Fishing discards. Paul Fernandes. MASTS ASM 2014 Special session. Fisheries Science Forum Convenor. University of Aberdeen
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1 Fishing discards MASTS ASM 2014 Special session Paul Fernandes Fisheries Science Forum Convenor University of Aberdeen
2 Discards... what? Portion of catch dumped at sea, dead or alive (Kelleher 2005) Furness (1992) Worldwide ~ 7 Mt N. Sea Cod 2009 ~ 14,600 t Waste of food / Source of food Catchpole et al.(2006)
3 Discards... the problem
4
5 Marketed produce Discards... why? Catch Landings
6 Marketed produce Landings Discards... why? Catch Non-commercial species (no management) Bycatch Fish Others
7 Marketed produce Discards... why? Catch Landings Commercial species (managed) Non-commercial species (no management) Nephrops 130,000 t haddock Bycatch anglerfish saithe cod megrim hake whiting Fish Others Scottish mixed demersal trawl fishery
8 Marketed produce Discards... why? Catch Landings Commercial species (managed) Non-commercial species (no management) Discards Bycatch Small (<MLS) Undersized Fish Others <35 cm <30 cm <27 cm
9 Marketed produce Discards... why? Catch Landings Commercial species (managed) Non-commercial species (no management) Discards Bycatch Large (>MLS) Small (<MLS) Discretionary (highgrading, slippage) Regulatory (overquota, catch comp.) Undersized Fish Others Fernandes et al., 2011
10 Fishing discards MASTS ASM 2014 Special session 1. Discard patterns Paul Fernandes 2.Hind-casting discards Robin Cook 3.Selective gears. Barry O Neill 4.Nephrops fisheries Clive Fox 5.Spatial management Tara Marshall 6.Economic impacts Sasha Maguire 7.Anindustry perspective Mike Park 8. Discussion
11 Fish discard patterns Paul Fernandes 1, Jessica Monhart 1, Rui Caterino 2, Nick Bailey 2 and Alastair Pout 2 1 2
12 The MSS observer programme present Scientific observers Measure Discards for each haul Landings Estimate catch At age ~ 80 trips / year ~1000 hauls / year Augmented by SFF in 2009
13 Discarding patterns MSS time series Cod Haddock Whiting Fish trawlers Nephrops trawlers W. Coast& N. Sea > & < Minimum Land Size (MLS) Metric = Discard percentage rate D C t = discarded weight of species = catch weight of species = observer trip D% n t t 1 n t 1 D C t 100
14 Cod, discard % rate West Coast North Sea West coast Cod, discard percentage rate, Fish trawlers Cod > MLS (35cm) Cod < MLS (35cm) North Sea Cod, discard percentage rate, Fish trawlers Cod > MLS (35cm) Cod < MLS (35cm) Discard % rate (kg discarded/kg caught) Discard % rate (kg discarded/kg caught) Cod > 35cm Cod < 35cm
15 Cod, discard % rate West Coast North Sea West coast Cod, discard percentage rate, Nephrops trawlers Cod > MLS (35cm) Cod < MLS (35cm) North Sea Cod, discard percentage rate, Nephrops trawlers Cod > MLS (35cm) Cod < MLS (35cm) Discard % rate (kg discarded/kg caught) Discard % rate (kg discarded/kg caught) Cod > 35 cm Cod < 35 cm
16 Discardsspatial distribution Nephrops trawlers, cod Fish trawlers, cod Discards % Discards % Lat 58 Lat Long Long
17 Haddock, discard % rate West Coast North Sea West coast Haddock, discard percentage rate, Fish trawlers Haddock > MLS (30cm) Haddock < MLS (30cm) North Sea Haddock, discard percentage rate, Fish trawlers Haddock > MLS (30cm) Haddock < MLS (30cm) Discard % rate (kg discarded/kg caught) Discard % rate (kg discarded/kg caught) Haddock > 30 cm Haddock < 30 cm
18 Haddock, discard % rate West Coast North Sea West coast Haddock, discard percentage rate, Nephrops trawlers Haddock > MLS (30cm) Haddock < MLS (30cm) North Sea Haddock, discard percentage rate, Nephrops trawlers Haddock > MLS (30cm) Haddock < MLS (30cm) Discard % rate (kg discarded/kg caught) Discard % rate (kg discarded/kg caught) Haddock > 30 cm Haddock < 30 cm
19 Discardsspatial distribution Nephrops trawlers, haddock Fish trawlers, haddock Discards % Discards % Lat 58 Lat Long Long
20 Whiting, discard % rate West Coast North Sea West coast Whiting, discard percentage rate, Fish trawlers Whiting > MLS (27cm) Whiting < MLS (27cm) North Sea Whiting, discard percentage rate, Fish trawlers Whiting > MLS (27cm) Whiting < MLS (27cm) Discard % rate (kg discarded/kg caught) Discard % rate (kg discarded/kg caught) Whiting > 27 cm Whiting< 27 cm
21 Whiting, discard % rate West Coast North Sea West coast Whiting, discard percentage rate, Nephrops trawlers Whiting > MLS (27cm) Whiting < MLS (27cm) North Sea Whiting, discard percentage rate, Nephrops trawlers Whiting > MLS (27cm) Whiting < MLS (27cm) Discard % rate (kg discarded/kg caught) Discard % rate (kg discarded/kg caught) Whiting > 27 cm Whiting< 27 cm
22 Discardsspatial distribution Nephrops trawlers, whiting Fish trawlers, whiting Discards % Discards % Lat 58 Lat Long Long
23 Tonnes Cod raised estimates West Coast West coast raised estimates, cod Discards Landings North Sea North Sea raised estimates, cod Discards Landings
24 Tonnes Cod raised estimates West Coast West coast raised estimates, cod Discards Landings Fish Nephrops North Sea North Sea raised estimates, cod Discards Landings Fish Nephrops
25 Tonnes Haddock raised estimates West Coast West coast raised estimates, haddock Discards Landings North Sea North Sea raised estimates, haddock Discards Landings
26 Tonnes Haddock raised estimates West Coast West coast raised estimates, haddock Discards Landings Fish Nephrops North Sea North Sea raised estimates, haddock Discards Landings Fish Nephrops
27 Whiting raised estimates West Coast West coast raised estimates, whiting North Sea North Sea raised estimates, whiting Tonnes Discards Landings Discards Landings
28 Whiting raised estimates West Coast West coast raised estimates, whiting North Sea North Sea raised estimates, whiting Tonnes Discards Landings Fish Nephrops Discards Landings Fish Nephrops
29 Summary Prawn fleet: Cod high discards (higher in large fish) West coast > North Sea ~ WC quota Haddock Discards were high, but reducing Mostly small fish << NS & WC quota Whiting WC v. high discards (small, large ) >> WC quota Fish fleet: Cod Very sudden high discards (all large fish) West coast > North Sea >> WC quota Haddock Discards were moderate, reducing since 1990 s Mostly small fish ~NS & < WC quota Whiting Discards were moderate, reducing since 1990 s < WC quota
30 Fish discard patterns Paul Fernandes 1, Jessica Monhart 1, Rui Caterino 2, Nick Bailey 2 and Alastair Pout 2 1 2
31 What s in a rate? Discard percentage rate of the species = D Raised [absolute] discard estimates use ratio estimator: % n t t 1 n t 1 D C t 100 Auxiliary variable But what happens in strata where there are no landings? (100% discarded)
32 Single species Gadoids Gadoids & Nephrops All species landed Days at sea Gadoids: n at age Raising Ratio estimator Auxiliary variable Was species Now fish assemblage Ideal properties available good correlation few zeroes Prawn trawlers Fish trawlers Total weight (t) Fernandes et al (2011)
33 EFFECTIVENESS CLOSURE SPATIAL AVOIDANCE e.g. Real time closures Holmes et al., ICES J.Mar. Sci.68, Prawn trawl, 80 mm mesh CCTV Grid NO grid Drewery et al., Fish. Res. 106,
34 The Scottish mixed demersaltrawl fishery COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 1342/2008 TR2 70 Mesh < 100 mm Nephrops trawlers 12,900 kwdays (>10 m) n 2009 = 194 TR1 Mesh 100 mm Fish trawlers 14,500 kwdays (>10 m) n 2009 = 251
35 The Scottish mixed demersaltrawl fishery North Sea 6000 N VIb VIa West Coast Shetland IVa. Fraserburgh Peterhead IVb 5430 N 200 m
36 The Scottish mixed demersaltrawl fishery latvals N 5430 N -16 North Sea West Coast VIb VIa IVa. 200 m IVb
37 North Sea cod Landings in 1000 t Total removals Unaccounted Discards Landings Recruitment in millions 3500 Recruitment (age 1) F (ages 2-4) Fishing Mortality Fmsy Fpa Flim SSB in 1000 t Spawning Stock Biomass Bpa MSY Btrigger Blim
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