A Comparison of Jabulani and Brazuca Non-Spin Aerodynamics
|
|
- Bethanie Mason
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A Comparison of Jabulani and Brazuca Non-Spin Aerodynamics Proc JMechE Part P: J Sports Engineering and Technology ():1 13 The Author(s) 2 Reprints and permission: sagepub.co.uk/journalspermissions.nav DOI:doi number John Eric Goff Department of Physics, Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, Virginia 241, USA Takeshi Asai and Sungchan Hong Institute of Health and Sports Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-city, 3-874, Japan Abstract Wind-tunnel experimental measurements of drag coefficients for non-spinning Jabulani and Brazuca balls are presented. The Brazuca ball s critical drag speed is lower than that of the Jabulani ball, and the Brazuca ball s super-critical drag coefficient is larger than that of the Jabulani ball. Compared to the Jabulani ball, the Brazuca ball suffers less instability due to knuckle-ball effects. Using drag data, numerically-determined ball trajectories are created and it is postulated that though power shots are too similar to notice flight differences, goal keepers are likely to notice differences between Jabulani and Brazuca ball trajectories for intermediate-speed ranges. This latter result may appear in the 214 World Cup for goal keepers used to the flight of the ball used in the 2 World Cup. Keywords Jabulani, Brazuca, football, soccer, aerodynamics, drag coefficient, wind tunnel, computational modeling, knuckle-ball 1. Introduction Much of the world is riveted by FIFA World Cup action, which takes place every four years. Since 197, Adidas has provided the ball used at the World Cup. The 22 World Cup in Japan and South Korean used the Fevernova ball, the last World Cup ball with the more traditional 32-panel design consisting of 2 hexagonal panels and 12 pentagonal panels (similar to a truncated icosahedron). The 26 World Cup in Germany used a thermally-bonded 14-panel ball called the Teamgeist. Adidas created the Jabulani ball for the 2 World Cup in South Africa, a ball that experienced some controversy. 1 Having just eight thermally-bonded panels, Adidas had to texture the surface to make up for a reduced number of seams. As balls get smoother, the speed at which the drag coefficient experiences a precipitous drop, called the critical drag speed, increases. 2 By continually reducing panel number, Adidas had to add panel roughness if balls were to follow similar trajectories that previous balls followed. For the 214 World Cup in Brazil, Adidas created the Brazuca ball, which has Corresponding author; goff@lynchburg.edu
2 just six thermally-bonded panels. Because there were so few panels, the ball, like the Jabulani ball, has been textured to increase surface roughness. Despite fewer panels, the Brazuca ball has nearly 68% longer total seam length (3.32 m vs 1.98 m) than the Jabulani ball. This paper reports results of wind-tunnel experiments on balls used at the two most recent World Cup events. Wind-tunnel results are used to create model trajectories that will show how differences in aerodynamic properties lead to differences in flight trajectories. Soccer, perhaps more than any other sport due to its global popularity, has been studied extensively by scientists and engineers for a few decades now. Some of that soccer work, 3,4,,6,7 like the work discussed in this paper, seeks to understand how the technical evolution of the soccer ball affects play at the highest level. For a more extensive coverage of contemporary soccer research, readers are referred to a recent review article 8 on sport aerodynamics. That article contains a section on soccer with copious references to aerodynamics research performed mostly in the current century. Since that review article was accepted, more research has been published 9,,11,12 that has furthered our understanding of soccer aerodynamics. 2. Wind-Tunnel Experiment Aerodynamic forces acting on different types of balls were measured in a low-speed wind tunnel at the University of Tsukuba that has a 1. m 1. m rectangular cross section with a turbulence level less than.1%. Two full-sized official FIFA soccer balls were tested: the Adidas Jabulani (.22-m diameter and.438-kg mass), used in South Africa for the 2 FIFA World Cup, and the Adidas Brazuca (.22-m diameter and.433-kg mass), used in Brazil for the 214 FIFA World Cup. Based on ball diameter and wind-tunnel size, the blockage was about 1.7%. Each soccer ball was attached to a stainless steel rod; such a sting setup ensures that the ball remains in equilibrium during testing. Figure 1 shows the Brazuca ball on the rod just before testing began. The position of the support rod relative to the bluff body is important in a wind-tunnel experiment, which means selecting an appropriate support orientation. For the experiments the ball was supported from the rear, 13 a location considered to have a comparatively smaller effect on the separation of the boundary layer from the ball s surface. Data were acquired over a period of s using a six-component sting-type balance (LMC-622; Nissho Electric Works Co., Ltd.), and they were recorded on a personal computer using an A/D converter board with a sampling rate of Hz. Each ball was set to be geometrically symmetrical; the ball panels were therefore asymmetrical in the vertical direction. The aerodynamic forces were measured at wind speeds in the range 7 m/s v 3 m/s (1.7 mph v 78.3 mph). That speed range corresponds to a range in Reynolds number of roughly, < Re <,, where Re = v D/ν, 14 with D =.22 m, the ball s diameter, and ν = 1.4 m 2 /s, the kinematic viscosity. The force from the rod on the ball acts in the direction opposite to that of the wind and equals the drag force, F D. The drag coefficient, C D, is then extracted from 14 F D = 1 2 ρac D v 2, (1) where A =.38 m 2 is the cross-sectional area of the ball and ρ = 1.2 kg/m 3 is the air s mass density. Also studied were effects that lead to the knuckle-ball 1 phenomenon whereby a ball with little to no spin experiences forces perpendicular to its velocity that are due to an asymmetric boundary layer separation. Asymmetries arise because flow on one side of the ball may move over geometric asymmetries not encountered on the side directly opposite. The knuckle-ball effect is named after the baseball pitch with little to no spin. Here the air moving over the ball stitches separates farther aft than the flow over a smoother portion of the ball. 16 Figure 2 shows the two orientations, labeled A and B, that were studied for the knuckle-ball effect. For each orientation, the force on the ball was measured at two speeds, 2 m/s (44.7 mph) and 3 m/s (67.1 mph). The force was decomposed into two orthogonal components: the side force and the lift force, oriented horizontally and vertically, respectively, in Figure 2.
3 3. Wind-Tunnel Results and Discussion Figure 3 shows wind-tunnel experimental drag coefficient results for the Jabulani and Brazuca balls in orientation A. Also shown are the experimental error bars as well as comparison data 13 for a smooth ball the size of a soccer ball. As expected, the smooth ball data shows a critical-drag speed larger than that of the rougher soccer balls. Figure 4 shows experimental C D data for both balls in orientations A and B. To keep that plot less cluttered, error bars are not shown, though error bars for orientation B are similar to what is seen in Figure 3 for orientation A. The most striking feature of the wind-tunnel results is that the Brazuca ball s critical speed, i.e. the speed where there is a precipitous drop in C D, is lower than that of the Jabulani ball. This result may seem counterintuitive given that the Brazuca ball has two fewer panels compared to the Jabulani ball, but recall that the overall seam length on the Brazuca ball is nearly 68% longer than on the Jabulani ball. The Brazuca ball s drag coefficient curve is more similar to that of the 32-panel Adidas Tango 12 ball 6 used in the 212 UEFA European Championship, than it is to the Jabulani ball s C D curve. Also seen in Figure 4 is that the Brazuca ball s drag coefficient for high speeds, i.e. in the super-critical region, is larger than the Jabulani ball s drag coefficient. At the highest speed tested, i.e. v = 3 m/s, C D =.17 for the Brazuca ball and C D =.2 for the Jabulani ball. The drag coefficient data suggest that there will possibly be noticeable differences between ball aerodynamics in the 2 World Cup than the 214 World Cup. Compared to the Jabulani ball, the Brazuca ball has less drag on it for intermediate speeds, i.e. m/s v 2 m/s (22.4 mph v 44.7 mph). The intermediate-speed-range shots in the 214 World Cup will be faster because of less drag than in the 2 World Cup. For balls at speeds in excess of approximately 2 m/s (.9 mph), the Brazuca ball s larger drag coefficient means that goal keepers in Brazil will encounter more rapid deceleration compared to the 2 World Cup. Brazuca ball s smaller critical speed has implications for knuckle-ball effects. Figure shows lift and side forces at speed 2 m/s on the two balls of interest oriented in the two ways shown in Figure 2. Figure 6 is identical to Figure, except the speed is 3 m/s. Each of the two aforementioned figures was created by recording the force for 9 s. Oscillation periods are in the.1 s.2 s range, meaning the forces are not oscillating too rapidly to average out during a typical ball flight. At an intermediate-kick speed of 2 m/s, compared to the Brazuca ball, the Jabulani ball shows significantly greater forces transverse to air velocity. That result suggests that a non-spinning Jabulani ball will be more erratic in its flight compared to a non-spinning Brazuca ball. The aforementioned result is explained by the fact that the Jabulani ball s critical speed is greater than the Brazuca ball s critical speed. For intermediate-speed kicks, the air s boundary layer experiences both laminar and turbulent separation from the Jabulani ball. A Brazuca ball at 2 m/s experiences only turbulent separation of the boundary layer because the speed is super-critical. The fact seen in Figure 4 that C D data for the A and B orientations are more similar for the Brazuca ball than for the Jabulani ball means that a Jabulani ball with little-to-no spin will be more erratic compared to the Brazuca ball. Moving to a power-shot speed like 3 m/s, Figure 6 shows an expected increase in the resulting forces. Although position A for the Jabulani ball is more stable than position A for the Brazuca ball, the Jabulani ball in position B is clearly the most unstable of all combinations of ball type and orientation evaluated. This result is attributed to the more asymmetric distribution of panel boundaries on the Jabulani ball compared to the Brazuca ball. The nearly 68% greater total seam length on the Brazuca ball means surface roughness is more evenly distributed over the ball s surface than it is on the Jabulani ball. 4. No-Spin Model Trajectories Possible no-spin soccer trajectories are now considered. Though the model ball will not be spinning, knuckle effects are ignored. Drag coefficient data acquired from the wind-tunnel experiments is used to make comparisons between Brazuca ball and Jabulani ball trajectories.
4 There are two forces on a soccer ball moving through the air. The first acts down on the ball, the ball s weight, mg, where m is the ball s mass and g = 9.8 m/s 2 is the constant magnitude of gravitational acceleration near Earth s surface. The second force is the drag force, which points opposite the ball s velocity and has a magnitude given by equation (1). The buoyant force on the ball from the air is ignored because that force is small ( 1.% of the ball s weight), and it is essentially accounted for when the weight of a ball is measured on a scale. Taking the x axis to point along the horizontal and the y axis to point vertically upward, Newton s second law reduces to ẍ = β v C D ẋ (2) and ÿ = β v C D ẏ g, (3) where β = ρa/2m, v = ẋ 2 + ẏ 2, and a dot signifies one total time derivative. For the Brazuca ball, β =.27 m 1 ; for the Jabulani ball, β =.21 m 1. The difference in β values is due to the Jabulani ball s mass being 1.1% larger than the Brazuca ball s mass. Equations (2) and (3) can be solved numerically with appropriate initial conditions using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm. 17 For the speed-dependent C D in equations (2) and (3), linear interpolation between experimental wind-tunnel data points is used. To account for drag differences in the A and B configurations, C D data from the two orientations are averaged. See Figure 7 for average C D data. For those readers who wish to create their own trajectories, but desire an analytic equation for C D, the following is offered: 18,19 b C D = a +, (4) 1 + e [(v vc)/vs] where a, b, v c, and v s are fitting parameters. For the Brazuca ball: a =.18899, b =.27177, v c = m/s, and v s =.6823 m/s. For the Jabulani ball: a =.18433, b = , v c = m/s, and v s = m/s. Data-fitting curves using equation (4) are shown in Figure 7. Differences between trajectories using a linear interpolation scheme and equation (4) are small enough to have no influence on the conclusions reached in this paper. Analyzed first is a power shot taken 2 m from the goal, perhaps from a free kick. The ball is kicked with an initial speed of 3 m/s (67.1 mph) at an angle of above the horizontal. Figure 8 shows model trajectories for the power-shot case. Because ball speeds throughout the trajectories are all super-critical in this power-shot case, the Brazuca ball s C D is about 1% larger than the Jabulani ball s C D. Compared to the Brazuca ball, the Jabulani ball arrives at the goal in about 1 ms less time (.737 s vs.72 s), and passes through the goal plane about 6.8 cm higher (1.6 m vs.938 m) and 4.2% faster (2.23 m/s vs m/s). With a final height difference less than one-third the ball s diameter, there are not enough differences between the two trajectories in Figure 8 to postulate that goal keepers will notice much difference between power shots taken in 214 and those taken in 2. Goal keepers may, however, notice differences in the next shot considered. Suppose the ball is kicked 2 m from the goal at an intermediate speed of 2 m/s (44.7 mph). To pass through the goal plane at a reasonable height, the launch angle needs to increase from the power-shot case to 22. Figure 9 shows model trajectories for the intermediate-speed case. Considering all speeds throughout the trajectories, the Brazuca ball never quite reaches the critical region shown in Figure 7, meaning its C D is relatively constant. The Jabulani ball, however, spends its entire flight in the critical region, meaning its C D increases as its speed decreases. Consequently, compared to the Jabulani ball, the Brazuca ball arrives at the goal plane in. s less time (1.189 s vs s), and passes through the goal plane about 1.3 m higher (1.64 m vs.31 m) and 22.6% faster (16.3 m/s vs 13.7 m/s). Given more than a meter height difference and nearly 23% speed difference, differences between intermediate-speed shots in 214 and 2 will be significant.
5 Including knuckle-ball effects serves only to exacerbate the differences observed in the prior analysis. At 2 m/s, the Brazuca ball has a drag force of about 1.64 N, whereas the Jabulani balls has a 2.19-N drag force. Figure shows that the lift and drag forces on the Jabulani ball are comparable or larger than the drag force it experiences. At 3 m/s, the Brazuca ball has a 4.1-N drag force on it; the Jabulani balls has 3.41 N of drag force. Although Figure 6 shows that those drag forces are comparable to the lift and side forces each ball experiences, the Jabulani ball has the greater possibility for more erratic flight.. Conclusions Wind-tunnel experiments show that the Brazuca ball has a lower critical speed than that of the Jabulani ball. The difference in the drag and critical speeds are large enough that intermediate-speed kicks should exhibit noticeable changes in flight patterns for players who participated in the World Cup in both 2 and 214. Computer trajectories for launch speeds at 2 m/s at a distance of 2 m from the goal suggest that goal keepers will see the ball crossing the goal plane more than a meter higher in 214 than in 2. Power shots at high speeds, however, should not result in noticeable differences. There is not enough difference in the super-critical drag coefficients between Brazuca and Jabulani balls to lead to significantly different power-shot trajectories. Because of the ball s reduced critical speed, goal keepers are likely to notice a significant reduction in erratic ball trajectories in the 214 World Cup compared to the 2 World Cup. The Brazuca ball s lower critical speed results in more stable behavior compared to the Jabulani ball. This effort tested and modeled only balls without spin. The next set of wind-tunnel experiments will determine lift coefficients for spinning balls. Adding lift, also known as the Magnus force, 2 to the trajectory model is trivial. 21 A future publication will report lift coefficients and compare three-dimensional trajectories between balls used in the World Cup in 2 and 214. References 1. Lewis M. Official World Cup ball, Jabulani, getting the blame for soft goals - Robert Green - and missed ones. New York Daily News; 14 June Achenbach E. The effects of surface roughness and tunnel blockage on the flow past spheres. J Fluid Mech. 1974;6: Asai T, et al. Fundamental aerodynamics of the soccer ball. Sports Eng. 27;:1. 4. Alam F, et al. A comparative study of football aerodynamics. Proc Eng. 2;2: Alam F, et al. Aerodynamics of contemporary FIFA soccer balls. Proc Eng. 211;13: Asai T, et al. Characteristics of modern soccer balls. Proc Eng. 212;34: Alam F, et al. Effects of surface structure on soccer ball aerodynamics. Proc Eng. 212;34: Goff JE. A review of recent research into aerodynamics of sport projectiles. Sports Eng. 213;16: Myers T, Mitchell S. A mathematical analysis of the motion of an in-flight soccer ball. Sports Eng. 213;16: Choppin S. Calculating football drag profiles from simulated trajectories. Sports Eng. 213;16: Kray T, et al. Magnus effect on a rotating soccer ball at high Reynolds numbers. J of Wind Eng & Ind Aero. 214;124: Lluna E, et al. Measurement of Aerodynamic Coefficients of Spherical Objects Using an Electro-optic Device. IEEE Trans on Instr & Meas. 213;62: Achenbach E. Experiments on the flow past spheres at very high Reynolds numbers. J Fluid Mech. 1972;4: White FM. Fluid Mechanics. 7th ed. New York (NY): McGraw Hill; Ito S, et al. Factors of unpredictable shots concerning new soccer balls. Proc Eng. 212;34: Adair RK. The Physics of Baseball. 3rd ed. New York (NY): Harper Perennial; Press WH, et al. Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press; 1986.
6 18. Giordano NJ, Nakanishi H. Computational Physics. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Pearson/Prentice Hall; Goff JE, Carré MJ. Soccer lift coefficients via trajectory analysis. Eur J Phys. 2;31(4): Daish CB. The Physics of Ball Games. London (UK): The English Universities Press Ltd; Goff JE, Carré MJ. Trajectory analysis of a soccer ball. Am J Phys. 29;77(11):2 7.
7 Fig. 1. Adidas Brazuca soccer ball mounted on stainless steel rod in preparation for wind-tunnel experiment. Also shown are axes associated with the various force directions.
8 Fig. 2. The two orientations used to study knuckle-ball effects. Also shown are axes associated with the various force directions. The drag force would be measured perpendicular to the axes shown.
9 .6..4 Brazuca (A) Jabulani (A) Smooth C D v (m/s) Fig. 3. Wind-tunnel experimental drag coefficient results for the Brazuca and Jabulani balls in orientation A. Error bars show experimental uncertainty. Drag data 13 for a smooth sphere the size of a soccer ball is shown for comparison.
10 .6. C D.4.3 Brazuca (A) Brazuca (B) Jabulani (A) Jabulani (B) v (m/s) Fig. 4. Wind-tunnel experimental drag coefficient results for the Brazuca and Jabulani balls in orientations A and B.
11 1 1 Jabulani (A) Jabulani (B) Brazuca (A) Brazuca (B) Fig.. Lift and side forces at an air speed of 2 m/s (44.7 mph) for the orientations shown in Figure 2.
12 1 1 Jabulani (A) Jabulani (B) Brazuca (A) Brazuca (B) Fig. 6. Lift and side forces at an air speed of 3 m/s (67.1 mph) for the orientations shown in Figure 2.
13 .6..4 Brazuca (AB average) Jabulani (AB average) Fit C D v (m/s) Fig. 7. Wind-tunnel experimental drag coefficient results for the Brazuca and Jabulani balls for orientations A and B averaged together. The fitted curves come from equation (4).
14 y (m) Brazuca Jabulani 3 2 Goal Plane x (m) Fig. 8. Computational trajectories for Brazuca and Jabulani balls kicked 3 m/s (67.1 mph) at an angle of above the horizontal. The goal plane is 2.44 m (8 ft) high.
15 y (m) Brazuca Jabulani 3 Goal Plane x (m) Fig. 9. Computational trajectories for Brazuca and Jabulani balls kicked 2 m/s (44.7 mph) at an angle of 22 above the horizontal. The goal plane is 2.44 m (8 ft) high.
Characteristics of modern soccer balls
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 34 (01 ) 1 17 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) Characteristics of modern soccer balls Takeshi Asai
More informationT he uniqueness of the shape and design of a ball to a particular sport has meant that there were very little
OPEN SUBJECT AREAS: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FLUID DYNAMICS Received 19 February 2014 Accepted 15 April 2014 Published 29 May 2014 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S.H. (sr7931@hotmail.
More informationMechanical Engineering Journal
Bulletin of the JSME Mechanical Engineering Journal Vol.5, No.1, 2018 Effect of seam characteristics on critical Reynolds number in footballs Kiyoshi NAITO*, Sungchan HONG**, Masaaki KOIDO**, Masao NAKAYAMA**,
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. The 2014 conference of the International Sports Engineering Association
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 72 ( 2014 ) 786 791 The 2014 conference of the International Sports Engineering Association The influence of panel orientation
More informationAerodynamic drag of modern soccer balls
Asai and Seo SpringerPlus 2013, 2:171 a SpringerOpen Journal RESEARCH Open Access Aerodynamic drag of modern soccer balls Takeshi Asai 1* and Kazuya Seo 2 Abstract Soccer balls such as the Adidas Roteiro
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Engineering 105 (2015 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 105 (2015 ) 317 322 6th BSME International Conference on Thermal Engineering (ICTE 2014) Aerodynamic study of FIFA-approved
More informationSport fluid dynamics, Aerodynamics part
20 th July, ISBS2016 Applied Sessions Sport fluid dynamics, Aerodynamics part Aerodynamics of sports balls It is known the ball trajectory in flight is affected by the aerodynamic characteristics (Cd &
More informationBall impact dynamics of knuckling shot in soccer
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 34 (2012 ) 200 205 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) Ball impact dynamics of knuckling shot in soccer
More informationEffects of turbulence on the drag force on a golf ball
European Journal of Physics PAPER Effects of turbulence on the drag force on a golf ball To cite this article: Rod Cross 2016 Eur. J. Phys. 37 054001 View the article online for updates and enhancements.
More informationAgood tennis player knows instinctively how hard to hit a ball and at what angle to get the ball over the. Ball Trajectories
42 Ball Trajectories Factors Influencing the Flight of the Ball Nathalie Tauziat, France By Rod Cross Introduction Agood tennis player knows instinctively how hard to hit a ball and at what angle to get
More informationAvailable online at Procedia Engineering 200 (2010) (2009) In situ drag measurements of sports balls
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 200 (2010) (2009) 2437 2442 000 000 Procedia Engineering www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 8 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering
More informationForces that govern a baseball s flight path
Forces that govern a baseball s flight path Andrew W. Nowicki Physics Department, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691 April 21, 1999 The three major forces that affect the baseball while in flight
More informationTHE CURVE OF THE CRICKET BALL SWING AND REVERSE SWING
Parabola Volume 32, Issue 2 (1996) THE CURVE OF THE CRICKET BALL SWING AND REVERSE SWING Frank Reid 1 It is a well known fact in cricket that the new ball when bowled by a fast bowler will often swing
More informationImpact Points and Their Effect on Trajectory in Soccer
Proceedings Impact Points and Their Effect on Trajectory in Soccer Kaoru Kimachi 1, *, Sungchan Hong 2, Shuji Shimonagata 3 and Takeshi Asai 2 1 Doctoral Program of Coaching Science, University of Tsukuba,
More informationModeling Pitch Trajectories in Fastpitch Softball
Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Modeling Pitch Trajectories in Fastpitch Softball Jean M. Clark Meredith L. Greer Mark D. Semon Received: date / Accepted: date Abstract The fourth-order
More informationAerodynamic behavior of a discus
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 34 (2012 ) 92 97 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) Aerodynamic behavior of a discus Kazuya Seo a*,
More informationEffect of Diameter on the Aerodynamics of Sepaktakraw Balls, A Computational Study
ISSN 1750-9823 (print) International Journal of Sports Science and Engineering Vol. 03 (2009) No. 01, pp. 017-021 Effect of Diameter on the Aerodynamics of Sepaktakraw Balls, A Computational Study Zahari
More informationEffects of seam and surface texture on tennis balls aerodynamics
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 34 (2012 ) 140 145 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) Effects of seam and surface texture on tennis
More informationExperimental Investigation Of Flow Past A Rough Surfaced Cylinder
(AET- 29th March 214) RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Experimental Investigation Of Flow Past A Rough Surfaced Cylinder Monalisa Mallick 1, A. Kumar 2 1 (Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute
More informationThis is a repository copy of The effect of surface geometry on soccer ball trajectories.
This is a repository copy of The effect of surface geometry on soccer ball trajectories. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/98036/ Version: Accepted Version Article:
More informationA Simple Horizontal Velocity Model of a Rising Thermal Instability in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
A Simple Horizontal Velocity Model of a Rising Thermal Instability in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (In other words, how to take a closer look at downwind thermal drift) Abstract This pilot, as well as
More informationAerodynamic drag measurement of American footballs
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 34 (2012 ) 98 103 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) Aerodynamic drag measurement of American footballs
More informationBending a soccer ball with math
Bending a soccer ball with math Tim Chartier, Davidson College Aerodynamics in sports has been studied ever since Newton commented on the deviation of a tennis ball in his paper New theory of light and
More informationWhy does a golf ball have dimples?
Página 1 de 5 Why does a golf ball have dimples? page 1 A golf ball can be driven great distances down the fairway. How is this possible? Is the drive only dependent on the strength of the golfer or are
More informationThe effect of baseball seam height on the Magnus Force
The effect of baseball seam height on the Magnus Force Shawn Bowman Physics Department, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA (Dated: May 7, 2014) Many people do not know that Major League and
More informationScienceDirect. Relating baseball seam height to carry distance
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 112 (2015 ) 406 411 7th Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology, APCST 2015 Relating baseball seam height to carry distance
More informationAerodynamic characteristics around the stalling angle of the discus using a PIV
10TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY PIV13 Delft, The Netherlands, July 1-3, 2013 Aerodynamic characteristics around the stalling angle of the discus using a PIV Kazuya Seo 1 1 Department
More informationCharacteristics of ball impact on curve shot in soccer
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 60 (2013 ) 249 254 6 th Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology (APCST) Characteristics of ball impact on curve shot in soccer Sungchan
More informationQuantification of the Effects of Turbulence in Wind on the Flutter Stability of Suspension Bridges
Quantification of the Effects of Turbulence in Wind on the Flutter Stability of Suspension Bridges T. Abbas 1 and G. Morgenthal 2 1 PhD candidate, Graduate College 1462, Department of Civil Engineering,
More informationKinematics-Projectiles
1. A volleyball hit into the air has an initial speed of 10 meters per second. Which vector best represents the angle above the horizontal that the ball should be hit to remain in the air for the greatest
More informationThe effect of back spin on a table tennis ball moving in a viscous fluid.
How can planes fly? The phenomenon of lift can be produced in an ideal (non-viscous) fluid by the addition of a free vortex (circulation) around a cylinder in a rectilinear flow stream. This is known as
More informationAERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SPIN PHENOMENON FOR DELTA WING
ICAS 2002 CONGRESS AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SPIN PHENOMENON FOR DELTA WING Yoshiaki NAKAMURA (nakamura@nuae.nagoya-u.ac.jp) Takafumi YAMADA (yamada@nuae.nagoya-u.ac.jp) Department of Aerospace Engineering,
More informationParasite Drag. by David F. Rogers Copyright c 2005 David F. Rogers. All rights reserved.
Parasite Drag by David F. Rogers http://www.nar-associates.com Copyright c 2005 David F. Rogers. All rights reserved. How many of you still have a Grimes rotating beacon on both the top and bottom of the
More informationMeasurement and simulation of the flow field around a triangular lattice meteorological mast
Measurement and simulation of the flow field around a triangular lattice meteorological mast Matthew Stickland 1, Thomas Scanlon 1, Sylvie Fabre 1, Andrew Oldroyd 2 and Detlef Kindler 3 1. Department of
More informationRegents Exam Practice: Measurement, Kinematics, Free Fall, PJM, and UCM
Regents Exam Practice: Measurement, Kinematics, Free Fall, PJM, and UCM 1. Which quantity and unit are correctly paired? 2. Which is a derived unit? meter second kilogram Newton 3. The fundamental unit
More informationROSE-HULMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Mechanical Engineering. Mini-project 3 Tennis ball launcher
Mini-project 3 Tennis ball launcher Mini-Project 3 requires you to use MATLAB to model the trajectory of a tennis ball being shot from a tennis ball launcher to a player. The tennis ball trajectory model
More information1. A cannon shoots a clown directly upward with a speed of 20 m/s. What height will the clown reach?
Physics R Date: 1. A cannon shoots a clown directly upward with a speed of 20 m/s. What height will the clown reach? How much time will the clown spend in the air? Projectile Motion 1:Horizontally Launched
More informationTHEORY OF WINGS AND WIND TUNNEL TESTING OF A NACA 2415 AIRFOIL. By Mehrdad Ghods
THEORY OF WINGS AND WIND TUNNEL TESTING OF A NACA 2415 AIRFOIL By Mehrdad Ghods Technical Communication for Engineers The University of British Columbia July 23, 2001 ABSTRACT Theory of Wings and Wind
More informationBrowse by subject area Atomic, molecular & optical physics Nuclear & particle physics Condensed matter Astronomy, astrophysics & cosmology Education
physicsworld.com Browse by subject area Atomic, molecular & optical physics Nuclear & particle physics Condensed matter Astronomy, astrophysics & cosmology Education FEATURES Jun 1, 1998 The physics of
More informationAERODYNAMICS I LECTURE 7 SELECTED TOPICS IN THE LOW-SPEED AERODYNAMICS
LECTURE 7 SELECTED TOPICS IN THE LOW-SPEED AERODYNAMICS The sources of a graphical material used in this lecture are: [UA] D. McLean, Understanding Aerodynamics. Arguing from the Real Physics. Wiley, 2013.
More informationPractice Test: Vectors and Projectile Motion
ame: Practice Test: Vectors and Projectile Motion Part A: Multiple Choice [15 points] 1. A projectile is launched at an angle of 30 0 above the horizontal. eglecting air resistance, what are the projectile
More informationTHE BRIDGE COLLAPSED IN NOVEMBER 1940 AFTER 4 MONTHS OF ITS OPENING TO TRAFFIC!
OUTLINE TACOMA NARROWS BRIDGE FLOW REGIME PAST A CYLINDER VORTEX SHEDDING MODES OF VORTEX SHEDDING PARALLEL & OBLIQUE FLOW PAST A SPHERE AND A CUBE SUMMARY TACOMA NARROWS BRIDGE, USA THE BRIDGE COLLAPSED
More informationLevel 3 Cambridge Technical in Engineering 05822/05823/05824/05825/05873 Unit 3: Principles of mechanical engineering
Level 3 Cambridge Technical in Engineering 05822/05823/05824/05825/05873 Unit 3: Principles of mechanical engineering Monday 16 January 2017 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes You must have: the
More informationNUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE FLOW BEHAVIOUR IN A MODERN TRAFFIC TUNNEL IN CASE OF FIRE INCIDENT
- 277 - NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE FLOW BEHAVIOUR IN A MODERN TRAFFIC TUNNEL IN CASE OF FIRE INCIDENT Iseler J., Heiser W. EAS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany ABSTRACT A numerical study of the flow behaviour
More informationAN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CRICKET BALL AERODYNAMICS
Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering 2007 (ICME2007) 29-31 December 2007, Dhaka, Bangladesh ICME07-FL-17 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CRICKET BALL AERODYNAMICS Firoz Alam,
More informationProject 1 Those amazing Red Sox!
MASSACHVSETTS INSTITVTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6.001 Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs Spring Semester, 2005 Project 1 Those amazing Red
More informationThe diagram below represents the path of a stunt car that is driven off a cliff, neglecting friction.
1. A baseball is thrown at an angle of 40.0 above the horizontal. The horizontal component of the baseball s initial velocity is 12.0 meters per second. What is the magnitude of the ball s initial velocity?
More informationIrrigation &Hydraulics Department lb / ft to kg/lit.
CAIRO UNIVERSITY FLUID MECHANICS Faculty of Engineering nd Year CIVIL ENG. Irrigation &Hydraulics Department 010-011 1. FLUID PROPERTIES 1. Identify the dimensions and units for the following engineering
More informationBaseballs and Boundary Layers
Baseballs and Boundary Layers New Thoughts on Fastballs, Curveballs, and Other Pitches Phillip M. Bitzer University of New Orleans July 22, 2004 Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 History...................................
More informationTWO DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS
PHYSICS HOMEWORK #11 TWO DIMENSIONAL [Remember that ALL vectors must be described by BOTH magnitude and direction!] 1. You walk 250. steps North and then 400. steps East. What is your displacement? (Distance
More informationAvailable online at Procedia Engineering 200 (2010) (2009)
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 200 (2010) (2009) 000 000 2487 2492 Procedia Engineering www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 8 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering
More informationAE Dept., KFUPM. Dr. Abdullah M. Al-Garni. Fuel Economy. Emissions Maximum Speed Acceleration Directional Stability Stability.
Aerodynamics: Introduction Aerodynamics deals with the motion of objects in air. These objects can be airplanes, missiles or road vehicles. The Table below summarizes the aspects of vehicle performance
More informationEngineering Flettner Rotors to Increase Propulsion
Engineering Flettner Rotors to Increase Propulsion Author: Chance D. Messer Mentor: Jeffery R. Wehr Date: April 11, 2016 Advanced STEM Research Laboratory, Odessa High School, 107 E 4 th Avenue, Odessa
More informationNumerical Simulation And Aerodynamic Performance Comparison Between Seagull Aerofoil and NACA 4412 Aerofoil under Low-Reynolds 1
Advances in Natural Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2010, pp. 244-20 www.cscanada.net ISSN 171-7862 [PRINT] ISSN 171-7870 [ONLINE] www.cscanada.org *The 3rd International Conference of Bionic Engineering* Numerical
More informationAerodynamic Analysis of a Symmetric Aerofoil
214 IJEDR Volume 2, Issue 4 ISSN: 2321-9939 Aerodynamic Analysis of a Symmetric Aerofoil Narayan U Rathod Department of Mechanical Engineering, BMS college of Engineering, Bangalore, India Abstract - The
More informationC-1: Aerodynamics of Airfoils 1 C-2: Aerodynamics of Airfoils 2 C-3: Panel Methods C-4: Thin Airfoil Theory
ROAD MAP... AE301 Aerodynamics I UNIT C: 2-D Airfoils C-1: Aerodynamics of Airfoils 1 C-2: Aerodynamics of Airfoils 2 C-3: Panel Methods C-4: Thin Airfoil Theory AE301 Aerodynamics I : List of Subjects
More informationNumerical Simulations of a Train of Air Bubbles Rising Through Stagnant Water
Numerical Simulations of a Train of Air Bubbles Rising Through Stagnant Water Hong Xu, Chokri Guetari ANSYS INC. Abstract Transient numerical simulations of the rise of a train of gas bubbles in a liquid
More informationDetailed study 3.4 Topic Test Investigations: Flight
Name: Billanook College Detailed study 3.4 Topic Test Investigations: Flight Ivanhoe Girls Grammar School Questions 1 and 2 relate to the information shown in the diagram in Figure 1. z Question 1 y Figure
More information6 Motion in Two Dimensions BIGIDEA Write the Big Idea for this chapter.
6 Motion in Two Dimensions BIGIDEA Write the Big Idea for this chapter. Use the What I Know column to list the things you know about the Big Idea. Then list the questions you have about the Big Idea in
More informationCFD AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF AERODYNAMIC DEGRADATION OF ICED AIRFOILS
Colloquium FLUID DYNAMICS 2008 Institute of Thermomechanics AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, October 22-24, 2008 p.1 CFD AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF AERODYNAMIC DEGRADATION OF ICED AIRFOILS Vladimír Horák 1, Dalibor
More informationInvestigation of Suction Process of Scroll Compressors
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2006 Investigation of Suction Process of Scroll Compressors Michael M. Cui Trane Jack Sauls
More informationAn Overview of Wind Engineering Where Climate Meets Design
An Overview of Wind Engineering Where Climate Meets Design Presented by Derek Kelly, M.Eng., P.Eng. Principal/Project Manager www.rwdi.com RWDI Leadership & Consulting Expertise RWDI Consulting Engineers
More informationCOMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HAWT BLADES
5 th International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS 09), May 13-15, 2009, Karabuk, Turkey COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HAWT BLADES Emrah KULUNK a, * and Nadir YILMAZ b a, * New
More informationInfluence of rounding corners on unsteady flow and heat transfer around a square cylinder
Influence of rounding corners on unsteady flow and heat transfer around a square cylinder S. K. Singh Deptt. of Mech. Engg., M. B. M. Engg. College / J. N. V. University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India Abstract
More informationAP Physics B Summer Homework (Show work)
#1 NAME: AP Physics B Summer Homework (Show work) #2 Fill in the radian conversion of each angle and the trigonometric value at each angle on the chart. Degree 0 o 30 o 45 o 60 o 90 o 180 o 270 o 360 o
More informationINTERACTION BETWEEN WIND-DRIVEN AND BUOYANCY-DRIVEN NATURAL VENTILATION Bo Wang, Foster and Partners, London, UK
INTERACTION BETWEEN WIND-DRIVEN AND BUOYANCY-DRIVEN NATURAL VENTILATION Bo Wang, Foster and Partners, London, UK ABSTRACT Ventilation stacks are becoming increasingly common in the design of naturally
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. The 2014 Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 72 ( 2014 ) 435 440 The 2014 Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association Accuracy performance parameters
More informationFUT-K Team Description Paper 2016
FUT-K Team Description Paper 2016 Kosuke Onda and Teruya Yamanishi Department of Management Information Science, Fukui University of Technology Gakuen, Fukui 910 8505, Japan Abstract. This paper describes
More informationACTIVITY 1: Buoyancy Problems. OBJECTIVE: Practice and Reinforce concepts related to Fluid Pressure, primarily Buoyancy
LESSON PLAN: SNAP, CRACKLE, POP: Submarine Buoyancy, Compression, and Rotational Equilibrium DEVELOPED BY: Bill Sanford, Nansemond Suffolk Academy 2012 NAVAL HISTORICAL FOUNDATION TEACHER FELLOWSHIP ACTIVITY
More informationAerodynamic Terms. Angle of attack is the angle between the relative wind and the wing chord line. [Figure 2-2] Leading edge. Upper camber.
Chapters 2 and 3 of the Pilot s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA-H-8083-25) apply to powered parachutes and are a prerequisite to reading this book. This chapter will focus on the aerodynamic fundamentals
More informationAerodynamic Analyses of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine By Different Blade Airfoil Using Computer Program
ISSN : 2250-3021 Aerodynamic Analyses of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine By Different Blade Airfoil Using Computer Program ARVIND SINGH RATHORE 1, SIRAJ AHMED 2 1 (Department of Mechanical Engineering Maulana
More informationErmenek Dam and HEPP: Spillway Test & 3D Numeric-Hydraulic Analysis of Jet Collision
Ermenek Dam and HEPP: Spillway Test & 3D Numeric-Hydraulic Analysis of Jet Collision J.Linortner & R.Faber Pöyry Energy GmbH, Turkey-Austria E.Üzücek & T.Dinçergök General Directorate of State Hydraulic
More informationCFD Study of Solid Wind Tunnel Wall Effects on Wing Characteristics
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(45), DOI :10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i45/104585, December 2016 ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645 CFD Study of Solid Wind Tunnel Wall Effects on
More informationComputational studies on small wind turbine performance characteristics
Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS Computational studies on small wind turbine performance characteristics To cite this article: N Karthikeyan and T Suthakar 2016 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
More informationANALYSIS OF AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUPERCRITICAL AIRFOIL FOR LOW SPEED AIRCRAFT
ANALYSIS OF AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUPERCRITICAL AIRFOIL FOR LOW SPEED AIRCRAFT P.Sethunathan 1, M.Niventhran 2, V.Siva 2, R.Sadhan Kumar 2 1 Asst.Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering,
More informationTHE AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT Issue /07/12
1 INTRODUCTION This series of tutorials for the CIX VFR Club are based on real world training. Each document focuses on a small part only of the necessary skills required to fly a light aircraft, and by
More informationFriction properties of the face of a hand-held tennis racket
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 34 (2012 ) 544 549 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) Friction properties of the face of a hand-held
More informationWIND-INDUCED LOADS OVER DOUBLE CANTILEVER BRIDGES UNDER CONSTRUCTION
WIND-INDUCED LOADS OVER DOUBLE CANTILEVER BRIDGES UNDER CONSTRUCTION S. Pindado, J. Meseguer, J. M. Perales, A. Sanz-Andres and A. Martinez Key words: Wind loads, bridge construction, yawing moment. Abstract.
More informationInvestigation on 3-D Wing of commercial Aeroplane with Aerofoil NACA 2415 Using CFD Fluent
Investigation on 3-D of commercial Aeroplane with Aerofoil NACA 2415 Using CFD Fluent Rohit Jain 1, Mr. Sandeep Jain 2, Mr. Lokesh Bajpai 3 1PG Student, 2 Associate Professor, 3 Professor & Head 1 2 3
More informationNo Description Direction Source 1. Thrust
AERODYNAMICS FORCES 1. WORKING TOGETHER Actually Lift Force is not the only force working on the aircraft, during aircraft moving through the air. There are several aerodynamics forces working together
More informationAERODYNAMICS OF SOCCER BALLS AND VOLLEYBALLS. lresearch Institute for Olympic Sports ]yvaskyla, Finland
205 AEDYNAMICS OF SOCCER BALLS AND VOLLEYBALLS P. Luhtanenr, J. Vilkki 2, R. Kauppinen 2 lresearch Institute for Olympic Sports ]yvaskyla, Finland 2Sports Institute of Eerikkila Tammela, Finland INTDUCTION
More informationBasic Fluid Mechanics
Basic Fluid Mechanics Chapter 7B: Forces on Submerged Bodies 7/26/2018 C7B: Forces on Submerged Bodies 1 Forces on Submerged Bodies Lift and Drag are forces exerted on an immersed body by the surrounding
More informationDetermination of the wind pressure distribution on the facade of the triangularly shaped high-rise building structure
Determination of the wind pressure distribution on the facade of the triangularly shaped high-rise building structure Norbert Jendzelovsky 1,*, Roland Antal 1 and Lenka Konecna 1 1 STU in Bratislava, Faculty
More informationAnemometry. Anemometry. Wind Conventions and Characteristics. Anemometry. Wind Variability. Anemometry. Function of an anemometer:
Anemometry Anemometry Function of an anemometer: Measure some or all of the components of the wind vector In homogeneous terrain, vertical component is small express wind as -D horizontal vector For some
More informationResearch on Small Wind Power System Based on H-type Vertical Wind Turbine Rong-Qiang GUAN a, Jing YU b
06 International Conference on Mechanics Design, Manufacturing and Automation (MDM 06) ISBN: 978--60595-354-0 Research on Small Wind Power System Based on H-type Vertical Wind Turbine Rong-Qiang GUAN a,
More informationPressure distribution of rotating small wind turbine blades with winglet using wind tunnel
Journal of Scientific SARAVANAN & Industrial et al: Research PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OF SMALL WIND TURBINE BLADES WITH WINGLET Vol. 71, June 01, pp. 45-49 45 Pressure distribution of rotating small wind
More information- a set of known masses, - four weight hangers, - tape - a fulcrum upon which the meter stick can be mounted and pivoted - string - stopwatch
1. In the laboratory, you are asked to determine the mass of a meter stick without using a scale of any kind. In addition to the meter stick, you may use any or all of the following equipment: - a set
More informationJAR-23 Normal, Utility, Aerobatic, and Commuter Category Aeroplanes \ Issued 11 March 1994 \ Section 1- Requirements \ Subpart C - Structure \ General
JAR 23.301 Loads \ JAR 23.301 Loads (a) Strength requirements are specified in terms of limit loads (the maximum loads to be expected in service) and ultimate loads (limit loads multiplied by prescribed
More informationPhysics P201 D. Baxter/R. Heinz
Seat # Physics P201 D. Baxter/R. Heinz EXAM #1 September 20, 2001 7:00 9:00 PM INSTRUCTIONS 1. Sit in SEAT # given above. 2. DO NOT OPEN THE EXAM UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. 3. Print your name (last name
More informationExperimental study on path instability of rising bubbles
Experimental study on path instability of rising bubbles V. MOTURI, D. FUNFSCHILLING, J. DUSEK ICube, UMR 7357 Mécanique des fluids,2 rue Boussingault,67000,Strasbourg,France. viswa-maitreyi.moturi@etu.unistra.fr
More informationAERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NACA 0012 AIRFOIL SECTION AT DIFFERENT ANGLES OF ATTACK
AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NACA 0012 AIRFOIL SECTION AT DIFFERENT ANGLES OF ATTACK SUPREETH NARASIMHAMURTHY GRADUATE STUDENT 1327291 Table of Contents 1) Introduction...1 2) Methodology.3 3) Results...5
More informationGeorgian University GEOMEDI. Abstract. In this article we perform theoretical analysis of long jumps with the purpose to find
On the t Influence of Air Resistance and Wind during Long Jump Egoyan A. E. ( alex1cen@yahoo.com ), Khipashvili I. A. Georgian University GEOMEDI Abstract. In this article we perform theoretical analysis
More informationINTERFERENCE EFFECT AND FLOW PATTERN OF FOUR BIPLANE CONFIGURATIONS USING NACA 0024 PROFILE
Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering 211 (ICME211) 18-2 December 211, Dhaka, Bangladesh ICME11-FL-1 INTERFERENCE EFFECT AND FLOW PATTERN OF FOUR BIPLANE CONFIGURATIONS
More information1 A Mangonel is a type of catapult used to launch projectiles such as rocks. A student made a working model of a Mangonel. crossbar. bucket.
1 A Mangonel is a type of catapult used to launch projectiles such as rocks. A student made a working model of a Mangonel. crossbar bucket arm rubber band string scale handle As the handle is turned, the
More informationA COMPUTATIONAL STUDY ON THE DESIGN OF AIRFOILS FOR A FIXED WING MAV AND THE AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTIC OF THE VEHICLE
28 TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY ON THE DESIGN OF AIRFOILS FOR A FIXED WING MAV AND THE AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTIC OF THE VEHICLE Jung-Hyun Kim*, Kyu-Hong
More informationCHAPTER 1. Knowledge. (a) 8 m/s (b) 10 m/s (c) 12 m/s (d) 14 m/s
CHAPTER 1 Review K/U Knowledge/Understanding T/I Thinking/Investigation C Communication A Application Knowledge For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives. 1. Which is true for
More informationImplementing Provisions for Art. 411 of the ICR Ski Jumping
JUMPING HILLS CONSTRUCTION NORM 2018 Implementing Provisions for Art. 411 of the ICR Ski Jumping Author: Hans-Heini Gasser (SUI) EDITION NOVEMBER 2018 Table of Contents Page 1. Preliminary Remarks 3 2.
More informationAnatomy of a Homer. Purpose. Required Equipment/Supplies. Optional Equipment/Supplies. Discussion
Chapter 5: Projectile Motion Projectile Motion 17 Anatomy of a Homer Purpose To understand the principles of projectile motion by analyzing the physics of home runs Required Equipment/Supplies graph paper,
More informationDensity of Individual Airborne Wind Energy Systems in AWES Farms
16-Mar-2014, Request for Comments, AWELabs-002 Density of Individual Airborne Wind Energy Systems in AWES Farms Leo Goldstein Airborne Wind Energy Labs Austin, TX, USA ABSTRACT The paper shows that individual
More informationZIN Technologies PHi Engineering Support. PHi-RPT CFD Analysis of Large Bubble Mixing. June 26, 2006
ZIN Technologies PHi Engineering Support PHi-RPT-0002 CFD Analysis of Large Bubble Mixing Proprietary ZIN Technologies, Inc. For nearly five decades, ZIN Technologies has provided integrated products and
More information