The Estimations of Nutrient Cycles of Artificial Tidal Flat in Tokyo Bay
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1 The Estimations of utrient Cycles of Artificial Tidal Flat in Tokyo Bay Kazuo MURAKAMI, ana SASAKI, Tomohiro KUWAE, and Hirotsugu ISHII Tokyo City University
2 The Role of Tidal Flat for Coastal Environment Habitat Fishery water Quality Water Birds Education Recreation
3 The Purpose of the Study The Role of Tidal Flat on Water Environment To Know the utrient Flux in the Tidal Flat To Grasp the Mechanism of utrient Cycle in the Tidal Flat
4 150 yrs. ago Present Tidal Flat Shallow Sea<10m Deep Sea>10m Reclamation Land Area 960km Mean Depth 15m Population 6million Tokyo Chiba Yokohama
5 Trend of Fishery Production in Tokyo Bay Amount of fish catch(ton) Total Shell fish Seaweed Pelagic fish
6 Tidal Flat in the Tokyo Port Wild Bird Park
7 Study Site Tokyo Port Japan Tokyo Port Wild Birds Park artificial tidal flat (57000m ) 1960's : reclamation 1989 : open for birds park Benthos Intertidal Zone Sea Water Reed Grass 0 km Tidal Flat Tokyo Port Wild Bird Park Channel 1 Channel Adjacent Sea Adjacent Sea 1 km Tidal Flat (Shioiri-o-Ike) Tidal Flat Channels
8 utrient Flux between Tidal Flat and Adjacent Sea Pond Intertidal Zone Reed Grass Tidal Flat Channel 1 Adjacent Sea Sampling Points Channel Macro-benthos Sediment Channel 1& Sea Water Dissolution rate
9 itrogen C om pound(m g l -1 ) D epth(m ) itrogen C om pound(m g l -1 ) D epth(m ) Observation Results (elevation, concentration of ) 6 H 4- O - O 3- O Channel :00 1:00 15:00 18:00 1:00 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 8/6 8/7 6 Channel Flux Q t t 1 I 1 t 1 t A Q t I, t C I, t :00 1:0 15:0 18:0 1:0 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 8/6 8/7 0
10 Phosporous C om pound(m g l -1 ) D epth(m ) Phosporous C om pound(m g l -1 ) D epth(m ) Observation Results (elevation, concentration of P) 0.6 PO 4-P OP Channel :00 1:00 15:00 18:00 1:00 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 8/6 8/7 0.6 Channel Flux Q t P t 1 I 1 t 1 t Q A t I, t C I, t :00 1:00 15:00 18:00 1:00 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 8/6 8/7 0
11 utrient Fluxes between Tidal flat and Adjacent Sea (mg/m /tides) TP PO 4 -P T O 3 - H Aug. Aug. Aug. Dec. Aug Dec Chl-a Red Digit : inflow flux from adjacent sea to tidal flat Black Digit : outflow flux from tidal flat to adjacent sea
12 utrient Flux between Sediment and Overlying Water Pond Intertidal Zone Reed Grass Tidal Flat Sea Water Sediment Agitated Equipment Channel 1 Adjacent Sea Sampling Points Channel Macro-benthos Sediment Channel 1& Sea Water Dissolution rate
13 utrient Flux between Sediment and Overlying Water O - O 3 - H 4 - DI intertidal zone subtidal zone PO 4 -P July Aug. Dec. Feb Aug. July Aug. Dec. Feb Aug.
14 utrient Flux from Water Birds (food or excretion) Pond Intertidal Zone Reed Grass Tidal Flat Channel 1 Adjacent Sea Sampling Points Channel Macro-benthos Sediment Channel 1& Sea Water Dissolution rate
15 Observation Results (number of water birds) Spring Summer Autumn Winter Hourly variations of number of water birds in the flat cormorant duck snipe & plover heron others Monthly variations of number of water birds in the flat
16 utrient flux by water birds BC 1 A i i K FW i FC C i DW i EC BC : utrient flux by water birds i : umber of water birds (i species) K : the rate of feeding action FW i : the amount of food by water birds FC : utrient content of the food C i : the rate of excretion loaded to flat DW i : the amount of excrement by birds EC : utrient content of the excrements utrient Flux from birds to Tidal Flat :9.36mg/m /d P:5.68mg/m /d
17 utrient Flux by Benthos and Reed Pond Intertidal Zone Reed Grass Tidal Flat Channel 1 Adjacent Sea Sampling Points Channel Macro-benthos Sediment Channel 1& Sea Water Dissolution rate
18 utrient flux by Benthos g/m July August 10 December 14 環形動物 Annelid 軟体動物 Mollusca Annelid Mollusca Crustaceans 甲殻類 Crustaceans
19 ER AR AR / A Summer Winter E R : the amount of nutrient removal : number of reed per unit area (1m) A R : area of reed habitat AR : assimulation rate by reed A : area
20 utrient Flux by Dentrification and Anammox Pond Intertidal Zone Reed Grass Tidal Flat Channel 1 Adjacent Sea Sampling Points Channel Macro-benthos Sediment Channel 1& Sea Water Dissolution rate
21 r-ipt Method (after Risgaard et al. 003) (Revised Isotope Pairing Technique) r incubation (1) 100μmol 15 O 3 incubation () 00μmol 15 O IPTp r14 ( p p (1 r14)) Original IPT Method (after ielsen 199) p 14 p p 9 30 p 30 p 9
22 Denitrification Anammox Inter Sub Inter Sub Inter Sub July 010 Aug. 010 Dec. 010
23 itrogen Cycle in the Tidal Flat Denitrification (370mg/m /d) Load Water Birds (9.36mg/m /d) Water Exchange (77mg/m /d) Reed or Algae (38.9mg/m ) Sediment Benthos (18.6mg/m /d) Adsorption (651mg/m /d)
24 Phosphorus Cycle in the Tidal Flat Load Water Birds (5.68mg/m /d) Water Exchange (90.5mg/m /d) Reed or Algae (3.mg/m ) Sediment Benthos (.73mg/m /d) Release (35.7mg/m /d)
25 Concluding Remarks The Role of the Tidal Flat on Water Environment The Flat is net sink for itrogen, and is net source for Phosphorus The excretion of water birds is a source of Phosphorus, but the nutrient flux by birds is not so large The nutrient flux between sediment and overlying water in the flat is quite large The main factor of a net sink of itrogen is denitrification and anammox
26 Concluding Remarks The Role of the Tidal Flat on Water Environment The Flat is net sink for itrogen, and net source for Phosphorus The excretion of water birds is a source of Phosphorus, but the nutrient flux by birds is not so large The nutrient flux between sediment and overlying water in the flat is quite large The main factor of a net sink of itrogen is denitrification and anammox
27 Concluding Remarks The Role of the Tidal Flat on Water Environment The Flat is net sink for itrogen, and is net source for Phosphorus The excretion of water birds is a source of Phosphorus, but the nutrient flux by birds is not so large The nutrient flux between sediment and overlying water in the flat is quite large The main factor of a net sink of itrogen is denitrification and anammox
28 Concluding Remarks The Role of the Tidal Flat on Water Environment The Flat is net sink for itrogen, and is net source for Phosphorus The excretion of water birds is a source of Phosphorus, but the nutrient flux by birds is not so large The nutrient flux between sediment and overlying water in the flat is quite large The main factor of a net sink of itrogen is denitrification and anammox
29 Concluding Remarks The Role of the Tidal Flat on Water Environment The Flat is net sink for itrogen, and is net source for Phosphorus The excretion of water birds is a source of Phosphorus, but the nutrient flux by birds is not so large The nutrient flux between sediment and overlying water in the flat is quite large The main factor of a net sink of itrogen is denitrification and anammox
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32 utrient Cycle in the Tidal Flat Denitrification Load Water Birds Water Exchange Reed or Algae Sediment Benthos Adsorption Release
33 Intertidal Zone Reed Grass ature Center Tidal Flat Channel 1 Channel Adjacent Sea Channel Tidal Flat Inflow Circulation Adjacent Sea
34 Atmosphere Denitrification Water PO itrification H 4 + O - O 3 - Sediment Anammox DO H 4 + O - O 3 - O -
35 utrient flux by Benthos fd O fd 1 E C C O fd M P / B / T fd : utrient removal by Benthos O fd : the amount of food by Benthos E C : Excretion efficiency C : utrient content of the food M : Biomass of the Benthos P/B : PB ratio of product T : Efficiency of conversion
36 r - IPTp 14 r 14 ( p 9 p 30 (1 r 14 )) Anammox r 14 p 9 r 14 p 30 r 14 p ( p 9 30 (1) (1) V V p 9 () 30 () p ) V p p 9 9 (1) () p p (1) () p 9 : production rate of 9 p 9 : production rate of 9 r14 : the ratio between 14 O 3- / 15 O 3- in the reduction zone V : the ratio between the concentration of 15 O 3- in the water column in incubation (1) and ()
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40 Current Velocity (cm s -1 ) W ater Level(m ) Water Level (m) Water Elevation and Current Velocity at Channels 1 & 1. 1 Inflow Outflow -100 C hannel1 C hannel 0 10:00 8/6 17:00 0:00 8/7 7:
41 December 水量 (m 3 ) Water Volume(m 3 /10min) August 水量 (m 3 ) Water Discharge pass through the channels 1 and C hannel1 C hannel :00 15:40 :0 5:00
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