Fifteen Taiwanese New Records of Ophidiid Fishes (Pisces: Ophidiidae) Collected from the Deep Waters by the RV Ocean Researcher I

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1 J. Fish. Soc. Taiwan, Fif 32(3): teen New Records of Ophidiid Fishes f rom Taiwan 279 Fifteen Taiwanese New Records of Ophidiid Fishes (Pisces: Ophidiidae) Collected from the Deep Waters by the RV Ocean Researcher I Hsin-Ming Yeh 1, Mao-Ying Lee 2 and Kw ang-tsao Shao 1 * (Received, May 25, 2005; Revised, July 9, 2005; Accepted, July 12, 2005) ABSTRACT Fifteen new records and two reconfirmed records of ophidiid species, and seven new records of genera were collected by R/V 'Ocean Researcher I' in the deep waters around Taiwan from meters during August 2002-July They are Acanthonus armatus Günther, 1878, Bassozetus compressus (Günther, 1878), Bassozetus glutinosus (Alcock, 1890), Bassozetus robustus Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913, Bathyonus caudalis (Garman, 1899), Dicrolene quinquarius (Günther, 1887), Glyptophidium lucidum Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913, Holcomycteronus aequatoris (Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913), Homostolus acer Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913, Lamprogrammus brunswigi (Brauer, 1906), Luciobrotula bartschi Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913, Monomitopus kumae Jordan and Hubbs, 1925, Monomitopus pallidus Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913, Neobythites fasciatus Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913, Porogadus guentheri Jordan and Fowler, 1902, Porogadus miles Goode and Bean, 1885, and Xyelacyba myersi Cohen, The two reconfirmed records, Homostolus acer and Lamprogrammus brunswigi, were not considered in the list of Taiwanese ophidiids by Chen and Shao (1991) due to the lost of specimens and insufficient information. The genera Acanthonus, Bathyonus, Glyptophidium, Holcomycteronus, Luciobrotula, Porogadus, and Xyelacyba are the new records of Taiwan. Thus, the total number of Taiwanese ophidiids currently is 17 genera and 26 species. This paper includes diagnostic characters and geographical distributions of these 15 new records and two reconfirmed records. Color photos, station data, and a key to the species are giv en. Key words: Ophidiidae, Ophidiid, New record, Deep-Sea fish, Taiwan INTRODUCTION The island of Taiwan is surrounded by the the Taiwan Strait Shelf, the South China Sea Basin, the Gagua Basin, the Ryukyu Trench, and the Okinawa Trough. More than half of the sea territory of Taiwan are deep basins down to nearly 5000 meters, constituting the largest marine habitat around Taiwan. After the deep-sea expeditions of the British HMS Challenger and the U.S. Albatross in Japanese waters, Japanese scientists (Okamura and Kitajima, 1984; Okamura, 1985) and Chinese scientists (Deep water fishes of the East China Sea Editorial subcommittee, 1988) already provided a list of the deep-sea fishes in the Okinawa Trough. However, few samples were collected by commercial fishery boats from the Taiwanese deep waters. The same situation holds for the fishes of the South China Sea. Although Randall and Lim (2000) compiled a long checklist of marine fishes in the South China sea, most deep-sea species were listed based on the collections by the U.S. steamer 'Albatross' in Philippine seas and adjacent waters during the years of 1907 to In 1 Research Center f or Biodiv ersity, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan 2 Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean Univ ersity, Keelung 202, Taiwan * Corresponding author. zoskt@gate.sinica.edu.tw

2 280 Hsin-Ming Yeh, Mao-Ying Lee and Kwang-Tsao Shao Fishes of Taiwan (Shen et al., 1993), very few deep-sea fishes were documented. Only within recent 10 years, deep-sea fishes specimens have been collected by commercial trawlers fishing with bottom-trawl down to m. During the seven cruises with the R/V 'Ocean Researcher I' under Deep Sea Biodiversity project (August July 2004) sponsored by the National Science Council, 15 new species and two reconfirmed species were collected. Ophidiids are predominant member of deep-sea demersal fishes from the continental slope to the abyssal plain (Haedrich and Merrett, 1988; Merrett and Haedrich, 1997). Brotula formosae (Jordan and Evermann, 1902) was the first record of ophidiids from Taiwan. In the book, A synopsis of the vertebrates of Taiwan, Chen (1969) listed eight species of ophidiids which are Si rembo imberbis (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846), Brotula multibarbata Temminck and Schlegel, 1846, Neobythites nigromaculatus Kamohara, 1938, Neobythites si vi cola (Jordan and Snyder, 1901), Neobythites fasci atus Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913, Itatius microlepis Matsubara, 1943, Monomitopus kumai Jordan and Hubbs, 1925 (misspelling of Monomi topus kumae Jordan and Hubbs, 1925), and Otophidium asiro Jordan and Fowler, Yang and Nakamura (1973) obtained Bassobythi tes brunswigi Brauer, 1906 from the Taiwan Bank in the Taiwan Strait. Chen and Yu (1986) increased other three species of ophidiids, Bassobythites brunswigi Brauer, 1906, Homostolus acer Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913, and Hoplobrotula armata (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846), in the latest revision of A synopsis of the Vetebrate of Taiwan. After intensive collection and reconfirmation of specimens in Taiwan, Chen and Shao (1991) concluded that the specimens of M. kumae, M. pallidus, N. fasciatus, and Pycnocraspedum microlepis deposited in the museums of Taiwan were all misidentified. The specimens of Homostolus acer and Lamprogrammus brusnwigi have not been found due to the lost of specimens. After excluding the six specimens of lost and misidentified, they confirmed only 5 genera and seven species of ophidiid fishes, Brotula multibarbata, Ophidion ashiro, Hoplobrotula armata, Sirembo imberbis, Neobythi tes si vi cola, Neobythites nigromaculatus and Neobythites stigmosus Machida, Recently Lee et al. (2005) found Bassozetus multi spini s Shcherbachev, 1980 and Dicrolene tristis Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913 from the stock samples collected by the research vessel s of the Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute. In this paper, we present data for the 15 new records of ophidiids, and two reconfirmed records, and list the earlier nine records. The genera Acanthonus, Bathyonus, Glyptophidium, Holcomycteronus, Luciobrotula, Porogadus, and Xyelacyba are new records of Taiwan. Thus, the total number of Taiwanese ophidiids currently is 17 genera and 26 species. diagnostic characters and geographical distributions of the 15 new records and two reconfirmed records are also included with their color photos, station data and a key to the 26 species. MATERIALS AND METHODS The deep-sea fish fauna around Taiwan was investigated from the samples collected by the R/V 'Ocean Researcher I' under a three years project (August July 2004) of the National Science Council. Because of the limitation of the wire length, only the depths less than 3570 m were surveyed by otter trawl with 21.2 m headrope, 26 m footrope, 40 mm stretch mesh body and 25 mm stretch mesh codend, and French type beam trawl of 4 m span with mm mesh body and 5 mm mesh codend. One-hour tows were usually used for the operation of the bottom trawl except abnormal high tension of wire during trawl operation. The towing speed of otter trawl was kept between 2.0 and 3.0 knot, and that of beam trawl was between 1.0 and 1.5 knot by the ground speed. All of the samples were sorted to mai n taxa. Fishes were then preserved into -20 o C deep freezer on the vessels and temporarily stored in laboratory. After defrozen for examination, digital images of specimens were taken for each species. Then, morphometric and

3 Fif teen New Records of Ophidiid Fishes f rom Taiwan 281 body size and weight of all fish specimens were measured and recorded in millimeters. The numbers of vertebrae, dorsal, and anal fin-rays are counted from radiographs (radiographed specimens are marked with * ). Methods for taking counts and measurement followed Nielsen et al. (1999). Counts and measurements from this study are in parenthesis. Then specimens were fixed in 10% neutralized formalin for more than 4 weeks. After the fi xati on, the samples were rinsed with tap water, and then preserved in 70% alcohol permanently at the museum of Research Center for Biodiversity, Academia Sinica (RCBAS) with the catalog number of ASIZP. Fish names in Chinese are based on Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names (Wu et al., 1999). Abbreviations: SL, standard length; HL, head length. RESULTS A total of thirty-five otter trawl stations and thirty-six beam trawl stations were established during seven cruises from August 2001 to July Ophidiid fishes are collected from fifteen of thirty-five (42.9%) otter trawl stations and five of thirty-six (13.9 %) beam trawl stations. Table 1 lists the sampling information of these stations where the 17 new records of ophidiids were collected. For synonyms see Nielsen and Cohen (1999). Key to species of Ophidiidae from Taiwanese waters 1a.Barbels present on snout or chin Brotula multibarbata 1b.No barbels present on snout or chin 2 2a.Main body of ventral arm of cleithrum meeting its mate at about level of preopercle, but a slender, elongate filament of bone extends anteriorly to pelvic fins inserted beneath eye Ophidion muraenolepis 2b. Ventral arm of cleithrum meeting its mate and terminating at about level of preopercle or farther anteriorly, but the anteriorly directed bony filament is absent 3 3a. Pelvic fins below or slightly behind eye 4 3b.Pelvic fins below preopercle or absent 7 4a.Each pelvic fin with a single ray; no spines on preopercle Si rembo i mberbis 4b.Each pelvic fin with 2 rays; spines variously developed on preopercle 5 5a.spine on opercle short, hardly extending beyond rear margin of head; snout spine long, sharp and strong Hoplobrotula armata 5b.Spine on opercle long, extending well beyond rear margin of head 6 6a.Prominent, protruding bifid spine on tip of snout; body slender.. Acanthonus armatus 6b.No spine on snout; body robust Xyelacyba myersi 7a. Long gill rakers 4 or fewer on anterior gill arch Luciobrotula bartschi 7b. Long gill rakers 5 or more on anterior gill arch. 8 8a. Head with spines; more than 10 pairs of spines on head..9 8b. Head without spines 10 9a. Lachrymal with 2-3 spines Porogadus guentheri 9b. Lachrymal with 5-7 spines Porogadus miles 10a. Lateral line covered with small scales, beneath which lie vertically oriented, spindle-shape neuromasts, each of which is mounted on a large, vertically elongate scale Lamprogrammus brunswigi 10b. Lateral line not as above 11 11a. Opercular spine absent or weak, if present rather broad, flattened and flap-like incorporated in opercular bone 12 11b. Opercular spine strong and narrow, sometimes hidden, usually rounded in cross-section 17 12a. Eye diameter equal to or greater than snout Glyptophidium lucidum 12b. Eye diameter less than snout 13 13a. Lower pectoral-fin rays free, prolonged or fin divided Bathyonus caudalis 13b. Lower pectoral-fin rays normal and fin not divided 14

4 282 Hsin-Ming Yeh, Mao-Ying Lee and Kwang-Tsao Shao

5 Fif teen New Records of Ophidiid Fishes f rom Taiwan a. Ventral fin rays less than about 3% SL; long gill rakers Bassozetus multispinis 14b. Ventral fin rays more than 5% SL; long gill rakers a. Scale large (less than 25 in oblique row) Bassozetus compressus 15b. Scale small (more than 25 in oblique ro w) 16 16a. Sagittal otolith large; long gill rakers Bassozetus robustus 16b. Sagittal otolith small; long gill rakers Bassozetus glutinosus 17a. Pectoral fins with lower rays free; pelvic fins with 2 rays in each 18 17b. Pectoral fins entire; pelvic fins with 1 or 2 rays in each 20 18a. Eye diameter much less than 1/2 snout length; pelvic-fin rays flattened Holcomycteronus aequatoris 18b. Eye diameter equal to 1/2 or more of snout length; pelvic-fin rays filamentous 19 19a. Two median and a pair of basibranchial tooth partches; 2 pelvic-fin rays Dicrolene tristis 19b. One median and a pair of basibranchial tooth partches; 1 pelvic-fin rays.dicrolene quinquarius 20a. Median basibranchial tooth patche b. Median basibranchial tooth patche a. Pelvic fins longer than head; pectoral fins placed closer to ventral edge than to midline Homostolus acer 21b. Pelvic fins not longer than head; pectoral fins placed closer to midline than to ventral edge 22 22a. Teeth in outer series on both jaws enlarged Monomitopus pallidus 22b. No teeth on either jaw enlarged Monomitopus kumae 23a. Dorsal fin with ocelli or dark blotches 24 23b.Dorsal fin without ocelli or dark blotches Neobythites sivicola 24a. Dorsal fin with 1 ocellus; anal fin without ocelli Neobythites unimaculatus 24b. Dorsal fin with 3 or more ocelli; anal fin with 2-4 ocelli or blotches a. Anterior gill arch with 8-10 long rakers; anal fin with 3-4 distinct blotches; body with distinct, dark, vertical bars Neobythites fasciatus 25b. Anterior gill arch with long rakers; anal fin with 2-4 distinct ocelli; body with or without distinct, dark, vertical bars Neobythites stigomosus SPECIES ACCOUNTS Acanthonus Günther, 1878 大棘鼬魚尉屬 Acanthonus armatus Günther, 1878 大棘鼬魚尉 Fig. 1, Pl. 1-A Acanthonus armatus Günther, 1878: 23 (type locality: North of New Guinea, Challenger stn. 218, 1075 fm); Nielsen, 1965: 34; Cohen and Nielsen, 1978: 18; Machida, 1984a: 99; Nielsen and Cohen, 1999: 51; Nielsen, 1999: 1980; Nakabo, 2002: 436. Acanthonus spinifer Garman, 1899: 170, pl. F, figs. 3-3a (type locality: Panama Bay, Albatross stn. 3381, 3240 m). Specimens examined (2 specimens, SL ): ASIZP , 1 specimen, SL 106, stn. CP 146; ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 281, stn. CP184. Head large and body tapering; snout with prominent, bifid spine; opercular spine long and slender extending well beyond rear margin of head; well developed spines at lower angle of preopercle; eye small; 1-4 (2) median basibranchial tooth patches; (16-18) developed rakers on anterior gill arch; (108) dorsal-fin rays; 8 (8) caudal-fin rays; (98) anal-fin rays; pelvic fins with 2 rays in each; (18) pectoral-fin rays; 9-10 (10) precaudal vertebrae; (61-62) total vertebrae; first anal ray below vertebrae number (13-14); first anal ray below dorsal ray number (15); head length ( )% SL; snout (7.9)% SL; eye diameter (2.7)% SL; upper jaw (14.2)% SL; predorsal (28.4) % SL; preanal (31.3)% SL; depth at first anal ray (12.8)% SL. Tropical and subtropical areas of all oceans;

6 284 Hsin-Ming Yeh, Mao-Ying Lee and Kwang-Tsao Shao Fig. 1. Records of Acanthonus armatus, Bassozetus compressus, Bassozetus glutinosus, Bassozetus robustus, Bathyonus caudalis, Glyptophidium lucidum, Holcomycteronus aequatoris, and Homostolus acer from Taiwanese waters. benthopelagic at bathyal and abyssal depths ( m). Bassozetus Gill, 1884 索深鼬魚尉屬 Bassozetus compressus (Günther, 1878) 扁索深鼬魚尉 Fig. 1, Pl. 1-B Bathynectes compressus Günther, 1878: 20 (type locality: South of New Guinea, Challenger stn. 184, fm). Bathyonus compressus: Günther, 1887: 109, pl. XXII, fig.a. Bassozetus compressus: Goode and Bean, 1896: 322; Nielsen and Cohen, 1999: 57;

7 Fif teen New Records of Ophidiid Fishes f rom Taiwan 285 (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) Pl. 1. (A) Acanthonus armatus, ASIZP , SL 281 mm; (B) Bassozetus compressus, ASIZP , SL 226 mm; (C) Bassozetus glutinosus, ASIZP , SL 264 mm; (D) Bassozetus robustus, ASIZP , SL 203 mm; (E) Bathyonus caudalis, ASIZP , SL 221 mm; (F) Dicrolene quinquarius, ASIZP 64121, SL 254 mm; (G) Glyptophidiumlucidum, ASIZP , SL 121 mm; (H) Holcomycteronus aequatoris, ASIZP , SL 295 mm; (I) Homostolus acer, ASIZP , SL 164 mm; (J) Lamprogrammus brunswigi, ASIZP , SL 209 mm.

8 286 Hsin-Ming Yeh, Mao-Ying Lee and Kwang-Tsao Shao Nielsen, 1999: 1980; Nielsen and Merrett, 2000: 21, 23. Specimen examined (1 specimen, SL 226): ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 226, stn. CD199. Mouth terminal; snout inflated; opercular spine weak or absent; preopercle without spines and posteriorly expanded almost reaching posterior margin of opercle; diameter of eye 3-5 times in snout; sagittal otolith small (4 mm in a 250 mm SL specimen); 1 median basibranchial tooth patch; (13) long rakers on anterior gill arch; (123) dorsal fin rays; 8 (8) caudal-fin rays; (100) anal-fin rays; pelvi c fins with 1 ray in each; (26) pectoral-fin rays; (14) precaudal vertebrae; (66) total vertebrae; first anal ray below vertebrae number (16); first anal ray below dorsal ray number (27); oblique scale rows (18); head length (21.5)% SL; upper jaw (10.6)% SL; predorsal (20.6)% SL; preanal (35.2)% SL; pelvic fins (15.9)% SL; distance between bases of pelvic fin and anal fin (20.6)% of SL; depth at first anal ray 8-14 (11.5)% SL. Atlantic Ocean, Western Central Pacific: Philippines, Taiwan and Papua New Guinea; benthopelagic at bathyal and abyssal depths ( m). Bassozetus glutinosus (Alcock, 1890) 黏身索深鼬魚尉 Fig. 1, Pl. 1-C Bathyonus glutinosus Alcock, 1890: 211 (type locality: off Madras coast, India, Investigator stn. 97, 1310 fm). Bassozetus glutinosus: Nielsen and Cohen, 1999: 57; Nielsen,1999: 1980; Nielsen and Merrett 2000: 30. Specimen examined (1 specimen, SL 264): ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 264, stn. CP189. Mouth terminal; snout inflated; opercular spine weak or absent; preopercle without spines and posteriorly expanded almost reaching posterior margin of opercle; diameter of eye 2-3 times in length of snout; sagittal otolith small; one median basibranchial tooth patch; (17) long rakers on anterior gill arch; (109+) dorsal fin rays; (90+) caudal-fin rays; 8 anal-fin rays; pelvic fins with 1 ray in each; (26) pectoral-fin rays; (15) precaudal vertebrae; (59+) total vertebrae; first dorsal ray below vertebrae number 3-5 (3); first anal ray below vertebrae number (16); first anal ray below dorsal ray number (27); oblique scale rows (32); head length (15.8)% SL; upper jaw (8.5)% SL; predorsal (14.2)% SL; preanal (29.2)% SL; prepelvic (12.3)% SL; pelvic fins (11.4) % SL; distance between bases of pelvic fin and anal fin (18.8)% of SL; depth at first anal ray (10.0)% SL. Indo-West Pacific Ocean; benthopelagic at bathyal and abyssal depths ( m). Bassozetus robustus Smith and Radcliffe, 1913 壯體索深鼬魚尉 Fig. 1, Pl. 1-D Bassozetus robustus Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913: 156, pl. 11, fig. 3 (type locality: Palawan Passage, Philippines, Albatross stn. 5349, 730 fm); Nielsen and Cohen, 1986: 345; 1999: 58; Nielsen, 1999: 1980; 2000: 596; Nielsen and Merrett, 2000: 43. Specimen examined (2 specimens, SL ): ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 203, stn. CD226; ASIZP , 1 specimen, SL 90, stn. CD226. Mouth terminal; snout inflated; opercular spine weak or absent; preopercle without spines and posteriorly expanded almost reaching posterior margin of opercle; diameter of eye about 3-4 times in length of snout; sagittal otolith large; 1 median basibranchial tooth patch; (14) long rakers on anterior gill arch; (122) dorsal-fin rays; 7-10 (8) caudal-fin rays; (100) anal-fin rays;

9 Fif teen New Records of Ophidiid Fishes f rom Taiwan 287 pelvic fins with 1 ray in each; (27) pectoral-fin rays; (15) precaudal vertebrae; (67) total vertebrae; fi rst anal ray below vertebrae number (17); first anal ray below dorsal ray number (26); oblique scale rows (28); head length (21.2)% SL; upper jaw (9.8)% SL; predorsal (20.2)% SL; preanal (36.0)% SL; pelvic fins (6.6+)% SL; distance between bases of pelvic fin and anal fin (23.2)% of SL; depth at first anal ray (11.6)% SL. Atlantic Ocean, Indo-West Pacific, Australia; benthopelagic at bathyal depth ( m). Bathyonus Goode and Bean, 1885 深 鼬魚尉屬 Bathyonus caudalis (Garman, 1899) 大尾深 鼬魚尉 Fig. 1, Pl. 1-E Mixonus caudalis Garman, 1899: 148, Pls. 36 (2), 39 (2), 74 (2) (type locality: Off Central America, Albatross stn. 3366, 1067 fm). Bathyonus caudalis: Cohen and Nielsen, 1978: 28; Nielsen and Cohen, 1999: 59; Nielsen, 1999: 1980; Endo et al., 2000: 43; Nakabo, 2002: 439. Specimen examined (2 specimens, SL ): ASIZP , 1 specimen, SL 198, stn. CP146; ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 221, stn. CP184. Body depth 9.5 or less in SL; head length about 1/2 preanal length; no prominent spines on top or side of head; lower pectoralfin rays free and stronger than upper ones; 2 (2) median basibranchial tooth patches; (13) developed rakers on anterior gill arch; (98) dorsal-fin rays; 6 (6) caudal-fin rays; (77) anal-fin rays; pelvic fins with 2 rays in each; (16) pectoral-fin rays of which lower 2-3 (2) are free and longer than upper ones; (17) precaudal vertebrae; (58+-65) total vertebrae; first anal ray below vertebrae number (20); first anal ray below dorsal ray number (24); head length (19.0)% SL; eye diameter (2.7)% SL; upper jaw (10.0)% SL; predorsal (20.1)% SL; preanal (36.0)% SL; prepelvic 14.8 to 18.4 (14.0)% SL; depth at first anal ray (8.6)% SL. Tropical Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean; benthopelagic at bathyal and abyssal depths ( m). Dicrolene Goode and Bean, 1883 絲指鼬魚尉屬 Dicrolene quinquarius (Günther, 1887) ㈤指絲指鼬魚尉 Fig. 2, Pl. 1-F Pteroidonus quinquarius Günther, 1887: 106, pl. 22, fig. B (type locality: off Japan, Challenger stn. 235, 565 fm). Dicrolene quinquarius: Machida, 1984a: 100 ; Machida, 1984b: 257, 372; Xu and Wang, 1988: 250; Nielsen and Cohen, 1999: 62; Nielsen, 2000: 596; Nakabo, 2002: 439. Specimens examined (4 specimens, SL ): ASIZP 61751, 1 specimen, SL 206, stn. CD192; ASIZP 63709, 1 specimen, SL 143, stn. CD229; ASIZP 64080, 1 specimen, SL 359, stn. CD140; ASIZP 64121, 1 specimen, SL 254, stn. CD136. Snout rather blunt; eye diameter almost as long as snout; opercular spine strong and straight; caudal fin and posterior part of dorsal and anal fins black; hind margin of preopercle usually with 3 sharp spines; 1 median and a pair of basibranchial tooth patches; (95) dorsal-fin rays; 6 (6) caudal-fin rays; (74-77) anal-fin rays; pelvic fins with 1 (1) ray in each; (22) pectoral-fin rays of which lower 4-6 (5) are free and longer than upper ones; 15 (16) precaudal vertebrae; (63-64) total vertebrae; head length ( )% SL; snout ( )% SL; eye diameter ( )% SL; upper jaw ( )% SL; predorsal ( )% SL; preanal (40.6)% SL, prepelvic ( )% SL; depth at first anal ray ( )% SL.

10 288 Hsin-Ming Yeh, Mao-Ying Lee and Kwang-Tsao Shao Fig. 2. Records of Dicrolene quinquarius, and Dicrolene tristis from Taiwanese waters. off Mozambique, T aiwan to Japan; benthopelagic at bathyal depth ( m). Remarks: Dicrolene tristis Smith and Radcliffe, 1913 trawled by RV Ocean Researcher I during the project are also showed in Fig. 2, Pl. 2-H. The examined materials of Dicrolene tristis are ASIZP *, ASIZP *, ASIZP *, ASIZP *, ASIZP *, and ASIZP Glyptophidium Alcock, 1889 曲鼬魚尉屬 Glyptophidium lucidum Smith and Radcliffe, 1913 光曲鼬魚尉 Fig. 1, Pl. 1-G Glyptophidium lucidum Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913 (type locality: Between Gillolo and Kayoa islands, Indonesia, Albatross stn. 5625, 230 fm): 161, pl. 12, fig. 3; Cohen and Nielsen, 1978: 32; Nielsen and Machida, 1988: 305; Nielsen and Cohen, 1999: 67; Nielsen, 1999: 1980.

11 Fif teen New Records of Ophidiid Fishes f rom Taiwan 289 Specimen examined (1 specimen, SL 121): ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 121, stn. CD194. Prominent head and body with an attenuate caudal part; head bones with large, thin crests; eye equal to or greater than length of snout; opercular spine broad, flat and weak; 1 median and a pair of basibranchial tooth patches; (18) long rakers on anterior gill arch; (130) dorsal-fin rays; 7-8 (8) caudal-fin rays; (110) anal-fin rays: pelvic fins with 1 (1) ray in each; (20) pectoral-fin rays; (11) precaudal vertebrae; (72) total vertebrae; dorsal fin origin above vertebrae number 3-4 (3); first anal ray below dorsal ray number (22); head length (20.2)% SL; eye diameter (6.9)% HL; predorsal (19.4)% SL; preanal (33.9)% SL. Western Pacific: off southwestern Taiwan, Philippines to off northwestern Australia; benthopelagic at bathyal depth ( m). Holcomycteronus Garman, 1899 鈍吻鼬魚尉屬 Holcomycteronus aequatoris (Smith and Radcliffe, 1913) 深海鈍吻鼬魚尉 Fig. 1, Pl. 1-H Bassogigas aequatoris Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913: 153, pl. 10, fig. 3 (type locality: Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi [Celebes], Indonesia, Albatross stn. 5608, 1089 fm). Holcomycteronus aequatoris: Cohen and Nielsen, 1978: 32; Nielsen and Cohen, 1986: 348; 1999: 68. Specimen examined (1 specimen, SL 295): ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 295, stn. CP198. Robust body with rounded snout; eye diameter much shorter than snout; opercular spine strong; 2 median and a pair of basibranchial tooth patches; 8-10 (8) long rakers on anterior gill arch; (103) dorsal-fin rays; (10) caudal-fin rays; (90) anal-fin rays: pelvic fins with 2 ray in each flattened distally and somewhat thicker in male; (17) pectoral-fin rays; (20) precaudal vertebrae; (71) total vertebrae; first anal ray below vertebrae number (24); first anal ray below dorsal ray number (28); head length (20.0)% SL; eye diameter (2.1)% SL; predorsal (25.1) % SL; preanal (41.4)% SL; prepelvic (12.7)% SL; pelvic fins (8.8)% SL; depth at first anal ray (16.1)% SL. Indo-West Pacific: off eastern Africa to the Philippines, off eastern Taiwan; benthopelagic at bathyal and abyssal depths ( m). Homostolus Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913 長趾鼬魚尉屬 Homostolus acer Smith and Radcliffe, 1913 長趾鼬魚尉 Fig. 1, Pl. 1-I Homostolus acer Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913: 147, pl. 8, fig. 3 (type locality: Iligan Bay, Mindanao, Philippines, Albatross stn. 5508, 270 fm); Machida and Okamura, 1992: 343; Nielsen and Cohen, 1999: 68; Nielsen, 2000: 596; Nakabo, 2002: 444. Homostolus japonicus Matsubara, 1943 (type locality: Heta, Japan, 208 fm). Specimens examined (6 specimens, SL ): ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 126, stn. CD122; ASIZP *, 5 specimens, SL , stn. CD194. Rather elongate body with pointed head; eye diameter equal to or longer than snout; jaw teeth granular in narrow bands; opercular spine sharp and straight; 1-3 sharp spines on lower margin of preopercle; 1 median basibranchial tooth patch; (34-38) rakers on anterior gill arch; (94-98) dorsal-fin rays; 8-10 (7-8) caudal-fin rays; (75-80) anal-fin rays; pectoral fins low on the body; (20-23) pectoral-fin rays; each pelvic fin with 1 ray longer than head; 13 (13-14) precaudal vertebrae; (55-56) total vertebrae; first anal ray below dorsal ray number (20-23); head length ( )% SL; eye diameter (22.9-

12 290 Hsin-Ming Yeh, Mao-Ying Lee and Kwang-Tsao Shao 25.6)% HL; snout length (23-27)% HL; predorsal ( )% SL; preanal ( )% SL; pelvic fins ( )% SL. Western Pacific: off Japan, Taiwan, Australia and New Caledonia; benthopelagic at bathyal depth ( m). Lamprogrammus Alcock in Wood-Mason and Alcock, 1891 軟鼬魚尉屬 Lamprogrammus brunswigi (Brauer, 1906) 布氏軟鼬魚尉 Fig. 3, Pl. 1-J Bassobythites brunswigi Brauer, 1906: 307, pl. 14, fig. 7 (type locality: off northeastern coast of Africa, Indian Ocean, 1079 m): Yang and Nakamura, Lamprogrammus macropterus Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913: 163, pl. 13, fig. 1 (type locality: Butung [Buton] Strait, Fig. 3. Records of Lamprogrammus brunswigi, Luciobrotula bartschi, Neobythites fasciatus, Porogadus guentheri, Porogadus miles, Xyelacyba myersi, and Homostolus acer f rom Taiwanese waters.

13 Fif teen New Records of Ophidiid Fishes f rom Taiwan 291 Sulawesi [Celebes], Indonesia, Albatross stn. 5648, 559 fm). Bassobythites macropterus: Cohen and Nielsen, 1978: 26. Lamprogrammus brunswigi: Xu and Wang, 1988: 253; Cohen et al., 1991: 129; Cohen and Rohr, 1993: 472; Nielsen and Cohen, 1999: 71; Nielsen, 2000: 596. Specimen examined (1 specimen, SL 209): ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 209, stn. CD132. Mouth terminal; 8 branchiostegal rays; 1 median basibranchial tooth patch; teeth granular, none enlarged; Maxilla free, not sheathed posteriodorsally; lateral line covered with small scales, beneath which lie vertically oriented, spindle-shaped neuromasts, each of which is mounted on a large, vertically elongate scale; (12) long rakers on anterior gill arch; (113) dorsal-fi n rays; 8-9 (8) caudal-fin rays; (91) anal-fin rays; (22) pectoral-fin rays; pelvic-fin absent in adults; (13) precaudal vertebrae; (67) total vertebrae; first anal ray below vertebrae number (15); first anal ray below dorsal ray number (25); head length (18.9)% SL; eye diameter (3.1)% SL; upper jaw (10.0) % SL; predorsal (17.7)% SL; preanal (32.1) % SL; depth at first anal ray (10.3)% SL. circumtropical except for eastern Pacific; benthopelagic at bathyal depth ( m). Luciobrotula Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913 矛鼬魚尉屬 Luciobrotula bartschi Smith and Radcliffe, 1913 矛鼬魚尉 Fig. 3, Pl. 2-K Luciobrotula bartschi Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913: 171, pl. 16, fig. 2 (Palawan Passage, Philippines, Albatross stn. 5348, 375 fm); Cohen, 1964; Machida, 1984a: 100; 1984b: 261; Nielsen and Cohen, 1986: 349; 1999: 74; Nielsen, 2000: 596; Nakabo, 2002: 441. Specimen examined (1 specimen, SL 190): ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 190, stn. CD210. Head large, equal to about 1/2 preanal length; snout depressed, naked, bearing fleshy flaps and ridges at the tip; rear margin of preopercular free, lacking spines; opercle with spine at upper angle; teeth granular; tubular lateral line ends near level of anal-fin origin; body usually pale, lighter than fins, head variable; no pronounced concavity in dorsal rim of otolith; 1 median basibranchial tooth patch; 8 branchiostegal rays; 3 (3) developed gill rakers on anterior gill arch; (93) dorsal-fin rays; (10) caudal-fin rays; (71) anal-fin rays; (27) pectoral-fin rays; pelvic fins with 2 rays in each; (14) precaudal vertebrae; (47) total vertebrae; first anal ray below vertebrae number (18); first anal ray below dorsal ray number (25); head length (22.1)% SL; eye diameter (3.2)% SL; upper jaw (10.0)% SL; predorsal (29.5)% SL; preanal (45.8)% SL; prepelvic (16.3)% SL; depth at first anal ray (15.3)%. Indo-Pacific: Gulf of Aden and Natal, South Africa, Philippines, Taiwan, Japan and Hawaii; benthopelagic at bathyal depth ( m). Monomitopus Alcock, 1890 單趾鼬魚尉屬 Monomitopus kumae Jordan and Hubbs, 1925 熊吉單趾鼬魚尉 Fig. 4, Pl. 2-L Monomitopus kumae Jordan and Hubbs, 1925: 324, pl. 12, fig. 3 (type locality: Misaki, Japan); Machida, 1984b: 259; Xu and Wang, 1988: 252; Nielsen and Cohen, 1999: 78; Nakabo, 2002: 444. Specimens examined (28 specimens, SL ): ASIZP , 1 specimen, SL 149, stn. CD141; ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 149, stn. CD141; ASIZP , 2 specimens, SL 138, stn. CD122; ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 120, stn. CD139; ASIZP , 1 specimen, SL 147, stn. CD133; ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 115, stn. CD139; ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 112, stn.

14 292 Hsin-Ming Yeh, Mao-Ying Lee and Kwang-Tsao Shao (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) Pl. 2. (A) Luciobrotula bartschi, ASIZP , SL 190 mm; (B) Monomitopus kumae, ASIZP , SL 112 mm; (C) Monomitopus pallidus, ASIZP , SL 160 mm; (D) Neobythites fasciatus, ASIZP , SL 102 mm; (E) Porogadus guentheri, ASIZP , SL 245 mm; (F) Porogadus miles, ASIZP , SL 216 mm; (G) Xyelacyba myersi, ASIZP , SL 260 mm; (H) Dicrolene tristis, ASIZP , SL 212 mm.

15 Fif teen New Records of Ophidiid Fishes f rom Taiwan 293 CD226; ASIZP *, 2 specimens, SL , stn. CD226; ASIZP , 5 specimens, SL , stn. CD194; ASIZP , 1 specimen, SL 106, stn. CP214; ASIZP , 1 specimen, SL 217, stn. CD229; ASIZP , 4 specimens, SL , stn. CD230; ASIZP , 4 specimens, SL , stn CD136; ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 307, stn. CD132; ASIZP , 1 specimen, SL 125+, stn. CD142; ASIZP , 1 specimen, SL 177, stn. CD122. Robust body; eye diameter equal to or sl ightly shorter than snout; opercular spine strong; preopercular with 2 distinct spines at lower angle; no teeth in either jaw enlarged; 1 median basibranchial tooth patch; (12-17) developed rakers on lower arm of anterior gill arch; (94-100) dorsal-fin rays; 8-9 (7-8) caudal-fin rays; (76-87) anal-fin rays; (27-32) pectoral-fin rays; pelvic fins with 1 ray in each; (12-15) precaudal vertebrae; (57-60) total vertebrae; head length ( )% SL; eye diameter ( )% SL; predorsal ( ) % SL ; preanal ( )% SL. South China Sea, off eastern Taiwan, Okinawa Trough, off southern Japan, Kyushu- Palau Ridge; benthopelagic at bathyal depth ( m). Monomitopus pallidus Smith and Radcliffe, 1913 重齒單趾鼬魚尉 Fig. 4, Pl. 2-M Monomitopus pallidus Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913: 148, pl. 9, fig. 1 (type locality: between Mindoro and Panay, Philippines, Albatross stn. 5259, 312 fm); Machida, 1984b: 259; Nielsen and Cohen, 1999: 78; Nakabo, 2002: 444. Specimens examined (3 specimens, SL ): ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 182, stn. CD137; ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 177, stn. CD122; ASIZP , 1 specimen, SL 160, stn. CD194. Robust body; eye diameter equal to or sl ightly shorter than snout; opercular spine strong; preopercular wi th l ess di stinct spines at lower angle; teeth in outer series on both jaw enlarged; 1 median basibranchial tooth patch; (12-14) developed rakers on lower arm of anterior gill arch; (93-94) dorsalfin rays; 8 (6-7) caudal-fin rays; (74-76) anal-fin rays; (25-28) pectoral-fin rays; pelvic fins with 1 ray in each; 13 (13) precaudal vertebrae; 57 (55) total vertebrae; head length (21.5)% SL; eye diameter ( )% SL; predorsal ( )% SL; preanal ( )% SL. Philippines, South China Sea, off southwestern Taiwan, off northeastern Taiwan, Okinawa Trough; benthopelagic at bathyal depth ( m). Neobythites Goode and Bean, 1885 新鼬魚尉屬 Neobythites fasciatus Smith and Radcliffe, 1913 橫帶新鼬魚尉 Fig. 3, Pl. 2-N Neobythites fasciatus Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1913: 142, pl. 7, fig. 4 (type locality: Batangas Bay, Luzon I., Philippines, Albatross stn. 5290, 214 fm); Nielsen and Cohen, 1999: 82; Nielsen, 2002: 28. Specimens examined (7 specimens, SL ): ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 141, stn. CD210; ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 102, stn. CD194; ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 148, stn. CD209; ASIZP , 4 specimens, SL , stn. CD194. Snout blunt; mouth terminal or subterminal; vomer tooth patch subtriangular; about 6 distinct, dark, vertical bars on body, each ending with an ocellus or dark blotch on dorsal and anal fins; anal fin with 3-4 distinct blotches; pelvic fins not reaching beyond anus; horizontal diameter of eye window equal to or slightly shorter than snout; opercular spine strong and straight, hind margin of preopercle with 2 (rarely 1 or 3) spines; 2 median basibranchial tooth patch; 2-8 pseudobranchial filaments; 8-10 (7-10)

16 294 Hsin-Ming Yeh, Mao-Ying Lee and Kwang-Tsao Shao Fig. 4. Records of Monomitopus kumae, and Monomitopus pallidus f rom Taiwanese waters. long rakers on anterior gill arch; (98-101) dorsal-fin rays; 8 (8) caudal-fin rays; (83-86) anal-fin rays; (25-26) pectoral-fin rays; pelvic fins with 2 rays in each; (13) precaudal vertebrae; (57-58) total vertebrae; first anal ray below vertebrae number (14-15); first anal ray below dorsal ray number (19-22); head length ( )% SL; eye diameter ( )% SL; upper jaw ( )% SL; predorsal ( )% SL; preanal ( )% SL; prepelvic ( )% SL; depth at first anal ray ( )% SL. Andaman Sea, Philippines and off eastern Taiwan; benthopelagic at bathyal depth ( m). Porogadus Goode and Bean, 1885 孔鼬魚尉屬 Porogadus guentheri Jordan and Fowler, 1902 貢氏孔鼬魚尉 Fig. 3, Pl. 2-O

17 Fif teen New Records of Ophidiid Fishes f rom Taiwan 295 Porogadus guentheri Jordan & Fowler, 1902: 762 Fig. 6 (type locality: Sagami Bay, Japan, Albatross stn. 3696, fm); Machida, 1982: 27; 1984a: 101; 1984b: 261, 375; Nielsen and Cohen, 1999: 86; Nakabo, 2002: 440. Specimens examined (6 specimens, SL ): ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 245, stn. CD226; ASIZP , 5 specimens, SL , stn. CD199. Body long and slender; depth at first dorsal fin less than 10 times in SL; prominent mucous cavities beneath orbital region and posterior margin of preopercle; 3 prominent lateral lines; lateral line represented by 3 rows of circular organs and by a row of easily shed modified scales; moderate developed spines on top and sides of head; upper jaw ends behind eye; frontal spine above eye present; Lachrymal with 2-3 spines; margins of preopercule with scalloped edged edges or spines; opercular spine flat and weak; 1 median basibranchial tooth patch; (18) long rakers on anterior gill arch; (186) dorsal-fin rays; (158) anal-fin rays; (18) pectoral-fin rays; pelvic fins with 2 rays in each; 16 (18) precaudal vertebrae; (127) total vertebrae; first anal ray below vertebrae number (19); first anal ray below dorsal ray number (28); head length (14.7)% SL; eye diameter (11.1)% HL; upper jaw (59.7) % HL; predorsal (14.1)% SL; preanal (30.6)% SL; prepelvic (12.2)% SL; depth at first anal ray (6.5)% SL. Northwest Pacific: from Sagami bay to Okinawa Trough, Japan, off southeastern Taiwan; benthopelagic at bathyal depth ( m). Porogadus miles Goode and Bean, 1885 頭棘孔鼬魚尉 Fig. 3, Pl. 2-P Porogadus miles Goode & Bean, 1885: 602 (type locality: Off Delaware Bay, U.S.A., Albatross stn. 2230, 1168 fm); Nielsen and Cohen, 1986: 350; 1999: 86; Machida and Amaoka, 1990; Nielsen, 1999: 1981; Nakabo, 2002: 440. Specimens examined (2 specimens, SL ): ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 243, stn. CD226; ASIZP , 1 specimen, SL 216, stn. CD206. Body long and slender; depth at first dorsal fin less than 10 times in SL; prominent mucous cavities beneath orbital region and posterior margin of preopercle; 3 prominent lateral lines; lateral line represented by 3 rows of circular organs and by a row of easily shed modifi ed scal es; lateral -line scales to level of anus more than 40; well developed spines on top and sides of head; head depth less than 60% HL; upper jaw ends behind eye; frontal spine above eye present; lachrymal with 5-7 spines; margins of preopercule with scalloped edged or spines; opercular spine flat and weak; 1 median basibranchial tooth patch; (17) long rakers on anterior gill arch; (164) dorsal-fin rays; (136) anal-fin rays; (17) pectoral-fin rays; pelvic fins with 2 rays in each; (17) precaudal vertebrae; (125) total vertebrae; first anal ray below vertebrae number (18); first anal ray below dorsal ray number (25); head length (16.0)% SL; eye diameter (14.1)% HL; upper jaw (53.8)% HL; predorsal (18.5)% SL; preanal (30.9)% SL; prepelvic (13.2)% SL; depth at first anal ray (7.6)% SL. Cosmopolitan, off southeastern Taiwan; benthopelagic at bathyal and abyssal depth ( m). Xyelacyba Cohen, 1961 棘鰓鼬魚尉屬 Xyelacyba myersi Cohen, 1961 梅氏棘鰓鼬魚尉 Fig. 3, Pl. 2-Q Xyelacyba myersi Cohen, 1961: 289, fig. 1 (type locality: Gulf of Mexico, Oregon stn. 2577, fm); Machida, 1989; Nielsen and Cohen, 1999: 93; Nakabo, 2002: 436. Specimens examined (1 specimen, SL 260):

18 296 Hsin-Ming Yeh, Mao-Ying Lee and Kwang-Tsao Shao ASIZP *, 1 specimen, SL 260, stn. CD228. Head high and body tapering; eyes not visible at surface of head; preopercle with 3 strong spines and opercle with 1 even longer spine; a short spine on tip of snout; median basibranchial tooth patches narrow, the most anterior one longest and narrowest; 3-4 (3) basibranchial tooth patches; (15) developed rakers on anterior gill arch; (89) dorsal fin rays; 8-9 (9) caudal-fin rays; (74) anal-fin rays; (19) pectoralfin rays; pelvic fins widely separated and with 2 rays in each; (12) precaudal vertebrae; (51) total vertebrae; head length (22.3)% SL; head width (13.5)% SL; upper jaw (14.0)% SL; eye diameter (2.8)% SL; predorsal (28.1)% SL; preanal (37.1)% SL; prepelvic (15.0)% SL; pelvic fins (22.4)% SL; depth at first anal ray (20.5)% SL. Atlantic Ocean, Indo-West Pacific, Central Pacific; benthopelagic at bathyal and abyssal depth (1075 to 2500 m). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors express their appreciation to Dr. Jørgen G. Nielsen for his help in improving early versions of this manuscript with critical comments and helpful suggestions. We thank the financial support of the Deep-Sea Biodiversity project (NSC B , NSC B , and NSC B ) by National Science Council. We also appreciate the captain and crews of RV Ocean Researcher I for their helps and assistance on board. Special thanks to C.-Y. Tsai who kindly took photos and treated samples. Thanks are also to members of the Laboratory of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Research Center for Biodiversity, Academia Sinica for their assistance in the project. REFERENCES Alcock, A. W. (1889). Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer Investigator. - No. 13. On the bathybial fishes of the Bay of Bengal and neighbouring waters, obtained during the seasons Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6(4): Alcock, A. W. (1890). Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer Investigator,. - No. 18. On the bathybial fishes of the Arabian Sea, obtained during the season Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6(6): Brauer, A. (1906). Die Tiefsee-Fische. I. Systematischer Teil. Wissenschaftl. Ergebnisse der deutschen Tief see-expedition, 15(1): Chen, J. T. F. (1969). A synopsis of the Vetebrates of Taiwan, revised edition. Vol. 1. The Commercial Press, Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan Chen, J. T. F. and M. J. Yu (1985). A synopsis of the Vetebrates of Taiwan, revised and enlarged edition. Vol. 1. The Commercial Press, Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan Chen, L. J. and K. T. Shao (1991). A review of the families ophidiidae and bythitidae from Taiwan. Bull. Inst. Zool. Academia Sinica, 30: Cohen, D. M. (1961). A new genus and species of deepwater ophidioid fish from the Gulf of Mexico. Copeia, 1961: Cohen, D. M. (1964). A review of the ophidioid fish genus Luciobrotula with the description of a new species from the western North Atlantic. Bull. Mar. Sci., 14: Cohen, D. M., D. A. Hensley and J. J. Kimmel III (1991). The deepsea ophidiid fish genus Lamprogrammus, a senior synonym of Bassobythites, with notes on the synonymy and distribution of L. brunswigi. Jpn. J. Ichthyol., 38: Cohen, D. M. and J. G. Nielsen (1978). Guide to the identification of genera of the fish order Ophidiiformes with a tentative classification of the order. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ., 417: Cohen, D. M. and B. A. Rohr (1993). Description of a giant circumglobal Lamprogrammus species (Pisces: Ophidiidae). Copeia, 1993: Deep water fishes of the East China Sea Editorial subcommittee (1988). The Deep Water Fishes of the East China Sea. Xue Lin

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