Report on a Collection of Opilionids from Nepal

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2 Report on a Collection of Opilionids from Nepal Seisho SUZUKI Zoological Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima ABSTRACT This is a report on the opilionids collected in several localities of Nepal during the Expedition to Nepal of the Hokkaido University in The collection includes 27 individuals of opilionids, which are assorted to seven species except for two undetermined ones. From among the seven species distinguished six are new to science. These species belong to seven genera of which one is new. The new members described are Pashokia yamadai n. sp.; Gagrella godavariensis n. sp. ; Pokhara (n. gen.) lineata n. sp; Zaleptiolus implicatus n. sp. ; Metaverpulus distinctus n. sp.; and Egaenus nepalensis n. sp. Two of the material, namely, Egaenus nepalensis and one of the undetermined species distinctly belong to the Pale- or Holarctic elements, all the remainings to the Oriental ones. This paper is a report on the opilionids collected during the Expedition of the Hokkaido University to Nepal, made in 1968 under the direction of Prof. Dr. Yamada. The opilionid fauna of Nepal is not yet well known, and hence any additions to our knowledge of the fauna of this region is of great importance in increasing our understanding of the distributions of these animals. Quite recently the author (Suzuki, 1966a, b; 1967) reported that in the upper regions of the Himalayas (altitude: more than 5,000 m) the opilionids are dominantly represented by the Palearctic forms, although in the lower regions those of typical Oriental forms are commonly encountered. In the present material further occurrence of two Pale- (or Holarctic) elements of which one could not be definitely identified, was confirmed. The.collection was composed of 27 specimens, which were assigned to one species of the Assamiidae, five species of the Gagrellinae, Leiobunidae, and one species of the Phalangiinae, Phalangiidae; in addition, some immature specimens were included. Such specimens, unfortunately, could not be definitely identified, but some appear to belong to a member of the Gagrellinae and the other to the Gyantinae or Leiobuninae. The author wishes to express his appreciate to Prof. Dr. M. Yamada of Hokkaido University for making this material available for his study. Types are all deposited in the collections of the Zoological Laboratory of Hiroshima University. J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., ~e;. B, Div. 1, 23: (1970) Ricardo Pinto-da-Rocha

3 S. SUZUKI Family Assamiidae Subfamily Polycoryphinae Genus Pashokia Roewer 1. Pashokia yamadai n. sp. (Figs. 1-2 ; P1. I A-B) Dorsum. Moderate-sized animal, body considerably flattened; dorsal scute approximately quadrate in shape, sides slightly narrowed at the region of the scutal groove. Anterior margin of the cephalothorax armed beneath with teeth. The median tooth short and acutely bends below; two lateral teeth larger, almost enlarged into stout spines. One low conical tubercle is located at mid-frontal portion in front of the eye tubercle, and a row of smaller tubercles on each side of the frontal margin of carapace. Also a few small tuberculations present on either side of the carapace. Eye tubercle low, armed above on each side with about four tubercles forming more or less a row, of which foremost one being somewhat prominent. Eye tubercle situated slightly before the middle of carapace. Tergal groove distinct, broadly rounded. Scutal areas poorly defined ; first area without a median line. 1-4 areas each armed with small pointed tuberculations; tuberculations arranged as shown in Fig. 1 A-B. Similar rich tuberculations disposed on the posterior margin of dorsal scute, which are mostly confined to the median surface. A row of similar tuberculations across the surface of each free tergite. Lateral ridges of the scute also armed with tuberculations between the stink gland and the first tergal area. Anal plate with scattered tuberculations. Venter (Fig. 1 A, C). Surface of first coxa armed with a row of coarse tubercles along the mid-line, and with one further row of less coarse tubercles on the posterior ridge, tubercles gradually larger distally, and a cluster of four enlarged tubercles at the middle of the anterior surface, the first tubercle being particularly prominent because of its apically widened and slightly bifid appzarance; in addition, three enlarged tubercles arising near distal margin before, here also one at just distal being pronounced because of its stumpy and bizarre appearance. Coxa I1 armed on the anterior margin with a row of closely disposed, coarse tubercles, tubercles' rather enlarged proximally, becoming smaller toward distally, and with very small tuberculations arranged more or less in two rows on the ventral surface, two or three of slightly enlarged tubercles also on the retro-lateral surface. Coxa I11 with a definite row of lateral teeth on the anterior and posterior margins, teeth being very small proximally, progressively larger distally; and with additional small tuberculations arranging more or less in two irregular rows on the ventral surface. Coxae IV considerably widened, widest at the middle of the length, armed throughout with scattered granulations, and with somewhat enlarged hair-tipped tubercles on the raised portion of the pro-lateral surface; retro-laterally with three or four robust teeth, most of which fused apically with those arising on the sternal ridge. Stigma concealed in the furrow roofed by such teeth. Genital operculum with scattered, very small, hair-tipped granulations. A row of similar but slightly enlarged granulations across each free sternite.

4 Opiltonids from Nepal 3 1 Fig. 1. Pashokta yamadat n. sp., male. A. Lateral, B. 'dorsal, and C. ventral vlews. (A-C x 17) Chelicera relatively well developed. First segment provided with a disto-dorsal protuberance, which armed with some small pointed tubercles before and behind. Distal segment completely normal. Palpus. Both palps crossing each other. Trochanter swollen distally, armed below with a few pointed denticles near distal margin, one or two of which but a little larger. Femur considerably ridged, widest at about the middle of its length, armed with a large number of short, bluntly pointed teeth or tubercles along the lower edge, teeth, in general, tipped with a very short hair at subdistal position; dorsal ridge with a row of similar but less strong teeth, and laterally with a longitudinal series of small, widely spaced tubercles along the mid-line, in addition, a short row of such tubercles near distally; disto-medially armed with a distinct setose tubercles. (As stated below, one female has two disto-medial tubercles, but

5 3 2 S. SUZUKI undoubtedly it is an individual variation.) Patella elongated, longer than tibia, swollen distally and flattened below; ventral surface armed with short conical tubercles along both sides. Tibia and tarsus also flattened below; armaments of these segments as shown in Fig. 2 A-B. Legs. Relatively long and strong. Trochanters without any prominent armatures, armed with small granulations only, granulations chiefly confined to both lateral edges and ventral surface. First and second femora not curved, almost straight, third femur slightly, and fourth strongly curved. All femora unarmed except for small hair-tipped granulations which are scattered throughout the length. Patellae and tibiae with similar granulations ; metatarsi and tarsi only hairy. Tarsi of third and fourth legs without scopulae, and with double simple, untoothed claws. Distitarsus of first leg with 2 segments; of second, 3 or 2 segments. Tarsal segmentation: I 6 ; 11 8 or 10; I11 7; IV 8 or 9. Color. Entire dorsum rusty yellow in ground color ; carapace reticulated throughout with dark brown, in particular, intricately reticular along the mid-line, including eye tubercle, and on either side. Five tergal areas dark brown, lateral margins of the scute darker than the tergal areas. Venter. Coxae and genital operculum rusty yellow, free 'sternites darkened. Chelicerae and palps rusty yellow, first cheliceral segment and the coxa of palpus lighter above. Legs : 1-4 trochanters pale, yellowish; considerable portion of coxa IV clouded above; femora dark brown with a light, broad distal band, patellae and tibiae uniformly dark brown, metatarsi and tarsi lighter. Penis. Total length, 2.39mm; corpus penis, 1.75 mm wide at widest portion; 0.08mm wide at narrowest portion. Slender and elongated; widest at about the distal one third of the length; apical portion gently rounded before, and with a slight median depression; armed with about 13 pairs of short, stiff spines. Spines are disposed as illustrated by Fig. 2 D-E. Female.- Similar in appearance to male, but larger and with the abdomen more rounded behind. Ovipositor. As shown in Fig. 2 F. Measurements (mm) : $ - Carapace, 2.56 wide at widest portion, 1.63 long ; tergal region, 3.56 W at widest portion, 2.63 L. Total body-length, Palpus. Trochanter, 0.36 wide, 0.74 long; femur, 0.40 W, 1.75 L; patella, 0.42 W, 1.23 L; tibia, 0.50 W, 0.90 L; tarsus, 0.45 W, 0.99 L. Total length, Length of legs. Troch. Femur Patella Tibia Metat. Tarsus Total 9 - Carapace, 2.51 wide at widest portion, 1.56 long; tergal region, 4.06 W at widest portion, 2.87 L. Total body-length, 5.70.

6 Opilionids from Nepal Fig. 2. Pashokia yamadai n. sp. A. Right male palpus, lateral. B. Left female palpus, medial. C-E. Penises: C. lateral, D. ventral, and E. dorsal views. F. Ovipositor. (A-B x 18; C x 37; D-E ~230; F x 70)

7 3 4 S. SUZUKI Palpus. Trochanter, 0.36 wide, 0.75 long; femur, 0.48 W, 1.80 L; patella, 0.42 W, 1.27 L; tibia, 0.48 W, 0.90 L; tarsus, 0.52 W, 0.88 L. Total length, Length of legs. Troch. Femur Patella Tibia Metat. Tarsus Total I I m Variations: The specimens examined were one male and one female. Distitarsus I has two segments in both sexes. In the female distitarsus I1 has three segments, but the male is asymmetrical in that number, having three segments on the right and two on the left. There is some variation in the number of tarsal segmentation of second and, fourth legs. Asymmetry is also found in the number of the distomedial spine of the palpus femur. The female specimen has a single spine on one side of the palpus and two on the other. Types: Male holotype and female paratype, Chitare, altitude: 2,400 m, Central Nepal, 10 May, 1968, collected by M. Yamada. Remarks: This species appears to be very closely related to Pashokia laeviscutum Roewer from Darjeeling. It differs, however, in having numerous tuberculations along the lateral margin of the scute and on the 1-4 scutal areas, and in lacking always any marked armaments on the trochanters of first to third legs. Also the lateral margin of the scute is not so strongly constricted twice as in P. laeviscutum. Suborder Eupnoi Family Leiobunidae Subfamily Gagrellinae Tribe Gagrellini Genus Gagrella Thorell 2. Gagrella godavariensis n. sp. (Fig. 3 ; PI. I C-D) Female.-- Dorsum. Considerably large animal of an ellipsoid shape. Anterior margin of cephalothorax nearly straight, sides of cephalothorax strongly curved opposite insertions of the legs; scent gland opening laterally opposite trochanter of first leg. Abdomen widest at about the middle of its length, and gently rounded behind. Dorsal scutum armed with a single median spine on the second area, spine being erect, somewhat scabrous, but not granular. Surface of the carapace, dorsal scutum and free tergites heavily clothed with rounded granulations. Eye tubercle lower than usual, rounded above, shallowly canaliculate; the carinae unarmed apart from a few short hairs or obsolete granulations. Supra-cheliceral lamellde elongated medially, armed with several tubercles.

8 Opilionids from Nepal 3 5 Fig. 3. Gagrella godauariensis n. sp., female. A. Supra-cheliceral lamellae and a part of chelicerae, above. B. Lateral view of eye tubercle. C. A part of marginal teeth on the anterior edge of coxa I. D. Right palpus, medial side. E. Seminal receptacle. (A-B x44;c x112;d x35;e ~700) Venter. Coxae I-IV uniformly covered with rather roughened, rounded granules, and with a regular row of tubercles along anterior margin and a row of tubercles on posterior margin of coxae I and IV. Tubercles as shown in Fig. 3 C. Genital operculum with a row of tubercles along each lateral margin and with scattered granulations over the ventral surface; sternites unarmed, completely smooth. Chelicera normal, proximal segment unarmed, almost smooth aside from one or two very small, dorsal tubercles studded at base; with a distinct spur below at base. Distal segment clothed above with sparse hairs, and with a narrow patch of numerous short hairs and a few fine denticles distally on the medial side. Palpus. All the segments somewhat wider than usual. Trochanter armed distally below with some pointed teeth. Femur from the side nearly straight, from above slightly thickened distally; armed ventrally with numerous pointed teeth, teeth arising on the central region more or less marked; with a short curved row of about ten blunt tubercles on the proximal half of the medial side, and with

9 36 S. SUZUKI somewhat enlarged teeth along the distal margin above. Patella considerably thickened, but without a disto-medial process; armed with a number of pointed denticles. Tibia from above with the sides straight, in the profile slightly swollen at base, and armed with numerous denticles above and below. Tarsus elongated, longer than patella plus tibia, only hairy ; claw with numerous [teeth on the basal two thirds below. Legs. Moderately long; trochanters armed with sharp-tipped denticles on both fore and rear sides; femora with scattered denticles throughout; patellae with similar denticles on the dorsal surface, and with a few slightly enlarged denticles at distal margin above; remainder of the leg-segments, i. e., tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi unarmed, only hairy. Number of false articulations on the femora: Color. Ground color above reddish to rusty brown with golden yellow blotches or spots. Carapace has several golden yellow blotches of irregular outline on each side. Eye tubercle golden yellow, eyes encircled with dark brown. Central figure of abdomen only poorly developed, extending between first and fifth scutum segments, with a slight constriction between first and second segments. Thoracic tergite, 1-5 abdominal tergites and free tergites each with a transverse row of golden yellow dots. Venter concolorous to the dorsum, coxae broadly darkened distally. Chelicera and palpus reddish to dark brown; both cheliceral segments somewhat reticular above, the claws black-tipped. Tibia of palpus has golden yellow dorsal patches distally, tarsus paler. Legs. Trochanters golden yellow above with pale brown dots, darkened below. Femora rusty to dark brown, lighter toward tip, caput of femora dark brown; rest of the leg-segments brownish, usually metatarsi widely shaded distally. Ovipositor. Except for forceps, the ovipositor consists of 28 segments, of which first 13 segments provided with a whirl of 8 spines, the next two with an incomplete row of spines, and the remainings without ones. The seminal receptacles are located between the third and fourth segments. The ampullae as shown in Fig. 3 E. Male.- Not known. Measurements (mm) : 9- Cephalothorax, 3.5 wide, 2.1 long; abdomen, 4.4 W, 5.6 L. Total body-length, 7.7. Palpus. Trochanter, 0.27 wide, 0.30 long; femur, 0.27 W, 1.05 L; patella, 0.33 W, 0.65 L; tibia, 0.29 W, 0.71 L; tarsus, 0.18 W, 1.53 L. Total length, Length of femora: I 5.1; I1 8.4; I11 5.0; IV 7.3. Total length of legs: I 27.8; I1 46.0; I ; IV Types : Holotype female, Godavari, altitude : 1,450 m, Central Nepal, 17 June, 1968; Paratypes: 19, Gorapani, altitude: 2,780 m, Central Nepal, 1 May 1968; 19, same collection data as holotype. All collections by M. Yamada. Remarks: This new species is most closely related to Gagrella albicoxa Roewer from Burma. It differs, however, in having almost smooth proximal cheliceral segments excepting one or two very small denticles on the dorsal surface, and in lacking one pair of enlarged golden yellow markings on the dorsal scutum. Further, the coloration of the trochanter of legs above differs considerably.

10 Op~ltontds from Nepal 37 Gen. Pokhara n, gen. Members of Tribe Gagrellini without any enlarged armaments (e.g., thorns or teeth) on the eye tubercle except for usual type of denticles. The last thoracic segment and the first to fourth scutum segments are studded with a median conical hump. Legs rather short, first and third femora cylindrical and shorter than body. Number of false articulations on the first to fourth femora: Type-species : Pokhara lineata n. sp. Notes: This distinctive genus appears closely allied to genus Hehoa Roewer from India, but is immediately separated from it in the following points. In the former the median dorsal humps are disposed on the last thoracic segment and on the first four segments of abdomen, whereas in the latter they are disposed on the first five segments of abdomen, also, the number of false articulations on the seco~d femur is only one instead of two. 3. Pokhara lineata n. sp. (Fig. 4; P1. I1 A) Female.- Dorsum. Moderate-sized animal. Fore margin of cephalothorax nearly straight, and the sides notched opposite insertions of legs. Opening of scent glands oval, at edge of cephalothorax opposite trochanter of first legs. Abdomen widest just behind the middle of its length, and widely rounded posteriorly. First five tergites of abdomen fused to form a dorsal scutum, the fifth tergite narrower than the rest. Surface of the dorsum coarsely granular, although free tergites and anal plate rather finely granular. Last thoracic segment and first four dorsal segments of abdomen each armed with a median conical hump, forming a distinct longitudinal row. Humps somewhat scabrous, but not so granular as on the dorsal skin; approximately similar in size except for the last one, which is but a little shorter than the rest. Eye tubercle is separated from the anterior margin of cephalothorax by a distance equal to its diameter. It is rather high, slightly slants posteriorly, constricted but a little at base, and scarcely canaliculate above; armed with a large number of small pointed teeth and sparse short hairs along both carinae and below the eye. Aside from such teeth, surface of the eye tubercle almost smooth, without any prominent armaments. Supra-cheliceral lamellae bluntly protruded medially, armed apically with a few sharp-pointed denticles. Venter. Surface of coxae thickly clothed with coarse, black-tipped granules and sparse short hairs. Coxae I to IV armed anteriorly along margin with a row of low tubercles, coxae I and IV with a row posteriorly; edge of the low tubercles differs in different coxae, and it may differ within a row. On the anterior ridge of the first coxa, it is bluntly rounded to straightly blunted and with one, two, or more small buckles (Fig. 4 D). On the remaining coxae, for example, on the third coxa it is simple, straightly blunted as shown in Fig. 4 E. Genital operculum with a

11 S. SUZUKI Fig. 4. Pokhara lineata n. gen., n. sp., female. A. Lateral view of body, legs and palpi removed. B. Lateral view of a part of cephalothorax. C. Supra-cheliceral lamellae and chelicerae, above. D-E. Marginal teeth of coxae: D. from anterior edge of coxa I, and E. from anterior edge of coxa 111. F. Lateral view of right palpus. G. Patella and tibia of right palpus, above. H. Seminal receptacle. (A, F x 21 ; B-C, G ~44; D-E x 70; H x 700)

12 Opilionids from Nepal 3 9 row of similar tubercles along lateral margins, ventral surface not granular, almost smooth, and hirsute. Free sternites also smooth, hairy, hairs more numerous on the median surface. Chelicera. Quite normal, proximal segment but a little widened distally, armed with some pointed denticles near base above, and with a distinct spur below at base. Distal segment unarmed, only clothed with sparse hairs dorsally. Palpus. Very slender and elongated, normal. Trochanter armed distally below with some very small, pointed denticles. From the side femur slightly arched, ventral surface armed with numerous sharp-pointed denticles, denticles forming more or less irregular series, similar but more sparse denticles disposed on the dorsal surface. Patella swollen distally and produced into a short but distinct median process ; armed above and on both sides with numerous, scattered, pointed denticles. Tibia from above with the sides straight, from the side only a little curved, the ventral side lightly swollen at base, armaments as in the foregoing segment. Tarsus slender, from the side nearly straight, longer than patella plus tibia, only hairy, and distally with a curved, dentate claw. Legs. Relatively short, first and third femora cylindrical and always shorter than body. Trochanters armed with a number of pointed denticles on the lateral edges. Femora with similar denticles throughout its length, denticles more numerous proximally, progressively fewer distally, in addition, with sparse short hairs on the entire surface. Patella almost smooth, clothed with only a few denticles and short hairs; rest of the leg-segments unarmed, only hairy. The number of false articulations on the femora: I 0; I1 1; 111 0; IV 0. Color. Ground color of dorsum yellowish brown, with numerous dots or patches of silvery white to golden yellow on the cephalothorax and abdomen. Cephalothorax dark brown along the fore margin, with two short median lines on the midfrontal area; a considerable portion of cephalothorax silvery white to yellowish mottled with light to dark brown. Thoracic segments widely dark brown with small golden yellow dots or flecks forming a transverse row. Eye tubercle yellowish, in general, golden yellow above with a pale brown, narrow band. Coloration of the dorsum of abdomen is very complicated as shown in P1. I1 A. Five dorsal humps whitish, and a white median stripe connecting these humps contrasting to the dark brown dorsum. Supra-cheliceral lamellae darkened, with a silvery white spot at tip. Venter. Coxae of all legs, genital operculum and free sternites yellowish brown, usually a transverse row of yellowish spots of irregular outlines across the free sternites. Chelicera yellowish brown, first segment somewhat darkened above with a silvery white patch; second segment also darkened proximally, claws black-tipped. Palpus, except for tarsus which is pale throughout, yellowish to dark brown; femur widely dark brown at both extremities, pale between; patella entirely dark brown excepting a pale median apophysis, tibia widely darkened at base. Legs. Trochanters pale, whitish yellow above with a narrow median strip of light brown, almost darkened beneath. Femora dark brown with numerous wide, light bands; number of bands, apart from the caput and apex which are pale in color, 1 4; I1 5; I11 3; IV 3-4. Patellae dark brown, lighter distally; tibiae

13 4 0 S. SUZUKI entirely dark brown; metatarsi and tarsi lighter. Ovipositor. Except for forceps ovipositor consists of about 18 segments, of which first nine joints have a whirl of 8, 9 or rarely 10 spines. Seminal receptacles are as illustrated by Fig. 4 H, located between the third and fourth joints. Male.- Not known. Measurements (mm): 9- Cephalothorax, 2.6 wide, 1.4 long; abdomen, 3.0 W, 3.2 L. Total body-length, 4.6. Palpus. Width Length Trochanter 0.23 mm 0.27 mm Femur Patella Tibia Tarsus Total 3.39 Length of femora: 13.0; I1 6.9; I11 3.0; IV 4.5. Total length of legs: I 16.2; I1 31.1; I ; IV Types: Holotype female, Pokhara, altitude: 830 m, Central Nepal, 18 May, 1968, collected by M. Yamada. Tribe Zaleptini Genus Adungrella Roewer 4. Adungrella atrorubra Suzuki (Fig. 5 A-D; P1. I1 B) Adungrella alrorubra Suzuki, 1967 : p , Figs. 2 L-R and 3 E. In the original report the female was not known, so the female is newly described here. Female.- Similar to male in general pattern but larger, with abdomen rounded posteriorly; the color of the dorsum of abdomen tends to be lighter, and the abdomen with a pale, rounded, median patch on the first and second scutum segments; lateral sides of abdomen pale, mottled with dark brown, and the last thoracic segment with a transverse series of numerous, small, irregular spots of golden yellow. Tibia of palpus provided with a short but distinct lobe which clothed with dense hairs, at disto-medial angle. Eye tubercle armed above with about four blunt denticles along the carinae. Ovipositor. Except for forceps, the ovipositor consists of 20 rings, of which first nine rings have a whirl of eight spines. Seminal receptacles located in the fourth segment, the ampullae as shown in Fig. 5 D. Measurements (mm) : $ - Cephalothorax, 2.70 wide, 1.33 long ; abdomen, 3.24 W, 3.82 L. Total body-length, Length of femora: I 7.1; I1 13.3; I11 6.7; IV 9.5.

14 Opilionids from Nepal 41 Fig. 5 A-D. Adungrella atrorubra Suzuki, female. A-B. Eye tubercle: A. Above, and B. lateral views. C. Patella and tibia of palpus, above. D. Seminal receptacle. (A-C x 57 ; D x 700) Fig. 5 E-K. Zaleptzolus zmplzcatus n. sp., male. E. Lateral view of eye tubercle. F. Supracheliceral lamellae and chelicerae, above. G. A part of lateral humps on the fore margin of coxa I. H-I. Palpus: H. left, medial, and I. right, lateral. J-K. Penises: J. lateral, and K. dorsal views. (E-F ~44; G ~113; H-I ~34; J-K x63)

15 4 2 S. SUZUKI Total length of legs: I 31.0; I1 65.6; ; IV Specimens examined: 1 $, Godavari, altitude: 1,450 m, Central Nepal, 17 June, 1968; 19, Tatopani, altitude: 1,260 m, Central Nepal, 2 May, 1968; 1 immature, Ulleri, altitude: 2,010 m, Central Nepal, 12 May, All specimens collected by M. Yamada. Distribution : Nepal. Variation: The number of false articulations on the femora of all legs was counted. As stated in the original paper (Suzuki, 1967), the number (1-4 to 5-1-2) was considerably constant in the present material also. Genus Zaleptiolus Roewer 5. Zaleptiolus implicatus n. sp. (Fig. 5 E-K; P1. I1 C-D) Male.- Dorsum. Medium-sized animal with very elongated legs. Cephalothorax approximately semicircular in shape, sides of cephalothorax arched opposite insertions of the legs. Openings of scent glands small, oval, directed upward at edge of the cephalothorax opposite trochanters of first legs. Two thoracic segments well defined. Abdomen considerably flattened, almost trapezoid in outline, truncated behind. Free tergites completely turned beneath. Eye tubercle is separated from the anterior margin of carapace by a distance equal to one and half df its diameter. It is rather higher than usual, slants behind and slightly constricted at base, shallowly canaliculate above, and the carinae armed with a row of very small, hair-tipped tubercles. Surface of the dorsum of cephalothorax and abdomen considerably hardened, and uniformly granular, aside from a small, smooth midfrontal area of cephalothorax. Supra-cheliceral lamellae prolonged into a blunt projection, which armed with a few tubercles. Venter. Surface of coxae I-IV covered with numerous coarse granulations. First to fourth coxae with anterior rows of marginal teeth, first and fourth coxae with posterior rows; second coxa with an incomplete row posteriorly at distal portion. The surface of marginal teeth three pointed (Fig. 5 G). Genital operculum with a row of teeth along the lateral margin, the ventral surface almost smooth except for but a few small granulations which are mostly confined anteriorly. Free sternites unarmed, smooth, with only fine hairs forming more or less transverse series. Chelicera. Completely normal, proximal segment armed above with but a few (usually one or two) denticles near base, and with a sharp pointed spur below at base. Second segment relatively slender, clothed with short sparse hairs, hairs chiefly confined to the dorsal surface. Palpus. Relatively well developed. The segments more or less thickened and armed with pointed denticles and fine hairs. Trochanter has a few denticles beneath. Femur, from above a little widened, armed ventrally with numerous

16 Opilionids from Nepal 43 denticles, and with a narrow, curved row of denticles on the proximal half of the medial surface, in addition a small cluster of denticles laterally at base and some scattered denticles subdistally and along the distal margin. Patella noticeably swollen distally, but with no apophysis on the disto-medial angle, armed dorsally with numerous scattered denticles. Tibia normal and dorsally with sparse denticles. Tarsus slightly swollen at tip, in the profile evenly curved; armed beneath on basal two thirds with a definite row of very small black denticles, and distally with a curved dentate claw. Legs. Very slender and elongated. Trochanters armed on both lateral edges with pointed denticles. Femora with sparse denticles throughout its length; patella and tibiae likewise with some sparse denticles; the rest of leg-segments unarmed, only hairy. Number of false articulations on the femora: I 0; I1 6 or 7 ; 111 0; IV 0. Color. Ground color of the dorsum of body golden yellow with dark brown spots and markings. The color pattern is greatly intricate as shown in P1. I1 C. Eye tubercle golden yellow with slightly clouded median furrow. Venter. Coxae of legs whitish yellow, pale, widely darkened distally; genital operculum likewise whitish, dull; sternites somewhat darkened with numerous irregular golden yellow spots, forming a transverse series. Chelicera pale whitish yellow, first segment with silvery white patches distally above and on both sides ; claws black-tipped. Palpus likewise pale, whitish yellow; femur with a small dark brown patch at tip above, p at el la with a distinct, narrow, dorsal band of dark brown. Legs: Trochanters golden yellow above with numerous very small dots of dull pale brown, dark brown beneath. Femora dull golden yellow with dark brown bands, giving an annulate appearance; number of bands: I 5; I1 10; I11 5; IV 6; caput of femora light above, darkened below. Patellae darkened throughout with some reticulations of golden yellow above; tibiae more or less darkened with light bands; metatarsi and tarsi uniformly clouded. Penis. Alate, as shown in Fig. 5 J-K. Female.- Not known. Measurements (mm) : $ - Cephalothorax, 3.20 wide, 1.32 long; abdomen, 3.20 W, 3.03 L. Total body-length, Palpus. Width Length Trochanter 0.28 rnrn 0.29 mm Femur Patella Tibia Tarsus Total 4.45 Length of femora: I 10.7; I1 19.6; I ; IV Total length of legs: 148.0; I1 91.1; I ; IV 72.1.

17 44 S. SUZUKI Type: Holotype male, Rupak-Tal, altitude: 750 m, Central Nepal, 19 May, 1968, collected by M. Yamada. Remarks : This species is somewhat resembled Zaleptiolus laevipes Roewer from Borneo. It differs, however, in the shape of the marginal teeth of 1-4 coxae, and in having numerous coarse granulations on the coxae. The distinct coloration of the dorsum also clearly differs from 2. laevipes. Genus Metaverpulus Roewer 6. Metaverpulus distinctus n, sp. (Fig. 6 ; P1. I11 A-C) Male.- Dorsum. Relatively small-sized animal with eiongated legs. Anterior margin of cephalothorax not curved, nearly straight, sides of cephalothorax noticeably notched opposite insertions of the legs. Scent gland opening laterally opposite base of first trochanter. Abdomen rounded, widest just behind the middle of its length, free tergites mostly turned under, and broadly rounded posteriorly. Entire surface of the dorsum thickly covered with small rounded granulations, although granulations less coarse on the free tergites. Eye tubercle separated from the front edge of cephalothorax by a distance twice its width. It is somewhat larger than usual, low, narrowed at base, with a distinct deep, median canal ; completely smooth except for but a few sparse hairs. Supra-cheliceral lamellae elongated medially, and armed with numerous blunt tubercles. Venter. Surface of coxae of all legs clothed with coarse, hair-tipped tubercles, tubercles more numerous proximally than distally. A row of small humps well developed along the anterior margins of all coxae and along the posterior margins of the first and fourth coxae. Edge of small humps straightly blunted (Fig. 6 C). Genital operculum not granular, clothed with rather long, sparse hairs, marginal series of small humps are present along both sides. Free sternites smooth, except for short hairs. Chelicera. First segment slightly raised near the middle of dorsal surface and armed on this raised area with a cluster of numerous black-tipped denticles, a few of such denticles also on the medial surface and beneath between the spur and the distal margin. Distal segment unarmed, only hairy (Fig. 6 D). Palpus. Noticeably elongated, in particular, femur, patella, and tibia considerably longer than usual. The segments, except for tarsus, clothed with more or less dense, aad rather long hairs as well as some tuberculations as shown in Fig. 6 E. Femur slender, slightly widened distally, from the side lightly curved below at distal two-thirds. Patella thickened distally and the disto-medial angle produced into a blunt but distinct lobe. Tibia slender and elongated, approximately four times the width, in the profile almost straight. Tarsus rather normal, only hairy, without a ventral row of tubercles; tarsal claw with about seven teeth below at proximal two-thirds.

18 Opilionids from Nepal 45 Fig. 6. Metauerpulus distinctus n. sp. A. Eye tubercle, 8, fron,tal view. B. Supra-cheliceral lamellae and chelicerae, 8, above. C. A part of lateral humps on the fore margin of coxa I, $. D. Male right chelicera, medial side. E. Male right palpus, medial. F. Patella of palpus, 8, above. G. Female left palpus, medial. H-I. Penises: H. lateral, and I. dorsal views. J. Seminal receptacle. (A-B, F X50; C ~120; D-E, G-I ~40; J x640) Legs. Slender and elongated. Trochanters armed with small hair-tipped denticles on the front and hind edges. First and third femora much longer than body; femora of all legs with small scattered denticles and sparse hairs throughout its length. Remainder of leg-segments, i. e., patellae, tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi unarmed, clothed with hairs only. Number of false articulations on the femora: I 0; 11 4 (rarely 5) ; I11 0 ; IV 1.

19 46 S. SUZUKI Color. Ground color above beautiful golden yellow, the cephalothorax with a diagonal series of three small brown spots along the lateral margin, and one curved brown spot on either side. The last thoracic segment with a dark brown anterior band. Eye tubercle golden yellow, eyes encircled with black. Central figure dark brown to blackish, very well defined and extending anteriorly to the fore margin and posteriorly to the rear margin of the dorsal scutum, usually with sides nearly parallel, although not smooth in outline. A transverse row of dark dots marking the sutures between segments of abdomen on both lateral sides of the central figure. Free tergites each with a dark brown median band. Venter. There is a considerable color variation. In some specimens venter deep golden yellow and usually thickly covered with grayish white secretions, in others venter considerably darkened throughout. Both cheliceral segments golden to whitish yellow, somewhat reticular above; claws darkened along the margins and at tip. Palpus likewise golden to whitish yellow. Legs: Trochanters golden yellow above with a narrow interspace of dark brown at median, entirely dark brown beneath. Femora have a dark brown caput, a larger portion of femora yellowish brown, darker distally ; patellae darkened throughout, tibiae and tarsi yellowish brown, but tibiae widely darker distally. Penis. Alate, as shown in Fig. 6 H-I. Female.- The female is larger than the male, the free tergites are not turned under and the abdomen bluntly pointed behind (Pl. 111 C) ; the central figure tends to be somewhat obscure, particularly so the free tergites; femur, patella and tibia of palpus more heavily denticulated than in the male (Fig. 6 G). Ovipositor. Except for forceps the ovipositor consists of about 21 segments, of which the first eight segments have a whirl of eight spines, the next three with an incomplete series of spines. Seminal receptacles are composed of two rounded ampullae as shown in Fig. 6 J. Measurements (mm) : $ - Cephalothorax, 2.37 wide, 1.04 long ; 2.35 W, 2.08 L. Total body-length, Chelicera. First segment, 0.36 wide, 0.65 long ; second segment, 0.29 W, 0.98 L., Pal~us. Trochanter Femur Patella Tibia Tarsus ' Width Length Total Length of femora: I 7.2; I1 11.9; I11 6.5; IV 9.7. Total length of legs: I 33.4; I1 69.2; I ; IV Cephalothorax, 2.94 wide, 1.48 long; abdomen, 3.16 W, 3.48 L. body-length, Total

20 Opilionids from Nepal Palpus. W~dth Length Trochanter 0.25 mm 0.28 mm Femur Patella Tibia Tarsus Total Length of femora: 15.9; I1 10.0; I11 5.9; IV 8.4. Total length of legs: I 27.2; I1 55.3; I ; IV Types: Holotype male, Biratanti, altitude: 1,150 m, Central Nepal, 13 May, 1968; Paratypes: 1 $, 19, Godavari, altitude: 1,450 m, Central Nepal, 19 April and 17 June, 1968, respectively. All collections by M. Yamada. Remarks: The present new species is closely related to Metaverpulus hirsutus Roewer but differs from the latter species in having numerous denticles on the dorsal surface of the proximal cheliceral segment, and in not possessing any armament on the eye tubercle. There is some resemblance to the M. laevis Roewer. However, in M. laevis the patella of palpus is never Grovided with a median lobe. Further, the unique coloration on the dorsum of body is sufficient to separate the present species from other species of this genus. Family Phalangiidae Subfamily Phalangiinae Genus Egaenus C. L. Koch 7. Egaenus nepalensis n. sp. (Fig. 7 ; P1. I11 D) A single female specimen examined was considerably deformed, and legs were all removed. However, some of important characters were obtained, and the specimen was found to be new to science. The description given here is not so sufficient that it must be supplemented by future study. Female.- Dorsum. Considerable small-sized animal. Frontal margin of cephalothorax notched on either side, lateral sides likewise lightly curved opposite insertions of legs. Openings of scent glands oval, at edge of cephalothorax opposite trochanter of first legs. Mid-frontal area of cephalothorax somewhat raised, and on each side of this raised area present about five very small tuberculations. Such tuberculations also along the lateral margin of cephalothorax and on each side of eye tubercle; also but a few obsolete tubercles or short hairs disposed on the two thoracic segments. Dorsum of abdomen unarmed, nearly smooth, with only a few sparse short hairs on each segment. Eye tubercle noticeably low, 0.15 mm high, 0.29 mm wide; rounded above, not canaliculate; the carinae unarmed except for a few sparse

21 48 S. SUZUKI Fig. 7. Egaenus nepalenszs n. sp, 9. A. Dorsal ulew of the frontal area of cephalothorax w~th eye tubercle, chel~cerae and a part of palpus B. Lateral vlew of a part of cephalothorax. C. Left chelicera, lateral. D. R~ght chel~cera, med~al. E. Sem~nal re- ' ceptacle. (A x 37 ; B x 46; C D x 58; E x 480) obsolete hairs. It is separated more than its diameter from the front margin of the cephalothorax. Supra-cheliceral larnellae simple, small, unarmed. Venter. Surface of coxae of all legs, genital operculum and free sternites unarmed, almost smooth, clothed only with scattered hairs. Chelicera. Both segments considerably swollen, proximal segment with but a few short hairs on the dorsal surface, without a distinct spinc below. Distal segment likewise with sparse dorsal hairs, and with a small patch of fine, dense hairs subdistally on the medial surface.

22 Opilionids from Nepal 49 Palpus. Relatively short but stout. Trochanter armed below with several stiff hairs. Femur from the side nearly straight, from above slightly thickened distally ; ventral surface clothed with numerous stiff hairs, hairs mostly arising on a low, rounded tubercle. Patella prominently enlarged distally ; tibia considerably swollen, two times as long as width, both segments unarmed, only hairy. Tarsus moderately widened, longer than patella plus tibia, distally with a simple curved claw. Legs. Trochanters of all legs clothed with a few short stiff hairs on both lateral edges, sometimes one or two small pointed tubercles arising distally on the hind margin. Color. Ground, color of the dorsum whitish yellow to brown, numerous light to dark brown irregular spots and patches are present on each side of the cephalothorax, and two short, dark brown lines on the mid-frontal area. Eye tubercle whitish, eyes slightly encircled with black. Dorsal segments of abdomen each with an obscure, dark, median band, and a transverse series of very small, dark brown, round spots marking the suture between segments on either side. Chelicera and palpus, in general, whitish yellow to silvery white; first cheliceral segment with a considerable dorsal patch of dark brown; second segment somewhat darkened on both sides. Palpus femur dark brown except for light both extremities; patella and tibia with dark brown patches as shown in Fig. 7 D and P1. I11 D; tarsus somewhat darkened at both extremities; tarsal claw blackish. Ovipositor. Ovipositor consists of about 19 segments except for forceps, the segments each with a dark brown band. The first 8 segments bear a whirl of 12 to 16 spines, the ninth with 5 ones, and the 10 th and 13 th with only a single one, the remainder without spines. Seminal receptacles are composed of one elongated and two small accessory ampullae as shown in Fig. 7 E. Male.- Not known. Measureme7zts (mm) : 9 - Cephalothorax, 1.9 wide, 0.9 long. Total bodylength, ca Chelicera. Segment I, 0.29 wide, 0.43 long; segment 11, 0.27 W, 0.93 L. I Palpus. I Width Length Trochanter Femur Patella Tibia Tarsus Total Tyfe : Holotype female, Ulleri, altitude : 2,010 m, Central Nepal, 12 May, 1968, collected by M. Yamada. Remarks : The present species is somewhat resembled Egaenus kashmiricus Caporiacco, but is clearly separated from it in lacking a row of seven denticles along

23 5 0 S. SUZUKI both sides of the eye tubercle. Also, this species is considerably smaller than E. kashmiricus. 8. Gen. (?) sp. (?) (Fig. 8) Specimens examined: 3 immature, Gh;~s;l, altitude: 2,090 m, Central Nepal, 4 May, 1968, collected by M. Yamada. Notes: Unfortunately all the specimens were immature and they could not b: definitely identified. Rut the following characters suggest that they belong to a member of either Gyantinae or Leiobuninae of the Pale- or Holarctic forms. Fig. 8. Unclt~termined species (sp. no. 8) \al \ rw. x 9 Legs relatively short but strong. First segment of chelicera armed below at base with a sharp-pointed spur. Patella of palpus produced disto-medially into a prominent apophysis; femur and tibia also widened and with a blunt lob:: at distomedial angle, and tarsal claw toothed below at base. Coxae of all legs without marginal teeth, and the false articulations are not found on the femora of all legs. Dorsum of cephalothorax and abdomen rather soft, smooth, without any armaments, clothed only with a short, blackish, stiff hairs on the mid-frontal area before the eye tubercle, and along the oblique ridge between the lateral margin of cephalothorax and the eye tubercle; lateral margin also with a few of such hairs.

24 Opilionids from Nepal 51 A transverse row of short hairs across the surface of the last thoracic segment and each dorsal segment of abdomen. Eye tubercle unarmed, smooth, with a very few short hairs only. 9. Gen. (?) sp. (?) Specimens examined: 6 immature, Godavari, altitude: 1,450 m, Central Nepal, 20 April, 1968; 5 immature, Dumche, altitude: 2,000 m, Central Nepal, 29 May, All collections by M. Yamada. Notes: The specimens were all so young that they were not possible to determine generically. But they have 2-4 false articulations on the second femur and 1-2 on the fourth, so that they probably belong to a member of the Gagrellinae. LITERATURES CAPORIACCO, L. DI Aracnidi dell'himalaia e del Karakoram. Mem. Soc. Ent. Ital. 13 : ROEWER, C. FR Die Weberknechte der Erde. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1116 pp On a collection of Indian Palpatores (Phalangiidae) with a revision of the continental genera and species of the Subfamily Gagrellinae Thorell. Rec. Ind. Mus. 31 : (11): Alte und neue Assamiidae. Weitere Weberknechte VIII. (8. Erganzung der,,weberknechte der Erde" 1923). Veroff. Deutsch. Kolonial- u. ubersee-mus. 1 : Neue Assamiidae und Trogulidae. Weitere Weberknechte X. (10. Erganzung der,,weberknechte der Erde" 1923). Ibid. 3: a. Indoaustralische Gagrellinae (Opiliones, Arachnidae). (Weitere Weberknechte XVIII). 1. Teil. Senck. biol. 35: b. Indoaustralische Gagrellinae (Opiliones, Arachnidae). (Weitere Weberknechte XVIII). 2. Teil. Ibid. 35: a. Indoaustralische Gagrellinae (Opiliones, Arachnidae). (Weitere Weberknechte XVIII). 3.Teil. Ibid. 36: Indoaustralische Gagrellinae (Opiliones, Arachnidae). (Weitere Weberknechte XVIII). 4. Teil. Ibid. 36: a. Die Araneen der Ostasiatischen Iran-Expedition S.-B. Osterr. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. K1. Abt. I, 164 (9): Uber Phalangiinae (Phalangiidae, Opiliones Palpatores). (Weitere Weberknechte XIX). Senck. biol. 37: tiber Oligolophinae, Caddoinae, Sclerosomatinae, Leiobuninae, Neopilioninae und Leptobuninae (Phalangiidae, Opiliones Palpatores). (Weitere Weberknechte XX). Ibid. 38: Solifugen und Opilioniden; Aranea Orthognathae, Haplogynae und Entelegynae. (Contribution B l'ttude de la faune d'afghanistan, 23). Goteborgs kungl. Vetensk. Vitterh.- Samhalles Handl., N. F., Ser. B, 8: SCHENKEL, E Ostasiatische Opilioniden aus dem Museum #Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Mem. Mus. Nat. d'hist. Natur., Ser. A : " SILHAV~, V Die Weberknechte der Unterordnung Eupnoi aus Bulgarien; zugleich eine Revision europaischer Gattungen der Unterfamilien Oligolophinae und Phalangiinae (Arachnoidea, Opilionidea). Acta ent. bohemoslov. 62: Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Opilioniden-Fauna Afghanistans (Arachn.). Acta Mus. Mor. 51 : Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Fauna Afghanistans. Opilionidea. Ibid. 53:

25 52 S. SUZUKI STAR~GA, W Materialien zur Kenntnis der ostasiatischen Weberknechte (Opiliones). I-IV. Ann : SUZUKI, S. 1966a. Four phalangids from Eastern.Himalayas, Jap. Jour. Zool. 15: b. The phalangids of Himalayan Expedition of Chiba University Ibid. 15: Three species of Opi,liones from Nepal. Annot. Zool. Japon. 40: a. On a collection of opilionids from Southeast' Asia. J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., Ser. B, Div. 1, 22: b. Some phalangids from Thailand. Ibid. 22: PLATE I EXPLANATION OF FIGURES A-B. Pashokia yamadai n, sp. A. Male, and B. female, dorsal views. (A-B x 9) C-D. Gagrella godauariensis n. sp., 9. C. Dorsal, and D, lateral views. (C-D x9)

26 OPILIONIDS FROM NEPAL S. SUZUKI PLATE I

27 PLATE I1 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES A. Pokhara linenla n. gcn., n. sp., 9. Dorsal view. (X 9) B. Adungrella atrorubra Suzuki, 9. Dorsal view. ( x 9) C-D. Zaleptiolus implicatus n. sp., 8. C. Dorsal, and D. lateral views. (C-D x 9)

28 OPILIONIDS FROM NEPAL S. SUZUKI PLATE I1 /

29 PLATE 111 A-C. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Metaverpulus dzstznctus n. sp. A. Dorsal, and B. lateral views of 8. C. Dorsal viewof 9. (A-B x12;c x9) D. Egclenus nepalenszs n. sp., 9. Dorsal view. ( x 17)

30 OPILIONIDS FROM NEPAL S. SUZUKI PLATE I11