M. Takezawa & Y. Maeno Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science & Technology Nihon University, 1-8 Kandasurugadai Chiyodaku, Tokyo, Japan

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1 Survey of small fisheries in Japan M. Takezawa & Y. Maeno Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science & Technology Nihon University, 1-8 Kandasurugadai Chiyodaku, Tokyo, Japan Abstract The coast in Japan is dotted over with many fishing ports. The former coastal fishery had been flourishing remarkably in Japan. However, many fishing villages have been declining gradually because of successors falling off and other industries developing. As a result, an aging and an under-population are making progress in the present circumstances of fishing villages in Japan. The fishing villages have enough motivation to be developed as a base of marine resort and recreation, since they have sufficient human and physical resources. The actual conditions of population movements, industrial structures, welfare facilities, public services, medical facilities, first-aid and rescue works, commerce and business, transportation, water works and sewer, etc. in fishing villages along the coast of Chiba and Kanagawa prefectures closing by the Tokyo Metropolitan area is investigated in this study. 1 Introduction Recently, fishing ports and municipalities (fishing) in Japan are becoming depopulated due to the employment shift of the young population from primary industries to tertiary industries and the growth of the aged

2 24 Environmental Coastal Regions III population. This phenomenon can also be seen in Chiba and Kanagawa Prefectures next to Tokyo. Chiba has fishing ports scattered on the Kujukurihama Coast and on the coast inside and outside the Boso Peninsula as well as fishing municipalities behind the ports. Fishing districts in Kanagawa used to flourish mainly along the coasts of the Peninsula and supplied fresh fish to Edo (old Tokyo) but these are now becoming urbanized and extended. The opening of the Tokyo Bay Aqua Line is expected to promote exchange and distribution activities between Chiba and Kanagawa and to influence the two prefectures in many different ways. In the present study, the authors selected main municipalities with fishing ports from both prefectures and conducted materials analysis and a field survey in order to investigate the movement of residents around the fishing ports and changes in the living environment. 2 Survey Method To find out facts about fishing districts, a materials analysis and a questionnaire survey were conducted as follows: Objects of survey: Fishing Port (Specific Class 3), Fishing Port (Class 3), Fishing Port (Class 2), Fishing Port and Tomoura Fishing Port (Class 1) along the coasts of Chiba, and Misaki Fishing Port (Specific 3 Class), Fishing Port (Class 3), Fishing Port (2 Class), Iwa Fishing Port of and Kita-shimoura Fishing Port of (1 Class) along the coasts of Kanagawa. (Fig. 1) Japan Fig. 1: Objects of survey

3 Environmental Coastal Regions III 25 Items of survey: Population transition (increase or decrease, population by ages, and population by industries), basic configuration of fishing establishments, welfare services (installation of welfare facilities and number of home helpers), medical institutions (medical facilities and number of doctors), educational institutions, waste treatment plants, established water supply systems, citizen strengths, financial statuses, tourist and sightseeing facilities, business spheres (average scale of retailing stores and number of financial institutions), and transportation (shift of workers and means of transportation). 3 Survey Result 3.1 Population Transitions and the Number of Workers by Industry In both prefectures, the population is increasing every year. However in Chiba, the population is decreasing in most areas within fishing districts. In the aging society, the percentage of aged people has exceeded 25% in -machi and is currently around 20% and increasing in other areas. Of the fishing districts in Kanagawa, the population is increasing in City and City but is decreasing in other areas where the percentage of aged people is increasing but not as remarkably as in Chiba. When both prefectures are compared in terms of industrial structure, the percentage of workers engaged in the primary industries is higher in Chiba than in Kanagawa. On the other hand, this is not the case for tertiary industries where the percentage of workers is higher in Kanagawa than in Chiba. This is also true for the fishing districts. In City in Chiba, however, the percentage of workers engaged in the tertiary industries is the same as in Kanagawa. In City in Kanagawa, the percentage of workers engaged in the primary industries is high but that in the tertiary industries is also high. In general, however, the fishing districts in Kanagawa have the average prefectural industrial structure. In Chiba, the industrial structure differs greatly between municipalities. The percentage of aged people and industrial structures of the fishing districts of Chiba and in Kanagawa are shown in Table 1 and Table 2.

4 26 Environmental Coastal Regions HI Table 1: The percentage of aged people Year % 16% 15% 11% 11% 8% 6% 8% 8% % 18% 19% 16% 9% 7% 10% 10% % 21% 23% 18% 15% 15% 9% % 23% 27% 22% 18% 19% 14% 11% 14% 15% Table 2: The percentage of industrial structures Industries Primary 20.5% 31.3% 27.5% 12.5% 11.0% 3.4% 1.1% 2.3% 3.4% 12.7% Secondary 29.5% 18.4% 22.3% 24.7% 34.1% 29.0% 28.3% 37.3% 34.1% 23.4% Tertiary 49.9% 50.2% 50.2% 62.7% 54.9% 67.6% 70.3% 60.0% 62.1% 63.6% 3.2 Basic Configuration of Fishing Establishments 3), 4) According to analysis of fishing establishments in both prefectures, fishermen in the fishing districts of Chiba work in family run operations rather than as employees of non-family run operations. In Kanagawa, however, most fishermen are employees of non-family run operations. Table3 shows the number offishingestablishments,fishingboats, family run operations, and employees of non-femily run operations in the fishing

5 Environmental Coastal Regions HI 27 districts of Chiba and Kanagawa Prefecture. Table 4 shows a change of the fishing catches and costs in the fishing districts of Chiba and Kanagawa Prefecture in TableS: Fishing establishment Establish Boats Family Employees Table 4: A change of thefishingcatches and costs Hiratska Upper: fishing catches (ton):lower: total costs of fishing catches (loooyen)

6 28 Environmental Coastal Regions HI 3.3 Number of Homes for the Aged and Medical Institutions ^ If fishing districts in both prefectures are compared in terms of homes for the aged and home helpers, the fishing districts in Chiba were found to be far behind those in Kanagawa. The numbers of medical institutions and doctors in the fishing districts are greater in Chiba than in Kanagawa. Table 5 shows the number of homes, home helpers, medical institutions (clinics) and doctors in the fishing districts of Chiba and Kanagawa prefecture. Table 5: Number of homes, home helpers, medical institutions and doctors Homes (100) 4(290) 0 12(990) 7(500) 7(548) 2(100) Helpers 3(1.4) 2(0.5) 2(1.2) 3(0.5) 9(0.6) 2(1.0) 407(6.2) 322(10.5) 149(5.5) 21(2.3) Clinics 4 2 2(1) 16(2) 52(6) 3 289(14) 171(11) 160(14) 22(2) Doctors 5(0.4) 1(0.2) 3(0.5) 26(1.1) 121(1.5) 4(4.2) 623(14.3) 315(12.4) 288(14.4) 57(10.5) ( ): the number limit of homes, the number of home helpers per a thousand aged people, the number of hospitals and the number of doctors per 10 thousands of population. 3.4 Number of Educational Institutions The number of educational institutions in fishing districts is somewhat smaller in Chiba than that in Kanagawa. There are no senior high schools in -machi or -machi.

7 3.5 Environmental Facilities Environmental Coastal Regions HI 29 With the problem of depopulation, this produces an environment in which it difficult for young people to live. The number of cleaning agents waste treatment plants is greater in the fishing districts of Kanagawa but differs greatly between districts in Chiba. Water supply system in fishing districts in Chiba are not so well established, compared to those in fishing districts in Kanagawa. The diffusion index of sewage is zero in some districts in both prefectures. These areas may use independent or combined treatment septic tanks or privies, but also drain domestic wastewater directly into the sea. 3.6 General Index of Citizen Strength and Financial Coefficient *> The general index of citizen strength indicates the critical living and management energies of people living in an area, such as populations, the number of households, and amount of taxable income. The fishing districts have a smaller general index in Chiba than in Kanagawa. The financial coefficient in fishing districts is much smaller in Chiba than in Kanagawa. The average income in fishing districts in Chiba is equal to or greater than the national average but 70% to 80% of the national average in fishing districts in Kanagawa. Table 6 shows the general index of citizen strength (per a hundred thousand), the level of citizen strength for each person (the national average 100), the gap of income (the national average 100), the average value of residential area (yen per m *), and thefinancialcoefficient. Table 6: General index of citizen strength and financial coefficient Hiratska Index Level Gap Land Financial

8 30 Environmental Coastal Regions HI 3.7 Number of Tourists The number of tourists in fishing districts is much smaller in Chiba than in Kanagawa. This is probably because public transportation networks are more developed and the percentage of workers in the tertiary industries is higher in Kanagawa than in Chiba as shown in Table 2. However, the amount of money spent by each tourist is high because the percentage of lodging tourist is great in the fishing districts of Chiba while the majority of tourists are day trippers in the fishing districts of Kanagawa. Table 7 is the number of tourist and the amount of money by each tourist, and Table 8 is various facilities of hotels, restaurants,fishshop, sea products. Table7: Number of tourist and amount of money spent by each tourist Manazum Total tourist Day tripper Lodging 13.3% 28.9% 8.9% 20.7% 14.1% 5.3% 2.8% 0.4% 4.7% 11.6% Amount 3411yen 3886yen 1444yen 4562yen 3734yen 980yen 670yen 270yen 480yen 2020yen Table 8: Various facilities Hotel Restaurant Fish store Boat shop 19(4) 6(5) 0(0) 30(11) 0(15) 25(3) 91(40) 8(15) 23(21) 67(17) ( ):fishingshop Sea product

9 3.8 Business Sphere ^ Environmental Coastal Regions HI 31 In terms of the average scale of retail stores, both the sales per store and the annual sales per worker in fishing districts are slightly higher in Kanagawa than in Chiba. The number of financial institutions is almost equal in the fishing districts of both prefectures but the average population covered by each store is greater in Kanagawa than in Chiba. Table 9 shows the sales per store and the annual sales per worker, and Table 10 shows the number of financial institutions, the average population and aging population covered by each store in the fishing districts. Table 9: The sales per store and the annual sales per worker Sales per store 45,000,000 yen/year 30,000,000 yen/year 35,000,000 yen/year 50,000,000 yen/year 59,000,000 yen/year 5 8,000,000 yen/year 102,000,000 yen/year 110,000,000 yen/year 11 8,000,000 yen/year 65,000,000 yen/year Table 10: Financial institutions Sales per worker 15,000,000 yen/year 8,000,000 yen/year 11,000,000 yen/year 15,000,000 yen/year 15,000,000 yen/year 15,000,000 yen/year 18,000,000 yen/year 19,000,000 yen/year 2 1,000,000 yen/year 16,000,000 yen/year Number People per store Aging per store

10 32 Environmental Coastal Regions III 3.9 Transportation The number of workers in the fishing district at all times is 60-80% in Chiba Prefecture and 40-60% inkanagawa Prefecture. The number of private cars per each people in the fishing districts of Chiba is more than that in the fishing districts of Kanagawa, because the transportation of Chiba is poor in comparison with that of Kanagawa. 4 Discussion and Conclusion In general, the fishing districts in Chiba Prefecture are behind those in Kanagawa Prefecture. The area differences, especially significant in public transportation networks, educational institutions, and medical institutions, are one of the factor promoting an aging population and depopulation. In particular, compared with the medical and welfare facilities for the aged in cities, those in fishing districts are under no control despite an aging population. Since an increasing aging population is anticipated not only in fishing districts but also throughout Chiba and Kanagawa, welfare services and social foundations (houses, roads, rivers, ports, and railways) should be improved greatly and those fishing districts becoming urbanized and extended should work together. In addition, the Aqua Line is expected to solved the area differences between fishing districts in both prefectures. References 1) Management and Coordinate Agency Population Census of Japan, ) Management and Coordinate Agency: Statistical Observations of Shi, Ku, Machi, Mura, ) Toyo Keizai: Digest of Local Economy, ) Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries: The Ninth Fishery Census, 1995