Status of the California Current System
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- Randell Casey
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1 Status of the California Current System Background Highlights/Critical Factors Decadal Forcing Interannual Forcing Status: phytoplankton/zooplankton fish/seabirds+mammals Important Issues Pacific Coastal Observing System Tagging of Pacific Pelagics Contributors: Bograd, Durazo, Hickey, Huyer, Hyrenbach, Lavaniegos, Mantyla, McKinnell, Perry, Peterson, Ralston, Reiss, Schwing, Stein, Sweetnam, Sydeman, Venrick
2 California Current System: Background Environment 1. Extends 3000 km, Vancouver Island to Baja 2. California Current: meandering equatorward flow, carries cool/fresh/oxygenated/ nutrient-rich waters 3. California Countercurrent/Davidson Current: weak poleward surface flow, seasonally-modulated 4. California Undercurrent: poleward flow at depth along continental slope 5. Strong impacts from regime shifts, El Niño events 6. Importance of North Pacific Current bifurcation Biology 1. High production from coastal upwelling 2. Significant commercial nearshore invertebrate populations 3. Important groundfish populations on shelf 4. Migratory pelagic species: salmon, sardine, hake, herring (north); anchovy, squid (south)
3 California Current System: Highlights and Critical Factors Cool Regime vs. Warm El Niño Apparent regime shift from warm to cool CCS in 1999 Strong El Niño in ; moderate El Niño in , with warm SSTs and depressed plankton abundances off CA Anomalous Subarctic Intrusion into CCS in 2002 Subarctic waters detected from Vancouver Island to Southern California Enhanced primary production within nutrient-rich waters; hypoxic event on Oregon shelf Continued strong upwelling in CCS (since 1999) Decline in California commercial landings, value of some invertebrates and groundfish New regulations to rebuild overfished rockfish stocks
4 North Pacific Regime Shifts: State Changes in Forcing SSTA SLPA, WindA cool warm cool? Peterson and Schwing, 2003
5 North Pacific Regime Shifts: Take Home Messages Pan-trophic biological response to regime shifts Early recognition of shift through physical and biological indicators leads to better management BUT not all regimes are alike Different environmental states Spatial heterogeneity Must continue to MONITOR
6 The Subarctic Intrusion of 2002: Forcing Jan-Feb 2002 Southward Ekman transport into NPC; Strong flow in eastern NPC; Strong coastal upwelling; Strong equatorward flow in CCS June 2002 Oct-Nov 2002 SST anomaly surface wind stress anomaly Murphree et al., 2003
7 The Subarctic Intrusion of 2002: Effects Underway fluorescence voltage GLOBEC LTOP, July 2000 vs. July 2002 July 2002 T-S vs mean extreme water property anomalies (T, S, O 2, NO 3 ) extending 1500 km, enhanced productivity, respiration, benthic hypoxia Huyer, 2003
8 CCS Status and Trends: Upwelling Upwelling Index downwelling, winter Anomalies strong spring/summer upwelling (still!)
9 CCS Status and Trends: Phytoplankton SeaWiFS Chl-a Anomalies Foley
10 CCS Status and Trends: Zooplankton Vancouver Island Southern California, Baja changes in zooplankton composition related to climate shifts similar trends seen off Oregon good indicators of climate! high biomass in spring 2002 (subarctic intrusion) low biomass in winter 2003 (El Niño) McKinnell/Perry/Venrick
11 CCS Status and Trends: Fish, Northern CCS British Columbia herring spawning increased in 2002 to near long-term average herring recruitment low when ocean is warm, summer biomass of migratory predators is high conditions favorable for herring survival in good growth conditions for salmon off Vancouver Island Washington, Oregon catches of forage fishes have increased steadily from low values in 1999 o h t ( s s a m o i B Biomass SPECIES N. anchovy P. herring P. sardine W. smelt Year McKinnell
12 CCS Status and Trends: California Fisheries Landed over 177,000 metric tons of fish, invertebrates in 2002 (-12% from 2001, -28% from 2000) Preliminary value of US $104 Million (+1% from 2001, -22% from 2000) Top three grossing stocks: market squid, dungeness crab, sea urchin (followed by chinook salmon, swordfish, Pacific sardine, California spiny lobster, albacore, sablefish, spot prawn) Higher demand for market squid, dungeness crab Declines in landings of Pacific mackerel, jack mackerel, northern anchovy Federal, state regulations imposed to rebuild rockfish stocks California fishing ports Sweetnam
13 Recent Change in the CCS: Seabirds Seabirds show response of upper-trophic predators to ocean variability Subarctic cool-water species dominate in high reproductive success for all species since 1998 (Farralons) Subtropical warm-water species return in (El Niño) Sydeman
14 California Current System: Issues The nature of regime shifts What are the mechanisms? Biotic responses? Interactions between decadal and interannual forcing Spatial heterogeneity in amplitude/timing of climate events Interactions among environmental variability, recruitment fluctuations, fishing pressure Over-harvest of low-mobility species (abalone, rockfishes) Interactions between fisheries and marine mammals HABs increasing in intensity, frequency, duration, location Need a coordinated, holistic physical/ecosystem monitoring program for the CCS PaCOS
15 Pacific Coastal Observing System (PaCOS) (formerly ACCEO Alliance for California Current Ecosystem Observations) A plan for an observing system for the US EEZ of the Pacific Coast that supports the fishery resources, protected species, and ecosystem responsibilities of NOAA Fisheries. Chair: William Fox, Office of Science & Technology Coordinators: John Hunter (SWFSC) and Elizabeth Clarke (NWFSC)
16 Pacific Coastal Observing System (PaCOS) NOAA budget initiative for FY06 monitor pelagic ecosystem govt/academic alliance applied, long-term science goals sustain physical/biological time series gradual expansion of monitoring understand dynamics of CCS and its populations; interannual-decadal change NOAA Fisheries contribution to IOOS
17 Tagging Of Pacific Pelagics Tag TOP Predators in the eastern North Pacific (~5000 individuals) Develop tools for the integration of biological and physical oceanographic data for furthering ocean exploration Discover the Hot Spots & Migratory Highways of the Eastern North Pacific for large pelagics
18 Air Breathing Vertebrates Leatherback Turtle Loggerhead Turtle Black footed Albatross Laysan Albatross Elephant Seals California Sea Lions Blue,Fin & Humpback Whales Sperm whale Shearwaters TOPP Species Fish, Shark and Squid Bluefin Tuna Yellowfin Tuna Albacore Tuna White shark Mako shark Salmon shark Thresher shark Blue Shark Dosidicus squid Mola Swordfish
19 TOPP Tagging June September 2003
20 Elephant Seals in the North Pacific
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