Myostatin: a modulator of skeletal-muscle stem cells
|
|
- Leo Sanders
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Stem Cells and Development 1513 Myostatin: a modulator of skeletal-muscle stem cells F.S. Walsh* 1 and A.J. Celeste *Wyeth Research, Collegeville, PA 19426, U.S.A., and Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, U.S.A. Abstract Myostatin, or GDF-8 (growth and differentiation factor-8), was first identified through sequence identity with members of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein)/tgf-β (transforming growth factor-β) superfamily. The skeletal-muscle-specific expression pattern of myostatin suggested a role in muscle development. Mice with a targeted deletion of the myostatin gene exhibit a hypermuscular phenotype. In addition, inactivating mutations in the myostatin gene have been identified in double muscled cattle breeds, such as the Belgian Blue and Piedmontese, as well as in a hypermuscular child. These findings define myostatin as a negative regulator of skeletal-muscle development. Myostatin binds with high affinity to the receptor serine threonine kinase ActRIIB (activin type IIB receptor), which initiates signalling through a smad2/3-dependent pathway. In an effort to validate myostatin as a therapeutic target in a post-embryonic setting, a neutralizing antibody was developed by screening for inhibition of myostatin binding to ActRIIB. Administration of this antimyostatin antibody to adult mice resulted in a significant increase in both muscle mass and functional strength. Importantly, similar results were obtained in a murine model of muscular dystrophy, the mdx mouse. Unlike the myostatin-deficient animals, which exhibit both muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia, the antibody-treated mice demonstrate increased musculature through a hypertrophic mechanism. These results validate myostatin inhibition as a therapeutic approach to muscle wasting diseases such as muscular dystrophy, sarcopenic frailty of the elderly and amylotrophic lateral sclerosis. Introduction Myostatin, or GDF-8 (growth and differentiation factor-8), was identified through sequence identity with members of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein)/tgf-β (transforming growth factor-β) superfamily [1]. The skeletal-muscle-specific expression pattern of the myostatin transcript suggested a role in muscle development and homoeostasis. The hypermuscular phenotypes observed upon inactivation of the myostatin gene in multiple species, including mice, cattle and most recently a human subject, have confirmed the role of myostatin as a negative regulator of skeletal-muscle development. Recent efforts to understand the molecular mechanism by which myostatin exerts it inhibitory effect on muscle growth and differentiation have led to experimental approaches which have demonstrated muscle mass increases in adult animals through myostatin inhibition. These experiments indicate that the myostatin signalling pathway may be a potent therapeutic intervention point in the treatment of muscle wasting diseases, such as muscular dystrophy, sarcopenic frailty of the elderly and ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). Key words: activin type IIB receptor (ActRIIB), hyperplasia, growth and differentiation factor-8 (GDF-8), myostatin, modulator, skeletal muscle. Abbreviations used: ALK, activin-like kinase; ActRIIB, activin type IIB receptor; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; FLRG, follistatin-related gene; GASP-1, growth and differentiation-associated factor-associated serum protein-1; GDF-8, growth and differentiation factor-8; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β. 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed ( walshfs@wyeth.com). The developmental role and mechanism of myostatin activity Targeted deletion of the GDF-8 gene in mice results in a >200% increase in skeletal-muscle mass, resulting from both hypertrophy and hyperplasia of muscle fibres [1]. This observation defined the role of GDF-8 as a negative regulator of skeletal-muscle development and led to the name myostatin. Recent studies indicate that the enhanced muscular phenotype resulting from myostatin deficiency is maintained throughout life, as aged myostatin null mice continue to exhibit normal muscle of increased size and strength [2]. Mutations in the myostatin gene have also been shown to result in increased musculature in pigs, cattle and most recently in a human subject [3 8]. The double muscled cattle breeds, Belgian Blue and the Piedmontese, both have genetic alterations in their coding regions for the myostatin gene. The Belgian Blue has a frameshift mutation that results in a complete absence of the mature myostatin protein, while the Piedmontese breed possesses a single point mutation in an invariant cysteine residue of the mature region, leading to the production of an improperly folded protein [3,5,6,9]. Importantly, the intermediate hypermuscular phenotype observed in heterozygote Belgian Blues and myostatin mice suggests that increases in muscle mass can be achieved through only a partial inactivation of myostatin activity. Recently, the first case of a myostatin-deficient human has been reported [10]. Genetic sequence analysis of the child, who was noted to be exceptionally muscular at birth, revealed a point mutation in the myostatin gene.
2 1514 Biochemical Society Transactions (2005) Volume 33, part 6 This mutation occurs at a key nucleotide in the first intron, resulting in misspliced myostatin mrna and undetectable levels of myostatin protein. The child at 4.5 years of age continues to demonstrate exceptional musculature and strength, but is otherwise healthy. These data clearly define the role of myostatin as an important negative regulator of skeletal-muscle development. The developmental time point at which myostatin inhibition occurs, or the mechanism by which that inactivation takes place, results in hypermuscular animals with distinct phenotypes. Increases in fibre number (hyperplasia) and/or increases in fibre size (hypertrophy) have been observed. Transgenic mice overexpressing myostatin inhibitors driven by a muscle-specific promoter/enhancer exhibit muscle mass increases resulting from both fibre hypertrophy and hyperplasia in a manner analogous to the myostatin null animals [11]. In contrast, both the Piedmontese cattle and a transgenic mouse overexpressing the corresponding cysteine mutation, under the control of a ubiquitous promoter, exhibit hypertrophy without hyperplasia [12,13]. Adult animals treated with neutralizing antibodies also manifest their increased musculature through a hypertrophic mechanism [14]. A conditional knockout strategy targeted to generate postnatal, muscle-specific ablation of myostatin results in a mixed mechanism of muscle mass increase. Depending upon the individual muscle examined, the increase in mass occurs though pure hypertrophy (tibialis) or though a combination of hypertrophy and hyperplasia (gastrocnemius) [15]. Taken together, these results indicate that myostatin acts to control both the differentiation and proliferation of skeletal muscle throughout embryonic development and continues to regulate muscle homoeostasis in the adult. Regulation of myostatin activity and the signalling pathway In a manner similar to TGF-β, but unlike most other members of the BMP/GDF superfamily, myostatin is secreted as a latent complex [11,16,17]. After cleavage of the N-terminal signal sequence by the signal peptidase and a separate proteolytic processing event that cleaves the 38 kda propeptide from the 12 kda C-terminal domain, the molecule is secreted in a biologically inactive configuration in which the propeptide region remains non-covalently associated with the mature C-terminal dimer. Thus the myostatin propeptide region serves two functions; first, to help guide the proper folding and dimerization of the mature C-terminal peptide and secondly, to regulate the biological activity of the C-terminal dimer through the formation of a latent complex. Although the mechanism of activation of this latent complex is undetermined, tissue specific factors may be responsible for the generation of the active species and the subsequent inhibitory activity of myostatin in skeletal muscle. Myostatin has been shown to circulate as an inactive complex in both human and mouse serum [18]. In addition to the propeptide, which in a purified form can potently inhibit the biological activity of the mature myostatin dimer, FLRG (follistatin-related gene) and GASP-1 (growth and differentiation-associated factorassociated serum protein-1) have been shown to exist in complex with myostatin in serum [18,19]. Both FLRG and GASP-1 bind to the active C-terminal dimer of myostatin and inhibit its biological activity. Interestingly, although follistatin has also been demonstrated to bind tightly and potently inhibit the biological activity of myostatin and other members of the TGF-β superfamily, and is know to be present in high levels in serum, it was not found to be associated with circulating myostatin in this proteomic analysis. Although the precise functions of both FLRG and GASP-1 are unknown, their ability to bind to the C-terminal dimer make them attractive candidates for the termination of signalling responses initiated upon activation of the myostatin latent complex. Additionally, since GASP-1 contains domains which have homology with a protease inhibitor and is capable of binding the myostatin propeptide, it could further protect the myostatin latent complex from activation by non-specific proteases and preserve the tissue specific action of myostatin in muscle. In vitro studies with members of the BMP-1/tolloid family of metalloproteases provide evidence for a potential in vivo mechanism of tissue-specific activation of the myostatin latent complex. Mutation of the myostatin sequence at Asp 76 results in a propeptide molecule that is resistant to myostatin cleavage [17]. In vivo administration of this mutated propeptide in mice results in muscle mass increases, while control experiments with the native propeptide do not. In vitro, treatment of the myostatin propeptide with all four members of the BMP-1/tolloid family of proteases results in cleavage at residue Asp 76, but the mutated version is protease resistant. Furthermore, similar protease treatment of the myostatin latent complex results in activation of myostatin activity as assessed by in vitro signalling assays. The skeletal-musclespecific expression pattern of one member of this family of BMP-1-like family of metalloproteases, Tll-2, suggest its potential as a candidate for the site-specific activator of myostatin latency in vivo [20]. Through a number of cross-linking experiments performed with transiently overexpressed receptors and complementation assays in receptor deficient cell lines, the specific components of the myostatin signalling pathway have been defined [21]. The mature myostatin C-terminal dimer has been shown to bind with high affinity to the ActRIIB (activin type IIB receptor) and, to a lesser extent, to the highly related receptor ActRII [11,21]. Myostatin binds in an ordered sequence to a heterodimeric serine threonine receptor complex. The dimeric ligand binds tightly to a type II receptor, ActRIIB, and initiates the intracellular signalling cascade by recruitment of a low affinity type I receptor, either ALK-4 (activin-like kinase-4) or ALK-5, into the signalling complex. The myostatin-induced formation of this heteromeric receptor complex enables the constitutively active ActRIIB kinase domain to transphosphorylate the type I receptor component ALK-4/5 in the membrane-proximal, intracellular GS region, resulting in activation of the serine/ threonine kinase domain. The activated type I receptor kinase
3 Stem Cells and Development 1515 phosphorylates the receptor-regulated smads 2 and 3, allowing them to interact with the co-smad, smad 4, and translocate to the nucleus. This smad complex binds directly to DNA and interacts with nuclear co-activators or co-repressors to regulate transcription of myostatin target genes [22]. These studies demonstrate that myostatin initiates signalling through a type II I receptor complex consisting of ActRIIB and ALK-4 or ALK-5 and induces a smad 2/3 dependent intracellular signalling cascade. Myostatin has also been shown to signal in a smad-independent manner through a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, although the mechanistic details of this activation remain to be determined [23]. Although the myostatin receptors are expressed in many tissues and cell lines, it is important to remember that myostatin exists in vivo as a latent complex, which must be activated before receptor binding can occur and the subsequent signalling cascade can be initiated to induce myostatin-specific responses. Therefore some caution must be used in overinterpretation of in vitro experiments done on cell lines treated with purified recombinant, active myostatin. Myostatin has been shown to have direct effects on the proliferation and/or differentiation of numerous muscle cell lines and adipocytes [21,24 28]. The effect on muscle fibre number is likely to result from the activity of myostatin on myoblast proliferation [24,26,27,29] and/or differentiation [28] during development while the effects on fibre size appear to be mediated through the action of myostatin on muscle satellite cells. Myostatin inhibits proliferation through an up-regulation of p21 and decreases in the levels of both Cdk2 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2) and phosphorylated Rb (retinblastoma protein), resulting in cell cycle inhibition [24,29]. A similar effect on proliferation has been observed in both satellite cells in culture and through direct analysis of satellite cells from myostatin deficient mice. The effect on differentiation appears to occur through down-regulation of the myogenic differentiation factors MyoD, Myf-5 and myogenin [27,28]. Understanding the regulation of myostatin activity and the specific components of the myostatin signalling pathway have been critical to the identification of targets and approaches to inhibit myostatin activity in post-developmental and ultimately useful therapeutic settings. Approaches to myostatin inhibition and therapeutic potential Although genetic studies have clearly established the significance of myostatin in muscle development, experiments utilizing systemically delivered myostatin inhibitors were needed to establish its ability to increase muscle mass in a postnatal setting. Knowledge gained from studies on the regulation of myostatin activity and the mechanism by which it initiates its intracellular signalling pathway have been critical to the development of unique approaches to inhibit myostatin activity and have enabled these proof of concept experiments to be performed in vivo. Administration of myostatin neutralizing antibodies to adult mice results in a 23 30% increase in muscle mass and a 21 26% increase in muscle strength [14]. Two other mechanistically similar approaches that act through sequestration of the activated myostatin C-terminal dimer, systemic administration of a protease resistant form of the myostatin propeptide and a soluble version of the ActRIIB receptor, also lead to muscle mass increases in adult mice [17]. Interestingly, while treatment with a mutated version of the myostatin propeptide leads to muscle mass increases of 18 27%, similar to that observed in the antibody treated mice, administration of the soluble form of the ActRIIB receptor resulted in even larger muscle mass increases of up to 39%. This result suggests that additional ligands capable of binding to ActRIIB may contribute to the limitation of muscle growth caused by myostatin. The demonstration of an increase in muscle mass and improvement of muscle function in adult animals treated with mysotatin inhibitors suggests that it may be worthwhile to target this signalling pathway for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of muscle wasting diseases. Treatment of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice, a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, with a myostatin neutralizing antibody resulted in a 35% increase in skeletal-muscle mass, a proportional increase in strength, and an improvement in the histological appearance of the dystrophic diaphragm [30]. A genetic study involving a cross between the mdx mice and myosatin null mice resulted in a % increase in the weight of individual muscles of the Mstn / /mdx, when compared with the same muscles of the Mstn +/+ /mdx mice [31]. Transgenic animals overexpressing either the myostatin propeptide, follistatin or a dominant negative form of the myostatin receptor, ActRIIB, under the control of a musclespecific promoter, all exhibit large increases in skeletalmuscle mass [11,32]. Particularly striking are the muscle mass increases of up to 110% in the dominant negative ActRIIB lines and up to 327% in the follistatin transgenics, again suggesting that inhibitory approaches utilizing more promiscuous inhibitors may lead to muscle mass increases greater than through inhibition by myostatin-specific neutralizing agents. Additional studies involving treatment of mdx mice with either the myostatin propeptide or the myostatinbinding protein, follistatin, produce beneficial effects similar to those observed in the antibody treated mdx model [33,34]. It should be noted, however, that a recent study involving the genetic cross of a laminin-α-2 deficient dy/dy mouse and the myosatin knockout mouse indicate that the genetic absence of myostatin is not able compensate for the severity of muscle damage induced in this particular model of muscular dystrophy [35]. We have obtained additional positive results in a second neuromuscular disease model namely, the SOD-1 (superoxide dismutase 1) model of ALS. In this model, there is substantive and progressive loss of anterior horn motor neurons, muscle wasting and ultimately death. Addition of a myostatin neutralizing antibody has had a number of potent effects although there is no impact on longevity as has been found for other putative treatments in this model. However, at mid stage disease (84 days), we found a significant reversal of muscle atrophy, increased muscle grip strength and a
4 1516 Biochemical Society Transactions (2005) Volume 33, part 6 significant increase in M-cadherin positive satellite cells. Our interpretation is that the myostatin antibody is leading to an activation of the satellite cell pool that become incorporated into myofibres and partially reverse the disease progress, but ultimately become denervated and atrophic. Further preclinical and clinical studies are warranted. In addition to the potential of myostatin inhibition in the treatment of muscular dystrophies, the consistent demonstration of increases in muscle mass and strength in animal models provide a rationale for the treatment of other muscle wasting diseases such as sarcopenic frailty of the elderly and cachexia, a wasting syndrome observed in patients with chronic diseases such as sepsis, cancer and AIDS. Although myostatin inhibition has not been tested in models of cachexia, evidence for myostatin involvement in this wasting state comes from studies involving overexpression of myostatin in mouse models [36,37]. When myostatin was systemically overexpressed by implantation of a stable cell line engineered to secrete high levels of myostatin protein, a muscle wasting phenotype accompanied by fat loss, similar to that observed in cachetic diseases, was evident [36]. Although purified myostatin C-terminal dimer has been shown to have direct effects on adipocyte cell lines in vitro and early reports on tissue-specific expression have demonstrated low levels of myostatin transcripts in adipose tissue [1,21], experiments involving injection of active myostatin protein into mice resulted in decreased muscle mass without affecting fat mass (J.F. Tobin, personal communication). These experiments suggest that the in vivo effect of myostatin on fat may be indirect and secondary to the effects on muscle mass. Despite questions concerning the direct role of myostatin in fat, there is substantial genetic evidence to suggest that myostatin inhibition could be useful in the treatment of metabolic disorders. In addition to maintaining increased musculature over wild-type animals, myostatin null mice do not accumulate fat as they age [2,38]. More notably, genetic crosses involving myostatin null mice and two different obese mouse strains, agouti lethal yellow and ob/ob (obese hyperglycaemic mice), resulted in mice with reduced fat accumulation and increased insulin sensitivity [38]. Administration of myostatin inhibitors in mouse models of obesity and metabolic disease will provide information on the mechanism by which myostatin may affect glucose homoeostasis and a rationale for the use of particular forms of myostatin inhibition for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Conclusions Since the identification of myostatin as a negative regulator of skeletal-muscle development, numerous experiments have been performed to validate the myostatin signalling pathway as a critical modulator of muscle mass in the adult animal. Inhibition of the myostatin signalling pathway has great potential for the treatment of a variety of muscle-wasting diseases, including muscular dystrophy, sarcopenic frailty of the elderly, cachexia and potentially ALS. Although many aspects of the mechanisms by which myostatin regulates muscle and fat mass remain to be determined, it is clear that myostatin plays a major role in regulating the metabolic state of the animal and at least in part via stem cell activation. Pharmacological manipulation of the myostatin pathway could also lead to the development of additional therapeutic approaches in a variety of pathologies. References 1 McPherron, A.C., Lawler, A.M. and Lee, S.J. (1997) Nature (London) 387, Wagner, K.R., Liu, X., Chang, X. and Allen, R.E. (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, Grobet, L., Martin, L.J., Poncelet, D., Pirottin, D., Brouwers, B., Riquet, J., Schoeberlein, A., Dunner, S., Menissier, F., Massabanda, J. et al. (1997) Nat. Genet. 17, Grobet, L., Poncelet, D., Royo, L.J., Brouwers, B., Pirottin, D., Michaux, C., Menissier, F., Zanotti, M., Dunner, S. and Georges, M. (1998) Mamm. Genome 9, Kambadur, R., Sharma, M., Smith, T.P. and Bass, J.J. (1997) Genome Res. 7, McPherron, A.C. and Lee, S.J. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, Zhiliang, G., Dahai, Z., Ning, L., Hui, L., Xuemei, D. and Changxin, W. (2004) Sci. China C Life Sci. 47, Jiang, Y.L., Li, N., Plastow, G., Liu, Z.L., Hu, X.X. and Wu, C.X. (2002) Anim. Biotechnol. 13, Berry, C., Thomas, M., Langley, B., Sharma, M. and Kambadur, R. (2002) Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 283, C135 C Schuelke, M., Wagner, K.R., Stolz, L.E., Hubner, C., Riebel, T., Komen, W., Braun, T., Tobin, J.F. and Lee, S.J. (2004) N. Engl. J. Med. 350, Lee, S.J. and McPherron, A.C. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, Nishi, M., Yasue, A., Nishimatu, S., Nohno, T., Yamaoka, T., Itakura, M., Moriyama, K., Ohuchi, H. and Noji, S. (2002) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 293, Wegner, J., Albrecht, E., Fiedler, I., Teuscher, F., Papstein, H.J. and Ender, K. (2000) J. Anim. Sci. 78, Whittemore, L.A., Song, K., Li, X., Aghajanian, J., Davies, M., Girgenrath, S., Hill, J.J., Jalenak, M., Kelley, P., Knight, A. et al. (2003) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 300, Grobet, L., Pirottin, D., Farnir, F., Poncelet, D., Royo, L.J., Brouwers, B., Christians, E., Desmecht, D., Coignoul, F., Kahn, R. et al. (2003) Genesis 35, Thies, R.S., Chen, T., Davies, M.V., Tomkinson, K.N., Pearson, A.A., Shakey, Q.A. and Wolfman, N.M. (2001) Growth Factors 18, Wolfman, N.M., McPherron, A.C., Pappano, W.N., Davies, M.V., Song, K., Tomkinson, K.N., Wright, J.F., Zhao, L., Sebald, S.M., Greenspan, D.S. et al. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, Hill, J.J., Davies, M.V., Pearson, A.A., Wang, J.H., Hewick, R.M., Wolfman, N.M. and Qiu, Y. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, Hill, J.J., Qiu, Y., Hewick, R.M. and Wolfman, N.M. (2003) Mol. Endocrinol. 17, Scott, I.C., Blitz, I.L., Pappano, W.N., Imamura, Y., Clark, T.G., Steiglitz, B.M., Thomas, C.L., Maas, S.A., Takahara, K., Cho, K.W. et al. (1999) Dev. Biol. 213, Rebbapragada, A., Benchabane, H., Wrana, J.L., Celeste, A.J. and Attisano, L. (2003) Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, Zhu, X., Topouzis, S., Liang, L.F. and Stotish, R.L. (2004) Cytokine 26, Philip, B., Lu, Z. and Gao, Y. (2005) Cell. Signalling 17, Rios, R., Carneiro, I., Arce, V.M. and Devesa, J. (2001) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 280, Rios, R., Fernandez-Nocelos, S., Carneiro, I., Arce, V.M. and Devesa, J. (2004) Endocrinology 145, Taylor, W.E., Bhasin, S., Artaza, J., Byhower, F., Azam, M., Willard, Jr, D.H., Kull, Jr, F.C. and Gonzalez-Cadavid, N. (2001) Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 280, E221 E Joulia, D., Bernardi, H., Garandel, V., Rabenoelina, F., Vernus, B. and Cabello, G. (2003) Exp. Cell Res. 286, Langley, B., Thomas, M., Bishop, A., Sharma, M., Gilmour, S. and Kambadur, R. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277,
5 Stem Cells and Development Thomas, M., Langley, B., Berry, C., Sharma, M., Kirk, S., Bass, J. and Kambadur, R. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, Bogdanovich, S., Krag, T.O., Barton, E.R., Morris, L.D., Whittemore, L.A., Ahima, R.S. and Khurana, T.S. (2002) Nature (London) 420, Wagner, K.R., McPherron, A.C., Winik, N. and Lee, S.J. (2002) Ann. Neurol. 52, Pirottin, D., Grobet, L., Adamantidis, A., Farnir, F., Herens, C., Daa Schroder, H. and Georges, M. (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, Bogdanovich, S., Perkins, K.J., Krag, T.O., Whittemore, L.A. and Khurana, T.S. (2005) FASEB J. 19, Patel, K. and Amthor, H. (2005) Neuromuscular Disord. 15, Li, Z.F., Shelton, G.D. and Engvall, E. (2005) Am. J. Pathol. 166, Zimmers, T.A., Davies, M.V., Koniaris, L.G., Haynes, P., Esquela, A.F., Tomkinson, K.N., McPherron, A.C., Wolfman, N.M. and Lee, S.J. (2002) Science 296, Reisz-Porszasz, S., Bhasin, S., Artaza, J.N., Shen, R., Sinha-Hikim, I., Hogue, A., Fielder, T.J. and Gonzalez-Cadavid, N.F. (2003) Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 285, E876 E McPherron, A.C. and Lee, S.J. (2002) J. Clin. Invest. 109, Received 26 July 2005
Muscle regeneration through myostatin inhibition Kathryn R. Wagner
Muscle regeneration through myostatin inhibition Kathryn R. Wagner Purpose of review Myostatin is an endogenous, negative regulator of muscle growth. Selective inhibition of myostatin may have broad clinical
More informationMyostatin is a TGF- family member that plays a key role in
Regulation of muscle growth by multiple ligands signaling through activin type II receptors Se-Jin Lee*, Lori A. Reed, Monique V. Davies, Stefan Girgenrath, Mary E. P. Goad, Kathy N. Tomkinson, Jill F.
More informationApplications of Myostatin (MSTN) Gene in the Livestock Animals and Humans: A Review
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 9 (2017) pp. 1807-1811 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.609.222
More informationGenetic engineering in the mouse: from functional genomics to zootechnical applications. Luc Grobet Dimitri Pirottin M. Georges
Genetic engineering in the mouse: from functional genomics to zootechnical applications. Luc Grobet Dimitri Pirottin M. Georges Double muscling in cattle The double muscled phenotype Segregation analysis,
More informationLaboratoires Dom AVMM (Suisse) Inc. New Innovation in Peptide Therapy for Slimming
Laboratoires Dom AVMM (Suisse) Inc New Innovation in Peptide Therapy for Slimming Globally, Fat Facts 1 billion overweight adults 300 million obese adults A major risk for chronic diseases: Type 2 diabetes
More informationSupplementary Material
Current Issue Previous Issues Science Express Science Products My Science About the Journal Home > Science Magazine > 24 May 2002 > Zimmers et al., pp. 1486-1488 Science 24 May 2002: Vol. 296. no. 5572,
More informationA missense mutant myostatin causes hyperplasia without hypertrophy in the mouse muscle
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 293 (2002) 247 251 www.academicpress.com A missense mutant myostatin causes hyperplasia without hypertrophy in the mouse muscle Masumi Nishi, a,b Akihiro
More informationA potential indicator of denervated muscle atrophy: the ratio of myostatin to follistatin in peripheral blood
A potential indicator of denervated muscle atrophy: the ratio of myostatin to follistatin in peripheral blood R.H. Wu 1, P. Wang 2, L. Yang 3, Y. Li 4, Y. Liu 1 and M. Liu 1 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
More informationMyostatin is a transforming growth factor- (TGF- ) family
Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth Se-Jin Lee* and Alexandra C. McPherron Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street,
More informationmice, an animal model for muscular
Expression of myostatin and Title follist mice, an animal model for muscular Author(s) Abe, S; Soejima, M; Iwanuma, O; Sak Alternative S; Sakiyama, K; Ide, Y Journal, 26(5): 315-320 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10130/1531
More informationMyostatin propeptide-mediated amelioration of dystrophic pathophysiology
The FASEB Journal Research Communication Myostatin propeptide-mediated amelioration of dystrophic pathophysiology Sasha Bogdanovich,* Kelly J. Perkins,* Thomas O. B. Krag,*, Lisa-Anne Whittemore, and Tejvir
More informationTestosterone Causes Decrease in the Content of Skeletal Muscle Myostatin
Brief Paper : Physiology Testosterone Causes Decrease in the Content of Skeletal Muscle Myostatin Shigeo Kawada *, Makoto Okuno ** and Naokata Ishii ** * Department of Human and Engineered Environmental
More informationSparing dystrophic muscle
Sparing dystrophic muscle Research at NMDRC Skeletal muscle Development and Hypertrophy Dystrophic Pathology Skeletal Muscle Regeneration Stem cells and Cell Transplantation Identification and manipulation
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE AAV-mediated delivery of a mutated myostatin propeptide ameliorates calpain 3 but not a-sarcoglycan deficiency
(2007) 14, 733 740 & 2007 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0969-7128/07 $30.00 www.nature.com/gt ORIGINAL ARTICLE AAV-mediated delivery of a mutated myostatin propeptide ameliorates calpain
More informationJBC Papers in Press. Published on August 22, 2002 as Manuscript M
JBC Papers in Press. Published on August 22, 2002 as Manuscript M206379200 The myostatin propeptide and FLRG are inhibitory binding proteins of myostatin in normal serum Jennifer J. Hill, Monique V. Davies,
More informationSINCE ITS INITIAL discovery in 1997 by Alexandra
0163-769X/08/$20.00/0 Endocrine Reviews 29(5):513 534 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2008 by The Endocrine Society doi: 10.1210/er.2008-0003 Clinical, Agricultural, and Evolutionary Biology of Myostatin:
More informationContractile properties of EDL and soleus muscles of myostatin-deficient mice
J Appl Physiol 101: 898 905, 2006. First published May 18, 2006; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00126.2006. Contractile properties of EDL and soleus muscles of myostatin-deficient mice Christopher L. Mendias,
More informationRegulation of the Myostatin Protein in Overload- Induced Hypertrophied Rat Skeletal Muscle
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive All Theses and Dissertations 2013-12-01 Regulation of the Myostatin Protein in Overload- Induced Hypertrophied Rat Skeletal Muscle Paige Abriel Affleck Brigham
More informationExpression of Myostatin Is Not Altered in Lines of Poultry Exhibiting Myofiber Hyper- and Hypoplasia 1
Expression of Myostatin Is Not Altered in Lines of Poultry Exhibiting Myofiber Hyper- and Hypoplasia 1 I. Mott and R. Ivarie 2 Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 ABSTRACT
More informationMyostatin is a highly conserved TGF- family member that
Muscle regeneration in the prolonged absence of myostatin Kathryn R. Wagner*, Xiaosong Liu, Xiaoli Chang, and Ronald E. Allen Departments of *Neurology and Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins
More informationThe function of myostatin in the regulation of fat mass in mammals
Deng et al. Nutrition & Metabolism (2017) 14:29 DOI 10.1186/s12986-017-0179-1 REVIEW The function of myostatin in the regulation of fat mass in mammals Open Access Bing Deng 1, Feng Zhang 2, Jianghui Wen
More informationSe-Jin Lee CONTACT INFORMATION:
Se-Jin Lee CONTACT INFORMATION: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics PCTB 803 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, Maryland 21205 phone: (410) 614-0198
More informationThe myostatin (MSTN) gene encodes a growth
Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 48(5), pp. 1283-1290, 2016. The Correlation Between Polymorphisms of the MSTN Gene and Slaughter Traits in Sansui Ducks Zhong-Hai Zhao, 1,2 Hui Li, 1,2, * Heng-Jie Yi 1,2 and Bang-Xing
More informationDavid L. Swanson 1, * Boris Sabirzhanov 2 Amanda VandeZande 2 Timothy G. Clark 2 1
121 Seasonal Variation of Myostatin Gene Expression in Pectoralis Muscle of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) Is Consistent with a Role in Regulating Thermogenic Capacity and Cold Tolerance David L. Swanson
More informationMYOSTATIN REGULATION OF THE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR AXIS NOLANN G WILLIAMS
MYOSTATIN REGULATION OF THE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR AXIS By NOLANN G WILLIAMS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Genetics and Cell Biology
More informationRabbit MSTN gene polymorphisms and genetic effect analysis
Rabbit MSTN gene polymorphisms and genetic effect analysis X.B. Qiao 1, K.Y. Xu 2, B. Li 1, X. Luan 1, T. Xia 1 and X.Z. Fan 1 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University,
More informationGrowth Hormone & Somatotropin are an Ergogenic Aid
Growth Hormone & Somatotropin are an Ergogenic Aid BPK 312 MARCH 28 2017 MICHAEL MORKOS PAUL SOURIAL DEL INGVALDSON Table of Contents 1. Hypothesis 2. Clinical Use 3. Mechanism of Action 4. Growth hormone
More informationUse of biotechnology to improve muscle growth in aquaculture species: Preliminary results on the use of myostatin in tilapia
Nov. 12, 2011 HAAA Workshop Use of biotechnology to improve muscle growth in aquaculture species: Preliminary results on the use of myostatin in tilapia Yong Soo Kim, PhD Department of Human Nutrition,
More informationCENEGENICS MUSCLE FORMULA
CENEGENICS MUSCLE FORMULA Sarcopenia, Myostatin, and the Role of Fortetropin from Cenegenics Medical Institute... The Global Leader in a proactive medical approach to optimized health THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT
More informationEffect of maternal myostatin antibody on offspring growth performance and body composition in mice
477 The Journal of Experimental iology 21, 477-483 Published by The Company of iologists 27 doi:1.1242/jeb.266 Effect of maternal myostatin antibody on offspring growth performance and body composition
More informationThe Journal of Physiology
J Physiol 590.9 (2012) pp 2151 2165 2151 Myostatin inhibition induces muscle fibre hypertrophy prior to satellite cell activation Qian Wang and Alexandra C. McPherron Genetics of Development and Disease
More informationAn overview of the endocrinology of skeletal muscle
Review TRENDS in Endocrinology and Metabolism Vol.15 No.3 April 2004 An overview of the endocrinology of skeletal muscle Melinda Sheffield-Moore 2 and Randall J. Urban 1 1 University of Texas Medical Branch,
More informationGlucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with upregulation of myostatin gene expression
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285: E363 E371, 2003. First published April 29, 2003; 10.1152/ajpendo.00487.2002. Glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with upregulation of myostatin
More informationMyostatin expression in age and denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy
J Musculoskel Neuron Interact 2003; 3(1):8-16 Original Article Hylonome Myostatin expression in age and denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy A.P. Baumann, C. Ibebunjo, W.A. Grasser, V.M. Paralkar
More informationGROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO TILAPIA SPECIES (O. aureas and O. hornorum)
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO TILAPIA SPECIES (O. aureas and O. hornorum) Bica Tran Bradley Fox, Clyde Tamaru, and Yong soo Kim CTAHR, University of Hawaii, Manoa Content Background Research approach Current
More informationSTUDY OF THE EFFECT OF AN EXTRACT OF Serenoa repens on the production of the 5-α reductasa enzyme
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF AN EXTRACT OF Serenoa repens on the production of the 5-α reductasa enzyme 1) ROLE OF 5-α-ALFA-REDUCTASA 5-α reductasas (5-α-R) are a family of enzymes involved in steroid metabolism.
More informationFollistatin induces muscle hypertrophy through satellite cell proliferation and inhibition of both myostatin and activin
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 297: E157 E164, 2009. First published May 12, 2009; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00193.2009. Follistatin induces muscle hypertrophy through satellite cell proliferation and inhibition
More informationPostnatal expression of myostain (MSTN) and myogenin (MYoG) genes in Hu sheep of China
African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(58), pp. 12246-12251, 19 July, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ajb DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.1660 ISSN 1684 5315 2012 Academic Journals Full Length
More informationCOPYRIGHT 2004 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
Gene therapy for restoring muscle lost to age or disease is poised to enter the clinic, but elite athletes are eyeing it to enhance performance. Can it be long before gene doping changes the nature of
More informationStephen Welle, Kerri Burgess, and Sangeeta Mehta
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 296: E567 E572, 2009. First published January 13, 2009; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90862.2008. Stimulation of skeletal muscle myofibrillar protein synthesis, p70 S6 kinase phosphorylation,
More informationSkin metabolism of steroid hormones as endogenous compounds?
Skin metabolism of steroid hormones as endogenous compounds? Van Luu-The Department of Molecular Medicine Laval University Québec, Canada This work has been supported by L Oréal Research Steroid hormones
More informationZacks Small-Cap Research
Zacks Small-Cap Research Sponsored Impartial - Comprehensive December 4, 2018 Brian Marckx, CFA 312-265-9474 bmarckx@zacks.com Myos Rens Technology Inc. (MYOS-NASDAQ) MYOS: Q3 Update: MYOS Canine Initial
More informationPolymorphism in Exon-1 of MSTN Gene in Boer and Bakerwal Goats and its Association with Growth Traits
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 9 (2017) pp. 2629-2639 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.609.324
More informationKNG1 (Human) ELISA Kit
KNG1 (Human) ELISA Kit Catalog Number KA1040 96 assays Version: 07 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Background... 3 Principle of the Assay... 3 General
More informationA REVIEW OF MAXIMIZING MUSCLE BUILDING CAPABILITIES WITH ANABOLIC ENZYMES
Movement, Health & Exercise, 6(2), 11-24, 2017 A REVIEW OF MAXIMIZING MUSCLE BUILDING CAPABILITIES WITH ANABOLIC ENZYMES Elvis I. Agbonlahor * and Ohis Egbaidomeh Department of Human Kinetics and Sports
More informationHormonal Regulation of Myostatin Expression in Silver Sea Bream Muscle
2011 International Conference on Biology, Environment and Chemistry IPCBEE vol.24 (2011) (2011)IACSIT Press, Singapoore Hormonal Regulation of Myostatin Expression in Silver Sea Bream Muscle Chaoxiong
More informationThe structure of myostatin:follistatin 288: insights into receptor utilization and heparin binding
The EMBO Journal (2009) 28, 2662 2676 & 2009 European Molecular Biology Organization All Rights Reserved 0261-4189/09 www.embojournal.org The structure of myostatin:follistatin 288: insights into receptor
More informationMyostatin mrna expression and its association with body weight and carcass traits in Yunnan Wuding chicken
Myostatin mrna expression and its association with body weight and carcass traits in Yunnan Wuding chicken L.X. Liu 1,3 *, T.F. Dou 1 *, Q.H. Li 1, H. Rong 1, H.Q. Tong 1, Z.Q. Xu 2, Y. Huang 1, D.H. Gu
More informationReproductive DHT Analyte Information
Reproductive DHT Analyte Information - 1 - DHT Introduction Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) together with other important steroid hormones such as testosterone, androstenedione (ASD) and dehydroepiandrosterone
More informationJuha J. Hulmi Vuokko Kovanen Inna Lisko Harri Selänne Antti A. Mero
Eur J Appl Physiol (2008) 102:205 213 DOI 10.1007/s00421-007-0579-4 ORIGINAL ARTICLE The evects of whey protein on myostatin and cell cycle-related gene expression responses to a single heavy resistance
More informationMechanisms of Anabolic Steroid Action in Bovine Skeletal Muscle
Chapter 1 Downloaded via 148.251.232.83 on November 7, 2018 at 10:49:03 (UTC). See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles. Mechanisms of Anabolic
More informationDecreased specific force and power production of muscle fibers from myostatin-deficient mice are associated with a suppression of protein degradation
J Appl Physiol 111: 185 191, 2011. First published May 12, 2011; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00126.2011. Decreased specific force and power production of muscle fibers from myostatin-deficient mice are associated
More informationF7 (Human) Chromogenic Activity Assay Kit
F7 (Human) Chromogenic Activity Assay Kit Catalog Number KA0971 96 assays Version: 02 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Background... 3 Principle of the
More informationFunctions of mir-146a and mir-222 in Tumorassociated. Macrophages in Breast Cancer
Functions of mir-146a and mir-222 in Tumorassociated Macrophages in Breast Cancer Yanshuang Li, Lianmei Zhao, Bianhua Shi, Sisi Ma, Zhenbiao Xu, Yehua Ge, Yanxin Liu, Dexian Zheng, Juan Shi Supplementary
More informationThe role of Myostatin polymorphisms in the Finnhorse and Shetland pony breeds
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences The role of Myostatin polymorphisms in the Finnhorse and Shetland pony breeds Laura Bas Conn Degree Project in Animal Science A2E / Swedish University
More informationGene Regulation II. Genetics Bio 36404
Gene Regulation II Genetics Bio 36404 Review DNA RNA protein Every cell in body has same DNA. Not all cells make all proteins What turns genes on and off? Prokaryotes Operon - group of related genes and
More informationBiochemical Applications of Computational Chemistry
Biochemical Applications of Computational Chemistry 1 Chemistry Today: A Different View Old Way New Way Correlate Structural Design Interpret Desired Properties Synthesize Build Measure Simulate Compounds
More informationHYPNOS. - A quality pre-sleep protein. Casein. An article by Professor Don Maclaren, 2017
HYPNOS - A quality pre-sleep protein An article by Professor Don Maclaren, 2017 Many studies have focused on the benefits of whey protein to stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) as well as to attenuate
More informationAcknowledgements. Schistosomiasis Epidemiology
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Schistosomiasis Rubin M. Tuder, M. D. Brian Graham, M.D. Program in Translational Lung Program Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department
More informationTF (Human) Chromogenic Activity Assay Kit
TF (Human) Chromogenic Activity Assay Kit Catalog Number KA0975 96 assays Version: 03 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Background... 3 Principle of the
More informationC2C12 myoblastoma cell differentiation and proliferation is stimulated by androgens and associated with a modulation of myostatin and Pax7 expression
231 C2C12 myoblastoma cell differentiation and proliferation is stimulated by androgens and associated with a modulation of myostatin and Pax7 expression P Diel, D Baadners, K Schlüpmann, M Velders and
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
doi:10.1038/nature15259 For the first time we describe the repertoire of P/Q rich SCPP genes in the genome of spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus). All of these genes in gar are located in a cluster on chromosome
More informationBiol 321 Genetics S 02 Exam #1
Biol 321 Genetics S 02 Exam #1 Name: 1. (8 pts) The main concept in the central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA does not code for protein directly but rather acts through an intermediary molecule
More informationCurriculum vitae Kristen E. Frenzel, Ph.D.
Curriculum vitae Kristen E. Frenzel, Ph.D. Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology Program 1462 Clifton Rd. NE W: 404-727-1317 Suite 304E C: 678-362-9318 Atlanta, GA 30322 kfrenze@emory.edu Education and Academic
More informationAm J Transl Res 2014;6(1): /ISSN: /AJTR
Am J Transl Res 2014;6(1):43-53 www.ajtr.org /ISSN:1943-8141/AJTR1309009 Original Article Genetic myostatin decrease in the golden retriever muscular dystrophy model does not significantly affect the ubiquitin
More informationFormulating With Whey In A Fully Transparent Market. Chris Lockwood, PhD President May 22-23, 2018
Formulating With Whey In A Fully Transparent Market Chris Lockwood, PhD President May 22-23, 2018 Driving Protein Demand Only Major Nutrient That Stimulates Muscle Building (Muscle Protein Synthesis, or
More informationMale pattern baldness is the most common type of balding among males. It affects roughly, 50% of men by the age of 50,
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) Male pattern baldness is the most common type of balding among males. It affects roughly, 30% of men by the age of 30, 50% of men by the age of 50, 57% of men by the age of 60.
More informationGrip force, EDL contractile properties, and voluntary wheel running after postdevelopmental myostatin depletion in mice
J Appl Physiol 109: 886 894, 2010. First published July 1, 2010; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00300.2010. Grip force, EDL contractile properties, and voluntary wheel running after postdevelopmental myostatin
More informationLocation of myostatin expression during bovine myogenesis in vivo and in vitro
Location of myostatin expression during bovine myogenesis in vivo and in vitro Véronique Deveaux, Brigitte Picard, Julien Bouley, Isabelle Cassar-Malek To cite this version: Véronique Deveaux, Brigitte
More informationMeat proteins. Levels of complexity. Levels of complexity Myofibrils C, H, O, N. Amino acids. Myofibrils. Muscle fiber.
Meat proteins Levels of complexity C, H, O, N Amino acids Actin Myosin Thin filaments Thick filaments Myofibrils Levels of complexity Myofibrils Muscle fiber Primary bundle Secondary bundle Muscle Changes
More informationbiosensis Mouse Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) ELISA Kit Protocol
biosensis Mouse Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) ELISA Kit Protocol Catalog Number: BEK-2151-1P For quantitative detection of mouse IL-1β in cell culture supernatant, cell lysates, and serum and hepain or EDTA
More informationHGH for Sale Natural Anti-Aging Human Growth Hormone
HGH for Sale Natural Anti-Aging Human Growth Hormone Human growth hormone is one of the hottest supplement trends on the market, and now you can purchase top-quality HGH to be delivered right to your home!
More informationThe Wilson and Jungner principles of screening and genetic testing
Leeds Institute of Health Sciences The Wilson and Jungner principles of screening and genetic testing Professor Darren Shickle Academic Unit of Public Health European Forum for Evidenced-based Prevention
More informationHyperbarics and Wound Care: A Perfect Partnership
Hyperbarics and Wound Care: A Perfect Partnership Juan O Bravo MD CWSP UHM Medical Director Center for Wound Care and Hyperbaric Medicine at Broward Health Coral Springs Disclosures I am part of the advisory
More informationLeader: Anne Coble Voss, PhD, RD, LD, Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, OH
Discussion Leader: Anne Coble Voss, PhD, RD, LD, Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, OH Dr Tisdale: Dr Bosaeus, you suggested that the drive to synthesize acute-phase proteins by the liver was actually driving
More informationClinical impact of type I and type II 5 alpha-reductase inhibition in prostatic disease: review and update 아주대학교김선일
Clinical impact of type I and type II 5 alpha-reductase inhibition in prostatic disease: review and update 아주대학교김선일 Development of 5ARI Discovery of 5AR type I and type II Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
More informationEFFECTS OF METHYLHEXANAMINE (DMAA) ON C2C12 AND 3T3 STEM CELLS. Cameron Franz Pittsburgh Central Catholic High School Grade 11
EFFECTS OF METHYLHEXANAMINE (DMAA) ON C2C12 AND 3T3 STEM CELLS Cameron Franz Pittsburgh Central Catholic High School Grade 11 Tissue Engineering TE is the development and manipulation of artificial implants,
More informationModule 8. X, Y, and Athletes STUDENT HANDOUT. Module 8
Module 8 Module 8 Genetics for Kids: Module 8 Part I: Introduction Competitive sports are very aggressive and only the best athletes attain fame and fortune. In an effort to succeed, some athletes may
More informationThe ICL Insider. Lab Testing: Testosterone. In This Issue. The Debate
The ICL Insider February 2017 Volume 2, Issue 2 Lab Testing: Testosterone In This Issue Testosterone shashtilak@iclabs.ca Next Issue: Expected Release April 2017 The Debate Aging is accompanied by various
More information10/14/2009. Helminths: Trematoda - non-segmented flat worms. The schistosomes: Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma haematobium. Schistosoma mekongi
Helminths: Trematoda - non-segmented flat worms The schistosomes: Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma haematobium Schistosoma japonicum Schistosoma mekongi 1 Japan is schistosome-free as of 1976 2 Aquatic
More informationDevelopmental Biology
Developmental iology 39 (11) 8 9 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Developmental iology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/developmentalbiology Myostatin-deficient medaka exhibit a double-muscling
More informationComparison of GH, IGF-I, and testosterone with mrna of receptors and myostatin in skeletal muscle in older men
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281: E1159 E1164, 2001. Comparison of GH, IGF-I, and testosterone with mrna of receptors and myostatin in skeletal muscle in older men TAYLOR J. MARCELL, 1 S. MITCHELL HARMAN,
More informationFair Competition and Drug Control
Fair Competition and Drug Control Speaker: Dr. Yves Bonnaire General Manager, Laboratoire des Course Hippiques Dr Yves BONNAIRE Advisory Council LOGO PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES an update. PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES
More informationGrowth Hormone s Impact as a Safe Ergogenic Aid to Increase Body Size
Growth Hormone s Impact as a Safe Ergogenic Aid to Increase Body Size Point Argument: Growth Hormone is a Safe Ergogenic Aid to Increase Body Size Monica Chauhan Carissa Eastwood Emily Lefler Mar. 28,
More informationbiosensis Rat Fibronectin ELISA Kit Protocol
biosensis Rat Fibronectin ELISA Kit Protocol Catalog No: BEK-2017-2P For quantitative detection of rat Fibronectin in cell culture supernatants, serum, and citrate, heparin, or EDTA plasma samples only
More informationAnti-Myostatin Reduces Bone Mineral Loss in Ovariectomized Rats
Clinical Medicine and Diagnostics 2014, 4(3): 55-60 DOI: 10.5923/j.cmd.20140403.03 Anti-Myostatin Reduces Bone Mineral Loss in Ovariectomized Rats Husam M. Edrees 1,2, Eslam K. Fahmy 1,3,* 1 Department
More informationSupplemental Data. Gutjahr et al. (2008). Arbuscular mycorrhiza-specific signaling in rice transcends the common symbiosis signaling pathway.
Supplemental Data. Gutjahr et al. (2008). Arbuscular mycorrhiza-specific signaling in rice transcends the common symbiosis signaling pathway. A H S S H B P. i. M H 2 O Pi Tef CP2 Supplemental Figure 1.
More informationLEUCINE. - A major driving force for Muscle Protein Synthesis
LEUCINE - A major driving force for Muscle Protein Synthesis An article by Professor Don MacLaren, 2016. Leucine is one of the 9 essential amino acids that are required to be ingested by the body since
More informationHARVARD PILGRIM HEALTH CARE RECOMMENDED MEDICATION REQUEST GUIDELINES
Generic Brand HICL GCN Exception/Other METHYL ANDROID METHITEST METHYL TESTRED 01404 ROUTE MISCELL. CYPIONATE ENANTHATE GUIDELINES FOR USE ANDRODERM ANDROGEL AXIRON FORTESTA NATESTO STRIANT TESTIM VOGELXO
More informationAdvances in equine genetics
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Advances in equine genetics Author : Charlotte Maile Categories : Equine, Vets Date : October 17, 2016 Coloured horse breeders
More informationSELECT WHEY SOME THOUGHTS ON WHY WHEY PROTEIN CONTINUES TO BE CLINICALLY IMPORTANT
SELECT WHEY SOME THOUGHTS ON WHY WHEY PROTEIN CONTINUES TO BE CLINICALLY IMPORTANT Certainly, a legitimate concern about whey protein supplementation is allergenicity. However, while this concern is warranted,
More informationEndogenous expression and localization of myostatin and its relation to MHC distribution in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells
Endogenous expression and localization of myostatin and its relation to MHC distribution in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells Artaza, J., Mallidis, C., Ma, K., Taylor, W., Bhasin, S., & Gonzalez-cadavid, N.
More informationImproved muscle healing through enhanced regeneration and reduced fibrosis in myostatin-null mice
Research Article 3531 Improved muscle healing through enhanced regeneration and reduced fibrosis in myostatin-null mice Seumas McCroskery 1, Mark Thomas 1, Leanne Platt 2, Alex Hennebry 1, Takanori Nishimura
More informationWhat is the difference with Whey, Casein, BCAA's, Glutamine, NO products?
Charles Glass - Mr. World / IFBB PRO Senior Executive Vice President Personal Trainers Association (PROPTA) PROPTA Master Trainer about Recov Bipeptides This is the best protein supplement I ever tried
More informationDavisco Whey Protein Processing
Davisco Whey Protein Processing Lloyd Metzger Director, Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center Professor and Alfred Chair in Dairy Education South Dakota State University What is whey? By product of cheese
More informationbiosensis Rat Interleukin-1 beta, IL-1β ELISA Kit Protocol
biosensis Rat Interleukin-1 beta, IL-1β ELISA Kit Protocol For the quantitative detection of rat IL-1β in cell culture supernatants, serum, heparin or EDTA treated plasma samples, and cell homogenates
More informationLabel-Free Assays for High-Throughput Monoclonal Antibody Characterization
Label-Free Assays for High-Throughput Monoclonal Antibody Characterization Label-Free Assays for High-Throughput Monoclonal Antibody Characterization Broadcast Date: Thursday, December 13, 2012 Time: 2
More informationDutasteride and Metformin Reduce the Growth of LNCaP Cells and Alter the SREBP-1 Pathway
Send Orders of Reprints at reprints@benthamscience.net 1 The Open Prostate Cancer Journal, 213, 6, 1-15 Open Access Dutasteride and Metformin Reduce the Growth of LNCaP Cells and Alter the SREBP-1 Pathway
More informationUnitedHealthcare Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacy Programs
UnitedHealthcare Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacy Programs Program Number 2017 P 2018-9 Program Prior Authorization/Medical Necessity Topical Androgens Medication Axiron*, Androderm, Androgel*, Fortesta*, Natesto*,
More informationGH DEFICIENCY (GHD) in adults is associated with
0021-972X/03/$15.00/0 The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88(11):5490 5496 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2003 by The Endocrine Society doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-030497 Myostatin Is a Skeletal Muscle
More information