Chapter 3 Traffic Management & Control

Transcription

1 Chapter 3 Traffic Management & Control TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Definitions & Objectives Reasons for Traffic Management Problems due to lack of Traffic Management Traffic Management Techniques PARKING Parking Impacts, Policies & Types Parking Studies VULNERABLE ROAD USER FACILITIES Pedestrian Cyclists What you will be learning from this chapter

2 What is Traffic Management? It is a process of adjusting or adapting the use of existing road systems to improve traffic operations without resorting to major new construction. What are the objectives of Traffic Management? The objectives of traffic management are to: ease traffic congestion enhance road safety improve traffic flow improve the transportation of people and goods reduce the impacts of traffic on the environment create a balanced modal split

3 Year SHARE BY MODE OF TRANSPORT IN KUALA LUMPUR % 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% back Share By Mode Motorcycle Car Bus Rail

4 Why do we need to manage traffic? Traffic congestion problem in cities High urban population growth results in the increase of vehicle ownership. The number of private automobiles traveling in cities is high, resulting in traffic jams. Public transport is affected by jams Conflicts between Private and Public transport occur. Traffic jams causes disruptions in Public transport services. Passengers are late for work, stressed out, and exposed to fumes, noise and heat.

5 Why do we need to manage traffic? Criticisms on new road constructions Road networks are extended to accommodate increasing number of vehicles. It does not solve the problem of traffic jams. It uses up government funds (taxpayers money) and causes scarcity of land. Negative impact on the environment and health High energy (fuel) consumption. Exhaust fumes, heat and noise causes pollution and health problems.

6 Why do we need to manage traffic? Mobility, accessibility and safety problems for non-motorized road users Conflicts between vulnerable road users (pedestrians & cyclists) and motorized transport. These users find it hard to travel, access is intruded, and their safety is at risk. Increased travel cost Cost, in terms of money and time, increases as more time is spent on the road due to traffic jams.

7 What problems may occur if traffic is not well managed? Traffic Congestion Road Accidents Disruption of Public Transportation Adverse effects on Environment Safety Risk for Pedestrians and Cyclists Increased Travel Cost Using up of Funds and Land

8 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES Category Objectives Techniques Improve Capacity Efficient use of fuel Reduce time wastage Promote and develop urban economy Link & Junctions improvement On Street parking & trading restrictions Traffic signals improvement One way & Tidal flow movements Roadmarkings and Signing improvements Allocate Priorities Protect vulnerable road users Increase effectiveness of high occupancy vehicles Pedestrian areas Cycle lanes Bus & HOV lanes Selective detection at signals Exemption from other regulations Restraint Improve public amenity Protect environment Improve safety Parking Controls Physical restraints Area licensing Road pricing Traffic calming

9 LINK & INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENTS To increase capacity To enhance safety To reduce delays To control speed Provide channelization Use traffic signals

10 LINK & INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENTS Create safe crossing for pedestrians Provide large waiting areas, pedestrian refuges, and shorter crossing distances Treatment for crossing at an intersection Treatment for crossing at a midblock

11 LINK & INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENTS Control speed on the approaches Neckdowns

12 PARKING & LOADING CONTROL Parking and loading control should be implemented on main traffic routes, especially during peak hours and near pedestrian movements. Parking & Loading Restriction

13 PARKING & LOADING CONTROL Benefits of parking & loading restrictions: Relieves traffic congestion Improve safety Improves visibility for and of pedestrians who want to cross When on-street parking restriction is enforced, provide sufficient off-street parking spaces. Designated loading areas must be allocated for loading activity. Loading can be permitted only on the back lane, where access is only for goods vehicles.

14 ONE-WAY STREET Advantages: Reduces conflict points Increases capacity Increases speed & flow Reduces delay Eliminates head-on collisions Eliminates dazzle Easier for pedestrians to cross the road Proper street signing is very important for one-way streets.

15 TURNING & ENTRY RESTRICTIONS Turning restrictions may be imposed: if the road is not able to accommodate large volumes of vehicles (No Right-Turn). if the maneuver is obstructive and dangerous (No U-turn). if the road or junction geometry is not adequately designed for turning movements of large vehicles (Light Vehicles Only). Entry restrictions may be imposed: for one way street schemes for certain periods of the day for certain vehicle classes

16 CONTRA FLOW (Tidal Flow / Reverse Flow) Contra flow is applied when there is an imbalance in directional distribution of traffic during peak hours. Traffic on one direction is in excess while traffic on the opposing direction is low. Justified when 65% or more of the total traffic during peak periods is in one direction. One lane in the lower volume direction is used for traffic on the higher volume direction. This lane is separated using barricades and channelizing devices and provided with proper signing.

17 PEDESTRIAN SEGREGATION Pedestrian Precinct Separate pedestrians from vehicular traffic. Objectives: - To reduce pedestrian-vehicle conflicts - To enhance pedestrian safety - To enforce No Jaywalking regulations Pedestrian Guardrails Sidewalk separation using planting strip

18 CYCLIST SEGREGATION Bicycle Lanes

19 BUS & HOV LANES Contra-Flow Bus Lane Bus Lanes With-Flow Bus Lanes Guided Bus Lane (Busway)

20 BUS & HOV LANES HOV Lanes HOV Lane Signages Contra-flow HOV Lane Segregated HOV Lane With-flow HOV Lane

21 BUS PRIORITY Smart Intersection uses bus detector to manipulate traffic signal which allows green phase for buses.

22 BUS PRIORITY Types of detection systems:

23 TRAFFIC RESTRAINT Types of traffic restraint measures: (1) DO NOTHING Drivers will eventually make trips during off-peak periods, choose to use alternative routes, and take alternative modes of transport. (2) PHYSICAL MEASURES Banning or prohibiting entry of certain classes of vehicles. Examples: Introduction of Bus & HOV Lanes, Bicycle lanes, Pedestrian precincts, etc.

24 TRAFFIC RESTRAINT (3) REGULATORY MEASURES Parking, waiting & loading control. Impose stiffer penalties and fines if regulations are violated. Limit the number of parking spaces in the city. Impose higher taxes for parking operators. (4) FISCAL MEASURES Vehicle tax Fuel tax Road Pricing / Area Licensing

25 TRAFFIC CALMING Traffic calming involves changes in street alignment, installation of barriers, and other physical measures to reduce traffic speeds and/or cut-through volumes, in the interest of street safety, livability, and other public purposes. (1) VERTICAL DEFLECTIONS Speed Hump Speed Lumps Speed Bump

26 TRAFFIC CALMING (1) VERTICAL DEFLECTIONS Speed Table Speed Cushions Raised Crosswalk Raised Intersection Textured pavement

27 TRAFFIC CALMING (2) HORIZONTAL DEFLECTIONS Traffic circle Chicane Roundabout

28 TRAFFIC CALMING Central Island Narrowing (3) HORIZONTAL NARROWINGS Neckdown Choker

29 CONTROL OVER ACCESSES AND DEVELOPMENT This is bad planning Houses have direct access to mainroad. Future development on the opposite land will add on to more access points on the mainroad. Accident risk is high. This is a better and safer plan Houses have direct access to a service road that is connected to the mainroad. Future development is located away from the mainroad. This is a lot safer!

30 ENFORCE TRAFFIC LAWS Traffic law enforcement is meant to achieve safe and efficient movement of all road users, including pedestrians. Stiffer fines and penalties should be imposed on traffic offenders in order to prevent repeat offences. Regular patrols should be made by law enforcers. Road users will learn to respect other road users and become more responsible and tolerant.

31 SPEED LIMITS AND SPEED ZONES Speed control can be achieved through imposing speed limits and implementing speed zones. Speed limits should be realistic depending on the road design standard, road geometry, and type of area. Speed zones should be introduced at areas with high pedestrian activity, such as schools. Enforcement is vital. Road signing, pavement marking, and traffic calming can complement these speed limits and speed zones.

32 MANAGING HEAVY GOODS VEHICLES (HGV) HGVs are a nuisance to traffic: causes damage to road pavement and other road structures impedes traffic when involved in an accident, can cause serious injury and damage, or be fatal HGV operations are not adequately regulated. Vehicles may be defective. There may be no criteria set for hiring HGV drivers. Due to long distance travel, drivers may take alcohol and drugs to stay awake. Vehicles are grossly overloaded (axle loads of tonnes are common).

33 MANAGING HEAVY GOODS VEHICLES (HGV) Areawide HGV Management Scheme Prohibition of HGVs from entering or passing an area or section of a road. HGV cordons can be used to prevent through movement while still permitting access. Off-peak Travel for HGVs HGVs are permitted to use specified routes only during off-peak periods.

34 MANAGING HEAVY GOODS VEHICLES (HGV) Loading Restriction Implemented during peak periods to ensure traffic is not impeded on major routes. Deliveries and collections can be made early in the morning or late at night. In pedestrianized areas,they must be done using rear servicing facilities.

35 PROVIDING FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT Encouraging the use of public transport is the best solution to reduce congestion (by reducing private automobile usage). Solution: Problems with Public Transport Service: Inadequate services during peak hours. Overcrowding. Delays and inconsistent schedules. Transit facilities are in deplorable state. High fares for poor service. Journey is too long. Bus Rapid Transit, Busway, Exclusive Bus Lanes, Bus Streets Light Rail Transit, Monorail, Express Rail Transit, Bullet Train Improvement of transit facilities

36 PROVIDING FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT Entry for Bus & Taxi Bus Only street Bus Priority Mass Transit Bus Rapid Transit Inter-modal Transit

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38 ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Active Traffic Management (ATM) can be defined as dynamically managing and controlling traffic, based on prevailing conditions. Using integrated systems and a coordinated response, both recurrent and nonrecurrent congestion can be managed to provide improved roadway safety and throughput. With travel demand on the rise and increasing congestion, coupled with the reality of today s financial constraints, active traffic management can be an excellent operational strategy. Example of ATM techniques: 1. Speed harmonisation 2. Queue warning 3. Ramp metering 4. Dynamic message sign 5. Temporary shoulder use 6. Automated speed enforcement 7. Dynamic re-routing and traveler information 8. Dynamic lane marking 9. Travel time signs 38

39 ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (1) SPEED HARMONISATION Uses an expert system to monitor data coming from field-deployed sensors on a roadway and automatically adjust speed limits when congestion thresholds are exceeded and congestion and queue formation are impending. Sign gantries that span the facility provide speed limits and additional information, depending on roadway conditions. 39

40 ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (2) QUEUE WARNING Employed to warn motorists of queues or backups, and direct through-traffic to alternate lanes through the display of warning signs and flashing lights. The benefit of queue warning is that it effectively utilizes available roadway capacity and reduces the likelihood of speed differentials and collisions related to queuing. 40

41 ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (3) RAMP METERING A procedure used to reduce congestion by managing vehicle flow from local-access on-ramps. The entrance ramp is equipped with a traffic signal that allows vehicles to enter the freeway at predetermined intervals. 41

42 ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (4) DYNAMIC MESSAGE SIGN Also known as Variable Message Sign (VMS), this method involves permanently installed or portable electronic traffic signs used on roadways to give travelers information about roadway conditions (e.g. congestion, crashes, incidents, work zones, speed limits, etc.) It can be changed or switched on or off as required and can be used to provide roadway lane control, speed control, and operational restrictions. 42

43 ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (5) TEMPORARY SHOULDER USE The opening up the shoulder next to the outside lane of traffic for temporary use to address capacity bottlenecks on the freeway network during times of congestion and reduced travel speeds. Travel on the shoulder is permitted only when speed harmonization is active and speed limits are reduced. Signs indicate when travel on the shoulder is permitted. Also known as hard shoulder running or a rush-hour lane, this practice can minimize recurrent congestion and manage traffic during incidents. 43

44 ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (6) AUTOMATED SPEED ENFORCEMENT Automated enforcement of speeds involve an expert system that combine radar and image capturing technologies which can detect real-time speeds of vehicles at locations with speed limits, and capture photographic evidence (license plate and/or picture of driver) of speed violations that can be used to issue a citation. 44

45 ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (7) DYNAMIC REROUTING & TRAVELER INFORMATION Involves the provision of route information on overhead sign gantries along a roadway in response to recurrent and nonrecurrent congestion. The signs provide en-route guidance information to motorists on queues, major incidents, and appropriate routes. This method can effectively utilize available roadway capacity by redirecting traffic to less congested facilities. 45

46 ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (8) DYNAMIC LANE MARKINGS Uses intelligent solarpowered or hardwired road studs with built-in LED which provide support to active management strategies. They give clear guidance to the driver by actively defining and delineating travel paths for drivers and other road users. 46

47 ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (9) TRAVEL TIME SIGNS Travel time signs provide estimated travel time and other condition reports and communicate travel and traffic conditions. This allows for better en-route decisions by travelers 47

48 INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Application in Malaysia: INTEGRATED TRANSPORT INFORMATION SYSTEM (ITIS) 48

49 INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 49