Testosterone Causes Decrease in the Content of Skeletal Muscle Myostatin
|
|
- Godfrey Randall
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Brief Paper : Physiology Testosterone Causes Decrease in the Content of Skeletal Muscle Myostatin Shigeo Kawada *, Makoto Okuno ** and Naokata Ishii ** * Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan kawada@k.u-tokyo.ac.jp ** Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan [Received December 21, 2005 ; Accepted April 25, 2006] Myostatin, a potent negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth, plays an important role in the regulation of muscle size. However, the mechanisms by which muscle myostatin production is regulated have not been fully understood. We hypothesized that testosterone, a positive regulator of muscle growth, causes a reduction of muscular myostatin content. To test this, we measured the content of myostatin in skeletal muscle after injection of testosterone at varied doses. Male C57BL/6j mice (age, 11 wk; n= 6 for each group) were subjected to subcutaneous injections of testosterone (0.3, 0.6, or 1.2mg/ day per 100g body weight) for 3 days. On the 4th day, the gastrocnemius/ plantaris complex (Gast/ Plant) and the soleus muscles were dissected and the content of myostatin protein was measured. Injection of testosterone tended to cause increases in body weight, Gast/ Plant and soleus muscle wet weight when compared to the control group. Myostatin content in the Gast/ Plant muscle decreased signifi cantly after the injection at 1.2mg per 100g body weight when compared to both control and after the injection at 0.3mg per 100g body weight. In the soleus muscle, the myostatin content also decreased signifi cantly after the injection at 0.3, 0.6 or 1.2mg per 100g body weight when compared to the control group. These results suggest that testosterone plays a part in the regulation of myostatin content in skeletal muscle. Keywords: myostatin, testosterone, negative regulator [] 1. Introduction Myostatin, a member of the TGF-ß superfamily, is a potent inhibitor of skeletal muscle growth [Lee and McPherron (2001)]. A myostatin-null human shows larger musculature and strength [Schuelke et al. (2004)]. It has also been demonstrated that the mutation of the myostatin gene causes hyperplasia in addition to hypertrophy of skeletal muscle fi bers [Lee and McPherron (2001)], whereas an increase in systemic myostatin causes skeletal muscle atrophy [Zimmers et al. (2002)]. Mechanical loading of skeletal muscle has been thought to be one of the critical factors in the regulation of myostatin production within muscle. The mouse hindlimb muscles respond to overloading with a decrease in myostatin protein content [Kawada et al. (2001)]. For human skeletal muscles, it has also been shown that heavy resistance training causes muscle hypertrophy associated with the reduction in myostatin expression [Roth et al. (2003)]. However, it remains unclear whether other factors including hormones and growth factors are involved in the regulation of myostatin production within skeletal muscle. Testosterone has long been regarded as one of the anabolic hormones for skeletal muscle, and its supplementation has been demonstrated to cause muscle hypertrophy [Bhasin et al. (2001)]. However, the effect of testosterone on myostatin production within skeletal muscle has not been fully understood, because no direct evidence has been put forward on muscle myostatin production by testosterone administration. Because the 5 -regulatory region of the myostatin gene has several binding sites for the androgen-receptor complex [Ma et al. (2001)], we hypothesized that testosterone down-regulates the transcription of myostatin, thereby causing the 44
2 Regulation of Myostatin reduction of skeletal muscle myostatin content. To test this hypothesis, the present study examined whether testosterone injection causes the reduction of myostatin content in mouse skeletal muscles. 2. Methods 2.1. Animals Male C57BL/6j mice (age, 11wk) were used. They were housed in an animal room with regulated temperature (22 ), humidity (60% ) and illumination cycles (12-h light and 12-h dark). They were allowed to eat commercial mouse chow (CLEA, Japan) and drink water ad libitum. Animal care and all experimental procedures employed were in accordance with the policy statement of the University of Tokyo on research with experimental animals. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee for Animal Experiments at the University of Tokyo Experimental design The mice were randomly assigned into control and experimental groups (n = 6 for control; n = 18 for experimental). It has been reported that testosterone injection of 0.6mg/ 100g body weight daily for one week causes a maximum muscle hypertrophy in impuberal rats [Eisenberg and Gordan (1950)]. Therefore, the mice were subjected to a subcutaneous injection of testosterone (Wako Co, Japan) at three different doses of 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2mg/ 100g body weight/ day for 3 days (n = 6 for each dose). It has been shown that hindlimb suspension of a mouse causes an increase in myostatin expression within one day, but the elevated expression gradually returns to the original level by the 7th day [Carlson et al. (1999)]. Also, our previous study has shown that myostatin responds to muscle reloading subsequent to unloading within a few days [Kawada et al. (2001)]. These studies suggest that changes in myostatin content take place within the initial few days of experiments. Therefore, the muscle specimens were dissected on the 4th day in the present study. The hormone was dissolved in sesame oil and the vehicle of 300µl was injected daily at the same time of the day. The control group was injected with the same volume of sesame oil. On the 4th day, the mice were euthanized by an over-dose intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital, and the gastrocnemius/ plantaris complex (Gast/ Plant) and soleus muscles were dissected from the hindlimb. The muscle samples were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 until analysis Western blotting analysis Tissue samples were homogenized in a buffer containing 10-mM Tris-HCl (ph 7.4), 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 5% 2-mercaptoethanol. The homogenate was boiled for 3 minutes, then centrifuged at 13,000 g (4 ) for 15 minutes. The supernatant was removed and its protein concentration was determined using a protein determination kit (Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA). Then, equal amounts of extracted muscle proteins (100µ g total protein) were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide (12%) gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Proteins on a gel were transferred onto poly vinilidene difl uoride (PVDF) membrane (ATTO, Japan) electrophoretically. The membrane was reacted with anti-myostatin antibody (1:250) and then with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG [1:2000 (American Qualex, CA)] as a secondary antibody. The primary antibody is a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against amino acids of mouse myostatin origin [Kawada et al. (2001)]. Band density was determined by using the gel plotting program of the NIH Image (version 1.61; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). The band density was used as an indicator of myostatin content in the same amount of solubilized proteins. Its absolute value was then expressed relative to that for the control Statistical analysis The differences between groups were examined with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Games-Howell post-hoc test. P value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically signifi cant. 3. Results Testosterone injection appeared to cause slight increases in the body weight and the wet weight of both Gast/ Plant and soleus muscles when compared to the control group, but the changes were not 45
3 Table 1 Effects of testosterone injection on body and muscle weights. control experimental group Injection of testosterone (mg/100g body weight) mg 0.6mg 1.2mg body weight (g) pre-experiment 24.1 (0.95) 24.2 (0.52) 24.9 (1.26) 24.4 (0.97) post-experiment 24.9 (1.23) 25.7 (0.77) 26.0 (1.38) 26.3 (1.37) Increase in body weight (%) 3.37 (0.97) 6.42 (2.03) 4.40 (1.38) 7.93 (3.02) Muscle wet weight (mg) Gast/ Plant [post-experiment (mg)] (8.14) (3.43) (9.21) (6.02) Soleus [post-experiment (mg)] 7.55 (0.45) 7.72 (0.50) 8.52 (0.73) 8.40 (0.80) Means and S.D. (in brackets) are shown. A Relative myostatin content control 0.3mg 0.6mg 1.2mg Figure 1A Injection of testosterone (mg/100g body weight) B Relatine myostatin content * control 0.3mg 0.6mg 1.2mg Figure 1B Injection of testosterone (mg/100g body weight) Figure 1 Effects of testosterone injection on the myostatin content in Gast/Plant (A) and soleus (B). Bars denote S.E.M. *Signifi cantly different (P < 0.05) from values for control (vehicle injected). Signifi cantly different (P < 0.05) from values for 0.3mg-injected group. signifi cant (Table 1). Myostatin content in the Gast/ Plant muscle decreased signifi cantly after the injection of 1.2mg testosterone (per 100g body weight) as compared to both control and 0.3mg testosterone injected groups (Figure 1A). In the soleus muscle, the myostatin content showed signifi cant decreases after the injections of 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2mg testosterone when compared to the control group (Figure 1B). 4. Discussion Myostatin is known to be a potent negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth [Lee and McPherron (2001)]. It has been shown that myostatin stimulates the activity of p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, thereby suppressing the activity of Cdk2, an enzyme involved in the cell cycle progression [Thomas et al. (2000)]. However, the direct effect of myostatin on protein synthesis and/ or degradation within existing muscle fi bers has not been well understood, although a study has shown that myostatin binds to serine/threonine kinase receptors and activates subsequent phosporylation cascades [Lee and McPherron (2001)]. Several studies with experimental animals or humans have shown that skeletal muscles subjected to mechanical stress respond with a decrease in myostatin content and muscle hypertrophy [Kawada et al. (2001); Roth et al. (2003); Kim et al. (2005)]. In addition to mechanical stress, local circulatory change may infl uence the muscle myostatin content, because our previous study has shown that blood fl ow 46
4 Regulation of Myostatin restriction in hindlimb muscles causes a decrease in myostatin content and muscle hypertrophy [Kawada and Ishii (2005)]. However, additional factors, including systemic hormones and local growth factors, are also to be considered, because some of them are shown to be readily changed in response to exercise and mechanical loading [Psilander et al. (2003); Goto et al (2005)]. For instance, heavy resistance exercise causes an increase in serum testosterone level in male individuals [Ahtiainen et al. (2005)]. Testosterone may infl uence the myostatin production in muscle, because the 5 -regulatory region of the myostatin gene has several binding sites for the androgen-receptor complex [Ma et al. (2001)]. In the present study, testosterone injection caused a decrease in the content of myostatin in both Gast/ Plant and soleus muscles. Myostatin content in the Gast/ Plant muscle decreased signifi cantly after the injection of 1.2mg testosterone (per 100g body weight), whereas in the soleus muscle, the myostatin content showed signifi cant decreases after the injections of 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2mg testosterone when compared to the control group. It has been shown that both the androgen receptor and myostatin protein are more abundant in fast type muscles than in slow type muscles [Bircout et al. (1994); Carlson et al. (1999)]. This suggests that the sensitivity of myostatin response to testosterone differs with each muscle. Regarding the myostatin response to mechanical loading, our previous study has shown that the percentage reduction of myostatin content during a 2-day reloading after a 14-day unloading is larger in the soleus muscle (-36%) than in the Gast/ Plant muscle (-30%) in mice [Kawada et al. (2001)], suggesting that the myostatin response is more sensitive in slow type muscle than in fast type muscle. The present reduction in myostatin content after injection of testosterone may be mediated by the decreased synthesis and/ or increased breakdown of myostatin. Therefore, the present study did not conclude that the transcription of the myostatin gene is suppressed by the androgen-receptor complex although changes in myostatin protein are of more physiological signifi cance. Also, the present study failed to show signifi cant muscle hypertrophy in association with the decrease in myostatin. This was likely due to the short period (3 days) of testosterone treatment. Acknowledgement This study was supported by the grant-in-aid (No to N.I.) from the Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sciences, and Technology. References Ahtiainen JP, Pakarinen A, Alen M, Kraemer WJ, Hakkinen K (2005) Short vs. long rest period between the sets in hypertrophic resistance training: infl uence on muscle strength, size, and hormonal adaptations in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 19: Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R, Singh AB, Bhasin D, Berman N, Chen X, Yarasheski KE, Magliano L, Dzekov C, Dzekov J, Bross R, Phillips J, Hikim IS, Shen R, Storer TW (2001) Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Am J Physiol 281: E1172-E1181 Bircout VA, Germain PS, Serrurier BD, Guezennec CY (1994) Changes in testosterone muscle receptors; effects of an androgen treatment on physically trained rats. Cell Mol Biol 40: Carlson CJ, Booth FW, Gordon SE (1999) Skeletal muscle myostatin mrna expression is fi ber-type specifi c and increases during unloading. Am J Physiol 277: R601-R606 Eisenberg E, Gordan GS (1950) The levator ani muscle of the rat as an index of myotrophic activity of steroidal hormones. Phar Exp Ther 99: Goto K, Ishii N, Kizuka T, Takamatsu K (2005) The impact of metabolic stress on hormonal responses and muscle adaptations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37: Kawada S, Tachi C, Ishii N (2001) Content and localization of myostatin in mouse skeletal muscles during aging, mechanical unloading and reloading. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 22: Kawada S, Ishii N (2005) Skeletal muscle hypertrophy after chronic restriction of venous blood fl ow in rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37: Kim JS, Cross JM, Bamman MM (2005) Impact of resistance loading on myostatin expression and cell cycle regulation in young and older men and women. Am J Physiol 288: E1110-E1119 Lee SJ, McPherron AC (2001) Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: Ma K, Mallidis C, Artaza J, Taylor W, Gonzalez-Cadavid N, Bhasin S (2001) Characterization of 5 -regulatory region of human myostatin gene: regulation by dexamethasone in vitro. Am J Physiol 281:E1128-E1136 Psilander N, Damsgaard R, Pilegaard H (2003) Resistance exercise alters MRF and IGF-1 mrna content in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 95: Roth SM, Martel GF, Ferrell RE, Metter EJ, Hurley BF, Rogers MA (2003) Myostatin gene expression is regulated in humans with heavy-resistance strength training: a brief communication. Exp Biol Med 228: Schuelke M, Wagner KR, Stolz LE, Hübner C, Riebel T, Kömen W, Braum T, Tobin JF, Lee SJ (2004) Myostatin mutation associated with gross muscle hypertrophy in a child. N Engl J Med 350: Thomas M, Langley B, Berry C, Sharma M, Kirk S, Bass J, Kambadur R (2000) Myostatin, a negative regulation of muscle growth, functions by inhibiting myoblast proliferation. J Biol Chem 275: Zimmers TA, Davies MV, Koniaris LG, Haynes P, Esquela AF, Tomkinson KN, McPherron AC, Wolfman NM, Lee SJ (2002) Induction of cachexia in mice by systemically administered myostatin. Science 296:
5 Name: Shigeo KAWADA Affi liation: Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo Address: Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan Brief Biographical History: Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University (Post-doctoral fellow) Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo (Associate researcher) Main Works: Skeletal muscle hypertrophy after chronic restriction of venous blood fl ow in rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005,37(7) Membership in Learned Societies: Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine American Physiological Society National Strength & Conditioning Association 48
Relationship between Aerobic Training and Testosterone Levels in Male Athletes
Relationship between Aerobic Training and Testosterone Levels in Male Athletes Siu Yuen Ng Biology 493 13 th December, 2010 Abstract Salivary testosterone levels of 11 athletes and 15 non athletes were
More informationSupplementary Material
Current Issue Previous Issues Science Express Science Products My Science About the Journal Home > Science Magazine > 24 May 2002 > Zimmers et al., pp. 1486-1488 Science 24 May 2002: Vol. 296. no. 5572,
More informationLaboratoires Dom AVMM (Suisse) Inc. New Innovation in Peptide Therapy for Slimming
Laboratoires Dom AVMM (Suisse) Inc New Innovation in Peptide Therapy for Slimming Globally, Fat Facts 1 billion overweight adults 300 million obese adults A major risk for chronic diseases: Type 2 diabetes
More informationLEUCINE. - A major driving force for Muscle Protein Synthesis
LEUCINE - A major driving force for Muscle Protein Synthesis An article by Professor Don MacLaren, 2016. Leucine is one of the 9 essential amino acids that are required to be ingested by the body since
More informationGrowth Hormone & Somatotropin are an Ergogenic Aid
Growth Hormone & Somatotropin are an Ergogenic Aid BPK 312 MARCH 28 2017 MICHAEL MORKOS PAUL SOURIAL DEL INGVALDSON Table of Contents 1. Hypothesis 2. Clinical Use 3. Mechanism of Action 4. Growth hormone
More informationMuscle regeneration through myostatin inhibition Kathryn R. Wagner
Muscle regeneration through myostatin inhibition Kathryn R. Wagner Purpose of review Myostatin is an endogenous, negative regulator of muscle growth. Selective inhibition of myostatin may have broad clinical
More informationUse of biotechnology to improve muscle growth in aquaculture species: Preliminary results on the use of myostatin in tilapia
Nov. 12, 2011 HAAA Workshop Use of biotechnology to improve muscle growth in aquaculture species: Preliminary results on the use of myostatin in tilapia Yong Soo Kim, PhD Department of Human Nutrition,
More informationNutrition, supplements, and exercise
Nutrition, supplements, and exercise Walter R. Frontera, MD, PhD Professor and Chair Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Vanderbilt University School of Medicine And Medical Director of
More informationRapid Recovery Hyperbarics 9439 Archibald Ave. Suite 104 Rancho Cucamonga CA,
Hyperbaric Oxygen Exposure Reduces Age- Related Decrease in Oxidative Capacity of the Tibialis Anterior Muscle in Mice Takahiro Nishizaka,1 Fumiko Nagatomo,2 Hidemi Fujino,3 Tomoko Nomura,4 Tomohiko Sano,4
More informationMyostatin: a modulator of skeletal-muscle stem cells
Stem Cells and Development 1513 Myostatin: a modulator of skeletal-muscle stem cells F.S. Walsh* 1 and A.J. Celeste *Wyeth Research, Collegeville, PA 19426, U.S.A., and Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA 02140,
More informationRegulation of the Myostatin Protein in Overload- Induced Hypertrophied Rat Skeletal Muscle
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive All Theses and Dissertations 2013-12-01 Regulation of the Myostatin Protein in Overload- Induced Hypertrophied Rat Skeletal Muscle Paige Abriel Affleck Brigham
More informationbiosensis Human IGF-II, Insulin-like growth factor II, Somatomedin-A ELISA Kit Protocol
biosensis Human IGF-II, Insulin-like growth factor II, Somatomedin-A ELISA Kit Protocol Catalog No: BEK-2029-1P For quantitative detection of human IGF-II in cell culture supernatants, cell lysates, tissue
More informationTESTOFEN. Anabolic & Androgenic Activity GENCOR PACIFIC, INC. Fenugreek Extract standardized for FENUSIDE TM. Copyright 2005 by Gencor Pacific, Inc.
GENCOR PACIFIC, INC. 920E. Orangethorpe Avenue, Suite B, Anaheim, CA. 92801 Ph: 714.870.8723 714.870.8724 efax: 732.875.0306 drjit@gencorpacific.com manu@gencorpacific.com www.gencorpacific.com TESTOFEN
More informationKNG1 (Human) ELISA Kit
KNG1 (Human) ELISA Kit Catalog Number KA1040 96 assays Version: 07 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Background... 3 Principle of the Assay... 3 General
More information(b) Androgenic effects
ANABOLC AND ANDROGENC EFFECTS OF METHANDROSTENOLONE ("") DURNG SYSTEMATC PHYSCAL ACTVTY N RATS Professor V. ROGOZKN Research nstitute of Physical Culture, Dynamo Avenue 2, 197047 LENNGRAD, USSR Despite
More informationFormulating With Whey In A Fully Transparent Market. Chris Lockwood, PhD President May 22-23, 2018
Formulating With Whey In A Fully Transparent Market Chris Lockwood, PhD President May 22-23, 2018 Driving Protein Demand Only Major Nutrient That Stimulates Muscle Building (Muscle Protein Synthesis, or
More informationSTUDY OF THE EFFECT OF AN EXTRACT OF Serenoa repens on the production of the 5-α reductasa enzyme
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF AN EXTRACT OF Serenoa repens on the production of the 5-α reductasa enzyme 1) ROLE OF 5-α-ALFA-REDUCTASA 5-α reductasas (5-α-R) are a family of enzymes involved in steroid metabolism.
More informationAn overview of the endocrinology of skeletal muscle
Review TRENDS in Endocrinology and Metabolism Vol.15 No.3 April 2004 An overview of the endocrinology of skeletal muscle Melinda Sheffield-Moore 2 and Randall J. Urban 1 1 University of Texas Medical Branch,
More informationUCLA Nutrition Noteworthy
UCLA Nutrition Noteworthy Title Protein and Amino Acid Supplementation for Resistance Training: Are We Being Sold Products That We Don t Need? Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5q0844bz Journal
More informationGlucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with upregulation of myostatin gene expression
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285: E363 E371, 2003. First published April 29, 2003; 10.1152/ajpendo.00487.2002. Glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with upregulation of myostatin
More informationA potential indicator of denervated muscle atrophy: the ratio of myostatin to follistatin in peripheral blood
A potential indicator of denervated muscle atrophy: the ratio of myostatin to follistatin in peripheral blood R.H. Wu 1, P. Wang 2, L. Yang 3, Y. Li 4, Y. Liu 1 and M. Liu 1 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
More informationMyostatin is a TGF- family member that plays a key role in
Regulation of muscle growth by multiple ligands signaling through activin type II receptors Se-Jin Lee*, Lori A. Reed, Monique V. Davies, Stefan Girgenrath, Mary E. P. Goad, Kathy N. Tomkinson, Jill F.
More informationTESTOFEN HUMAN CLINICAL TRIAL GENCOR PACIFIC, INC. Copyright 2006 by Gencor Pacific, Inc.
GENCOR PACIFIC, INC. 920 E. Orangethorpe Avenue, Suite B, Anaheim, CA 92801 Ph: 714.870.8723 714.870.8724 efax: 732.875.0306 drjit@gencorpacific.com gita@gencorpacific.com www.gencorpacific.com TESTOFEN
More informationRayBio Human vwf ELISA Kit
RayBio Human vwf ELISA Kit Catalog #: ELH-vWF User Manual Last revised April 15, 2016 Caution: Extraordinarily useful information enclosed ISO 13485 Certified 3607 Parkway Lane, Suite 100 Norcross, GA
More informationHuman ABCD1 ELISA KIT
Human ABCD1 ELISA KIT Cat. No.:DEIA8716 Pkg.Size:96T Intended use The Human ABCD1 ELISA KIT is for the quantitative detection of human ABCD1 in serum and plasma. General Description ABCD1, also known as
More informationDietary supplements and nutrition in sports and exercices performance
Dietary supplements and nutrition in sports and exercices performance Nutrition for endurance sports The most likely contributors to fatigue during an endurance exercise are dehydration and carbohydrates
More informationLIFETIME FITNESS HEALTHY NUTRITION. UNIT 2 Lesson 14 FLEXIBILITY LEAN BODY COMPOSITION
LIFETIME FITNESS HEALTHY NUTRITION MUSCULAR STRENGTH AEROBIC ENDURANCE UNIT 2 Lesson 14 FLEXIBILITY LEAN BODY COMPOSITION MUSCULAR ENDURANCE Created by Derek G. Becher B.P.E., B. Ed., AFLCA Resistance
More informationF7 (Human) Chromogenic Activity Assay Kit
F7 (Human) Chromogenic Activity Assay Kit Catalog Number KA0971 96 assays Version: 02 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Background... 3 Principle of the
More informationbiosensis Rat Interleukin-1 beta, IL-1β ELISA Kit Protocol
biosensis Rat Interleukin-1 beta, IL-1β ELISA Kit Protocol For the quantitative detection of rat IL-1β in cell culture supernatants, serum, heparin or EDTA treated plasma samples, and cell homogenates
More informationCreatine. Travis Harvey, PhD, CSCS
Creatine Travis Harvey, PhD, CSCS Overview This is not exhaustive it s applicable Disclaimer BLUF Myths Legends Protective effects Move, Shoot, Communicate Bottom Line Collectively, results from these
More informationSecrets of Abang Sado : Effects of testosterone therapy. Azraai Nasruddin
+ Secrets of Abang Sado : Effects of testosterone therapy Azraai Nasruddin + Testosterone Testosterone : Steroid hormone - Made primarily by the testicles in males - Small amounts produced by the adrenal
More informationSparing dystrophic muscle
Sparing dystrophic muscle Research at NMDRC Skeletal muscle Development and Hypertrophy Dystrophic Pathology Skeletal Muscle Regeneration Stem cells and Cell Transplantation Identification and manipulation
More informationMechanisms of Anabolic Steroid Action in Bovine Skeletal Muscle
Chapter 1 Downloaded via 148.251.232.83 on November 7, 2018 at 10:49:03 (UTC). See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles. Mechanisms of Anabolic
More informationTREATMENT OPTIONS FOR MALE HYPOGONADISM
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR MALE HYPOGONADISM Bruce Biundo, RPh, FACA PCCA Pharmacy Consulting Department Updated July 2012 Hypogonadism in men is primarily a state involving lower than expected levels of testosterone,
More informationbiosensis Rat Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor/gdnf total /ATF ELISA Kit Protocol
biosensis Rat Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor/gdnf total /ATF ELISA Kit Protocol Catalog No: BEK-2020-1P For quantitative detection of rat GDNF in cell culture supernatants, cell lysates, tissue
More informationNandrolone decanoate modulates cell cycle regulation in functionally overloaded rat soleus muscle
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 288: R1543 R1552, 2005; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00285.2004. Nandrolone decanoate modulates cell cycle regulation in functionally overloaded rat soleus muscle Joseph M.
More informationIssues. What is a low testosterone? Who needs testosterone therapy? Benefits/adverse effects of testosterone replacement Treatment options
Male Hypogonadism Jauch Symposium Waterloo, IA May 17, 2013 Janet A. Schlechte, M.D. Disclosure of Financial Relationships Janet A. Schlechte, M.D. has no relationships with any proprietary entity producing
More informationPerformance Enhancing Drugs in Sports
Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Mark D. Price, M.D., Ph.D Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery University of Massachusetts Medical School Historical Perspective 1889 Brown-Sequard
More informationEFFECTS OF METHYLHEXANAMINE (DMAA) ON C2C12 AND 3T3 STEM CELLS. Cameron Franz Pittsburgh Central Catholic High School Grade 11
EFFECTS OF METHYLHEXANAMINE (DMAA) ON C2C12 AND 3T3 STEM CELLS Cameron Franz Pittsburgh Central Catholic High School Grade 11 Tissue Engineering TE is the development and manipulation of artificial implants,
More informationNorthern Illinois University
Northern Illinois University Timing o f Milk Supplementation on Muscular Hypertrophy and Strength in Trained Males A Thesis Submitted to the University Honors Program in Partial Fulfillment o f the Requirements
More informationbiosensis Human Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor receptor type II (stnfrii) ELISA Kit Protocol
biosensis Human Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor receptor type II (stnfrii) ELISA Kit Protocol Catalog No: BEK-2103-2P For quantitative detection of human soluble TNFRII (stnfrii) in human cell culture supernatants,
More informationbiosensis Rat IGF-1/Somatomedin/Insulin-like growth factor ELISA Kit Protocol
biosensis Rat IGF-1/Somatomedin/Insulin-like growth factor ELISA Kit Protocol Catalog No: BEK-2150-1P For quantitative detection of rat IGF-1 in cell culture supernatants, cell and tissue homogenates,
More informationRayBio Human TNF-alpha ELISA Kit
RayBio Human TNF-alpha ELISA Kit Catalog #: ELH-TNFa User Manual Last revised April 15, 2016 Caution: Extraordinarily useful information enclosed ISO 13485 Certified 3607 Parkway Lane, Suite 100 Norcross,
More informationTranssexuals and competitive sports
European Journal of Endocrinology (2004) 151 425 429 ISSN 0804-4643 REVIEW Transsexuals and competitive sports Louis J G Gooren and Mathijs C M Bunck Department of Endocrinology, Section of Andrology,
More information6I unstable compound with phosphoric acid, which disappears during fatigue. (From the Department of Physiology, The University, Sheffield.
6I2.744 ON THE CREATINE AND PHOSPHORUS CONTENT OF MUSCLE. BY MARION BROWN1 AND C. G. IMRIE. (From the Department of Physiology, The University, Sheffield.) IT is well known that the concentration of creatine
More informationbiosensis Mouse Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) ELISA Kit Protocol
biosensis Mouse Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) ELISA Kit Protocol Catalog Number: BEK-2151-1P For quantitative detection of mouse IL-1β in cell culture supernatant, cell lysates, and serum and hepain or EDTA
More informationSuppression of testosterone does not blunt mrna expression of myod, myogenin, IGF, myostatin or androgen receptor post strength training in humans
J Physiol 578.2 (2007) pp 579 593 579 Suppression of testosterone does not blunt mrna expression of myod, myogenin, IGF, myostatin or androgen receptor post strength training in humans Thue Kvorning,Marianne
More informationA missense mutant myostatin causes hyperplasia without hypertrophy in the mouse muscle
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 293 (2002) 247 251 www.academicpress.com A missense mutant myostatin causes hyperplasia without hypertrophy in the mouse muscle Masumi Nishi, a,b Akihiro
More informationbiosensis Mouse Vascular endothelial growth factor A/VEGF-A/VEGF-164/VEGF-1/VEGF- 120/VEGF-2 ELISA Kit Protocol
biosensis Mouse Vascular endothelial growth factor A/VEGF-A/VEGF-164/VEGF-1/VEGF- 120/VEGF-2 ELISA Kit Protocol Catalog No: BEK-2110-1P For quantitative detection of mouse VEGF-A (VEGF164&VEGF120) in mouse
More informationt Present address: Medical Research Division, THE EFFECT OF ANTI-ANDROGENS ON THE RESPONSE OF RAT PREPUTIAL GLANDS TO TESTOSTERONE*
THE EFFECT OF ANTI-ANDROGENS ON THE RESPONSE OF RAT PREPUTIAL GLANDS TO TESTOSTERONE* E. LINN JONES, M.D.t AND LINDA WOODBURY, M.D. In recent years, a number of new compounds have been discovered which
More informationGrowth Hormone s Impact as a Safe Ergogenic Aid to Increase Body Size
Growth Hormone s Impact as a Safe Ergogenic Aid to Increase Body Size Point Argument: Growth Hormone is a Safe Ergogenic Aid to Increase Body Size Monica Chauhan Carissa Eastwood Emily Lefler Mar. 28,
More informationab IgG1 Human ELISA Kit
ab100548 IgG1 Human ELISA Kit Instructions for Use For the quantitative measurement of Human IgG1 in serum and plasma This product is for research use only and is not intended for diagnostic use. Version
More informationAnabolic Androgenic Steroids
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids 1 / 6 2 / 6 3 / 6 Anabolic Androgenic Steroids What are anabolic steroids? Anabolic steroids are synthetic, or human-made, variations of the male sex hormone testosterone.
More informationHGH for Sale Natural Anti-Aging Human Growth Hormone
HGH for Sale Natural Anti-Aging Human Growth Hormone Human growth hormone is one of the hottest supplement trends on the market, and now you can purchase top-quality HGH to be delivered right to your home!
More informationTransgender 201: Case Discussion Group
Transgender 201: Case Discussion Group Melissa Davis, MD Maria Barnett, DO October 19, 2017 Maria Barnett, DO, Date Welcome! Disclosures Introductions Discussion The total time of this workshop will depend
More informationbiosensis Mouse CXCL10/IP-10 ELISA Kit Protocol
biosensis Mouse CXCL10/IP-10 ELISA Kit Protocol Catalogue No: BEK-2124-2P TABLE OF CONTENTS I Materials provided...2 II Equipment required but not supplied...2 III Technical hints....2 IV Storage of kit
More informationWhat is the difference with Whey, Casein, BCAA's, Glutamine, NO products?
Charles Glass - Mr. World / IFBB PRO Senior Executive Vice President Personal Trainers Association (PROPTA) PROPTA Master Trainer about Recov Bipeptides This is the best protein supplement I ever tried
More informationEndogenous expression and localization of myostatin and its relation to MHC distribution in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells
Endogenous expression and localization of myostatin and its relation to MHC distribution in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells Artaza, J., Mallidis, C., Ma, K., Taylor, W., Bhasin, S., & Gonzalez-cadavid, N.
More informationUpdates on Anti-doping and TUE Management in Paralympic Sport
International Paralympic Committee Updates on Anti-doping and TUE Management in Paralympic Sport Matthew Fedoruk, Ph.D. March 15, 2018 PyeongChang 2018 IPC Medical / Sports Science Committee Workshops
More informationGene Regulation II. Genetics Bio 36404
Gene Regulation II Genetics Bio 36404 Review DNA RNA protein Every cell in body has same DNA. Not all cells make all proteins What turns genes on and off? Prokaryotes Operon - group of related genes and
More informationANNEX 3 TO THE DRAFT REPORT OF THE OECD VALIDATION OF THE RAT HERSHBERGER BIOASSAY: PHASE 2
ANNEX 3 TO THE DRAFT REPORT OF THE OECD VALIDATION OF THE RAT HERSHBERGER BIOASSAY: PHASE 2 Hershberger Assay Interlaboratory Study: Statistical analysis of phase 2 data from 16 laboratories in the multi-chemical
More informationApplications of Myostatin (MSTN) Gene in the Livestock Animals and Humans: A Review
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 9 (2017) pp. 1807-1811 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.609.222
More informationResearch Article The Effect of Anabolic Steroid Administration on Passive Stretching-Induced Expression of Mechano-Growth Factor in Skeletal Muscle
The Scientific World Journal Volume 2013, Article ID 313605, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/313605 Research Article The Effect of Anabolic Steroid Administration on Passive Stretching-Induced Expression
More informationCspB ELISA Kit DAS ELISA for the detection of CspB protein Catalog number: PSP 35500
List of contents Lot number Item 480 wells 4800 wells Antibody-coated 96-well microtiter plates 5 strip 50 solid Peroxidase enzyme conjugate, concentrated 0.550 ml 5 x 1.1 ml RUB6 enzyme conjugate diluent
More informationMale pattern baldness is the most common type of balding among males. It affects roughly, 50% of men by the age of 50,
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) Male pattern baldness is the most common type of balding among males. It affects roughly, 30% of men by the age of 30, 50% of men by the age of 50, 57% of men by the age of 60.
More informationbiosensis Mouse Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) ELISA Kit Protocol
biosensis Mouse Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) ELISA Kit Protocol Catalog No: BEK-2003-2P For quantitative detection of mouse BDNF in cell culture supernatants, cell lysates, serum, and citrate,
More informationMUSCLE. Report. Volume 5 Issue 3. The latest Scientific Discoveries in the Fields of Resistance Exercise, Nutrition and Supplementation.
MUSCLE Report Volume 5 Issue 3 The latest Scientific Discoveries in the Fields of Resistance Exercise, Nutrition and Supplementation. More isn t always better The August 2014 issue of the Muscle Report
More informationGROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO TILAPIA SPECIES (O. aureas and O. hornorum)
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO TILAPIA SPECIES (O. aureas and O. hornorum) Bica Tran Bradley Fox, Clyde Tamaru, and Yong soo Kim CTAHR, University of Hawaii, Manoa Content Background Research approach Current
More informationStimulation of net muscle protein synthesis by whey protein ingestion before and after exercise
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 292: E71 E76, 2007. First published August 8, 2006; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00166.2006. Stimulation of net muscle protein synthesis by whey protein ingestion before and after
More informationThe Science of. NUTRICULA Longevity Journal
32 December, 2011 The Science of 33 NUTRICULA Longevity Journal As men age, there is often a decline in libido and sexual function. This decline frequently interferes in intimacy within romantic relationships,
More informationAndrogenes and Antiandrogenes
Androgenes and Antiandrogenes Androgens The androgens are a group of steroids that have anabolic and/or masculinizing effects in both males and females. Testosterone [tess-toss-terone], the most important
More informationRayBio Human IFN alpha/beta R2 ELISA Kit
RayBio Human IFN alpha/beta R2 ELISA Kit Catalog #: ELH-IFNabR2 User Manual Last revised April 15, 2016 Caution: Extraordinarily useful information enclosed ISO 13485 Certified 3607 Parkway Lane, Suite
More informationCopyright Strengthworks International Publishing. All rights are reserved. Updated egor 1: GUIDE
Copyright 2016. Strengthworks International Publishing. All rights are reserved. Updated 01.04.17 THE V-TAPER SOLUTION SUPPLEMENT GUIDE Category 1 Primary Goal Muscle Gain Based on your measurements your
More informationbiosensis Rat Fibronectin ELISA Kit Protocol
biosensis Rat Fibronectin ELISA Kit Protocol Catalog No: BEK-2017-2P For quantitative detection of rat Fibronectin in cell culture supernatants, serum, and citrate, heparin, or EDTA plasma samples only
More informationbiosensis Human Lipocalin-2/NGAL ELISA Kit Protocol
biosensis Human Lipocalin-2/NGAL ELISA Kit Protocol Catalog No: BEK-2141-2P For quantitative detection of human Lipocalin-2 in cell culture supernatants, serum, and heparin treated plasma, saliva, and
More informationExam Key. NROSCI/BIOSC 1070 and MSNBIO 2070 Exam # 2 October 28, 2016 Total POINTS: % of grade in class
NROSCI/BIOSC 1070 and MSNBIO 2070 Exam # 2 October 28, 2016 Total POINTS: 100 20% of grade in class 1) An arterial blood sample for a patient at sea level is obtained, and the following physiological values
More informationExpression of Myostatin Is Not Altered in Lines of Poultry Exhibiting Myofiber Hyper- and Hypoplasia 1
Expression of Myostatin Is Not Altered in Lines of Poultry Exhibiting Myofiber Hyper- and Hypoplasia 1 I. Mott and R. Ivarie 2 Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 ABSTRACT
More informationUse of Performance Enhancing Substances Good Chemistry Gone Bad. Evan M. Klass, M.D., F.A.C.P.
Use of Performance Enhancing Substances 2017 Good Chemistry Gone Bad Evan M. Klass, M.D., F.A.C.P. Doping the use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs by competitors Performance enhancing substances
More informationAndrogen interacts with exercise through the mtor pathway to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Original Androgen Paper and exercise induce muscle hypertrophy through mtor DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.69818 Biol. Sport 2017;34:313-321 Androgen interacts with exercise through the mtor pathway to induce
More informationEffects of Ginseng Ingestion on Growth Hormone, Testosterone, Cortisol, and Insulin- Like Growth Factor 1 Responses to Acute Resistance Exercise
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2002, 16(2), 179 183 2002 National Strength & Conditioning Association Effects of Ginseng Ingestion on Growth Hormone, Testosterone, Cortisol, and Insulin-
More informationTestosterone Use and Effects
Parkland College Natural Sciences Poster Sessions Student Works 2013 Testosterone Use and Effects Brandon Mills Parkland College Recommended Citation Mills, Brandon, "Testosterone Use and Effects" (2013).
More informationPhysiology and Training for Peak Performance Tom Vandenbogaerde, Australian Institute of Sport
Physiology and Training for Peak Performance Tom Vandenbogaerde, Australian Institute of Sport Presentation Overview: ~50 min: Snapshot of Training Week, discuss anticipated physiological adaptations ~20
More informationRayBio Human Adiponectin ELISA Kit
RayBio Human Adiponectin ELISA Kit Catalog #: ELH-Adiponectin User Manual Last revised December 5, 2018 Caution: Extraordinarily useful information enclosed ISO 13485 Certified 3607 Parkway Lane, Suite
More informationAssessment of an International Breaststroke Swimmer Using a Race Readiness Test
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2009, 4, 139-143 2009 Human Kinetics, Inc. Assessment of an International Breaststroke Swimmer Using a Race Readiness Test Kevin G. Thompson
More informationAnavar For Sale Oxandrolone
Anavar For Sale Oxandrolone Anavar (oxandrolone C 19 H 30 O 3 ) is an anabolic steroid that provides outstanding results. The Anavar steroid is a synthesized version of testosterone that boosts lean muscle
More informationBt-Cry1Ac & Bt-Cry2A Multi-trait ELISA Kit DAS ELISA for the detection of Bt-Cry1Ac & Bt-Cry2A proteins Catalog number: PSM 14900
List of contents Lot number Item 480 wells 4800 wells Antibody-coated 96-well microtiter plates 5 strip 50 solid Alkaline phosphatase enzyme conjugate, concentrated 0.550 ml 5 x 1.1 ml Peroxidase enzyme
More informationHUMAN IL6 KITS PROTOCOL
HUMAN IL6 KITS PROTOCOL Part # 62HIL06PEG & 62HIL06PEH Test size: 500 tests (62HIL06PEG), 10,000 tests (62HIL06PEH) - assay volume: 20 µl Revision: 04 (Jan. 2018) Store at: -60 C or below This product
More informationbiosensis Human TNFα/Cachectin/TNFSF2 ELISA Kit Protocol
biosensis Human TNFα/Cachectin/TNFSF2 ELISA Kit Protocol Catalog No: BEK-2100-1P For quantitative detection of human TNFα in cell culture supernatants, serum, and heparin, EDTA or citrate treated plasma
More informationThe Application of QuEChERS in the Extraction of Anabolic Steroids in Whole Blood
The Application of QuEChERS in the Extraction of Anabolic Steroids in Whole Blood UCT Part Numbers: ECQUUS1015CT- Enviro-Clean 15 ml centrifuge tube with 400 mg MgSO 4 and 100 mg NaCl CUMPS2CT - Enviro-Clean
More informationProtein: Nutrient Timing & Distribution MATT CARLIN & MELANIE MARSHALL
Protein: Nutrient Timing & Distribution MATT CARLIN & MELANIE MARSHALL Introduction: Nutrient Timing Strategy: maximize exercise-induced muscular adaptations and facilitate repair of damaged tissue Pre-
More informationRat myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody(mpo-anca) ELISA Kit
Rat myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody(mpo-anca) ELISA Kit Catalog Number. CSB-E08675r For the quantitative determination of rat myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody(mpo-anca)
More informationMonitoring of performance an training in rowers
Monitoring of performance an training in rowers Jaak Jürimäe Demands of the Sport High maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max ); Ability to perform at a high percentage of VO 2max for the duration of event;
More informationCHAPTER XVI PDL 101 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY. Ms. K. GOWRI. M.Pharm., Lecturer.
CHAPTER XVI PDL 101 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Ms. K. GOWRI. M.Pharm., Lecturer. Muscle Cell Metabolism Muscle Cells Provide ATP to Drive the Crossbridge Cycle The sources of ATP: Available ATP in the
More informationGenetic engineering in the mouse: from functional genomics to zootechnical applications. Luc Grobet Dimitri Pirottin M. Georges
Genetic engineering in the mouse: from functional genomics to zootechnical applications. Luc Grobet Dimitri Pirottin M. Georges Double muscling in cattle The double muscled phenotype Segregation analysis,
More informationPRODUCT INFORMATION TESTOVIRON DEPOT. (testosterone enanthate)
PRODUCT INFORMATION TESTOVIRON DEPOT (testosterone enanthate) NAME OF THE MEDICINE Testosterone enanthate is designated chemically as 17 beta-heptanoyloxy-4-androstene-3- one. The empirical formula of
More informationUnit Five The Muscular System
Unit Five The Muscular System I. Introduction A. Definition: the muscular system is composed of all the muscles of the body including the movements of the total body, as well as movements the body. B.
More informationEffect of nandrolone decanoate administration on recovery from bupivacaine-induced muscle injury
J Appl Physiol 107: 1420 1430, 2009. First published September 10, 2009; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00668.2009. Effect of nandrolone decanoate administration on recovery from bupivacaine-induced muscle injury
More informationCopyright Notice. Published by: Alain Gonzalez
1 Copyright Notice Published by: Alain Gonzalez Copyright 2014 All material in this guide is, unless otherwise stated, the property of Alain Gonzalez. Copyright and other intellectual property laws protect
More informationab VEGF Human ELISA Kit
ab100663 VEGF Human ELISA Kit Instructions for Use For the quantitative measurement of Human VEGF in cell lysates and tissue lysates. This product is for research use only and is not intended for diagnostic
More informationBt-Cry2Ab and Bt-Cry3Bb1 Multi-trait ELISA Kit DAS ELISA for the detection of Bt-Cry2Ab and Bt-Cry3Bb1 proteins Catalog number: PSM 26800
List of contents Lot number Item 480 wells 4800 wells Antibody-coated 96-well microtiter plates 5 strip 50 solid Alkaline phosphatase enzyme conjugate, concentrated 0.550 ml 5 x 1.1 ml Peroxidase enzyme
More information