Development of Biomotor Characteristics and Athletic Abilities of Sprint and Throw in Boys Aged Six to Eight Years

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1 Coll. Antropol. 32 (2008) 2: Originl sientifi pper Development of Biomotor Chrteristis nd Athleti Ailities of Sprint nd Throw in Boys Aged Six to Eight Yers Ton~i Bv~evi}, Neoj{ Zgor nd Rtko Kti} Fulty of Nturl Sienes, Mthemtis nd Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croti ABSTRACT The im of this reserh ws to exmine the influenes of speilly progrmmed physil edution lessons on iomotor development in oys, s well s the influene of those hnges on reltions etween the set of morphologil nd motor vriles nd thleti vriles for the ssessment of sprint nd throw ilities. For this purpose, n overll smple of 325 primry shool first grde pupils from the ity of Split re, ged 6 8 yers, ws divided into ontrol group of sujets (N=140) ttending regulr physil edution lessons nd experimentl group ttending speilly progrmmed lessons sed on thletis, sports gymnstis nd gmes elements s well s on generl preprtory exerises. The reltions etween the preditor set of vriles omposed of 4 morphologil mesurements nd 6 motor tests with the riteri of sprint nd ll throwing were estlished y the regression orreltion nlysis t the eginning nd t the end of the demi yer. Both groups of sujets hieved positive quntittive resultnt shift etween the two points of mesurements, wheres this shift ws more signifint in the experimentl group in reltion to the ontrol group, espeilly in motor ilities oordintion of flexiility, movement frequeny nd of explosive, repetitive nd stti strength. The numer of signifint preditors for riteri vriles of sprint nd ll throwing inresed in the finl mesurement in reltion to the first one in oth groups of sujets. While in the ontrol group the est results preditor in sprint were the motor ilities of explosive strength nd trunk strength, the est results preditor in sprint in the experimentl group were oordintion, trunk strength, flexiility nd explosive strength. As fr s the morphologil hrteristis re onerned musle mss hs positive nd ody mss negtive effet on the sprint result. The est results preditor in ll throwing re explosive strength nd trunk strength whih, in the experimentl group of pupils re dditionlly followed y oordintion development s well s the overll ody mss development. By omprison of these nd the erlier otined results, new work model for the disiplines of sprint nd throws within the thleti sport shool, hs een proposed. Key words: iomotor development of oys, thleti ilities, kinesiologi edution Introdution Top results re eing hieved erlier nd erlier thn efore. Therefore the need rises to strt with the systemti work in sports in generl erlier thn efore, mening t the ge 6 8 yers. Aordingly, trining within sport shool is usully drfted in order for hildren to dopt in verge in the ourse of the first two yers s mny si motor movement strutures s possile, nd t the sme time the trining should firstly influene the development of the si motor nd funtionl ilities s well s some desirle morphologil hrteristis. This is extly the period of primry edution whih represents, from the spet of growth nd development, one of the most importnt periods in hild phylogenies. The nthropologi sttus is still not in this life phse ompletely defined struturlly, therefore the possiilities of positive tion on its development re huge 1 3.As result of the previously stted resons it is importnt to rete some optiml preonditions for the development nd motor sttus struturing, ove ll y pplying progrmmed nd ontrolled kinesiologi tretment 4 5. It hs een proved tht ontt etween hildren nd orgnized sport tivity in thletis should our t ge 7 10 yers y Trvin nd Suslov (1989) 6, while guiding towrds thletis disiplines groups should tke ple t the ge of 12 y [njder (1990) 7. Reeived for pulition April 25,

2 For the ssessment of the morphologi nd motor sttus in the shool system of the Repuli of Croti stndrd ttery of 10 vriles is used At the sme time, the morphologi set of only four vriles mnifested s suffiient for otining si informtion out morphologil sttus development hrteristis in oys, ged 7 11 yers 10,13. Simply, the development proesses tend to estlish optiml results etween ll somtotype elements-omponents. These reltions will determine motor effiieny due to intertionl reltion of the morphologil nd motor system. Likewise, the seleted set of motor vriles defines well the motor sttus of pupils, 7 11 yers of ge 10,13.Nmely, during the proess of motor development mostly two mehnisms responsile for motor effiieny re formed. These mehnisms re the mehnism for energeti regultion nd the mehnism for movement struturing mnifesttion. The former is mostly responsile for the energeti omponent nd the letter for the informtion movement omponent. Sine it is ovious tht the performne of eh movement nd/or movement struture depends t the sme time on energeti nd on informtionl omponent, so it represents ssumed nd entrl mehnism, whih integrtes funtions of oth sujeted mehnisms. Mny reserh results whih hve often een onduted on top qulity thletes, prtiipnts of Olympi Gmes nd Europen nd world hmpionships, imply tht the si ody morphologil funtion is of extreme importne for thletes In the ove-mentioned reserhs Heth-Crter somtotyping method ws frequently used in order to derie humn ody thoroughly. The pplition of the three omponents (endomorph, mesomorph nd etomorph) proved to e of extreme interest to the desription of the sportsmen hrteristis. Thus, the reltions of somtotype omponent with regrd to thleti disipline n lso e estlished: in thletes of throwing disipilnes the mesomorphi omponent domintes long with the verge endomorphi, runners re lned mesomorphed, then etomorphed with minimum endomorphi omponent, while sprinters re some more mesomorph thn the middle nd long distne runners. The nonil nlysis results y Kti} (1996) 19 exhiited mostly negtive onnetion of dipose tissue nd the mnifesttion of thleti ilities in the form of sprint, throw nd long distne running in oys, nd espeilly in girls. Suutneous dipose tissue ts s llst mss sine it redues reltive strength whih is neessry for effetive sprint running 20. The importne of the reltive strength for jumps nd running mnifesttion hs een estlished y Bll et l Hene, in oys nd espeilly in girls, expressed dipose tissue with insuffiiently developed musle tissue redues the mnifesttion of motor ilities. For thletis the results lso yielded tht more expressed musle tissue, without dipose tissue, fvours the sprint relistion, while etomorph long with the moderte representtion of mesomorph nd endomorph fvours the throw relistion, nd grious ody struture with low relistion of ll somtotype omponents fvours long distne running relistion 19. It n e presumed tht the development of morphologil hrteristis nd motor ilities s situtionl- -motor ilities for thletis goes side y side, nd tht there is n intertionl, i.e. symmetril onnetion etween the two. Thus the si im of this reserh emerges from the ove nd it refers to the estlishment of reltions etween morphologil nd motor vriles set nd thleti vriles for ility ssessment of speed running nd throwing, pplied on hildren six to eight yers of ge. The results will e used for more effiient orienttion nd seletion of hildren for thletis s si sports tivity. Musle tissue nd suutneous dipose tissue re signifintly less genetilly determined thn the skeleton nd re therefore more ffeted y the hnges of the onditioning proess s well s the sport trining. The ltter n, to ertin extent, influene the forming of desirle morphologil struture. Sujets nd methods The study smple inluded 325 first grders of the Split primry shools. At the eginning of the experimentl proedure they were 7 yers 2 months old. The generl speimen ws divided into two susmples. The ontrol group of sujets (N=140) ttended regulr physil edution lessons, while the experimentl group (N=185) ttended speilly progrmmed lessons sed on thletis, sports gymnstis nd gmes elements s well s on generl preprtory exerises, in the period of one demi yer (Tle 1). Therefore, ll hildren went through the progrmmed kinesiologi trnsformtion, proedures lsting 9 months; they were lso mesured y two ontrol points ( 10 dys). The purpose of trnsformtion proedures ws to support iologil growth nd development s well s to influene the motor ilities of the widest spetrum. A stndrd ttery of 10 vriles urrently used in the edutionl system of the Repuli of Croti ws employed to ssess the morphologil, motor nd funtionl sttus of the hildren. The ttery of vriles ws suggested on the sis of lrge study rried out y Kureli} et l. in The morphologil vriles inluded ody height (mm), ody weight (dg), forerm irumferene (mm) nd trieps skinfold (1/10 mm). The mesurements were tken ording to the interntionl iologil progrm 21. The motor vriles inluded hnd tpping (f), stnding jump (m), polygon kwrd (s), sit-ups (f), forwrd ow (m), nd ent rm hng (s). The speifi motor vriles, whih in this reserh hve the riterion sttus, were seleted to e the inditors of si physil ilities of speed nd strength, nd to e representtive to the ssessment of situtionl-mo- 434

3 TABLE 1 YEARLY PLAN OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM Months Contents Totl IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI Mesurements Athletis Wlking nd running Jumps Throws Sports gymnstis Ground exerises Apprtus exerises Vults Gmes Sports gmes tehniques Elementry gmes Rely gmes Tem gmes Competitions Sports gymnstis Dodgell Athletis Generl preprtory exerises during eh lesson Totl tor ilities for thletis, nmely of sprint nd throw. The following thleti vriles were pplied: M20V 20 m run (the tsk is to pss 20 m distne t given signl t mximum speed, the results eing reorded in tenths of seond) mthes sprint disiplines in thletis; MBLD ll throwing (the tsk is to throw the 200 g ll from the ove hed, while stnding, s fr s possile, the results eing reorded in deimetres) mthes, s preprtory exerise, mostly the thleti disipline of jvelin throw. The regression orreltion nlysis ws seleted to solve the given prolem of the reltion etween the set of nthropometri nd motor vriles nd ertin situtionl-motor vrile for thletis. Results The prmeters of desriptive sttistis show positive quntittive shift of results of ll the morphologil nd motor vriles from the initil to the finl mesurement, in oth ontrol nd experimentl groups of sujets (tle 2). The results of nlysis of vrine, s demonstrted in tle 2, exhiit sttistilly signifint differenes etween the two groups of sujets in the initil mesurement. These differenes were reorded in two vriles: hnd tpping nd ent rm hng, in fvour of the ontrol group of sujets. By nlysis of vrine in the finl mesurement, s sttistilly signifint differene etween the two groups of sujets ws reorded, i.e. predominntly in the motor vriles of ent rm hng, sit-ups, forwrd ow, hnd tpping, polygon kwrd, nd in the riterion vriles 20-m run nd ll throwing. All these vriles define differene in fvour of the experimentl group. The differenes in morphologil mesurements re less expressed nd they refer to the greter musle mss nd less dipose tissue in the experimentl group in reltion to the ontrol group (tle 2). Both groups of sujets hieved, etween the two points of mesurement, positive quntittive resultnt shift, ut this shift ws more signifint in the experimentl thn in the ontrol group. In the ontrol group this ws hieved in following vriles: polygon kwrd, stnding jump, sit-ups, ll throwing nd 20-m run. The experimentl group, on the other hnd, hieved sttistilly signifint progress in the re of ll oserved vriles, wherey it ws lerly onfirmed tht speilly progrmmed physil edution lessons in the period of one demi yer hd yielded sttistilly signifi- 435

4 TABLE 2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS (Men SD) AND ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (p) Vrile Totl Control Exp p Initil mesurement Men SD Men SD Men SD Stture (m) Body mss (kg) Forerm irumferene (m) Trieps skinfold (mm) Polygon kwrd # (s) Forwrd ow (m) Hnd tpping (tps/min) Stnding jump (m) Sit-ups (per minute) Bent rm hng (s) m run # (s) Bll throwing (m) Finl mesurement Men SD Men SD Men SD Stture (m) Body mss (kg) Forerm irumferene (m) Trieps skinfold (mm) Polygon kwrd # (s) Forwrd ow (m) Hnd tpping (tps/min) Stnding jump (m) Sit-ups (per minute) Bent rm hng (s) m run # (s) Bll throwing (m) # vrile with opposite metri orienttion, p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001 nt quntittive hnges oth in the re of motor ilities nd desirle morphologil hrteristis. The reltions etween the morphologil-motor vriles s preditor set of vriles nd the results in thleti vriles of sprint nd throw s riterion, re demonstrted in tle 3 nd tle 4 respetively. Tle 3 shows the results of regression nlyses etween the preditor set of vriles nd sprint s riterion, seprtely for ontrol, experimentl nd the overll sujets smple, oth in initil nd finl mesurement (6 regression nlyses in totl). Multiple orreltion (r) in eh regression nlysis is sttistilly signifint whih proves tht the pplied set of morphologil-motor vriles represents good results preditor in sprint, oth in the susmple of pupils nd in the overll primry shool first grders smple. It n e noted tht in the finl mesurement in reltion to the initil the results predition in sprint in the experimentl group signifintly inreses, whih is not the se in the ontrol group of sujets. Nmely, more si motor ilities in sprint predition ontriuted to the involving due to signifintly more expressed trnsformtionl proesses in the experimentl group. In the initil mesurement the est results preditor in sprint (P-r nd ) is vrile for explosive strength ssessment (stnding long jump), wheres in the ontrol group the movement frequeny speed (hnd tpping) nd musle mss (forerm irumferene) hd greter influene on sprint results; the sme ws done in the experimentl group y flexiility (forwrd ow). In the finl mesurement the numer of preditors of riterion vrile (sprint) hs inresed in ll sujet groups. In the ontrol group the est results preditors in sprint re the motor ilities of explosive strength nd trunk strength, while the morphologil hrteristis of musle mss nd ody mss hve positive nd negtive results respetively. In the experimentl group the est results preditors were the following motor ilities: oordintion, trunk strength, flexiility nd explosive strength. It ws extly the more expressed quntittive hnges in oor- 436

5 TABLE 3 REGRESSION ANALYSIS BETWEEN VARIABLES OF THE BIOMOTOR SPACE AND THE CRITERION VARIABLE (20-m run # ) Vrile Totl Control Exp r P-r p r P-r p r P-r p Initil mesurement Stture Body mss Forerm Trieps s Polygon # Forwrd Hnd tp Long jump Sit-ups Bent rm r Finl mesurement Stture Body mss Forerm Trieps s Polygon # Forwrd Hnd tp Long jump Sit-ups Bent rm r Control Totl (ontrol + experimentl group), Control ontrol group, Exp experimentl group, r oeffiient of orreltion, P-r oeffiient of prtil orreltion, prtil oeffiients of regression, r oeffiient of multiple orreltion, p level of signifine ( p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001), # vrile with opposite metri orienttion dintion, flexiility nd strength ftors in the experimentl group in reltion to the ontrol group tht resulted in some different reltions etween the preditor set of vriles nd riteri. In other words, it rought out some hnges in the morphologil-motor struture. Tht struture determines the result in sprint in the experimentl group in reltion to the ontrol group of pupils. Bsed on the orreltions of eh single vrile with the riterion, ltent struture, i.e. the omplexity of sprint riterion in morphologil-motor re, n e estlished. Thus, in the initil mesurement signifint ontriution to the ltent sprint struture mde y the following motor ilities: explosive strength, oordintion, speed of movement frequeny nd repetitive trunk strength. In the finl mesurement the orreltion of preditor vriles nd riteri inresed, nd so did their ontriution to the ltent sprint struture. This refers prtiulrly to the development of oordintion integrtion nd of ll the strength ftors, s well s of movement speed nd musle tone regultion. These, omined, determine motor effiieny nd sprint relistion. Tle 4 shows the results of the regression nlyses etween the preditor set of vriles nd throws s riterion, seprtely for the ontrol, experimentl nd the overll sujets smple, oth in the initil nd in the finl mesurement (6 regression nlyses in totl). The growth nd development ided y the kinesiologi trnsformtion proesses in physil edution lessons influened t the sme time the development of si motor ilities nd the development of the speifi thleti ility of throwing (ll throwing). It resulted in greter iomotor predition of the riterion vrile of ll throwing in the finl mesurement in reltion to the initil mesurement. Generlly, i.e. for the overll sujets smple the est preditor of riterion vrile ll throwing re explosive strength nd trunk strength. In the experimentl group of pupils it is followed y the oordintion development s well s the development of the totl ody mss. From the initil to the finl mesurement the ltent struture of riterion vrile ll throwing hnged, so the ontriution of oordintion inresed s well s 437

6 TABLE 4 REGRESSION ANALYSIS BETWEEN VARIABLES OF THE BIOMOTOR SPACE AND THE CRITERION VARIABLE (Bll throwing) Vrile Totl Control Exp r P-r p r P-r p r P-r p Initil mesurement Stture Body mss Forerm Trieps s Polygon # Forwrd Hnd tp Long jump Sit ups Bent rm r Finl mesurement Stture Body mss Forerm Trieps s Polygon # Forwrd Hnd tp Long jump Sit-ups Bent rm r Totl (ontrol + experimentl group), Control ontrol group, Exp experimentl group, r oeffiient of orreltion, P-r oeffiient of prtil orreltion, prtil oeffiients of regression, r oeffiient of multiple orreltion, p level of signifine ( p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001), # vrile with opposite metri orienttion ll the strength ftors nd the movement frequeny speed in the riterion ltent struture. As fr s the strength ftor is onerned, leg strength, followed y trunk strength nd rms strength, hve the gretest ontriution in the ltent struture of throw, so in the ext order in whih musle groups re tivted in the reliztion of throwing in thletis (for exmple jvelin throw). Disussion The results showed n intertionl onnetion etween the morphologil nd motor sttus with suess in the thleti disiplines of sprint nd throw in 6 to 8 yer old oys. Those reltions re generlly similr to those found in top-qulity thletes, sprinters nd throwers. A mximum of energy strength needs to e generted in these disiplines in the short time period: in sprint it refers to the mximum reltive strength relted to the ove verge tive musle mss, nd in throwing it refers to mximum solute strength, determined y the totl ody mss. In some development phses ertin stte of morphologil motor sttus is lso hieved, limiting the suess in sprint nd throw. This is done y tivting suh morphologil motor hrteristis, whih n individul potentilly disposes of to higher extent. The suess in sprint nd throw is thus limited either y the lk of minimum of ertin hrteristis nd ilities nd/or y the gretness of vriility in those hrteristis nd ilities tht determine to the highest extent the result in those thleti disiplines. So, in reltion to ertin stges of morphologil motor sttus in whih groups of sujets n e found, ertin reltions whih determine the suess in sprint nd throw re lso estlished. Also the experimentl progrm of kinesiologi edution in primry shool first grders hs hd n impt on the forming of n nthropologil set, whih is optiml for the relistion of two thleti disiplines (sprint nd throw) t tht ge. Biomotor development in 6 to 8 yer old oys, mostly generted y the thletis tretment, is in ordne wi- 438

7 th the iomehnil hrteristis of sprint nd jvelin throw. Therefore it is possile to determine the development phses oth in the morphologil motor sttus nd in the development of speifi motor knowledge nd ilities for thletis. Both these phses re in prllel progress nd thleti shool for 6 to 8 yer old oys mostly tkes ple in two phses. The first phse refers to the first nd the seond grde, nd the seond phse refers to the third nd the fourth primry shool grde. The phse of primry seletion follows fterwrds. These re for sprint efore puerty, etween 11 nd 12 yers of ge, i.e. in the fifth nd in the sixth grde of primry shool, nd for throws nd jvelin throw fter puerty etween 11 nd 15 yers of ge, i.e. in the first grde of high shool. The 20m run is y its struture yli movement nd it only ppers simple motor tivity. A synhronized innervtion nd some ontrol of synergist nd ntgonist tone re not suffiient for mximum fst movement performne. Thus, for exmple, determining of the optiml reltions of pe length nd frequeny, s well s other prmeters, is of extreme importne. All this points to the ft tht this is omplex motor movement nd tht the speed of movement performne, typil for the 20m run, lso highly depends on higher regultion mehnisms, responsile for the struturing of movement. The dominnt involvement of explosive strength in suessful 20m run is onditioned y the iomehni nd struturl hrteristis of repetitive movement yles of this motor tivity. An tive tkeoff of the reflex leg nd fst withdrwl of the swinging leg, ent in the knee joint forwrds nd upwrds, re the most importnt prts of this sprint distne, providing high level of running speed. In this tivity, mostly engged in the refletion tion re musle groups of lower extremities, thigh nd lower leg extensors nd plntr flexor feet. All of them lso prtiipte in the suess of motor tests relistion, intended for explosive strength ssessment. It is well known tht in jvelin throw the totl length of jvelin flight depends on the initil throw speed, the ngle of the throw, ir resistne nd the height of the throw. The most importnt ftor whih determines the result in throw is definitely the initil speed of jvelin throw. In the finl prt of throwing, the thrower tries to inrese the dding of strength on the jvelin s well s to perform this movement in the shortest time possile. Redution of influene time on jvelin depends on the strength nd speed of nerve impulses. Musles, from the igger nd stronger ones to those smller whih shorten fster, onnetively engge in the tivity. Although ll throwing from the stnding position mthes in its struture only the phse of»finl effort«in jvelin throw, other tehniques phses re lso riefly desried in order to reognize the omplexity of this speifi motor knowledge s well s to determine the proes- Fig. 1. Diggory Brooke, New Zelnd hmpion nd Commonwelth gmes representtive. Fig. 2. Eight-yer-old girl in ll throwing position. 439

8 ses of lerning nd quisition of tht motor struture within the thleti sport shool. So in the»finl effort«phse it is neessry for the thrower to move with the left shoulder forwrds s well s with the left foot forwrds (presuming he uses the right hnd to throw). To inrese musle mss of the shoulder girdle (mostly loded t throwing) it is importnt to rotte the ent leg towrds the inside s well s to mke the wrist supintion with the knee, efore positioning the left leg. The most tive prt of the»finl effort«tully strts with positioning the left leg on the ground from heel to the whole foot. The thrower ontinues to»position«himself under the pprtus. It is enled y the run-up inerti, whih is done y the slowing tivity of the tense left prt of the ody from leg nd shoulder, s well s y the tive performne moving towrds extending nd rotting. At tht time, the thrower, onnetively performs the elements of the finl effort: hip movement, hest turn forwrds (whih uses the rm with the jvelin to e positioned ehind the k), nd finlly the throw. All prts (elements) of the finl effort represent single movement. Omitting one of the elements of the movement leds to the redution of the performne pth on the pprtus nd inreses the throw time. In the throwing proess, the speed t whih the jvelin moves grdully inreses. The movement speed of hip joint nd shoulder nd elow joint initilly inreses nd then dereses rpidly. Suh rpid speed derese ours t the sme time s the elertion eomes negtive, i.e. they re direted opposite of the movement diretion. The mximum of the negtive elertion is hieved first in the hip joint nd fterwrds in the elow. This sudden elertion derese in the shoulder joint nd elow mthes the moment of the highest jvelin speed inrese. By omprison of these nd the erlier otined results, whih n e found in the referenes 22 26, we ome to the onlusion how existing pprohes in the edution of thleti disiplines of sprint nd throw with primry shool hildren need to e revised. The hildren edution model in thletis, proposed in this study, is defined y the following elements: development of the si motor ilities, espeilly of the psyhomotor speed, explosive strength, eroi endurne nd oordintion (long with the dequte lod, defined y the intensity prmeters nd work volume) nd motor lerning of speifi motor knowledge, i.e. tehnique of thleti disiplines. The im in this period (6 7 yers), is to lern the si movement strutures nd to develop motor skills. Skills development needs to e well strutured, i.e. designed nd properly supervised. The first possile influene, i.e. room for the elerted speed dpttion ours t the ge 6 8 in girls nd 7 9 in oys. Exluding the development of speifi skills in this phse will surely hve negtive onsequenes on the future prtiiption in thletis nd physil tivity in generl. It lso needs to e mentioned tht in tivity plnning nd progrmming it is not out periodistion ut the whole progrm is dequtely strutured nd properly supervised. It inludes prtising nd mstering si movement strutures efore the development of speifi skills per sport nd disiplines is introdued. It is lso importnt to emphsize the overll development of physil pity of the young future thletes. Therefore oordintion, gility, lne nd speed need to e developed. Proper running, jumping nd throwing tehnique needs to e lerned y using the»thleti lphet«exerises. For running it inludes high nd low skip, wlking on the front nd the k prt of feet, lower leg swinging y one-leg nd two-leg hops, exerises on the»ldder«on the ground, strting from different positions, overrunning short, up to 20m distnes. For jvelin, the exerises to e performed re ll throwing from different positions: from kneeling position, sitting position, stnding position (turned towrds the throwing diretion) nd from the side position. Then throwing y iming t different moving ojets s well s t fixed trgets ojets, lter with ertin elevtion, distne nd finlly from the shorter nd longer run-ups. It is lso importnt to introdue nd pply flexiility exerises, to develop speed, strength nd espeilly endurne y using different gmes. It is neessry to develop retiliner, side nd multidiretionl speed with durtion of repetition less thn 5 seonds, s well s to introdue strength trining y using exerises with one s own ody mss, s well s mediine nd Swiss ll exerises. Aknowledgement This study ws supported y the grnt No from the Crotin Ministry of Siene, Edution nd Sport. REFERENCES 1. 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