/125,Sg ;\2 3 n~, '-/070

Transcription

1 -, --'1 NSTREAM TEMPERATURE MODENG AND FSHERY MPACT ASSESSMENT FOR A PROPOSED ARGE SCAE AASKA HYDROEECTRC PROJECT REPRNT 2171 TK /125,Sg ;2 3 n, '-/070 - William J. Wilson Mihael D. Kelly Paul R. Meyer Arti Environmental nformation and Data Center University of Alaska 707 A Street Anhorage, Alaska U.S.A. (907) _J -" -' J l ; "j J -. Jj.. Pages in J.F. Craig and J.B. Kemper, eds. Regulated streams, advanes in eology. Proeedings of the 3rd nternational Symposium on Regulated Streams, August 4-8, 1985, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Plenum Press, New York, NY , "" di ARS Alaska Resoures ibrary & nformation Servies ibrary Building, Suite 3211 Providene Drive Anh(jrag, AK '".,,?,r."'='/ C) F' ;/.C;/(i -'

2 ABSTRACT The temperature-related effets on instream fish resoures due to regulating a large southentral Alaska river system by a proposed hydroeletri development have been examined. n order to predit natural and with-projet temperature regimes downstream from the proposed Watana and Devil. -' l: Canyon reservoirs of the 1,620 megawatt Susitna Hydroeletri Projet, a Stream Network Temperature Simulation Model (SNTEMP) has been employed. This model, developed by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Servie's nstream Flow and Aquati Systems Group, required hydrology, meteorology, basin topography and stream geometry data as input and omputed heat flux relationships and transported heat through the river system. This first appliation of SNTEMP ij r- in Alaska has provided an opportunity to examine the thermal effets of many potential Susitna reservoir operating shedules on instream fishery resoures. Various ombinations of meteorologi/hydrologi onditions were used to simulate downstream river temperatures for natural. reservoir filling, and -: Q temperature riteria. and a subjetive predition of effets was made. Simulated post-projet temperatures are predited to be ooler in the river from May through August and warmer from September through April. Altered temperatures are generally within the temperature riteria established for Susitna River salmon and most operational ases should not signifiantly impat these speies. However. two effets ould result from the altered temperature regime: (1) improved mainstem salmon inubation habitat due to 33RB-OOa ARS Alaska Resoures ibrary & nformation Servies Anhorage Alask::l r'

3 warmer winter water temperatures; and (2) dereased juvenile salmon growth from older summer water temperatures. -,..., O) '-- C C 0r- 0ro -' 0 O O 1 '-- Ct') Ct')." -,...:J 'J.j =1 "" 33RB-OOa - 2 -

4 NTRODUCTON The State of Alaska is proposing to onstrut a two dam, 1620 megawatt hydroeletri projet (U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission No. 7114) on the Susitna River approximately 190 km NNE of Anhorage. A study is underway to determine the effets this projet may have on the indigenous aquati resoures of the Susitna drainage, and in this paper we report on studies of the expeted alteration of the instream temperature regime of the Susitna River (Meyer et ale 1984). Twenty speies of fish are known to inhabit the r-, U Susitna basin (table 1). eonomially valuable Paifi salmon This study fouses whih annually enter this river to spawn. The Susitna River flows 520 km from its soure at the glaiers on the southern slopes of the Alaska range to its mouth at Cook nlet near Anhorage (figure 1). speies, on the most numerous and approximately two million of t is seasonally turbid from the glaier melt ontribution with summer turbidities of 74 to 730 NTU, and winter turbidities <1 NTU (R&M Consultants, n. and arry A. Peterson and Assoiates 1981). The river drains a basin of approximately 50,800 sq km, the sixth largest river basin in the state. ike all northern rivers, the Susitna exhibits strong seasonal D. f" J rl J f l'--: r-.l] lj o variation in flow, high during the spring and summer due to breakup, snowmelt and summer rains, and low during the winter. With the projet in plae, high summer flows would be aptured for winter release when the demand for power generation is greatest. The projet would be onstruted in two stages. The first stage, Watana dam and reservoir, would be loated at river kilometer (RK) 296 (296 km upriver from the mouth) and is sheduled for ompletion in The last year Watana dam would be operated alone is The seond stage, Devil 33RB-OOa f:

5 -" Table 1. Common and sientifi names of fish speies reorded in the Susitna River basin. ampetra japonia (Martens) Thaleihthys paifius (Rihardson) Thymallus artius (Pallas) Coregonus laurettae Bean Prosopium ylindraeum (Pallas) Coregonus pidshian (Gmelin) Salmo gairdneri Rihardson Salvelinus namayush (Walbaum) Salvelinus malma (Walbaum) Onorhynhus gorbusha (Walbaum) Onorhynhus nerka (Walbaum) Onorhynhus tshawytsha (Walbaum) Onorhynhus kisuth (Walbaum) Onorhynhus keta (Walbaum) Esox luius innaeus Catostomus atostomus (Forster) ota ota (innaeus) Gasterosteus auleatus innaeus Pungitius pungitius (innaeus) Cottus ognatus Rihardson - 4 -

6 - - :-j J ']

7 Canyon dam, would be loated downstream at RC 243 and is sheduled to be operational in The development senarios disussed in this paper are Watana in the year 2001 and Devil Canyon plus Watana in The Susitna River has a mean annual flow of 275 ubi meters per seond (ems) measured at an index station in the study reah. Mean monthly flows for the summer months (June through August) range from ems, with peak flows normally ourring during June. Flows begin reeding in September, reahing winter lows of ms. Under the regulation of the projet, flow variation would be dampened onsiderably. With a Watana-only onfiguration, mean monthly flows would -dr --' - range from ms, with peak flows released in August to failitate aess for salmon spawning and during winter high-demand periods. With the addition of the seond dam, mean monthly flows would range from ms, with higher flows more uniform throughout the winter and slightly lower summer flows. d Reservoirs store heat as well as storing water. The temperature of d reservoir releases is expeted to be ooler than natural during the summer, and warmer than natural during the winter. Sine both reservoirs are expeted to thermally stratify, multilevel intake strutures have been inorporated into the dam design whih would allow some degree of ontrol on the release.,ji temperature. Warmer-than-natural releases during the winter would alter the normal ie proesses below the dams, delaying the formation of an ie over and...ii reloating the upstream end of the ie front. Cooler releases in the summer likewise would alter river temperature for a onsiderable distane downstream. To quantify this temperature hange, an instream temperature model was used. 33RB-Ol0a - 6 -

8 J The model simulated effets of the hydroeletri development in an 80 km f ' _0 reah below the Devil Canyon dam. This is the only habitat available to salmon in the upper part of the Susitna River, as the Devil Canyon dam site bloks salmon passage further up river. Two large tributaries onverge with the Susitna downstream from this study reah, the resultant flow more than double the flow upstream from this point. The dampening effet of these tributaries, both with respet to flow and temperature, reates a distint lower boundary to the study reah. n 1984, the study reah reeived an esapement of 26,060 hum, 2,325 sokeye, 29,300 pink, 2,900 oho, and 13,800 hinook salmon (Barrett, Thompson and Wik 1985). The modeling system was run for a variety of power demands and hydrologi and meteorologi onditions. Downstream temperature results from these simulations were examined with respet to effets on salmon. This paper disusses the proess of instream temperature modeling and our subjetive assessment of effets of predited with-projet temperature regimes on salmon. l 33RB-010a rl J u D J J ]

9 METHODS Assessment of temperature impats on salmon involved a three stage proess. First, natural and with-projet temperature regimes were predited through use of a stream temperature simulation model for a study reah of mainstem river whih extends approximately 80 km (RK 240 to RK 160) below the proposed dams. Next, fish temperature tolerane riteria were developed based on literature, laboratory, and field studies. Finally, these riteria were ompared with the temperature model output and an assessment of the effets was made..., -:l =:..., -. ::J 9.J '1... -' THE STREAM TEMPERATURE MODE The Stream Network Temperature Simulation Model, SNTEMP, was originally developed by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Servie's nstream Flow and Aquati Systems Group in Fort Collins,. Colorado (Theurer, Voos and }liller 1983). The model requires hydrology, meteorology and stream geometry data as input and omputes heat flux relationships and transports heat through the system. The model is one-dimensional, produing ross-setion averaged mean weekly temperatures at any mainstem loation in the study reah A number of modifiations were made to the model to better simulate northern onditions. -.J "" -:! 1. A monthly variable shade fator was inorporated to aount for the stream shading from topographial features, a serious onern in northern latitudes where solar angles are very small...1 ;;::: 33RB-010a - 8 -

10 2. The model was modified to aept non-onstant lapse rates for air temperature and humidity. This is of speial value during the winter when temperature inversions often our. i l_.j 3. An influent groundwater temperature submodel was developed and inorporated into SNTEMP. This routine onsiders the effets of the depth to groundwater and the ylial temperature pattern resulting from variations in elevation and time. 1-1 l 4. Regression models were developed to fill disontinuous temperature reords, a ommon problem in Alaska. Four summers and five winters were seleted from the meteorologial reord as representative periods of normal and extreme hydrology and D meteorology. identified. Simulations were run under these onditions for natural (i.e., without dams), single-dam (Watana) and two-dam (Watanaplus Devil Canyon) projet onfigurations. n this way, the range of downstream temperatures found naturally and predited to our with the projet in plae was DEVEOPMENT OF TEMPERATURE CRTERA FOR FSH To assess the effets of with-projet instream temperatures on salmon, we first reviewed available information on the response of the five salmon speies to different thermal onditions. deally, information used in an effets analysis should be speifi to the water body in question and to its partiular ommunity of organisms. ittle speifi information exists on the o o o lj D lj J effets of temperature hanges on Susitna River fish stoks, neessitating the RB-OOa - 9 -

11 , -, use of information from other areas and latitudes. Professional judgement was used to asertain the appliability of eah piee of information to the -, Susitna Basin. Generally, information proximal to the Susitna River was judged to be more pertinent than data from other areas of Alaska, whih in turn was usually more useful than information from more southerly latitudes. One the information was assembled, it was synthesized to produe thermal tolerane ranges. These riteria were the temperature ranges believed to be apable of supporting adult spawning migrations, spawning, inubation, -" rearing, and smolt migrations..." --' ASSESSMENT OF TE}ERATURE EFFECTS -.J Graphi tehniques were used to demonstrate the relationships between simulated natural or with-projet tmperature regims and the salmon thermal tolerane riteria. llustrations were prepared showing the thermal tolerane "3 --l -, J "envelope" over a one-year time period for eah salmon speies. Overlays of x: natural and with-projet temperatures were superimposed on the speies-speifi temperature tolerane graphis; separate illustrations were prepared for eah of two representative mainstem river loations. This proedure was followed for eah of the meteorologial simulations. We assumed that only in ases where the simulated temperature regimes J fall outside the temperature tolerane ranges is an obvious adverse impat established. However, in ases where with-projet temperatures do not exeed -, J toleranes but yet appear to be substantially different from natural, a further subjetive analysis and predition of effets was onduted..:;...iii 33RB-OOa

12 RESUTS AND DSCUSSON r, 1--:-, EFFECT OF THE PROJECT ON MANSTEM TE}ERATURES Operation of either a single- or two-dam projet would redue mean summer, river temperatures below the dam by as muh as 2 C. The two-dam projet would result in a greater hange, primarily beause the seond dam would be loated 53 km further downstream, reduing the length of river in whih release waters would warm towards ambient air temperature. Warmer winter release temperatures would delay the formation of an ie over in the study reah 2 to 6 weeks with one dam and 4 to 7 weeks with both dams in plae. The ie front would be loated 16 to 47 km further downstream than under normal onditions (R&M Consultants, n., et al. 1985). A synopsis. J of natural and with-projet mean seasonal temperatures for four summers and five winters is shown in table 2. n o One of the most notable effets of projet operation on temperature would be the hange in the timing of seasonal warming and ooling. River temperatures would warm later in the summer than they do naturally and ool J later in the fall than normal (figures 2 and 3). Figure 4 ompares natural and two-dam projet temperatures at RK 209 for 1981 and illustrates this delay in the normal temperature pattern. TERATURE CRTERA FOR SAMON Thermal tolerane ranges were established during the ourse of this study for the five Paifi salmon speies found in the Susitna drainage. These ranges were based on literature reports of fish distribution, laboratory studies, and field studies (table 3). Observed Susitna drainage temperature data were utilized in onjuntion with the literature reports to establish 33RB-010a C r-' l_:j

13 .." -, Table 2. Simulated mean seasonal temperatures at RK 209 for four summer and five winter senarios. d.-j..jl :;;i 33M-O0a

14 NATURA WATER-WEEKS planed 01 mid-week) lj WATANA i 280 -/ DEV 250 '" CANYON---Zl g ;;: a::.... a:: ' " ', ',,,,,,,,, " ',', " ', ' ',',, l- MAY WATANA 2001 )(1' J JUN JU ih till AUG,;, SEP OCT i h WATER.WEEKS (plotted a mid-week) NOV DEC 11 ii J JAN FE8 MAR APR S , ' ' 300J,,,,,]., r,... WATANA-' DEV' CANYON 240 ij' J r 111 ) )/1 1/ { V { V fo-ju 2 N GOD l CREEK 210 f CHUTNA... ) J ).-! / / f } ':' MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR u D.il. o Cd EJ o o Figure 2. sotherm plots of simulated instream temperature for natural and one-dam (Watana) onditions t May 1981 April )

15 NATURA WATER.WEEKS (ploned 01 mid week) B ' " " "'1,,,,, ='ll WATANA DEV u> CANYO 0::... ::E o GOO CREE 0::... 0:: CHUTN 1i (( 11 i 11 : 2 G.. A 2 H G. Ī 0 -) G )- ( lu ( )-11 0,;, 2 i ng ii f lj G :-11 j re i i 11 r MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR "' --J DEV CANYON 2002 =; =., 280 WATER. WEEKS (plotted at mid-week) ) B ' J DEV 250 CANYON " 0::... 0:: d --:j --1 MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR ---., J -' Figure 3. sotherm plots of simulated instream temperature for natural and two-dam (Devil Canyon) onditions, Hay ,.. April

16 Natural Devil Canyon w a: 8 ::::> to- 7 a:... w.. 6 ljl W to- 5 /',/ ' / " -- -,' r--- J ' /- //,,/ /,/ / / /,/ // -----', " ",,'......, ',,- ", 4 3 /// // MAY JUNE JUY AUG SEP OCT Figure 4. Natural and two-dam with-projet stream temperatures at RK 209. r:-j =J CJJ --:J.=J J =J o:::=j it] :.] =J =J,---, :----', J ---_J._J. _J.

17 ..., Table 3. Observed temperature ranges for various life stages of Paifi Salmon from literature review and laborato investigations.

18 Table 3. (Cont'd) Observed temperature ranges for various life stages of Paifi Salmon from literature review ani laboratory investigations. TEMPERATURE RANGE C SPECES OF FE TERATURE SAMON STAGE SOURCE OCATON. MGRATON SPAWNNG NCUBATON REARi C Coho Juvenile Cederholm & Sarlett 1982 Washington St. 6 Bustard & Narver 1975 Vanouver s., BC 7 Bell 1973 General H.8-l4';-6 MNeil & Bailey 1975 Southeast, A< 4.4-l5.7 3 MMahon 1983 General 4-l6, 6-U4 4-21,7fJ Wallis 1983 Anhor R, A< 2-l5,7-l4 Whitmore 1979 Caribou, A< n-l5.5 Seldovia, A< ADF&G 1984 Susitna R, A< 4.2-l4.5 Egg/Alevin Bell 1980 General 4.4-B.3. 3 n MMahon 1983 General 4-l4,4-l0 Dong 1981 Washington St. 1.3-U.4,4-6.5 U 3 Pink Adult Bell 1980 General U.8 Bell 1983 USSR 5 MNeil & Bailey 1975 Southeast, A< 7.0-B Sheridan 1962 Southeast, A< 7.2-l8.4 MNeil et al Southeast, A< W.O-B.O ADF&G 1984 Susitna R, A< H.0 Juvenile Bell 1980 General 5.6-l4.Q MNeil & Bailey 1975 Southeast, A< :=J Wilson 1979 Kodiak sland, A< Wikett 1958 British Columbia 4,0-5.0 ADF&G 1984 Susitna R, A< Egg/Alevin Bell 1980 General 4.4-B.3. Bailey & Evans 1971 Southeast, A< 4.5 Combs & Burrows 1957 aboratory MNeil et al Southeast, A< Godin 1980 aboratory Sokeye Adult Bell 1980 General lo.6-u.2 Bell 1983 General 2.5 MNeil & Bailey 1975 Southeast, A< 7.0"B.0 Nelson 1983 Southeast, A< ,3 ADF&G 1984 Susitna R, A< RB-010a r 1 0 fj C C C - E

19 -, Table 3. (Cont'd) Observed temperature ranges for various life stages of Paifi Salmon from literature review an laboratory investigations. SPECES OF SAMON FE STAGE TERATURE SOURCE OCATON REARNG -C1 -, J Sokeye Juvenile MCart 1967 Raleigh 1971 Bell 1980 MNeil & Bailey 1975 Fried & aner 1981 Buher 1981 Hartman et al Flagg 1983 ADF&G 1984 British Columbia aboratory General Southeast, fj{ Bristol Bay, fj{ Biistol Bay, fj{ Alaskawide Kasilof R, fj{ Susitna R, fj{ n , -J Egg/ Alevin Bell 1980 Combs 1965 ADF&G 1983 Wangaard & Burger 1983 ADF&G1984 General aboratory Susitna R, fj{ aboratory Susitna R, AK, ::] Chinook Adult Bell 1980 Bell 1983 MNeil & Bailey 1975 Wallis 1983 ADF&G 1984 General General Southeast, fj{ Anhor R, fj{ Susitna R, fj{ ""... Juvenile Raymond 1979 Bell 1980 MNeil & Bailey 1975 AEDC 1982 Wallis 1983 ADF&G 1984 Columbia R, OR General Southeast, fj{ Southentral, fj{ Anhor R, fj{ Susitna R, fj{ J Egg/ Alevin Bell 1980 Combs 1965 Alderdie & Velsen 1978 General aboratory General -...i -i 1 Single temperature values are lower observed thresholds 2 After eggs had developed to the 128-ell or early blastula stage at C 30p tunum. range 4p 5 eak'. mgraton range Mean temperature...j 33RB-010a

20 tolerane riteria for eah life phase (table 4). n ases where life phases overlap, that life phase most sensitive to temperature was hosen when preparing the tolerane riteria graphi overlays. The riteria, then, establish the narrowest temperature tolerane window for evaluation. Within these ranges Susitna salmon stoks were assumed to live and funtion free from the lethal effets of temperature. Embryo inubation rates rise with inreasing intragravel water temperature. Aumulated temperature units, or degree-days to hathing and emergene, were obtained from literature reports (ADF&G 1981b, 1983; Raymond 1981; Wangaard and Burger 1983) and used as riteria for inubation. Data from laboratory studies of salmon embryo development under different temperature regimes using Susitna hum salmon stoks (lvangaard and Burger. D 1983) were ompared with other hum salmon embryo inubation time data. A regression analysis of these data illustrated a linear relationship between n mean inubation temperature and development rate (the inverse of the time to emergene) for hum salmon (figure 5). A nomograph was then prepared from these data whih ould predit the date of emergene based upon the date of hum salmon spawning and' the average temperature over the inubation period (figure 6). A nomograph was prepared only for hum salmon sine this is the 0 expeted to be unaffeted by the temperature hange. prinipal speies spawning in the mainstem where projet-related temperature hanges are predited. Other speies spawn in tributaries or side sloughs r' l_ r 1 U D EFFECTS OF ATERED TEMPERATURES ON FSH Using the graphi tehniques for illustrating relationships between the natural and with-projet temperature regimes and the salmon life stage u 33RB-010a

21 .., --, Table 4. Salmon temperature tolerane riteria for Susitna River drainage. TEMPERATURE RANGE (C).ii SPECES FE PHASE TOERANCE PREFERRED Chum Adult Migration Spawning 1 nubation Rearing Smolt Migration i , -'., -' j Sokeye Pink Adult Nigration Spawning 1 nubation Rearing Smolt Nigration Adult Higration Spawning 1 nubation Smolt Migration =:ij -' Chinook Adult Nigration Spawning 1 nubation Rearing Smolt Higration !.J,.,,; Coho Adult Migration Spawning 1 nubation Rearing Smolt Migration J --, -' 1Embryo inubation or development rate inreases as temperature rises Aumulated temperature units or days to emergene was determined for eah speies for the inubation phase....i -ii ' 33RB-010a

22 0.020r i ' -en >- «0-T"" T ADF&G (1981b) X ADF&G (1983) Raymond (1981) o Wangaard and Burger (1983) r = 0.97 slope = 0.57 N -' -- Z ill a- 0...J ill >ill ! a MEAN NCUBATON TEMPERATURE (C) Figure 5, Relationship between mean water temperature and Alaskan hum salmon embryo development.,..to..,.emergene times. r---1 r-j.. JJ =J r-----.j J _.::J CJ Q] l-j_!j CJ =J l." J '--1 _J J _nj _J i _J _.._,

23 ..,. -" T(C) Emergene Date -" Spawnin9 Date 1.0 June 10 June 5 May20 July 20 "2.0 MaylO Mayl Augl 2.5 "' d ""1 --.J Aug 10 Aug 20 Sept.' April 20 April 10 April :::::;;, J j Sept 10 Sept20 Otl Ot Marh 20 Marh 10 Marh Feb 20 ""1 FabiO "-. Febl J Jan 20 -" Jan " Janl ---" -:J ---"...J Figure 6. Nomograph for prediting Susitna River hum salmon fry emergene from spawning date and mean water temperature during the embryo inubation period. ine illustrates predited fry emergene date from a September 1 spawning date and a mean inubation temperature of 2.0 C

24 temperature tolerane riteria, we evaluated over 100 one- and two-dam rl n development senarios, eah under different ombinations of meteorologi/hydrologi onditions. These results are summarized for two representative river sites (RK209 and 242) in figures Two steps were taken in the interpretation of these figures. First, an examination of departures of with-projet temperatures from the "tolerane window" was made. n most ases, eah with-projet temperature simulation fell within the lj temperature tolerane riteria for all life phases. For example, while i with-projet temperatures are different from natural, they are within the J tolerane range for hum salmon (figure 7). Therefore, we assumed that no obvious adverse impats would result from predited with-projet temperatures for this speies at this loation under these meteorologial and hydrologial onditions. n general, this first step in the assessment demonstrated that the t! Susitna Hydroeletri Projet would have few adverse effets from temperature on the five salmon speies. One potential impat was under the two-dam senario where adult pink and hinook salmon inmigration may be delayed 0 upstream of RK 209 in late June to mid-july as temperatures fall below the lower tolerane level for this life phase (figures 15 and 16). The effets on J pink salmon inmigration timing are greater than those on hinook beause the. potential thermal blok would prelude aess to more habitat, would our nearer the time of peak pink salmon inmigration, and the period of exposure to temperatures below tolerane levels would be of longer duration. While adult hinook or pink salmon migration into this river reah ould be delayed, we believe inmigration would ultimately our 5 to 15 days later as temperatures rise. This may result in a shorter period between the time pink salmon oupy spawning grounds and the ourrene of atual spawning. 33RB-010a ; o Q E j J

25 -" -' -"l j, -' Adulllnmirlion Spl'ning neublion Juvenile Heorin OulmiJ:falion : () Co E Natural ---- Watana 2001 CHUM SAMON RVER KOMETER 242 Tolerane Zone i,:::"" /..' 9 _" ' 8- J 7 - r ',,, ", 6 - " ", 5-. / 3 4 -, '-.J 'J / "'--', '-, ==t::... ==:..:"'-_'<:::::"""...' o 2 -l--'..,- """ -1-1_...,...T1TT"1-2 MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR nne..- Pek -+---to :J, d 1 J -,.. -,, -' -, -' o::; d -' Adult nmirlion Sp:awning nllblioll Juvenile HerillC Oull1liJ::r.:lion : l? () Co E () - Figure CHUM SAMON RVER KOMETER Natural -- Watana J 9.. " ',j '..", /''' 6.. / '" / 5..,'/, Tolerane Zone 4 - ', 3 -,_, V, "," 2 -, ' /' " / 1 -, / 1=::::.,..,:;;r;-T'O;:;;:: o Hne..- rk -t-+- MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR Natural and one-dam (Uatana) with-projet water temperature regimes in relation to thermal tolerane riteria for hum salmon at two loations on the Susitna River

26 COHO SAMON RVER KOMETER 242 Adufllnmigralion - Range Spawning - -- nubalion r- Juvenile nearing OUlmigralion -.-+-t Natural Watana ( Tolerane Zone :::l...j y." Q) a. 7 - E ,,, 4,, 3 - Q) Adull nmigration Spawning nubation,,,..." MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR RVER KOMETER 206 Juvenile nearing j OUlmir2(ion.a Q) a. E 18 Figure COHO SA1.fON t--- - ' --- Natural ---- Watana 2001.," '-",, Tolerane Zone _p S>f V. ". v,/ -2. J iii iii i i j i j iii iii iii ii iii j iii i ii iii iii iii i MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN feb MAR APR Peak -+-t- -- nange r..k Natural and one-dam (Watana) with-projet water temperature regimes in relation to thermal tolerane riteria for oho salmon at two loations on the Susitna River '," l l o D 6 ;

27 ,.'ll -, Adult nmigralion Spawning SOCKEYE SAMON. RVER KOMETER 242 Juvenile nearing : e :::J -; Q; a. E Q) t- OUlmigralion Natural ---- Watana 2001 '.". Tolerane Zone ', " i ' r., /... -" 3 _,, ",!:/ 6, v- f'j -1 - iii iii iii i -2 'i ii ii ill ii i ii j iii ii ii MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR -- Range Ptak :3 ::l.j 1 :'l......!.-j.-j SOCKEYE SAMON. Adultlnmigralion SpwniJ1g nubation -. Juvenile Hearing Outmigralion t Natural Watana : e.a Q) a. E ' '..,, '-",-, " ' ' ' RVER KOMETER 206 Tolerane Zone 3 - :1 'J/_ <' "<' ) o nange Ptak ,- iii j iii j j ii j iii j i ii iii i i' ii i i j j i j j i j j i MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR -' Figure 9. Natural and one-dam (Watana) with-projet water temperature regimes in relation to thermal tolerane riteria for sokeye salmon at two loations on the Susitna River. _?k _

28 Adull nmigralio', Spawning nnbation CHNOOK Juvenile learing Onlmi/:ralion.a () Co E () Natural --- Watana i oj Adult nmigration S(Jawning nubation,0",,,,, SAMON "... "-....A RVER KOMETER 242 Tolerane Zone...,... '...,"-'-../' v/ iii iii iii ii i ; ii i i j j j i j i i j ii iii MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR A -1 - " 2 iii'iiii"tiii-.iiiiii3;;:'t::-rnn"ttnn"tt"=== :"" :,Juvenile le,ring OUlmir:lljon!!? :::J iii Qi Co E () Natural ---- Watana Figure 10. CHNOOK '.", ""' 1 -lili -2 - iii iii i iii i ii MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT SAMON NOV RVER KOMETER 206 Tolerane Zone '/V_ ''::, = n-rrn""tttti i i j., 0'r'". n,:,,::,,, DEC JAN FEB MAR APR Range.- Peak -+--t- Range.- Peak -+--t- Natural and one-dam (Watana) with-projet water temperature regimes in relation to thermal tolerane riteria for hinook salmon at two loations on the Susitna River. _ 7 r -l.j r 1 l. fl U o 0 B R o D n U C'

29 ..., Adult nmigralion SJlawning llubalion Juvenile Rearing Ou!miralion ---..J " -' :..:s -, : Z Q) Co E 18 - e PNK SAMON RVER KOMETER Natural Watana _==== 16 J === 10 '/''" ' v 8 - r 7 - / " Tolerane Zone 6 - ",,," 5- / /' 4 - / " -'-''J"V ',_ /" 3 --=-_ O 2 ", f iii i j j iii iii ii i' iii, iii iii j iii i j """'" MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR -- Range Peak -" -,..l " 4 ;:i3i -.,.J, -' J.J PNK SAMON RVER KOMETER 206 "i 1 Adull nmigralon : : Sp.wnmg J e nllbalion Juvenile Rearing OUhnigralion : l!! ::l Q) Co E Q) Natural ---- Watana J '::" / :..-; 9- '-. ;4' ", 5 -, "_/'V',, Tolerane ZOlle -- Range Peak -+-t-..] 1-.",,, , i 1 i l ( i til l ii, i ii i i i -: MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR =i Figure 11. Natural and one-dam (Watana) with-projet water temperature regimes in relation to thermal tolerane riteria for pink salmon at two loations on the Susitna River

30 Adullinmi,alion Sp.awnin nubalion Juvenile nearing Outmir:lfion :.a Q) Co E f:! Natural '---- Devil Canyon 2002 / / MAY A, / " / / /...J JUN V //... ' ' CHUM SAMON...(--" "", ",,, JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC RVER KOMETER 242 Tolerane Zone Jr / =! :1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:, :, JAN FEB MAR APR nange Peak -+--t- l :: J o Adullinmigralion Spawning nubalion Juvenile!learing OUCmigralion Figure Natural ---Devil Canyon 2002 CHUM SAMON -" ', ", "..."", -/ / V" RVER KOMETER 206 Tolerane Zone nange Peak -+--t- MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR D o Natural and two-dam (Devil Canyon) with-projet water temperature regimes in relation to thermal tolerane riteria for hum salmon at two loations on the Susitna River o. 6

31 -, -, ='!! -.J -"., COHO SAMON RVER KOMETER nubalion 1 Adull nmieralion Spawnine Juvenile learine OUll1ignlion Q: f!! :::J-e Q) Co E {!! J /" /.11 A '... / / / / j 'v ---- Natural ---- Devil Canyon 2002 Tolerane Zone : r =! =:,,,,,,," ",,,,,,,,,:::,,::",,,,,.,,.,,,,:,:: MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR nanee.- Peak -+--t- -' --, -' -. d ;.;;;J, -> d -" ;;i d.:-. Adull nmieralion Spawning nubalion Juvenile learine OUlmigralion f :.;! e Q) Co E Q) COHO SAMON Natural ---- Devil Canyon 2002 RVER KOMETER Tolerane Zone / 8 / --...,.., 7 " 6 /... / 5 / V ", 4 - Ji 3 _'. :r/"-j::"/::,, {,, i j i - i J i i j. J J i MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR Figure 13. Natural and two-dam (Devil Canyon) with-projet water temperature regimes in relation to thermal tolerane riteria for oho salmon at two loations on the Susitna River nanee Peak -+--t-

32 Alulllnmigralion Sp,wning nub,lion Juvenile flo,ring Olllmirolion : l!! :J Q) Co E Q) r / MAY A, / " / j / V./ / JUN SOCKEYE SAMON RVER KOMETER Natural ---- Devil Canyon 2002 " -,,",..., '......,,",, JU AUG SEP OCT NOV Tolerane Zone r ,./ =!t """"",",",", ", : : t,, ii',,,,,, ' i SOCKEYE SAMON J-- DEC JAN FEB MAR APR RVER KOMETER 206 nub,lion - Juvenile fl,ring OUlmigralion Alulllnmigralion Sp,wning R,nge Pe,k -t-t- R,nge..- Peak -t-t- lj J r--1 J ' --- Natural --- Devil Canyon 2002, u D u : E :J (;j Qi Co E Q) r- Figure 14. MAY JUN -,""" ""' JU AUG SEP OCT ", NOV _..., / V,;... _..._-...J DEC Tolerane Zone JAN FEB MAR Natural and two-dam (Devil Canyon) with-projet water temperature regimes in relation to thermal tolerane riteria for sokeye salmon at two loations on the Susitna River APR o J 6

33 '"""'1...J,..., Adulllnmiralion Sp.wning nub:ition CHNOOK H Juvenile /le,ring OUlllliJ:ralion :.a Q) a. E!! _ / SAMON RVER KOMETER _. Natural ---- Devil Canyon ", Tolerane Zone Pe.k --t--t- r ,,,,,- =r =1,,,,,, i, iii iii iii iii :,, i, ii,, i, i,,, :,, : MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR R.nge -",..., ;,;j ;::j -..J ='" Adulllnmigralion Sp.wning 1C'uualion --+1 CHNOOK Juvenile /learing OUlllliralion : e ::;] iii Q; a. E!! Figure '......, SAMON."-.../... "- / t/" / RVER KOMETER Natural --- Devil Canyon " i =r; fa.., 6 - / / 5 - / / V 4 _ /,r----"--- 3 i 2 1 o - Tolerane Zone., /.../ -1 - '> -2 _ r ie" C, i,, ',,, i, iii, iii ii j i i j iii iii ii iii t MAY JUN JU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR, j - Natural and two-dam (Devil Canyon) with-projet water temperature regimes in relation to thermal tolerane riteria for hinook salmon at two loations on the Susitna River R.nge.- Pe.k --t--t-

34 Adult lmicfaliun Spawlling nubalion Juvrnilr rafill Outmigra'ion ::::l Q) a. 7 - E Q) l- 6 - S - 4 J / 3 / o Adult nmiralion Spawning nubalion Juvrnile learing OUlmifalion e-+--t MAY e-+--t --.- Natural ---- Devil Canyon 2002 JUN e...",<- _/ '"..., JU AUG SEP OCT e rnk SAMON NOV DEC Tolerane Zone... ", / r / JAN FEB MAR APR PNK SAMON RVER KOMETER 206 RVER KOMETER Range 'rak -t Hange Prak -t-+- r n D o ::::l <U Q; a. E Figure 16. MAY JUN ' JU AUG SEP OCT "' NOV.-'...'... yr --...J DEC Tolerane Zone JAN FEB MAR Natural and two-dam (Devil Canyon) with-projet water temperature regimes in relation to thermal tolerane riteria for pink salmon at two loations on the Susitna River APR l J l

35 .-" -." Another situation was found.where temperatures upstream of RK 209 in July also fall outside pink and hinook salmon spawning tolerane zones (figures 15 and 16). Sine this only ours for about one week, we believe that this would temporarily delay this speies' spawning migration but would pose no long--term impediment to the spawning at. Neither pink nor hinook salmon are presently known to use this habitat for spawning, and thus this is not a present onern. Mitigation studies are urrently fousing on the potential inreased suitability of mainstem habitats for hinook spawning after the projet is operating due to improved hydrauli, turbidity, and winter ie onditions. The seond step in our analysis was a more in-depth examination of d -, --" effets of temperature hange on juvenile fish growth and on embryoni development. Even though the With-projet temperature senarios are largely within the established thermal tolerane ranges for -salmon (figures 7-16), some redution in juvenile salmon growth ould our due to ooler summer..j d temperatures under with-projet senarios. Although unquantifiable,we believe effets on rearing hinook salmon ould be the most severe as juveniles of this speies are the most numerous in habitats diretly under mainstem temperature influene. n spring through fall, juvenile hinook move from overwintering learwater tributaries and side sloughs into turbid water d -, side hannels and mainstem habitats (Shmidt et al. 1984), presumably to forage on drift and benthi invertebrates and to utilize over provided by the turbid onditions in these areas. a We made estimates of juvenile hinook salmon g-rowth under natural and with-proj et temperature regimes using a growth table presented in Brett (1974).,Our growth assessment indiates that, depending on limate and the temperature of reservoir-released waters, growth (measured by weight gain) of "" 33RB-O0a

36 n l_j juveniles rearing in affeted mainstem areas (above RK 209) ould be substantially redued (figure 17). These estimates of growth redution are based on the sum of inreased growth during the warmer fall temperatures and dereased growth during ooler spring and summer temperature. They are also based in part on the assumption that affeted juvenile fish would feed to satiation. Sine we believe this may not our in the wild, these estimates should be viewed as worst ase senarios. Embryoni development time also is affeted by hanges in stream temperature, and was used as an estimator of projet effet instead of tolerane riteria. With-projet water temperatures are expeted to be warmer during the salmon embryo inubation period of September through April. Simulated natural mainstem average water temperatures near RK 209 for the D September to April period range from 0.8 to 1. 2 Cdepending on meteorologial onditions. Watana-only operational average water temperatures would be about J 0.7 to 1.2 Cwarmer and Devil Canyon operational temperatures would be about 0.8 to 2.0 C warmer than natural (table 5). Our assessment of these elevated winter inubation temperatures was based on the hum salmon nomograph previously desribed. Under natural onditions, only hum salmon have been found to spawn in mainstem habitats. n 1984 approximately 3,800 hum salmon used the mainstem for spawning; 14,600 spawned in side sloughs (Barrett et al. 1985) at a nearly onstant 3 to 4 C where groundwater upwelling maintained elevated temperatures throughout the winter (ADF&G 1983). n the mainstem spawning areas, upwelling groundwater also maintains warm temperatures in the intragravel environment (ADF&G 1983). J However, to illustrate effets of natural winter temperature regimes (approximately 1 C) on hum salmon inubation if warm groundwater is absent, our nomograph (figure 6) shows hum fry emergene well into the summer from a 33RB-010a t 1-1 _ l' o J o o J

37 ..i......,j ee..,.j... " J,,. i..j,... J, J ".i ij ".i.j j J 10, C) -l- 5 CJ w Natural Watana -- Devil Canyon //,-,,,- " "",,//,,/,,'" , /' --- /' ,.,-.-..""" /",-- w // // // // 1 0 MAY JUNE JUY AUG SEP OCT NOV Figure 17. Estimates of juvenile salmon growth in the Susitna River near RK 209 under natural and with-projet water temperature regimes omparing 1971 (old) and 1982 (average) meteorologial onditions.

38 Table 5. Natural and with-projet Susitna River temperature ranges (C) under four meteorologial senarios for the period - September through April. l J RK Natural Range Meteorology (Cold, Wet) Watana 2001 Devil Canyon 2002 Mean Range Mean Range Mean n Meteorology (Average, Dry) Natural Watana 2001 Devil Canyon 2002 RK Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Meteorology (Average, Wet) Natural Watana 2001 Devil Canyon 2002 RK Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Meteorology (Average, Average) Natural Watana 2001 Devil Canyon 2002 RK Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean 242 ' RB-010a D U C D o f] D J C W

39 -," --, spawning date of September 1, the period of peak spawning in Susitna River habitats. Under natural onditions, hum fry emerge in early May (ADF&G.,..., 1983). This illustrates that temperature may be a fator limiting suessful prodution of hum salmon in mainstem habitats. -. With either one or two dams in plae, however, eggs deposited on September 1 at an average inubation temperature greater than 2.0 or 3.0 C should emerge in time to produe viable fry (table 5 and figure 6). Average mainstem temperatures under the Watana-only senario are above 2.0 C in two of the four different meteorologial senarios and for three of the four Devil "'1 d ::! d -. - Canyon senarios (table 5). Mainstem temperatures near RK 209 in all but the oldest years average above 2.0 C for the inubation period and any eggs deposited under these warmer temperatures should produe viable fry. t appears, therefore, that better mainstem inubating habitat ould exist under with-projet senarios due to the warmer temperatures. d d...,..l,.j -. "" ::J..3 =" 33RB-O0a

40 1 CONCUS ONS. Our analysis of expeted effets on salmon from altered water temperatures due to operation of the Susitna Hydroeletri Projet is based on a omparison of available preditions from the SNTEMP model with fish thermal tolerane riteria. While the SNTEMP model served this analysis well, there are limitations in the available water temperature data and in the modeling system that affet the reliability of the absolute temperatures predited. The temperature data to whih the model was alibrated was available for only a few years and numerous disontinuities in these data exist. Additionally, u l} ' _.J o from a reservoir temperature model for upstream boundary onditions whih also has inherent error. Consequently, simulated temperatures inlude the possibility of a variety of ombined errors. While the ability of SNTEMP to predit absolute temperatures is D unertain, muh greater reliane may be plaed on the relative temperature differenes resulting between different simulation senarios. Thus, the D ability to assess the temperature hanges resulting from operation of the o projet remains good. We onlude that our analytial proedure, albeit largely nonquantitative, permitted a reasonable analysis of effets on salmon from temperature hanges predited to our from operation of the Susitna Hydroeletri Projet. The available fish thermal tolerane information, while of suffiient sope for use in gauging effets on salmon generally, is biased to lower latitudes of North Ameria, neessitating professional interpretation for use 33RB-OOa J rl U

41 -.,., in Alaska. Also, salmon are poikilotherms, and thus their body funtions are very influened by environmental temperature. Yet salmon exhibit a degree of thermal plastiity, and are often able to maintain some degree of independene of environmental temperature through homeostati mehanisms (Warren 1971). We believe the Susitna stoks are adapted to a temperature range of 0 to 18 C. -., Certainly, narrower tolerane ranges apply to eah life phase, and ranges differ slightly among speies. Due to the wide temperature range in whih salmon an live and funtion, any projet-indued hange that remains within.. j., j their tolerane range requires a subjetive analysis Based on the SNTEMP model results, salmon thermal tolerane riteria, Susitna stok life history information, and professional judgement, we onlude that no diret mortality is antiipated to our from with-projet temperatures. Although unquantifiable, indiret mortality to some speies may our. Foremost among these effets is our onern with rearing hinook salmon (in an 80 km mainstem reah downstream from the Devil Canyon dam). Regardless of operating senario, we believe juvenile hinook salmon growth would be retarded; effets would be more aute under the two-dam onfiguration than with one. This may result in smaller than normal smolts and/or a delay in outmigration, both of whih are known to result in redued survival (Groot 1982, Wedemeyer et al. 1982). The extent of this effet is unquantifiable without more speifi information on Susitna salmon stok temperature versus growth relationships. With-projet water temperatures (for the two-dam senario only) ould also delay adult pink and hinook salmon inmigration (and hene, spawning) above RK 209. This ould offset the normal timing of embryoni inubation, emergene, and outmigration of the progeny of these speies. Of lesser 33RB-Ol0a

42 l" r" roo' i _ f"' r l f 33RB-010a l l l

43 -, ACKNOWEDGEMENTS -, Finanial support for this work was provided by the Alaska Power Authority through its subontrator Harza-Ebaso Susitna Joint Venture. -"' Support also was provided for the authors' partiipation in this symposium by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and by the Arti Environmental nformation and Data Center, University of Alaska-Fairbanks. ""1 d -, -, -'., ::.j :;j -, =.i d =1 ;;:i 33RB-010a

44 REFERENCES AEDC (Alaska, Univ., Arti Environmental nformation and Data Center) Summary of environmental knowledge of the proposed Grant ake --' hydroeletri projet area. Alaska Power Authority, Anhorage, AK. _ Report for Ebaso Servies. 212 pp. Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game. 1981a. Annual Salmon Management Report, 1980, Kuskokwim area. Commerial Fisheries Division, Anhorage, AK. 56 pp b. Freshwater habitat relationships. Unpublished report by Habitat Division for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Servie, Anhorage, AK. 1 vol Susitna Winter aquati studies Alaska Power Authority Observed water temperatures for salmon speies life stages in the Susitna River drainage. Personal ommuniation with Arti Environmental nformation and Data Center, University of Alaska, Anhorage, AK. April 18, Alderdie, D.F., and F.P.J. Velsen Relation between temperature and inubation time for eggs of hinook salmon (Onorhynhus tshawytsha). -Journal of the Fisheries Researh Board of Canada 35(1): Bailey, J.E., and D.R. Evans salmon eggs in relation to a Fishery Bulletin 69(3): hydro aquati studies, phase 2 data report. (Otober May 1983). Final report for 137 pp. The low-temperature threshold for pink proposed hydroeletri installation. Barrett, B.M., F.M. Thompson, and S.N. Wik Adult adadromous fish investigations (May - Otober 1984). Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game, Anhorage. Report for Alaska Power Authority. 1 vol. Bell, M.C ' Fisheries handbook of engineering requirements and biologial riteria. Revised. Prepared for Fisheries Engineering Researh Program, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland, OR ower temperatures at whih speies of salmon move within river systems. Personal ommuniation with Woodward-Clyde Consultants, n., Anhorage, AK. January 8, Buher, W Wood River sokeye salmon smolt studies. Pages in C.P. Meaham, ed Bristol Bay sokeye studies. Div. of Commerial Fisheries, Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game, Anhorage, AK. Bustard, D.R., and D.W. Narver Aspets of winter eology of juvenile oho' salmon (Onorhynhus kisuth) and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of the Fisheries Researh Board of Canada 32(5): RB-O0a n n D lj

45 Cederholm, C.J., and W.J. Sarlett Seasonal immigrations of juvenile salmonids into four small tributaries of the Cleanvater River, Washington Pages in E.. Brannon and E.O. Salo, eds. Proeedings of the Salmon and Trout Migratory Behavior Symposium. Shool of Fisheries, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA. Combs, B.D Effets of temperature on the development of salmon eggs. Progressive Fish-Culturist 27: Combs, B.D., and R.E. Burrows. development of hinook 19 (1) : salmon Threshold temperatures for the normal eggs. Progressive Fish-Culturist Dong, J.N Thermal tolerane and rate of development of oho salmon embryos. M.S. Thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 51 pp. -' ---l --' --l d -. ::::i '"" -" Flagg,.B Sokeye salmon smolt studies, Kasilof River, Alaska FRED Div., Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game, Juneau, AK. Tehnial Data Report pp. Franiso, K Seond interim report of the Commerial FishTehnial Evaluation Study. Joint State/Federal Fish and Wildlife Advisory Team, Anhorage, AK. Speial Report pp. Fried,. S.M., and J.J. aner Snake River sokeye salmon smolt studies. Pages in C.P. Meaham, ed Bristol Bay sokeye studies. Div. of Commerial Fisheries, Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game, Anhorage, AK. Godin, J.G Temporal aspets of juvenile pink salmon (Onorhynhus gorbusha) emergene from a simulated gravel redd. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58(5): Groot, C Modifiation on a theme--a perspetive on migratory behavior of Paifi salmon. Pages 1-21 in E.. Brannon and E.O. Salo, eds. Proeedings of the salmon and trout migratory behavior symposium, 1st, University of Washington, Seattle, June 3-5. Hartman, W.., W. R. Heard, and B. Druker Migratory behavior of sokeye salmon fry and smolt. Journal of the Fisheries Researh Board of Canada 24(10): Kogl, D.R Springs and groundwater as fators affeting survival of hum salmon spawn in a subarti stream. M.S. Thesis. Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK. 59 pp. MCart, P. River Behavior and eology of sokeye salmon fry in the Babine Journal of the Fisheries Researh Board of Canada 24: ' MMahon, T.E Habitat suitability index models: oho salmon. U.S. Fish- & Wildlife Servie. FWS/OBS-82/ pp. g d 33RB-010a

46 MNeil, W.J Survival of pink and hum salmon eggs and alevins. Pages in T.G. Northote, ed. sy.mposi.um on Salmon and Trout in. Streams. Univ. of British Columbia, Vanouver, B.C. H.R. MaMillan etures infisheries.- MNeil, W.J., and J.E. Bailey Salmon ranher's manual. U.S. National -1. Marine Fisheries Servie, Auke Bay, AK. 95 pp. _J MNeil, H.J., R.A. Wells, and D.C. Brikell Disappearane of pink salmon eggs and larvae from Sashin Creek, Baranof sland; AK. Fish & Hildlife Servie. Speial Sientifi Report--Fisheries 13 pp. Mattson, C.R., and R.A. Hobart Chum salmon studies in southeastern Alaska, Bureau of Commerial Fisheries, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Servie, Auke Bay, AK. Manusript Report pp. Merritt, M.F., and J.A. Raymond Early life history of hum salmon in the Noatak River and Kotzebue Sound. FRED Div., Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game, Juneau, AK. Tehnial Bulletin pp. Meyer, P.R., M.D. Kelly, K.A. Voos, and W.J. Wilson Assessment of the effets of the proposed Susitna Hydroeletri Projet on instream temperature and fishery resoures in the Watana to Talkeetna reah. Vol. 1. Arti Environmental nformation and Data Center, University of Alaska, Anhorage. Report for Alaska Power Authority. 130 pp. Neave, F Salmon of the North Paifi Oean - Part. A review of the life history of North Paifi salmon. 6. Chum salmon in British Columbia. nternational North Paifi Fisheries Commission Bulletin 18. Vanouver, B.C. Nelson; D.C. Dept. of Vol Russian River sokeye salmon. Sport Fish Div., Alaska Fish & Game, Juneau, AK. Federal Aid in Fish Restoration. Projet AFS-44. Annual Report. 50 pp. R&M Consultants, n. and arry A. Peterson & Assoiates. existing Susitna River basin water quality data. Amerian, n. 1 vol Report Review of for Ares R&M Consultants, n., Harza-Ebaso Susitna Joint Venture, Arti Environmental nformation and Data Center, University of Alaska, G Alaska Researh Assoiates, n., and Agriulture and Forestry Experiment Station, University of Alaska Susitna River ie proesses: natural onditions and projeted effets of hydroeletri development. Unpublished report. Vol. 1. Alaska Power Authority, Anhorage, AK. 305 pp. dead U. S l Raleigh, R.F nnate ontrol of migration of salmon and trout fry from natal gravels to rearing areas. Eology 52: RB-OOa o ='