and to along Karwar at siz rang from 52 to gm and 66.9 to 82 gm in Goa and Karwar rspctivly. Tabl 3. Maturity stags of fmals S. longicps in diffrnt months along Goa and Karwar coast. Maturity stags Months Goa Karwar Jun IV, V, VI - August III, IV, V, VI, VII V, VI, VII, VIIspnt Sptmbr V, VI, VII, VII- spnt V, VI, VII, VIIspnt Octobr V, VI, VII, - spnt V, VI, VII, VIIspnt Tabl 4. Last 4 yars fish production of oil sardin from Goa and Karwar. S. No. Yar Total Production of Goa Total Production of Karwar Landing rcordd from 2009 to 2012 from Goa and Karwar rgion is givn in Tabl 4 and 5. Monthly landing for conscutiv four yars showd an incras in sardin catch in Goa and Karwar rgion xcpt in 2012, whr dclin in sardin catch in Karwar rgion. Also th catch rcordd is highr in Karwar thn Goa. Th trnd of fish landing showing an incras in Karwar rgion compard to Goa, indicatd that, S. longicps migrats from south to north wst coast of India. In months Jun and July fish landing wr low du to fishing ban. August onwards fish landing wr incrasd. Discussion In th prsnt study, th total lngth of S. longicps collctd along th Goa and Karwar coast rangd from 151 to 205 mm and 15 to 206 mm rspctivly. Abdurahiman t al 19 rportd oil sardin from Mangalor coast with total lngth ranging from 115 to 212mm during August 1999 to May Shah 20 rportd total of 917 spcimns of S. longicps in th lngth rang of 114 to 212 mm and wight rang of to 86.82gm wr collctd at random on monthly basis from Mirkarwada landing cntr of Ratnagiri Maharashtra. Whn compard with Goa and Karwar fish siz data, it was obsrvd that siz of fish is largr compard to fish siz rportd along south wst coast of India and fish thn migrat towards th North Wst coast of

5 DESHMUKH t al: SPAWNING SEASON AND BIOLOGY OF INDIAN OIL SARDINE 1485 India du to which largr siz fish ranging from 160 to 200 mm wr rcordd along Goa and Karwar coast. Valus of xponnt b provid information on fish growth. Whn b=3 incras in wight is isomtric. i.., lngth incrass in qual proportion with body wight. Whn th valu of b is othr thn 3, wight incras is said to b allomtric (positiv if b>3 and ngativ if b<3)shah t al 20. Th b valus of th lngthwight rlationship in prsnt study for Goa and Karwar blow 3 that is th growth is ngativ allomtric, fmal sardins in both rgions showd ngativ allomtric growth whil only mal sardins of Karwar showd positiv allomtric growth pattrn. Mal sardins of Goa ar vry clos to isomtric growth pattrn. Ngativ allomtric growth shows that th fish favour incras in lngth than in wight, that is, th fish bcoms slndr as it incras in lngth. Haruna and Bichi 21 opind that ngativ allomtric growth mans that th fishs could grow non-valuabl parts such as fins and had at th xpns of th valuabl trunk. Shah 20 rportd lngth-wight rlationship of S. longicps in Ratnagiri rgion during Octobr 2010 to May 2012 whr h indicatd ngativ allomtric growth in sardins during that priod. In th fmal spcimns of S. longicps found along th coast of Goa and Karwar, maximum GSI obsrvd was gm during th month of Jun and minimum GSI obsrvd was gm in th month of August. In cas of Karwar, maximum GSI was 7.557gm and minimum was 4.094gm in th months of August and Sptmbr. Antony Raja 22 rportd avrag wight of matur ovary 6.5 gm in th months July to Sptmbr and running stag ovary 9.0 gm wight in th months July to Octobr. Al- Anbouri 23 studid GSI of S. longicps at Oman coast which showd two spawning sasons: th minor from Dcmbr to March and th major onc from Jun to Sptmbr. Th maximum GSI attaind btwn 5.0 and 5.2 during Jun and Sptmbr rspctivly, suggsting a spawning pak occurrd during that priod. Sx ratio indicatd th fmals outnumbrd mals with an avrag ratio of 0.88 in Goa and 0.99 in Karwar. Month wis analysis of sx ratio showd that numbr of fmals was highr in th all months. Annigri 1 has also rportd that, in Goa and Karnataka, sx ratio of oil sardin was 0.88 and 0.92, rspctivly. Jufaili 24 rportd an ovrall man sx ratio of 0.68 of Indian oil sardin in watrs off Oman as 0.68 during yar 2005 to 2008 According to th prsnt study, spawning sason gnrally appars to b from July to Sptmbr. Partly spnt fish having narrow and flabby gonads wr mt within good numbrs in August. Occurrnc of spnt fish was obsrvd from Sptmbr onwards by Gopinathan 25 along th Cochin coast whil studding S. longicps. Annigri 8 rportd availability of matur spcimns from May to Sptmbr naturally indicats th prolongd natur of spawning in this spcis. In th prsnt study, rsults wr almost similar with pak spawning during th months of July-Sptmbr du to short monsoon priod from Jun to Sptmbr. Variabl spawning sason of sardins from on yar to anothr was rportd by Jufaili 24 starting from Jun to Octobr whn h studid Indian oil sardin in watrs off Oman for 5 succssiv yars ( ). Th fcundity of S. longicps rangd from to thousand along th Goa and to thousand along Karwar rspctivly. Dshmukh 11 rportd that fcundity of S. longicps from 45,000 to 75,000 thousand along Ratnagiri coast. Jaiswal 26 and Balan 27 rportd th fcundity of this spcis as and ggs rspctivly. It is clar from th abov obsrvations that fcundity of S. longicps is narly sam at various locations on wst coast of India. Earlir stimats of th fcundity of this fish hav varid btwn 37,000 to 80,000, Dvansan 28, Nair and Chidambaram 29, Nair 3, Balan 30 and Antony Raja 31. Acknowldgmnt Authors ar thankful to th Dirctor, CMLRE for his constant hlp and ncouragmnt. Th financial and logistical support from th Cntr for Marin Living Rsourcs and Ecology (CMLRE), Ministry of Earth Scincs (MoES), is thankfully acknowldgd. Rfrncs 1. Annigiri, G. G., Kurup, K. N., Kumaran, M., Mohan, M., Luthr, G., Nair, P. N. R., Rohit, P., Kulkarni, G. M., Gnanamuthu, J. C., Narayana Rao, K. V., Stock assssmnt of oil sardin, Sardinlla longicps Val., off Wst Coast of India. Indian. J. Fish., 39 (3, 4) (1992): Panikkar, N. K., A survy of th plagic fishris of th world. Part II. Th biology of plagic fishs. Proc. Indo-pacif. Fish Counc., First Mting, Singapor, (1949): Nair, R. V., Nots on th spawning habit and arly lif-history of th oil sardin, Sardinlla longicps Val. Indian J. Fish., (1959): 6: Skharan K. V., On th oil sardin fishry of th Calicut ara during th yars to Indian J. Fish., 9 A (1962): Bnsam, P., Nots on th ggs, larva and juvnils of th Indian sprat, Sardinlla jussiu (Lacpd). Indian J. Fish., 13 (1970):

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