Dawn at Kill Devil. With four powered flights totaling 98 seconds 100 years ago, the Wright brothers changed the world.
|
|
- Emma Gilmore
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 With four powered flights totaling 98 seconds 100 years ago, the Wright brothers changed the world. Dawn at Kill Devil The Moment. On the sand flats stretching north from Kill Devil Hill, mankind begins a new day and the Wright brothers make history. The camera snapped the first flight at 10:35 a.m., Dec. 17, Orville is at the controls. Wilbur watches from the side.
2 Hill By Rebecca Grant Isn t it astonishing that all these secrets have been preserved for so many years just so that we could discover them!! The words were those of Orville Wright, written in June Within six months, Orville and his brother, Wilbur, were at Kitty Hawk, N.C., with their fully assembled and fully tested machine, the Flyer, waiting for all of the discovered secrets and hard work to come together as something momentous. It was cold on the morning of Dec. 17 almost too cold to work outside. A cold, gusty north wind was blowing, and almost at gale strength. The steady, 25 mph wind made the 30-degree temperature feel like 16 degrees. The term wind chill was still unknown in 1903, but the Wright brothers understood the effects only
3 The brothers loved the place. The sunsets here are the prettiest I have ever seen, Orville reported. The clouds light up in all colors in the background, with deep blue clouds of various shapes fringed with gold before. They liked Kitty Hawkers, who returned the sentiment. Our fame has spread far and wide up and down the beach, Orv joked on one occasion. And it was the beach that hooked them. The sand is the greatest thing in Kitty Hawk, said Orville. Big Hill. In 1901, the Wrights camped near Kill Devil Hill, a prime gliding spot. This photo, taken Dec. 14, 1903, shows the track used in the Wrights first, unsuccessful attempt at flight. The Dec. 17 flights took place nearby. too well. The body loses heat at an accelerated pace. Hands become stiff. Eyes water. The throat feels cold, the ears tingle. Hauling, lifting indeed, any heavy work outdoors makes the wind feel like an adversary. The brothers had been to North Carolina before, but never had they stayed so late in the year. Through the fall, the weather had taunted them, bringing high winds and rain on some days and dead calm on others. On the worst nights, water puddles would freeze. They woke to wash basins filled with solid ice. True, they had a good stove inside, built by Orv. They also had his French drip coffee pot, complete with a custom filter of wire mesh imported from Dayton, Ohio. Still, the brothers on several occasions that fall had given in to the cold wind and suspended their outdoor work. One day they noted they were too sore from gliding to do much work at all. It is ironic, then, that, on the morning of Dec. 17, 1903, the fierce wind howling across the dunes would become the Wrights partner in one of mankind s greatest achievements. such an out-of-the-way place, Katherine groused to their father, Bishop Milton Wright. Probably the mail goes out but once a week. She was right. It left each week in a small sailboat. Kitty Hawk was a fishing village where no one ever sold a fish. The commercial catches all went to Baltimore, where they fetched a higher price. The Kitty Hawkers ate wild game in or out of season and fish if they caught it. Milk came only in cans. Orv thought the horses, cows, and hogs were the most pitiful-looking livestock he had ever seen. The Passion In late 1903, Will was 36 and Orv was 32 middle-aged men for that era. Although unmarried, they were domestically settled, the youngest sons of the bishop, living contentedly in the family s foursquare Dayton home with their father and sister. Orv liked camping and made caramels and fudge for his niece and nephews. At age 18, Will suffered an injury playing ice hockey and gave up the idea of going to Yale. Instead, he spent three years caring for his mother, a tuberculosis case, who finally succumbed. Before long, the brothers set out to become newspapermen. They wrote and published a little local broadsheet, but they soon found that the money was in printing. Orv at age 17 built a high-speed printing press so peculiar it led a visiting pressman to declare, It works, but I certainly don t see how it does the work. To Kitty Hawk They think that life at Kitty Hawk cures all ills, you know, wrote Katherine Wright, speaking of her two brothers. Will and Orv had discovered Kitty Hawk in the late summer of I never did hear of 24 Origins. Before building airplanes, the Wrights built gliders; before gliders, they built kites. Here, they fly the 1901 glider as a kite. AIR FORCE Magazine / December 2003
4 Assembly. In this historic October 1903 photo, the Wright brothers bring together the component parts of the 1903 powered Flyer at their new camp building, erected at Kill Devil Hill. Next came bicycles. In the early 1890s, these two-wheeled wonders were all the rage. The Wright brothers did well selling, repairing, and, occasionally, racing bicycles. The two brothers since childhood had had what Will termed a passive interest in flight. It soon became a passion. In summer 1896, 25-year-old Orville fell ill with typhoid fever. For six weeks he lay near death. Katherine and Will cared for him, often reading to him in the sick room even. In the midst of the crisis, Will spied a notice of the death of a German aeronaut, Otto Lilienthal, in a glider accident. Lilienthal had based much of his experimental work on the study of birds, and Will reread a book on animal mechanics. As Orv convalesced, Will read other, more modern works, and, by the time Orv was able to sit up in bed (in October), the two had begun analyzing what Lilienthal had done wrong. Man knew how to make wings and engines, they reasoned. The brothers believed the barrier holding man back from flight must therefore center on equilibrium and control. Lilienthal hadn t flown much. As they saw it, the German only had a total of about five hours time in the air in his gliders. No one could ride a bicycle on a crowded street after practicing 10 seconds at a time over five years. The Wrights built kites, then small models, and then a glider sturdy enough for a pilot. The Wright brothers wanted time in the air. That was the purpose of Kitty Hawk. It was not the windiest place in America. Kitty Hawk, however, had an unbeatable combination of wind, remoteness, and marvelous sand. At Kitty Hawk, the Wright brothers learned by measurement, experience, and observation how to build a glider and fly it. Wilbur often spent time on the dunes watching the soaring antics of buzzards, eagles, and hawks. To the brothers, birds offered the one absolute proof that man could fly. Will saw that a bird expended much more energy chasing an insect or another bird; in comparison, their level flight looked easy. In that first year, 1900, the trip to Kitty Hawk was a grand vacation. Every later visit brought the brothers dramatic progress toward their dream of flight. The year 1900 gave them a chance to work out their gliders. They camped under an oak tree. In the next year, 1901, they moved the camp closer to the prime gliding spot of Kill Devil Hill. The experiences at Kitty Hawk taught them how little they or anyone really knew about designing an airplane. At Dayton they built a wind tunnel to test wing shapes, built new gliders, and itched for the chance to try them. Will opened a correspondence with Octave Chanute, who became their mentor and a source of strong encouragement. Experiments in 1902 In a real sense, though, the brothers were on their own. They were pioneers in conceptualizing, constructing, and testing actual machines. Their work had taken them far beyond other, more famous experimenters such as Samuel P. Langley. They had all of the required qualities: agile minds, a strong grasp of mathematics, and real talent for building, inventing, and repairing mechanical systems. They debated each other and kept to a strict code of fairness, equal work, and equal credit. Above all, they were motivated by a thirst to fly. Lucky for them, bicycles provided a substantial income. In the present stage of the game, aeronautical experimenting alone is not a very sure way of earning bread and butter, Will wrote in February Promoters from the forthcoming 1903 Chicago World s Fair talked with Chanute about staging a $200,000 flight competition. Chanute wanted the Wrights to compete, if the deal ever came off. Wilbur, however, was no gambler. Or, rather, he had the quiet confidence of a gambler holding four aces. He and his brother sensed that their glider experiments had pushed them far ahead of the airplane-chasing pack. Will did not believe in letting the opinions or doings of others influence you too much, as he told a friend. It seems that 1902 was the year that the brothers truly learned to fly. Gliding from the broad sand slopes of Kill Devil Hill that fall, they had 10-to-15-second bursts in which to learn how to control a flying machine. Sometimes, they opted to forgo meticulous measurements in order to gain more practice time. The machine, wrote Wilbur, was almost perfect, or rather it controls both fore and aft and transversely just as we wish it to. On Sept. 23, the brothers had made about 75 glides when trouble arrived. Orv, gliding at 25 feet above the ground, became preoccupied with wing warping, the process by which he could control the aircraft. He let the front of the glider drift up to 45 degrees, with a predictable outcome. The result was a heap of flying AIR FORCE Magazine / December
5 machine, cloth, and sticks in a heap, with me in the center without a bruise or a scratch, Orv wrote later. Or, as the accident investigation report from Will to Chanute stated: My brother, after too brief practice with the use of the front rudder, tried to add the use of the wing-twisting arrangement also, with the result that, while he was correcting a slight rise in one wing, he completely forgot to attend to the front rudder, and the machine reared up and rose some 25 feet and sidled off and struck the ground on alighting on one wingtip and broke several pieces of the woodwork. They dragged the precious heap into the back of the low building where they camped to begin repairs. In spite of this sad catastrophe, Orv said, we are tonight in a hilarious mood as a result of the encouraging performance of the machine. Setting Off in 1903 Back in Dayton after the successful 1902 season, the brothers set to work building their power machine. When no one could supply the engine they wanted, they, with the help of local mechanic Charlie Taylor, built one themselves. Will and Orv were desperate to get back to Kitty Hawk. They started shipping dry goods, lumber, and parts of the Flyer in August but did not leave themselves until Sept. 23. After they arrived, it didn t take long for Kill Devil Hill to work its usual magic on the brothers. Things are starting off more favorably than in any year before, Orv wrote buoyantly to his sister. Orv spent his first full day in camp arranging the kitchen and making that French drip coffee pot. Then it was down to work. They had a new building to construct. Plans called for practicing with the 1902 glider on good, windy days and working on the new powered machine when it was calm or rainy. They hoped that, if all went well, they could take a trial powered flight around Oct. 25. The Flyer itself (though not the engine) was completely assembled by mid-october. To Orville, it was the prettiest we have ever made, and of a much better shape, being smooth on both upper and lower sides. All of their flying machines had personality; Orv described one of their first as rather a docile thing, and we taught it to behave fairly well. Each was hand-crafted. Every inch of the fabric covering the wings was marked and cut, often by Orv, then sewn with a machine by Will. Gliding continued. On Oct. 26, they made 20 attempts at flight, six of which lasted for more than one minute. Their time in the air was building up. On Nov. 2, they began to mount the engine onto the aircraft. Chanute visited them, and, on Nov. 7, they took the 1902 glider out for a demonstration. After four or five flights, wrote Orville, they came back to camp on account of cold. A week later, the brothers broke two propeller shafts, which were shipped by express train to Dayton. There, Charlie Taylor worked feverishly to fix them. In mid-november, Orville and Wilbur settled in to wait. They had a half cord of wood, chopped from the forests nearby, and the best stove in Kitty Hawk. Cold and fog troubled them, and so did the lack of flying. The 1902 glider was almost too dilapidated to fly safely. They had made only two glides in three weeks. They also brooded on the thrust of their engine. The 630-pound Flyer had propellers designed for 90 pounds of thrust, but, with a pilot aboard, the Flyer s weight rose to 700 pounds. The Flyer was overweight by a margin of 10 percent, a fact which left the pair, said Orville, quite in doubt as to whether the engine will be able to pull it at all with the present gears. On his visit to Kitty Hawk, Chanute had been pessimistic. He doesn t seem to think our machines are so much superior as the manner in which we handle them, Orv wrote. We are of just the reverse opinion. That confidence grounded in logic, mathematics, and experience kept the brothers going. They joked and made frequent comparisons between their enterprise and the stock market. One day the stock in flying was at rock bottom, another day it was a sure winner. The propeller shafts arrived on Nov. 20, but the Wrights had trouble with the sprockets. Day closes in deep gloom, wrote Orv. Waiting. Wilbur ponders the Flyer. The day is Nov. 24, On Nov. 27, snow will fall. On Nov. 28, the Wrights will discover a crack in a propeller shaft. Soon, Orville will leave for Ohio. 26 Final Tests Their ingenuity cheered them up again on the next day. They filled the troublesome sprockets with tire cement. They fixed the gas feed, and the engine smoothed out. Best of all, they put the power plant through a test run. They rested the center body of the machine on rollers, attached a pulley to a 50-pound box of sand, and cranked the engine to 350 rpm. It gave them a pleasing 132 to 136 pounds of thrust. Our confidence in the success of the machine is now greater than ever before, Orv wrote. But their troubles were not over. It snowed on Nov. 27. On Nov. 28, the brothers started having trouble with engine runs and found a crack in the propeller shaft. AIR FORCE Magazine / December 2003
6 Last and Best. The Flyer s fourth and final flight of Dec. 17 carried Wilbur 852 feet and spanned 59 seconds. The only solution to the shaft problem was to send Orville home to Dayton to make new ones before the weather got any worse. Will stayed alone at Kitty Hawk. With his free time, he split, hauled, and stacked a three-week supply of wood. Twelve days later, Orv was back. He came into camp at 1 p.m. on Friday, Dec. 11, bringing new propeller shafts as well as stunning news. On Dec. 8, Langley s own flying machine had crashed on takeoff at Arsenal Point near Washington, D.C. For the brothers, the path to the first flight was wide open. On the morning of Saturday, Dec. 12, they set the propeller shafts and eagerly hauled the Flyer out for a trial. But the wind was flat, and they had to settle for running it along the track. The next day, Dec. 13, was Sunday, and even steady west winds could not tempt them to break the Sabbath. The bishop s children kept their custom. They never worked on a Sunday. Not even after two-and-ahalf months at Kitty Hawk. Not even with the new propeller shafts ready to churn out thrust. Not even when they were the only two men in the world poised on the edge of fulfilling mankind s dream of powered flight. Air warm, Orv wrote in his diary. Spent most of day reading. Monday, Dec. 14, dawned clear, cold, and calm. After breakfast, the brothers hauled their machine out from its hangar. The hangar was just wide enough to hold the Flyer. To fly, they had to reattach the front elevator and rear rudder. At 1 p.m., they completed the task and hung signal panels to summon the men from the local lifesaving station to help them move the Flyer. With no wind, they had to take off from the slope of Kill Devil Hill. They laid out the 60-foot track, slid the Flyer down, then halted while they picked up the track, relaid it in another section, and slid the machine down it once more. Finally they reached the big hill. Will and Orv tossed for first whack. Will won, and laid himself down in the pilot s position on the Flyer. The engine started. Now the propeller thrust was so great that the rope fastener would not come loose. Men from Kitty Hawk pushed the Flyer back a little, releasing the rope, and then Will started. I grabbed the upright the best I could and off we went, wrote Orv. After a run of some 40 feet, the machine was moving so fast that Orv had to let go. Up it rose, 15 feet above the ground, but then it turned up 20 degrees and sank back down on the ground. One front skid plowed into the sand and broke. In the excitement, Will forgot to shut off the engine for some time, Orv noted. The brothers called it a partial success a 3.5-second flight covering 105 feet, according to Orv s measurements. The engine banged along at more than 1,000 rpm. However the real trouble was an error in judgment, in turning up too suddenly after leaving the track, Will wrote his father and sister. The Flyer lost what little speed it had, and Will was, essentially, out of airspeed and ideas, as pilots would later say. Tongue in cheek, he did credit himself with a nice easy landing for the operator. But for this trifling error due to lack of experience with this machine and this method of starting, said Will, the machine would undoubtedly have flown beautifully. They sent home a terse telegram, which read, in part, Rudder only injured. Success assured. Keep quiet. The Flyer was ready again at noon on Wednesday, Dec. 16. The brothers took it out and placed the rail just a few yards from the hangar. By then, the wind was gradually dying. They sat with it for hours to see if it would breeze up again. But it didn t, and Will and Orv had to take the machine back inside its hangar. They spent another night waiting. The Flight Then it was Thursday, Dec. 17. The brothers woke up early that cold morning and left the cozy stove to step next door, raise the hangar s front door, and prop it on stilts. They walked into the shadows of the windowless building and gently moved out the Flyer. On went the rudder and elevator. Up went the signals for the Kitty Hawk men to join them. Orv set up his heavy glass-plate camera on its tripod. Then they all went back in- AIR FORCE Magazine / December
7 Success. Hours after the flights, the Wrights declared victory in this historic telegram. Note two mistakes: Orville s name is misspelled and the time was transmitted as 57 seconds instead of 59 seconds. side to warm their hands over the stove. Soon they came back outside to the Flyer. The brothers warmed up the engine and rotated the airplane s propellers. They propped the Flyer s right wingtip on a small wooden bench. Sand, the best sand in the world, stretched out for miles. The north wind was cold and constant, the kind of wind that presses steadily, insistently, lifting loose collars, ties, and locks of hair. The noise of the propellers and engine drowned out other sounds. At 10:35 a.m., Orv was ready, his hips in the upholstered wood cradle, his back slightly arched, his hands on the wooden controls. Will held the right wingtip. Orv released the restraining rope, bringing an instant response. The Flyer slid down the track, going faster and faster. At the fourth section of the track, the Flyer lifted up. Wilbur Wright let go. John T. Daniels, manning Orville s camera, squeezed the bulb. Then, Orville flew. Up in the air, 10 feet above ground, Orville was flying, sailing over the sand below. His whole mind and body focused on the front elevator, striving to keep the Flyer level. The Flyer s 700 pounds of spruce and spars and fabric and aluminum crank case and human flesh and bone were airborne. It was Orv s to control, his to com- mand, his to move through the air on feel and instinct and the pitch of the elevator and the power of the engines. The elevator wobbled, the Flyer darted down, and Orv, 120 feet and 12 seconds from the point of takeoff, ended mankind s first powered and controlled flight. Near Kill Devil Hill today, one finds a pale, granite boulder bearing a simple plaque. It marks the spot where Orville Wright and the Flyer ascended. About 120 feet north stands another marker the point at which that first flight ended. Then come three more white stone markers. Two are close together, and stand near the end point of Orville s first flight. But the last stands far out on its own. It is a story in itself. After the first flight, minor repairs took some minutes. With Will at the controls, the Flyer again rolled down the track. Will flew a little bit farther than Orv had 175 feet in 12 seconds. Orv then had the third flight, and he bettered Will s mark, flying 200 feet in 15 seconds. But it wasn t over. At noon, Will took his second turn at the controls. Orv watched him start off and struggle with the pitch, as before. Then, 300 feet out, Will found the Flyer s rhythm. According to Orv, his brother had it under much better control and was traveling on a fairly even course. Will flew for 852 feet, as the stopwatch in Orv s hand ticked on to 59 seconds. Then a sharp wind set the Flyer pitching again, and Will brought it down in a hard but controlled landing. As Will crawled out of the airplane, he must have looked back to where Orv and the Kitty Hawk men were standing at the start of the track. He d gone so much farther. He d really flown. The two sheds were far, far away, the men jogging toward him small in size, just now in shouting distance. He knew what it meant. Their beautiful flyer was a success. Watch the pitch and fly as far as you want. They could circle out toward the ocean shore, maybe fly out over the lifesaving station. They could think about turning and better control and flights, more flights, more and more flights. Orv and the men reached Will and together they dragged the Flyer back and set it down a few feet from the hangar. They stood together, talking about Will s superlong flight. Then, the wind that brought them to Kill Devil Hill put an end to their experiments that day. According to Orv, a sudden gust of wind struck the machine and started to turn it over. All rushed to stop it. Will grabbed the front, Orv and Daniels seized the rear uprights, but the wind took it, turning it over, then causing it to cartwheel along, with Daniels still clutching it from the inside. Engine chain guides bent, rear ends of the wing ribs broke. Will and Orv crated it up and then sent a telegram to their father. It stated: success four flights thursday morning... inform press home Christmas. A few days later, the brothers left for home. The Flyer never took to the air again, but Will, Orv, and the rest of mankind did. Rebecca Grant is a contributing editor of Air Force Magazine. She is president of IRIS Independent Research in Washington, D.C., and has worked for RAND, the Secretary of the Air Force, and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force. Grant is a fellow of the Eaker Institute for Aerospace Concepts, the public policy and research arm of the Air Force Association s Aerospace Education Foundation. Her most recent article, Eyes Wide Open, appeared in the November issue. 28 AIR FORCE Magazine / December 2003
Wilbur in the damaged flyer after his unsuccessful trial on December 14, His hand still grips the wooden control lever.
The Society thanks you for the report on the success of the 1902 Glider. They are also following the progress of Samuel Langley s flying research. Langley had successfully flown a steam-powered aircraft
More informationThe Inventive Wright Brothers
teacher s guide primary source set The Inventive Wright Brothers Everyone must crawl before they can fly. Such was the fate of Wilbur and Orville Wright, born four years apart, brothers by blood as well
More informationthe little boy 1 a good boy 1 then you give 1 is about me 1 was to come 1 old and new 1 that old man 1 what we know 1 not up here 1 in and out 1
the little boy 1 a good boy 1 is about me 1 then you give 1 was to come 1 old and new 1 what we know 1 that old man 1 in and out 1 not up here 1 good for you 1 down at work 1 with his cat 1 it was new
More informationLevel 7. The Wright Brothers. The Wright Brothers. Copyright 2008 by Little Fox Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Level 7 Level 7 The Wright Brothers The Wright Brothers Copyright 2008 by Little Fox Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Y ou did it, Wilbur, cried Orville as his brother landed their invention. Finally, we
More informationLearning to Fly: The Wright Brothers Adventure EG GRC 39
Learning to Fly: The Wright Brothers Adventure EG 2002 12 007 GRC 39 The Wright Brothers 1900 aircraft was flown repeatedly at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, during the fall of 1900, mostly as a kite but
More informationFlight. Mysteries. Mysteries of Flight A Reading A Z Level U Benchmark Book Word Count: 1,324 BENCHMARK U.
Mysteries of Flight A Reading A Z Level U Benchmark Book Word Count: 1,324 BENCHMARK U Mysteries of Flight Written by Lisa Trumbauer Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials. www.readinga-z.com
More informationDesert Trek. Alex Tamayo. High Noon Books Novato, California
Desert Trek Alex Tamayo High Noon Books Novato, California Contents 1 Friends.... 1 2 The Trip.... 6 3 The First Problem....10 4 Red Camper...14 5 Snake Canyon...19 6 Rattlesnake...22 7 Ride for Help....28
More informationFirst Flight Glossary
First Flight Glossary (for secondary grades) aeronautics The study of flight and the science of building and operating an aircraft. aircraft A machine used for flying. Airplanes, helicopters, blimps and
More informationFirst Grade Spelling Lists
First Grade Spelling Lists List 1 List 2 List 3 List 4 me can ten my do see tan up and run tin last go the ton not at in bed us on so top am a no he good it now you is man will she we an List 5 List 6
More informationTHE WRIGHT BROTHERS (& Sister!)
151 West 26 th Street New York, NY, 10001 212.647.1100 www.twusa.org Patrick Garner s HISTORY S ALIVE! presents THE WRIGHT BROTHERS (& Sister!) STUDY GUIDE Thank you very much for inviting me in to perform
More informationExplo UNIT TWO. The Wright Brothers first flight. Courtesy of Bettmann/Corbis
Explo UNIT TWO The Wright Brothers first flight Courtesy of Bettmann/Corbis ring FLIGHT Unit Chapters CHAPTER 2 Pioneers of Flight CHAPTER 3 Expanding the Horizon CHAPTER 2 Capt Eddie Rickenbacker, American
More informationThe Metric Glider. By Steven A. Bachmeyer. Aerospace Technology Education Series
The Metric Glider By Steven A. Bachmeyer Aerospace Technology Education Series 10002 Photographs and Illustrations The author wishes to acknowledge the following individuals and organizations for the photographs
More informationHave you ever been in an airplane? Have you ever dreamed of. flying through the air? When Wilbur and Orville Wright were young
Fishhook Have you ever been in an airplane? Have you ever dreamed of flying through the air? When Wilbur and Orville Wright were young boys they knew that someday they would make a flying machine. On December
More informationThe Borrego Springs VMG Fly-in 2012
The Borrego Springs VMG Fly-in 2012 This VMG fly-in was to be our kick off fly-in for 2012. More people registered to join us than for other fly-ins lately, and I had a hunch it would be a good time for
More informationWhen Ellen Ochoa. Read the passage. Then, complete the graphic organizer with details from the passage. Ellen Ochoa. ,..., il illg and interesting.
'~ t ii,">:,.",,;> Ellen Ochoa Read the passage. Then, complete the graphic organizer with details from the passage. qoing When Ellen Ochoa was growing up, she did not dream of into space. At that time,
More informationLesson: Airspeed Control
11/20/2018 Airspeed Control Page 1 Lesson: Airspeed Control Objectives: o Knowledge o An understanding of the aerodynamics related to airspeed control o Skill o The ability to establish and maintain a
More informationThe Wright. 1. What is the main idea of the story?
:~ ~ ~~~.,. ;c..3>;:_f;;.""g. ~c =- ~ The Wright Read the passage. Then, answer the questions. Orville and Wilbur Wright are famous American brothers. They owned a bicycle shop in Dayton, Ohio. They also
More informationThe Wright Brother's Flyer
History of flight 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright and the First Flight. Orville and Wilbur Wright were very deliberate in their quest for flight. First, they spent many years learning about all the early
More informationTelling a Fisherman How to Fish. He probably learned his skills from his father, John. So we can suppose that he had fished most of his life.
Telling a Fisherman How to Fish Luke 5:1-11 Peter was a fisherman. And very likely a good one. He probably learned his skills from his father, John. So we can suppose that he had fished most of his life.
More informationClassroom Activities/Lesson Plan
Grade Band: High School Unit 19 Unit Target: Scientific Inquiry Unit Topic: High School Science Fair Lesson 11 Instructional Targets Reading Standards for Literature Range and Level of Text Complexity:
More informationLesson 1: Introduction to Learning Aviation Science. by: Alex Stackhouse
Lesson 1: Introduction to Learning Aviation Science by: Alex Stackhouse Important Info. Scientists believe that the brain recalls new information more efficiently if the new information is associated in
More informationOur Second Encounter
Our Second Encounter Bettina is another special gal who drifted into my life. It was around 2 ¾ years ago. I no longer remember how we first met each other, but soon it became emails back and forth about
More informationMultiple Meaning Words: Kindergarten to Grade 2 More Teaching Tools at
dip dip dip dip put or let something quickly or briefly in or in liquid He dipped the brush in the paint. sink, drop, or slope ward Swallows dipped and soared across the sky. a brief swim She went for
More informationRelated Careers: Aircraft Instrument Repairer Aircraft Designer Aircraft Engineer Aircraft Electronics Specialist Aircraft Mechanic Pilot US Military
Airplane Design and Flight Fascination with Flight Objective: 1. You will be able to define the basic terms related to airplane flight. 2. You will test fly your airplane and make adjustments to improve
More informationDOK Coding for Grade 8 Reading Instructional Materials
DOK Coding for Grade 8 Reading Instructional Materials Copyright 2006 by the Nevada Department of Education The narrator of this passage reflects on the connection between math, her family, and her culture.
More informationBy Joel Bender
By Joel Bender thought I was pretty lucky in 2008, drawing an Alaska 14C I Dall sheep tag. It was a lucky draw and an incredible hunt capped off with a beautiful ram and an adventure with my guide and
More informationThe Wednesday Flight that Pooped Out
The Wednesday Flight that Pooped Out It was all set up. I was to meet Dave after work at my hangar. My annual inspection was due, and he had moved his shop 8 nm away so we needed to get the Mooney from
More informationApril 4, Eye of Experience #12: Understanding the Stall
April 4, 1999 Eye of Experience #12: Understanding the Stall Stall entry and recovery is one of the most discussed and cussed portions of a flight training syllabus. Yet, AVweb's Howard Fried believes
More informationBike Flip By Xavier S.
Bike Flip By Xavier S. We got out of the car. We took our bikes off the bike rack. I slipped on my helmet and started to ride my bike as fast as a bullet, around the parking lot. My mom and sister got
More informationTHE LAST LEAF BY O. HENRY. Revised by Hal Ames
THE LAST LEAF BY O. HENRY Revised by Hal Ames There were two young artists who lived in Greenwich Village in New York City. One was named Sue and the other Joanna. Joanna preferred to be called Joanie.
More informationThe other thing about ranges that are tree lined on both sides like Lodi (above), Oak Ridge (below),
Reading the wind Bryan Litz has an excellent chapter on reading wind in his book Applied Ballistics for Long Range shooting. In there he talks about wind at the rifle vs. wind at the target and which is
More informationSouthern Eagles Soaring
Southern Eagles Soaring N56LS Standard Cirrus Disassembly / Assembly Procedure. Version 2, 2017 You landed out so what now? First, hopefully you made arrangements with someone who has a hitch on their
More informationAccident Prevention Program
Accident Prevention Program Wind Shear "Tonto 55, final controller, how do you read...?" "55, loud and clear." This has been a good flight thought the Instructor Pilot (IP) as the pilot in front smoothly
More informationDeveloping a Javelin Run-Up
6 Developing a Javelin Run-Up By Duncan Atwood Developing the run-up in the javelin can be a struggle. Done well, the run-up can add up to 80 feet to a throw. Done poorly, a full run can subtract distance
More informationAccident Prevention Program
Accident Prevention Program SAFE FLYING FOR AGRICULTURAL AVIATION By Ansel H. McAllaster The basic safety elements, method for executing an applicator swath run and turnaround at the end of a swath run,
More informationLift II. Joyce Ma. September 2005
Lift II Joyce Ma September 2005 Keywords: 1 PURPOSE Outdoor Exploratorium: Formative Evaluation Lift II Joyce Ma September 2005 The previous
More informationnot to be republished NCERT
Kari, a five-month-old baby elephant, lives and grows up with his nine-year-old friend and keeper. Kari doesn t eat much just about sixteen kilograms of delicious twigs a day. Playful and sensitive, Kari
More informationA Tale from the Marshall Islands Retold by Joyce Sidman Illustrations by John Fulweiler
Directions: Read the passage, and answer the questions that follow. A Tale from the Marshall Islands Retold by Joyce Sidman Illustrations by John Fulweiler Timur and his brothers lived far out in the middle
More informationWelcome Statement. 1. the Plan. 2. the History. 3. the Warm Up. 5. the Setup. 6. the Swing 7. the Glue 8. the Tour Draw Practice Station.
table of contents.. Welcome Statement. 1 the Plan. 2 the History. 3 the Warm Up. 5 the Setup. 6 the Swing 7 the Glue 8 the Tour Draw Practice Station. 9 the Tour Draw Assessment. 10 Summary. 11 Key Phrases.
More information14 The Divine Art of Hovering
14 The Divine Art of Hovering INTRODUCTION Having learned the fundamentals of controlling the helicopter in forward flight, the next step is hovering. To the Hover! In many schools, hovering is one of
More informationThe Years Ahead. As far as Joey Mason was concerned, these next few months were the most
Wurst 1 Andrew Wurst Dr. Noyes English 050 23 September 2010 The Years Ahead As far as Joey Mason was concerned, these next few months were the most important of his life. It was his senior year, and football
More informationSnowbird Stick Job. by Alan Orthof
Snowbird Stick Job by Alan Orthof After AI Orthof hoiked his big dogs into galoshes the other day to plod through the first snow of the season, he realized that models need winter boots, too. So he got
More informationWacky Weather SCIENCE FACT #1. What is the difference in Weather and Climate?
Wacky Weather Sitting on the dock at her beach house, Angelica noticed how beautiful the waves were as they rushed into shore. She could not believe how cool it was on the beach. The day had been very
More informationHATCHET CHAPTER 2. The pilot did not move except that his head rolled on a neck impossibly loose as the plane hit a small bit of turbulence.
HATCHET CHAPTER 2 For a time that he could not understand Brian could do nothing. Even after his mind began working and he could see what had happened he could do nothing. It was as if his hands and arms
More informationL-23 Super Blanik Rigging (assembly/disassembly) Guide Maj Carl Kerns
L-23 Super Blanik Rigging (assembly/disassembly) Guide Maj Carl Kerns The L-23 Blanik is a difficult Sailplane to rig (assemble). The wings are heavy and are secured via a single
More informationI Can Survive This Storm
I Can Survive This Storm Pastor Eddie Turner Sunday, June 12, 2016 Mark 4:35-41(NLT) - 35 As evening came, Jesus said to his disciples, Let s cross to the other side of the lake. 36 So they took Jesus
More informationPictured: The hot air balloon pilot aged just 18 who crashed into high voltage cables... and was left hanging with two passengers for FIVE hours
Pictured: The hot air balloon pilot aged just 18 who crashed into high voltage cables... and was left hanging with two passengers for FIVE hours Wind blew the trio into a Northamptonshire pylon carrying
More informationSpin Training. Bob Wander Soaring Books & Supplies Website:
Spin Training Bob Wander Soaring Books & Supplies Website: www.bobwander.com E-Mail: Soarbooks@aol.com This Presentation Is Based On A Chapter In: Why Is Spin Training Important? Spins have been with us
More informationQwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas dfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl zxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn
Qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas dfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl zxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn FROM JFK INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer TO DUBAI
More informationCIRCLING THE HOLIGHAUS WAY -
CIRCLING THE HOLIGHAUS WAY - OR DO YOU REALLY WANT TO KEEP THE YAW STRING CENTERED? BY RICHARD H. JOHNSON ANSWERS: 1. During Straight Flight - YES, that minimizes drag and maximizes the sailplane's performance.
More informationBuild This World Record Fuselage Model
Build This World Record Fuselage Model Here You Have Complete Instructions and Plans to Build a Plane of Sure-fire Performance that Established a World Record at the 1932 National Airplane Model Competition
More informationBUILD AND TEST A WIND TUNNEL
LAUNCHING INTO AVIATION 9 2018 Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. All Rights Reserved. UNIT 2 SECTION D LESSON 2 PRESENTATION BUILD AND TEST A WIND TUNNEL LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson,
More informationFlying Wings. By Henry Cole
Flying Wings By Henry Cole FLYING WINGS REPRESENT THE THEORETICAL ULTIMATE IN AIRCRAFT DESIGN. USE THESE IDEAS, AVAILABLE AFTER A YEAR, OF RESEARCH, TO DEVELOP PRACTICAL MODELS. The rubber version of this
More informationThe 3 Mental Must-Haves To Avoid A Hitting Slump
Must-Have #1: Composure Composure as a hitter is non-negotiable. Both mentally and physically you will hear the word used and it is an absolute must if you are going to be consistent at the plate. When
More informationTeachings From An American Style Fighter Kite
Teachings From An American Style Fighter Kite When flying a fighter kite, one of my goals is to adjust the kite so its flight characteristics match, as close as possible, the way I want the kite to fly.
More informationHand Launch Thermal Soaring. Jenni Alderman photo. July 23
Hand Launch Thermal Soaring. Jenni Alderman photo. July 23 Hand-Launch Thermal A day of crazy weather led to great times on the flying field. What started out as a day full of clouds and wind, ended up
More informationName. Minnesota Comprehensive Assessments- Series II. Reading Grade 4.1 Vocabulary and Comprehension- Nonfiction Item Sampler and Answer Book
Name Minnesota Comprehensive Assessments- Series II Reading Grade 4.1 Vocabulary and Comprehension- Nonfiction Item Sampler and Answer Book For 2006 & 2007 Reading Test General Directions to the Student
More information1 The village party. Read and listen.
Read and listen. 1 The village party Sophia Walter and her brother, William, lived in a small village. On the last day of May, Sophia said to William, It s June next month and 21st June is the longest
More informationDAVE SENKO: Paul, victory No. 5 in a playoff here, how special is that? This is, I believe, the fourth straight year you've won at least one event.
FINAL ROUND INTERVIEW: PAUL GOYDOS (winner, playoff) August 6, 2017 DAVE SENKO: Paul, victory No. 5 in a playoff here, how special is that? This is, I believe, the fourth straight year you've won at least
More informationAE Stability and Control of Aerospace Vehicles
AE 430 - Stability and Control of Aerospace Vehicles Introduction 1 Welcome to AE 430 - Stability and Control of Aerospace Vehicles Pier Marzocca Pier CAMP 234, MAE Department MW 10:00-12:30, CAMP 234
More information2018 U.S. Senior Open Championship Golf Course Setup Notes Round 1 (Thursday, June 28) Prepared by Ben Kimball, USGA
2018 U.S. Senior Open Championship Golf Course Setup Notes Round 1 (Thursday, June 28) Prepared by Ben Kimball, USGA Green Speeds approximately 11 feet 7 inches on the Stimpmeter. We achieved this speed
More informationBoating Essentials Getting started
Boating Essentials Getting started A copy of the boater's handbook will be available for use on your boat, but in the meantime, you can download a copy prior to your holiday, to familiarise yourself with
More informationWinter Management Techniques (by John Thomas, 2016)
Winter Management Techniques (by John Thomas, 2016) Winter for a first year beekeeper is tough. At least I know it was for me when I started beekeeping! I had taken the PCBA class, set up my hives and
More informationTheme. 3rd-5th. Theme. Task Cards. 12 story theme cards, recording sheet, and answer sheet. Created by Beckie Lincoln
Theme Theme Task Cards 3rd-5th Task Cards 12 story theme cards, recording sheet, and answer sheet. Created by Beckie Lincoln Directions: There are several ways you can utilize these task cards. I like
More informationBruce s SN. SN-5 Project Development of a New Fighter Kite Bridle
Bruce s SN SN-5 Project Development of a New Fighter Kite Bridle This article is simply to share information about a project I ve been working on, off and on, for a few years without what I would call
More informationSportsmanship UNIT 17. Close-Reading Passage
Close-Reading Passage Sportsmanship No one thought it was possible. No one thought it could be done. No one thought the human body was capable of it. Then on May 6, 1954, it was done. The impossible had
More informationThe Physics of Flight. Outreach Program Lesson Plan
The Physics of Flight Outreach Program Lesson Plan WAAW Foundation is non-profit organization dedicated to bringing hands-on STEM education to girls all over Africa. Our Mission: To increase the pipeline
More information1.6 Sketching a Piecewise Function
1.6 Sketching a Piecewise Function Now that we understand qualitative descriptions of graphs, we can use that information to sketch graphs of a function or give a verbal description of an already sketched
More informationSample Short Story Version #1 (Few Narrative Techniques)
Appendix 6.8 Sample Short Story Version #1 and Version #2: The London Eye Sample Short Story Version #1 (Few Narrative Techniques) The London Eye 01. The day that Nick Connell learned he could become invisible
More informationSample file. This book belongs to. ii TLC10353 Copyright Teaching & Learning Company, Carthage, IL Cover art by Judy Hierstein
This book belongs to Cover art by Judy Hierstein Copyright 2002, Teaching & Learning Company ISBN No. 1-57310-353-5 Printing No. 987654321 Teaching & Learning Company 1204 Buchanan St., P.O. Box 10 Carthage,
More informationPUT TING SCIENCE TO FLIGHT T E A C H E R S G U I D E
PUT TING SCIENCE TO FLIGHT T E A C H E R S G U I D E Rocco Fer rario Teacher, American Canyon Middle School Napa, CA 55747 TECH TIPS Building Tips for the Raven Broken wings are a bummer. Unless the dihedral
More informationFlyers. Reading & Writing. Cambridge Young Learners English. My name is:... There are 50 questions. You have 40 minutes.
Centre Number Candidate Number Cambridge Young Learners English Flyers Reading & Writing Version 151 0761 There are 50 questions. You have 40 minutes. You will need a pen or pencil. My name is:... DC (CW/JG)
More informationHumpty Bump. Cross-Box Bridge
1ST U.S. R/C FLIGHT SCH OL 1/4 1/4 Humpty Bump Cross-Box Bridge 1/4 1/4 Tip: When diagnosing the type of corrections your airplane requires, esp. on uplines, first assess whether the deviation is slight,
More informationcontents QuickStart Tennis Practice Sessions Introduction ages 5 6 practice sessions
contents QuickStart Tennis Practice Sessions Introduction I II practice 1 Controlling the Racquet and the Ball 1 8 practice 2 Learning to Hit the Ball at the Side of the Body 9 16 practice 3 Receiving
More informationShe Ran Like the Wind
UNIT 4 WEEK 2 Read the article She Ran Like the Wind before answering Numbers 1 through 5. She Ran Like the Wind In 1960, a record was broken in Rome, Italy, when Wilma Rudolph became the first American
More informationLIFE SAVING GUIDE. of life savers
LIFE SAVING GUIDE Training a nation of life savers HEARTSTART TAUGHT MY SON The British Heart Foundation has a vision to create a nation of life savers. As part of that vision, we re doing everything we
More informationTHE SILVA CENTERING EXERCISE. The World Famous. Long Relaxation Exercise. from. Jose Silva
THE SILVA CENTERING EXERCISE The World Famous Long Relaxation Exercise from Jose Silva THE SILVA CENTERING EXERCISE 2 The Silva Centering Exercise by Jose Silva The Silva Centering Exercise helps people
More informationKatherine Stinson: Stunt pilot
Read the selection. Then choose the best answer to each question. Katherine Stinson: Stunt pilot Katherine Stinson was born in 1891, At the age of 19, she decided to become a piano teacher. She wanted
More informationCorrect Cra!, Inc. (Pine Castle Boat and Construction Company) Maker of the Nautique. February 1945
MIRACLE PRODUCTIONS Correct Cra!, Inc (Pine Castle Boat and Construction Company) Maker of the Nautique February 1945 Miracle Production: Correct Cra!, Inc. - Maker of the Nautique 1 MIRACLE PRODUCTIONS
More informationThe Weekend Warrior. VeloSano Training Guide
VeloSano Training Guide The Weekend Warrior By Dr. Michael Schaefer This guide includes suggestions for training for the VeloSano Bike to cure event of your chosen distance. If you are new to bicycling,
More informationThe Boy Who Didn t Want to Catch
By Michael Stahl David was a good boy. He had a flock of friends, a 94% average in school, and always ate dinner with his family in the dining room, where he practiced good manners. David never talked
More informationStudent Pilot Written Presolo Test for Chicago Glider Club September 1, 2012
Student Pilot Written Presolo Test for Chicago Glider Club September 1, 2012 Student name and date Instructor name and review date Note: These questions are designed to satisfy FAR 61.87 (b) for local
More informationThe President Has Been Killed By Rachel Howard
The President Has Been Killed By Rachel Howard On November 22, 1963, Michael s father woke him up early. He opened Michael s bedroom door with a bang, holding an alarm clock shaped like a cat in his hand,
More informationSee the diagrams at the end of this manual for judging position locations.
Landing Events Penalties General Judges should use airport diagrams, satellite pictures or other means to determine, as accurately as possible, assessments of landing pattern penalties. Judges should be
More informationPROCEDURES GUIDE. FLIGHT MANEUVERS for the SPORT PILOT
Page 1 of 10 PROCEDURES GUIDE FLIGHT MANEUVERS for the SPORT PILOT * Author s Note: Whereas this procedures guide has been written for a specific application, it can easily be modified to fit many different
More informationChapter 1. A box had arrived in the mail for Mia.
Chapter 1 American Robin every summer, baby birds fly from the nest A box had arrived in the mail for Mia. Not just any old box, but a box from one of Mia s best friends, Caitlin, whom she d met at summer
More informationShort Story: 'The Open Boat' by Stephen Crane (Part 1)
12 May 2012 MP3 at voaspecialenglish.com Short Story: 'The Open Boat' by Stephen Crane (Part 1) Library of Congress Stephen Crane BARBARA KLEIN: Now, the VOA Special English program AMERICAN STORIES. Our
More informationAerodynamic Terms. Angle of attack is the angle between the relative wind and the wing chord line. [Figure 2-2] Leading edge. Upper camber.
Chapters 2 and 3 of the Pilot s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA-H-8083-25) apply to powered parachutes and are a prerequisite to reading this book. This chapter will focus on the aerodynamic fundamentals
More informationby Tololwa M. Mollel illustrated by E. B. Lewis
by Tololwa M. Mollel illustrated by E. B. Lewis fter a good day at the market, my mother, Yeyo, gave me five whole ten-cent coins. I gaped at the money until Yeyo nudged me. Saruni, what are you waiting
More informationAll About Kites K N R LEVELED READER BOOK RA. Visit for thousands of books and materials.
All About Kites A Reading A Z Level R Leveled Book Word Count: 768 LEVELED READER BOOK RA All About Kites Written by Elizabeth Austin Illustrated by Maria Voris K N R Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands
More informationSet to Music a Wildfire
Set to Music a Wildfire Let me be a lamb in a world that wants my lion In the beginning, there was an angel with cloven feet who stood by me, and the angel said, My wings are an ocean, and its shoulders
More informationrobart HOW-TO Series Model Incidence Meter
robart HOW-TO Series Model Incidence Meter The term incidence is something of a misnomer since this highly versatile tool is capable of measuring or comparing angles other than incidence of a wing or tail.
More informationHelicopter Rescues Increasing on Everest
Part 1: Read Sources Source 1: Radio Interview Helicopter Rescues Increasing on Everest As You Read Look for evidence that supports your position or convinces you to change your position on this question:
More informationLab Report. Objectives:
Lab Report Introduction: Aerodynamics is the study of forces and motion of objects that fly/move through the air. Studying aerodynamics allows us to measure the forces of lift and drag. Lift allows an
More informationValkyrie vs. Deer (w/pics)
Valkyrie vs. Deer (w/pics) Those Valkyries are tough machines...and those Valkyrie pilots can ride! Case in point: Note the trail of blood on the road. This is never a good sign. This from Roy and Heidi
More informationinstructors official training aid APPROVED TRAINING AID
instructors official training aid WIND WINDOW FIGURE OF EIGHT Power Zone Flying the kite in a figure of eight is how you generate power WIND DIRECTION Off Shore Cross Off Shore Cross Off Shore Cross Shore
More informationEllen Eagle swooped and soared high across the cloudless sky. She cocked her head and heard Carl Coyote s faint words, I m the Master!
Introduction: Coyote wanted to prove that he was the big boss of everything and everyone. In fact, he was turning into a big bully. Read about how he got himself in trouble and what he learned in the end.
More informationC&O CANAL 100 RACE REPORT. sometimes you eat the bear, sometimes the bear eats you
C&O CANAL 100 RACE REPORT sometimes you eat the bear, sometimes the bear eats you This past weekend I attempted to complete the C&O Canal 100 Race in Maryland. My goal was simple: complete the 100 mile
More informationChapter 1. Looking for Lei
Chapter 1 Looking for Lei Where s Lei? Cora asked her cousin Isabelle. Lei had been walking on the gravel path beside them minutes ago, but now Cora could only see their parents up ahead. They all had
More informationA Publication Of The USA Hockey Coaching Education Program The USA Hockey Coaching Education Program is Presented By
LEVEL 1 SKILL DEVELOPMENT MANUAL Lesson Manual B A Publication Of The USA Hockey Coaching Education Program The USA Hockey Coaching Education Program is Presented By LESSON B-1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1.
More information