First proofs draft only not for circulation. Chapter 1 Worksheet answers. 1.1 Quiz Popular recreation. 1.2 Characteristics of popular recreation

Transcription

1 Chapter 1 Worksheet answers 1.1 Quiz Popular recreation 1 This characteristic is relevant for pedestrianism. Occupational 2 A key factor behind varying opportunities for participation. Class 3 Many eighteenth-century popular recreations would now be thought of as violent or cruel 4 No smock racing for this (upper) class. Aristocracy 5 For recreation, survival and health. Swimming or bathing 6 By 1850 many popular recreations were illegal 7 Robert Dover s rough and tumble Cotswold Olympics 8 Popular Recreations usually low tech., simple or natural 9 Mob games were played occasionally or annually 10 The upper class had more opportunity to play than the lower class as they had time, money and space or land 11 Still home to a Derbyshire mob football game. Ashbourne 12 To describe the game of cricket or a well bred, very high class male. Noble 13 A famous native American racer Deerfoot 14 These were simple, unwritten and passed on by word of mouth. Rules 15 As well as industrial there was this type of revolution too. Urban 16 This game was quite different to mob football. Real tennis 17 Pedestrianism and smock races were early forms of athletics 18 A characteristic of popular recreations. Local 1.2 Characteristics of popular recreation 1 Popular Recreation Rational Recreation Public Schools Contemporary Participation and Performance 1 Pearson Education Ltd 2009

2 2 Accept any relevant/accurate example of either direct or indirect impacts of popular recreation on participation and/or performance such as those shown in the table below. Case study Direct links from then to now: Indirect links from then to the next stage: Into the public schools Emergence into rational recreation Bathing and swimming Athletics Football Cricket Real tennis Survival of lake based swimming clubs. Continued motives for such as health, recreation and survival/ safety. Open water swimming. In April 2002 five British athletes (sponsored by Flora) repeated the feat of Captain Robert Barclay Allardyce who ran 1000 miles in 1000 hours for a wager of over 1000 guineas at Newmarket Heath 200 years ago. Rural sports including races and tests of strength continue at some summer fetes and fairs. Traditional Olympics Much Wenlock and Dover Games for example. Surviving ethnic sports such as the Ashbourne football game. Occasional violent behaviour by players or spectators in the modern game is another unwelcome direct link. In pre-industrial times the game was for all classes the ECB stresses that this is the same today. In pre-industrial times the game of real tennis was exclusive and today it is largely the same. Bathing for recreation, survival and health in stage one of public school development. Increasingly rationalised throughout the century in the Public Schools. Bathing for health in urban industrial towns (Wash and Bath House Acts). Notion of community sporting festivals rationalised into the athletics sports day of Public Schools in Stage 3 of development. Note also the link/adaptation of fox hunting to hare and hounds and steeplechase on horseback, to steeple chase on foot when activities were taken into Public Schools. Steeplechase on foot continues as a contemporary athletic sporting event (only relatively recently opened up for women at top level). The executive board of the International Olympic Committee accepted an IAAF request to include the women s 3000m steeplechase at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China. The inaugural Olympic women s steeplechase occurred during the 20th year of women s international steeplechase competition. Football taken into public schools by gentry school boys and played initially as a mob game. Throughout the century it became more rationalised and codified. It was then taken to universities and the spread of the people s game continued. Cricket taken into the public school and immediately accepted by the headmasters. Hand and ball games taken into the public schools at low/recreational level from whence the games of racquets and squash (arguably) were conceived. 2 Pearson Education Ltd 2009

3 1.3 Significant sporting dates Fill in the missing significant date in the timeline below. Try to be aware of them when putting historical events into context with today. The Norman conquest 1066 Medieval England The Tudor Era Henry VIII as king James I - Book of sports 1617 Execution of Charles I (climax of English Civil War) 1646 First articles of agreement (rules) for cricket written Kent v. Surrey cricket match 1728 Jockey club established c1750 MCC established 1788 Regency Period The pedestrian Captain Barclay walked 1000 miles in 1000 hours for 1000 guineas 1809 Laws of the Noble Game of Cricket set out by MCC 1809 RSCPA established (followed by laws to protect animals) 1824 Railway between Stockton and Darlington opened First Oxford v. Cambridge boat race Dr Arnold head of Rugby School Police force set up 1833 Prize fighting, bull baiting and cock fighting banned 1835 The Victorian Era First Henley Regatta 1839 First day excursion trains from London to Brighton 1844 Wash house Act (the building of public baths for hygiene) hour day 1847 Football rules drawn up at Cambridge University (the Cambridge rules) 1848 W. G. Grace The British Empire 1850 onwards 3 Pearson Education Ltd 2009

4 Half-day Saturday established by law in textile industries Tom Brown s Schooldays published 1857 First English cricket tour to Australia 1861 Football Association established 1863 Over arm bowling legalised in cricket 1864 Amateur Metropolitan Swimming Association 1869 Rugby Football Union established 1871 First cricket country championship 1873 First Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Championships 1877 Amateur Athletic Association removed exclusion clause The ARA instigated its exclusion clause 1882 The first Ashes series took place 1883 Australia beat England in Test at Oval (Obituary appeared in The Times) 1887 Northern Rugby Football Union formed (having failed to win broken-time payments for players) 1895 Boer War First Modern Olympic Games in Athens 1896 School leaving age rose to 12 years The Model Course introduced by War Office 1902 First World War hour day achieved at work 1920s Second World War Holidays with Pay Act (brought into effect after the Second World War) 1938 Moving and Growing & Planning the Programme 1952 & 1953 Gentlemen v. Players match abolished. (cricket) 1962 Industrial action by teachers that impacted on opportunity and provision 1970s and 1980s The National Curriculum Pearson Education Ltd 2009

5 Chapter 1 Student Book task answers Task 1 (page 7) Individual or game? Who is taking part? (class/ gender) Pre- or postindustrial? Occasionally or regularly? Informally organised or pre-set time? Where is it taking place? Rural or urban? Natural environment or purpose-built facility? Why are people taking part or spectating? Fox hunting Group/ community Upper class males predominantly Attending a cock fight Group/ community Both classes males Prize fighting Public school discipline Early lawn tennis Individual n/a Game Males: lower class as fighter upper class as patron Gentry schoolboys Middle class ladies and gents Pre-industrial Pre-industrial Pre-industrial Post industrial Regularly Regularly Regularly Regularly in summer Organised Pre-arranged Highly Pre-arranged pre-arranged organised for tennis parties/ normally the time prearranged informally within families Rural areas Rural and/or Rural and In privacy urban urban of walled or hedged (upper/ middle class garden Natural environment Inn/pub yard/ designated cock pit Countryside/ fields or pub/ inn yards (bigger fights would have had size specific roped rings etc.) Recreation/ entertainment to crowd Recreation/ excitement/ exercise/social Entertainment/ excitement This was the style of discipline at the time Purpose built court A social occasion - a chance for middle class young males and females to meet each other in a civilised sophisticated acceptable environment 5 Pearson Education Ltd 2009

6 Entertainment / profession/ wagering/social How sophisticated is the activity? (Civilised/ organised/ rules/ boundaries/ leagues) Fox hunting Arguably uncivilised as it was a blood sport however well organised and with etiquette Attending a cock fight Wagering for crowd Highly organised for the time in which it was most popular - Henry VIII had a cockpit built in bird cage walk near where Buckingham Palace now stands Prize fighting Wagering for crowd To earn a living for fighter To make money and earn status for patron Arguably uncivilised as the aim was (and is) to maim the opponent and there was numerous deaths - however this was a highly structured event with early rules, fixed ring sizes and a huge following Public school discipline Uncivilised method of discipline by today s standards Early lawn tennis Refined, respectable, rule-based and on a purpose built court an ideal example of a rational recreation 6 Pearson Education Ltd 2009

7 To what extent linked with, similar to or different from today? Fox hunting Still continues amid much debate Attending a cock fight All but outlawed though blood sports that are arranged illegally do occasionally make it to media attention and can result in prosecution by law Prize fighting All but outlawed in its raw form - boxing is an Olympic event as is professional boxing (amid much ongoing medical debate) Public school discipline Punishments in schools were still brutal in the 19th century. As well as beatings less able pupils were humiliated by being forced to wear a dunce s cap. Until the late 20th century it was quite normal for teachers to beat children usually with a cane. In the late 1960s and 1970s the cane was phased out in most primary schools. In England in 1987 the cane was banned in state-funded secondary schools. It was banned in private schools in 1998 and today public opinion has turned against corporal punishment Early lawn tennis Contemporary tennis is a multi-million dollar business as well as a popular club activity The LTA continues to push it as an inclusive activity with mixed success 7 Pearson Education Ltd 2009

8 Task 2 (page 11) 1 Upper class might have take part in (or been patrons for the following: hunting, shooting, fishing, cocking fighting, real tennis, early cricket). Note that these were associated with having time, space, money and transport. 2 Each of the activities can be considered with reference to the following: Opportunity money, ability or skill, time, choice, access. Provision adequate/available equipment, facilities, transport. Esteem linked with confidence, respect, social status. For example only the upper class had the skill, time, money (and equipment, facilities and transport) to pursue real tennis. 8 Pearson Education Ltd 2009

9 Chapter 1 Revise as you go! answers 1 The right questions to ask when investigating like an historian are the W questions: What activity is being pursued? Who is taking part? When is the sport or pastime being pursued? Where is it taking place? Why are people taking part or spectating? How sophisticated is the activity? 2 The term popular recreation comes from when pre-industrial sports and pastimes mainly associated with the peasant/lower class. The term could also refer to the most popular pastimes at that time. 3 Activities could include: shared cock fighting mainly upper real tennis mainly lower mob football 4 The drinking house, or pub, was very important in early village life it helped people to socialise, do business, find work, receive wages, or organise political activity. It was also the stopping station for coaches, a place to change horses, a hotel for travellers, and also the focus for leisure activities for the community. Landlords often provided prizes for sporting matches and primitive equipment for ball games. He was the promoter of sports, arranged matches and provided prize money, as well as being the bookmaker. Many late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century sports clubs used the public house as their base. 5 Student can choose from: natural/simple local simple unwritten rules cruel/violent occasional courtly/popular rural occupational wagering 9 Pearson Education Ltd 2009

10 6 Social and cultural factors that influenced the characteristics given in answer 5 include: Characteristics Natural/simple Local simple unwritten rules Cruel/violent Occasional Courtly/popular Rural Occupational Wagering Influential by social and cultural factors Lack of: technology, purpose-built facilities, and money, for masses Limited transport and limited communications Illiteracy, no NGBs, only played locally Reflecting the harshness of eighteenth-century rural life Free time for recreation on Holy Days and annual holidays e.g. Shrove Tuesday Pre-industrial Britain was predominantly a two-class society, based on the feudal system Before the Industrial Revolution Britain was agricultural and rural Work often became the basis of sport A chance to go from rags to riches (for poor) or to show off (for rich) 7 Factors that affected participation in popular recreations in pre-industrial Britain included: opportunity provision (including money, time, transport) esteem class gender. 10 Pearson Education Ltd 2009