DIRECT INJURY AND SURVIVAL OF ADULT STEELHEAD TROUT PASSING A TURBINE AND SPILLWAY WEIR AT MCNARY DAM. IDIQ Contract #W912EF-08-D-0005.

Transcription

1 DIRECT INJURY AND SURVIVAL OF ADULT STEELHEAD TROUT PASSING A TURBINE AND SPILLWAY WEIR AT MCNARY DAM IDIQ Contract #W912EF-08-D-0005 Final September 2014

2 DIRECT INJURY AND SURVIVAL OF ADULT STEELHEAD TROUT PASSING A TURBINE AND SPILLWAY WEIR AT MCNARY DAM Prepared for: U. S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS WALLA WALLA DISTRICT 201 North Third Avenue Walla Walla, WA Prepared by: NORMANDEAU ASSOCIATES, INC River Road Drumore, Pennsylvania Normandeau Project Number SEPTEMBER 2014

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... ES INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Site Description OBJECTIVES METHODS Sample Size Fish Release System TSW Induction System Turbine Induction System Source and Maintenance of Test Specimens Tagging and Release Fish Recapture Classification of Recaptured Fish Spillway Hydraulic Conditions Turbine Hydraulic Conditions Statistical Analysis RESULTS TSW Recapture Rates Retrieval Times Passage Survival Injuries Turbine Recapture Rates Retrieval Times Passage Survival Injuries DISCUSSION Comparison of Present Study Survival Results (Direct Effects) With Similar Studies at McNary Dam and Other Sites Temporary Spill Weir (TSW) Turbine CONCLUSIONS LITERATURE CITED LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES APPENDIX A REGIONAL REVIEW COMMENTS/RESPONSES APPENDIX B STATION PARAMETERS APPENDIX C DERVIATION OF PRECISION, SAMPLE SIZE, AND MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD PARAMETERS APPENDIX D INDIVIDUAL FISH DISPOSITION DATA APPENDIX E AND F DAILY SURVIVAL AND MALADY-FREE AND STATISTICAL OUTPUTS McNary Dam September 2014 iii Normandeau Associates, Inc.

4 Table 1-1: Table 3-1: Table 3-2: LIST OF TABLES Physical and hydraulic characteristics of a Kaplan type turbine and TSW for the adult Steelhead Trout released through Turbine Unit 12 and TSW located in Spillbay 20 at McNary Dam, March, Physical parameters (range and average values) measured when adult steelheads were released through Turbine Unit 12 and TSW located in Spillbay 20 at McNary Dam, March, Controls released from the barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility. Calculated sample sizes (R c =R t =R) for control and treatment fish releases for achieving precision (ɛ) of ±5%, 95% of the time on estimated adult steelhead survival in passage through McNary Turbine Unit 12 and TSW located in Spillway 20. Table 3-3: Daily schedule of released adult steelhead passed through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March Controls released from the barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility. Table 3-4: Table 3-5: Table 4-1: Table 4-2: Table 4-3: Table 4-4: Table 5-1: Table 5-2: Condition codes assigned to fish and dislodged HI-Z tags for fish passage survival studies. Guidelines for major and minor injury classifications for fish passage survival studies using the HI-Z Tags. Summary tag-recapture data and estimated 1 h and 48 h survival for adult steelhead passed through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March Controls released from the barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility. Proportions are given in parentheses. Survival rates estimated from reduced model (see Appendix E). Summary of visible injury types and injury rates observed on recaptured adult steelhead passed through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March Controls released from the barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility. Proportions are given in parentheses. Probable sources and severity of maladies on recaptured adult steelhead passed through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March Controls released from the barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility. Proportions are given in parentheses. Summary malady data and malady-free estimates for recaptured adult steelhead passed through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March Controls released from the barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility. Proportions are given in parentheses. Summary of HI-Z tag direct passage survival estimates of fishes in passage through Kaplan type turbines and non-turbine exit routes at various hydroelectric projects, Comparison of direct survival, injury and hydraulic conditions of juvenile Chinook salmon and adult steelhead passed through Spillbays TSW2 (spillbay 20) and TSW1 (spillbay 22) at McNary Dam in 2007 and McNary Dam September 2014 iv Normandeau Associates, Inc.

5 Table 5-3: Table 5-4: Table 5-5: Comparison of direct survival, injury, and hydraulic conditions of juvenile Chinook salmon and adult steelhead passed through turbines at McNary Dam 1999, 2002, and Physical and hydraulic characteristics of propeller type turbines and corresponding direct survival/injury data on adult fish passed through these turbines. Physical and hydraulic characteristics of non-turbine passage routes and corresponding direct survival/injury data on adult salmonids passed through these routes. McNary Dam September 2014 v Normandeau Associates, Inc.

6 Figure 1-1: LIST OF FIGURES General location and layout of McNary Dam showing treatment and control fish release locations, March Figure 1-2: Adult steelhead releases through TSW 2 (treatment) at McNary Dam, March A- release system, B -release hose, C - steel release pipe, D- Spillbay 20 conditions during testing. Figure 3-1: Figure 3-2: Figure 3-3: Figure 3-4: Figure 3-5: Figure 3-6: Figure 3-7: Figure 3-8: Figure 4-1: Figure 5-1: Figure 5-2: Figure 5-3: Figure 5-4: Figure 5-5: Figure 5-6: Configuration of Spillbay 20 TSW2 with extended leaf assembly and fish release pipe location at McNary Dam, March Adult steelhead releases through Turbine Unit 12 (treatment) at McNary Dam, March Adult steelhead control releases from barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility at McNary Dam, March Adult steelhead transported from Round Butte Fish Hatchery near Madras, OR and held in tanks at McNary Dam, March Length frequency distributions of adult steelhead passed through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March Controls released from barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility. Tagging sequence for adult steelhead sent through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March Recapture of adult steelhead sent through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March Adult steelhead transported from recapture boats and transported to off shore holding pools at McNary Dam, March Recapture times for adult steelhead passed through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March Controls released from barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility. Frequency distribution of percentage alive (48 h) versus length (25 mm groups) of adult steelhead passed through Spillbay 20 TSW (top figure) and Turbine Unit 12 (bottom figure) at McNary Dam, March Sample size at top of each bar for size group. Plots of 48 h survival (top) and injury rate (bottom) versus project head for adult HI-Z tagged fish (mean length mm) passed through Kaplan type turbines. Plots of 48 h survival (top) and injury rate (bottom) versus runner speed for adult HI-Z tagged fish (mean length mm) passed through Kaplan type turbines. Plots of 48 h survival (top) and injury rate (bottom) versus number of blades for adult HI- Z tagged fish (mean length mm) passed through Kaplan type turbines. Plots of 48 h survival (top) and injury rate (bottom) versus turbine runner diameter for adult HI-Z tagged fish (mean length mm) passed through Kaplan type turbines. Relationship between 48 h survival and visible injury rate on adult HI-Z tagged fish (mean length mm) passed through Kaplan type turbines. McNary Dam September 2014 vi Normandeau Associates, Inc.

7 Acronyms and Abbreviations ATS Advanced Telemetry Systems BRZ boat restricted zone BIOP Biological Opinion C degree(s) Celsius or Centigrade cm centimeter(s) cfs cubic feet per second CI confidence interval COE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers CRB Columbia River Basin ESBS extended length submersible traveling screens F degree(s) Fahrenheit FCRPS Federal Columbia River Power System FOP Fish Operations Plan FMSL feet mean sea level ft/sec feet per second ft foot (feet) gal gallon h hour(s) ID Idaho kcfs thousand cubic feet per second kw kilowatts LOE loss of equilibrium m meter(s) MF Malady-Free mm millimeter(s) min minute(s) MW megawatt MCN McNary Dam NAI Normandeau Associates, Inc. NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration OR Oregon RM river mile RM&E Research Monitoring Evaluation rpm revolutions per minute SE standard error TSW Temporary Spillway Weir McNary Dam September 2014 vii Normandeau Associates, Inc.

8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In recent years, a higher proportion of adult steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) has been observed overwintering in McNary Dam (MCN) forebay and tailwater relative to pre-2000 observations and early season ladder passage metrics. Overwinter passage is restricted to turbine passage with the seasonal closing of the bypass systems and spillway passage during in-voluntary spill events. Although smolt direct survival estimates through spill and bypass systems have been known to be higher than turbine passage direct survival estimates, the generalized assumption that these high direct survival estimates could be applicable to adult steelhead and salmon has not been verified. The goal of this study was to provide direct injury and survival estimates of adult steelhead trout passing through a turbine and over a temporary spillway weir (TSW) at McNary Dam. This report compares the direct survival and injury estimates for adult steelhead trout between the two passage routes. These data and comparisons are important to the US Army Corps of Engineers and fishery managers for exploring safer surface passage routes for adult steelhead during the winter months. Study fish were transported from the Round Butte Fish Hatchery, near Madras, Oregon and were tested using the HI-Z tag recapture technique. TSW Adult steelhead (N= 88, average length 591mm TL) were passed in March 2014 with approximately 10 kcfs spill through Spillbay 20 equipped with a TSW. Adult steelhead were released so they passed approximately 6 ft above the crest of the TSW. This release depth was chosen to replicate the area where most emigrating adult steelhead are expected to pass over the TSW based on flow profiles. Ambient river temperature ranged from 3.6 to 7.2 C (38.5 to 45.0 F) during the investigation. The recapture rate for 88 treatment fish was 96.6%. Fifteen of the control fish (93.8%) released at the barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Collection Facility were recaptured and all were alive. Retrieval times for treatment fish averaged 50 minutes compared to 22 minutes for controls. The 1 and 48 h survival estimates for adult steelhead in passage through the TSW were 97.7% (95 % CI ± 3.2%). The malady-free (MF-no visible injuries, 20% scale loss per side, and no loss of equilibrium) estimate for the TSW release was also 97.7% (95% CI ± 3.2%). The MF estimate is based on recaptured alive and dead fish. Two of the recaptured TSW treatment fish were injured, one fish had minor injuries (not life threatening), and the other major (life threatening). Injuries consisted of bruises to caudal area (minor) and gill damage and internal organs protruding from the gills (major). Probable cause for the minor injury was mechanical and the major injury was attributed to shear forces. Qualitatively, slight evidence exists indicating survival/injury were size-related. Earlier survival study of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytcha) passed through TWS s installed in Spillbay 20 and 22 at the McNary Dam was slightly higher (99.3%) than that of the adult steelhead in the present study (97.7%). Likewise, more adults (2.4%) were injured than smolts (0.7 and 1.8%). No other similar data were found on other species or salmonids for comparative analysis. Turbine Treatment fish (N =130, average length 591 mm TL) were released 6 ft below the turbine intake ceiling of Unit 12 and directed towards an area where most naturally entrained fish were expected to approach the turbine intake area. Unit 12 operated at best geometry ( peak efficiency), discharged approximately 14.5 kcfs and with the fish diversion screen removed. Control fish group released for the TSW test also formed control for the turbine evaluation. The recapture rate of the treatment group was 95.4%. The retrieval time averaged 15 minutes for the McNary Dam September 2014 ES-1 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

9 turbine passed fish. The 1 and 48 h survival estimates were 90.7% (95% CI was: ± 5.0%). These estimates were significantly (two-tailed z-test calculated z = 2.32 versus tabled value of 1.96) different than those for the TSW passed fish (97.7%, 95% CI was ± 3.2%). The MF estimate was 92.7% (95% CI was ± 4.6%) and was not significantly (two-tailed z test calculated z = 1.72 versus tabled value of 1.96) different from that of the TSW passed fish (97.7%, 95% CI was ± 3.2%). Eight (6.5%) of the 124 Unit 12 fish examined had passage related visible injuries and all were considered major. The common injuries were severed or nearly severed bodies and decapitated or nearly decapitated fish (4.8%), two fish had gill damage and one fish suffered loss of equilibrium. All but one of turbine passed fish injuries were caused by mechanical forces. One fish had injuries attributed to shear/pressure forces. There was some evidence that mortality and injury was size related. There was a downward trend in survival with increased length of the adult steelhead in the present study. Juvenile Chinook salmon (average length near 150 mm) passed through MCN Unit 9 in earlier studies had survival ranging from 93.0 to 98.3% and injury rates of 1.2 to 5.1% compared to 90.7% survival and 6.5% injury rate for adult steelhead in the present study. Direct survival rate was generally higher and injury rate lower for the adult steelhead passed through the McNary turbine than estimated for large sized fish (mean length 423 to 1020 mm) in 14 tests of other Kaplan type turbines. Because of a multitude of interactions among influential causative factors the exact reason for this difference could not be ascertained. McNary Dam September 2014 ES-2 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

10 Survival Study Summary Framework Year: March 2014 Study site: McNary Dam Turbine (Unit 12) and Temporary Spillway Weir (TSW) Objectives of study: Determine the direct survival and injury of adult steelhead passed through a turbine and TSW, precision on estimate to be within ± 5%, 95% of the time. Determine if survival rates are significantly different. Determine types and causes of observed injuries. State hypothesis, if applicable: Adult steelhead passed through the TSW would be in better post passage condition than those passed through a turbine. Fish Species: Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Life stage: Adult Source: Round Butte Fish Hatchery, near Madras, OR Size (range & mean) Weight: Not taken Length (total length): Treatment fish average: 591 mm Control fish average: 588 mm Tag Type/model: HI-Z Balloon Tags Weight (gm): 1.9 g Implant/attachment procedure Surgical: N/A Gastric: N/A Injected: Externally attached HI-Z tags and detach upon fish recapture Survival estimate per species or objective Type (project, etc.): McNary Dam; Turbine Unit h survival: 90.7% (SE = 2.6%) Sample size: 130 treatment and 16 controls Analytical model: Joint likelihood model (Mathur et al. 1996) Type (project, etc.): McNary Dam; Temporary Spillway Weir (TSW) 48 h survival: 97.7% (SE = 1.6%) Sample size: 88 treatment and 16 controls Analytical model: Joint likelihood model (Mathur et al. 1996) Characteristics of estimate Effects reflected (direct, total, etc.): Direct Absolute or relative: Absolute (relative to control) Environmental/operating conditions Relevant turbine discharge and corresponding output; best operating geometry, approximately 14.5 kcfs and 75 MW. Relevant TSW discharge: 11.0 kcfs McNary Dam September 2014 ES-3 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

11 Temperature: 3.6 to 7.2 C (38.5 to 45.0 F) Unique study characteristics: First comparative turbine and Temporary Spill Weir direct passage survival study of adult Steelhead Trout or adults of any other species McNary Dam September 2014 ES-4 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

12 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Steelhead are late winter or early spring spawners that begin their spawning migration during the summer months and continue into the fall and early winter. As these fish migrate upriver from the ocean they rely on environmental cues as a roadmap to guide them to their natal stream. While migration to natal habitats is typically successful, straying may occur leading these adults into different areas of the Columbia River Basin (CRB), or cause overshoot of their natal stream or river system. While straying, particularly overshoot, may be temporary, these fish may return downstream in order to continue their migration to natal spawning locations. This may then require the downstream passage through one or more dams. Unlike their salmon counterparts, steelhead are iteroparous anadromous salmonids meaning they do not necessarily die upon spawning. Steelhead are also more likely to spend considerable amounts of time in main stem rivers (overwintering behavior) until late winter and early spring when freshets or rain or snow events trigger their final migration to tributary spawning locations In recent years, a higher proportion of adult steelhead has been observed overwintering in dam forebays relative to pre-2000 observations particularly in the forebay at McNary Dam (MCN). These adults may have arrived in the forebay at MCN as overshoot strays from the John Day River or en-route to other upriver reaches of the CRB. During the winter months adult steelhead overshoots from the John Day, or other lower river tributaries may fallback while other overwintering pre-spawn steelhead may wander downstream through the dam. Adult steelhead have limited winter downstream spill passage routes at MCN (summer spill ends August 31 st at MCN) and passage occurs mainly through turbine units or back through the Juvenile Bypass System which shuts down in mid-december. This is a particular concern for fallback of John Day River overshoots. Downstream migration of adult steelhead raises another passage route concern. Thousands of adult salmon are thought to pass downstream through hydropower dams and possibly turbines annually. While TSWs have been installed at MCN to provide a passage survival benefit to juvenile emigrating salmon and steelhead, an increased proportion of adult steelhead passing through the TSW has been observed. Although juvenile salmonid direct survival estimates through spill and bypass systems have been known to be higher (median 98.6% of 222 tests) than turbine direct survival estimates (median 95.9% of 167 tests), the generalized assumption that these high direct survival estimates could be applicable to adult steelhead and salmon has not been verified. A multi-year ( ) hydroacoustic study was conducted to determine vertical distribution and enumeration of powerhouse passage by adult steelhead sized fish at MCN. The fish of appropriate size are presumed to be adult steelhead since hydroacoustic evaluations only determine the approximate size of fish passing but cannot identify fish by species. It is of importance to the region that direct injury and survival data is obtained on adult steelhead passing through turbines and over the TSWs at MCN. The results of the present study will provide fishery managers and regulators with information leading to potential improvements for passage survival of adult steelhead. While considerable data has been collected on juvenile salmon passing through turbines, in both field and laboratory studies, little is known about the survival rates and injuries for adult salmonids passing through turbines. Spillway weirs and/or spring spill for juvenile out migrants does not start until early April under the current Fish Operations Plan (FOP), thus does not benefit overwintering adult steelhead or any potential kelt (post-spawned steelhead trout) that may be in the system. Recent Corps of Engineers (COE) funded kelt studies have provided data that supports the use of surface bypass routes at COE projects in early spring that promote safe kelt passage at COE projects with surface bypass routes (e.g., Bonneville and The Dalles); however, this is not the case for John Day, MCN and the four Lower Snake Projects. This study presents the direct survival/injury rates of adult steelhead passed through a turbine and over a TSW at MCN. This study also provides managers with information on direct injury types and McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

13 mechanisms associated with injuries. The injury and survival estimates can be applied to adult steelhead pre-spawn fallback, downriver migrating, and overwintering kelts in order to estimate achievement of the adult conversion standards of the 2008 NOAA Fisheries Biological Opinion for the FCRPS. This study is applicable to 2010 BIOP measure: Hydropower Strategy 2: Research Monitoring Evaluation Strategy 2:54.14 and is important to the Turbine Survival Program. There are two primary effects on fish using any passage route: direct and indirect effects. Direct effects are manifested immediately after passage (e.g., instantaneous fish mortality, injury, loss of equilibrium); indirect effects (e.g., predation, disease, physiological stress) may occur over an extended period or distance after passage. The present study at MCN was designed to estimate direct effects of passage by introducing a known number (predetermined statistically) of HI-Z tagged live fish (Heisey et al. 1992) into a TSW equipped spillway and turbine (treatment), recapturing them immediately after passage, enumerating the alive and dead fish, and then carefully examining the condition of each fish. Federal and state agency personnel reviewed this report and offered their comments. Our response to each comment is presented in Appendix A. Additionally, editorial comments were addressed and incorporated in this document. 1.1 Site Description McNary Dam located near Umatilla, OR is the fourth dam on the Columbia River (RM 292) upstream from the estuary (Figure 1-1). MCN is 1.4 miles long and consists of a powerhouse, spillway, and navigation lock and earthfill section. It was completed in The powerhouse consists of fourteen 70 MW Units with a total capacity of 980 MW and 232 kcfs discharge. Extended-length Submersible Bar Screens (ESBS s) are present in all turbine intake bays. The spillway consists of 22 vertical lift spill gates (50 X 51 ft) with an overall length of 1,310 ft. The navigation lock located on the Washington side is 86 ft wide by 683 ft long with an average vertical lift of 75 ft and the remainder consists of an earthfill section on the Oregon side. MCN is operated by the COE and provides navigation, hydroelectric power generation, recreation, and wildlife habitat and incidental irrigation. There are two fish ladders for salmon and steelhead passage, one on each shore of the dam. The direct survival and injury test on adult Steelhead Trout was conducted at Spillbay 20 equipped with a TSW2 (Figure 1-2 and Table 1-1) at a spill volume of approximately 11.2 kcfs. The turbine passage direct survival and injury test was conducted at Unit 12. The turbine has a hydraulic capacity of approximately 16.5 kcfs, a runner diameter of 280 in, a runner speed of 85.7 revolutions per minute (rpm) with six blades (Table 1-1). The present investigation on adult Steelhead Trout was conducted at a single discharge (approximately 14.0 kcfs, best geometry) and at one location approximately 6 ft below the intake ceiling and at a project head of 72 ft 2.0 OBJECTIVES The objectives for the TSW and turbine investigation were to (1) estimate direct survival/injury of adult hatchery Steelhead Trout passing over the TSW and through a turbine within ± 5%, 95% of the time, and (2) compare whether the survival of adult steelhead in passage through the two routes is significantly different (P=0.05). Additionally, types and potential causes of observed injuries were to be assessed. 3.0 METHODS The TSW investigation was designed to determine survival and malady- free (MF) rates of fish passing through the TSW installed in Spillbay 20. A MF estimate is defined as a fish free of visible injuries, scale loss ( 20% per side), and/or loss of equilibrium (LOE). The TSW treatment fish were released so they passed approximately 6 ft above the crest of the TSW weir, near the location where most naturally emigrating adult steelhead are expected to pass (Figure 3-1). The turbine investigation was designed to determine survival and MF rates for fish passed through Unit McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

14 12 operating at best geometry ( 14 kcfs). Fish were released into bulkhead gate slot A approximately 6 ft below the intake ceiling to direct fish where most naturally entrained adult steelhead are expected to approach the turbine intake area (Figure 3-2). Control fish for both TSW and turbine passed fish were released from an 8-inch diameter flexible hose lowered just above the water surface from the downstream end of the barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Collection Facility (Figure 3-3). Table 3-1 provides average flow and tailwater conditions during the 2014 TSW and turbine investigations. Appendix B provides the daily station parameters recorded during the TSW and turbine investigations. 3.1 Sample Size One of the main considerations was to release an adequate number of fish such that the resulting survival estimates are within a specified precision (ε) level. The sample size is a function of the recapture rate (P A ), expected passage survival (ˆ ) or mortality ( 1 -ˆ ), survival of control fish (S), and the desired precision (ε) at a given probability of significance (α). In general, sample size requirements decrease with an increase in control survival and recapture rates (Mathur et al. 1996). Only precision (ε) and α level are strictly controlled by an investigator. Based on the results of several survival experiments from other sites on the Columbia River, a sample size of 155 fish per TSW treatment was deemed sufficient assuming 99% control survival, recapture rate of 98%, and expected passage survival of 90%, to attain a pre-specified precision level (ε) of ±5%, 95% of the time (Table 3-2). The projected number of fish needed for the turbine study was 184 to test a single turbine operation at best geometry. This assumes 86% turbine survival (Table 3-2). However, due to difficulty in procuring adult steelhead, a decision was made to proceed with a smaller sample size per treatment condition for the turbine and TSW release sites. A total of 16 common control fish was used for the TSW and turbine releases (Table 3-3). This small number was sufficient and provided control survival of 100%. Past experience suggested that the sample sizes can be adjusted as a study progresses, because the results are available daily. If recapture and control survival rates are higher than initially assumed, sample size can be reduced or precision increased. Conversely, if the values of these parameters are lower than initially assumed, sample size can be increased to achieve the pre-specified statistical precision. This strategy has been successfully employed in previous studies involving the HI-Z tag recapture method (Mathur et al. 1996). Embedded flexibility in the experiment enables fish to be allocated to other treatments to gain insight into specific concerns that may arise during the course of an investigation. 3.2 Fish Release System TSW Induction System Fish for the TSW investigation were released through an induction apparatus and a pipe deployed to direct fish such that their projected path was approximately 6 ft above the crest of the TSW. The release location was selected to evaluate where most emigrating adult steelhead were expected to pass over the TSW (Figure 3-1). Treatment fish were released from an eight-inch diameter flex hose attached to an eight-inch smooth-walled steel pipe that was mounted on the spillway head works super structure and also secured with steel guide cables fastened to the pier noses (Figure 1-2). Welding rods 1/8 th in diameter were tacked to the outside of the release pipe to minimize the chances of harmonic vibrations. The inside of the steel pipe was thoroughly inspected to insure no rough spots were present that could potentially injure fish. The end of the pipe was bent to match the expected flow lines past the terminus of the release pipe and velocity at the pipe terminus was similar to that passing by the pipe Turbine Induction System Fish for the turbine investigation were released approximately 6 ft below the intake ceiling through Turbine Unit 12 (Figure 3-2). The treatment fish were released via a combination of smooth-walled, eight-inch diameter flex hose secured to an eight-inch diameter smooth-walled steel pipe that directed the McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

15 fish to the release point. The steel release pipe was positioned in the intake area downstream of the trash rack and secured to a rectangular steel frame. The steel frame and release pipe was lowered into the head gate slot downstream of the trash racks. The release point location was in an area where fish were committed to turbine passage (entraining velocity approximately 5 ft/sec). The pipe was deployed and flushed with water so that the water velocity at the terminus of the pipe was similar to the water velocity passing by the outside of the pipe. This minimized the chances of a tagged fish encountering potential injurious hydraulic conditions at the exit point. Similarly tagged control fish were released downstream at the barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility. 3.3 Source and Maintenance of Test Specimens Adult steelhead were transported from Round Butte Fish Hatchery, near Madras, OR, via a tank truck to the project site, and held in 1100 gal capacity circular tanks (Figure 3-4). The transport tank was equipped with a recirculation system and supplemental oxygen supply. The approximate fish transportation time was 3 to 4 hours. Fish were held a minimum of 24 hours prior to tagging to alleviate handling and transport stress, and to allow them to acclimate to ambient river conditions at MCN. Ambient river temperature ranged from 3.6 to 7.2 C (38.5 to 45.0 F) during the 2014 TSW and turbine investigations (Table 3-3). Round Butte delivered 162 fish via tank truck with agitators and oxygen in the first trip on March 4 and two more trips of 46 and 57 fish were transported on 8 and 12 March, respectively, via 400 gal capacity tank trailer equipped with agitators and oxygen totaling 265 fish. Nineteen fish were lost overnight from the March 4 transport due to stress, but no fish were lost from the March 8 and 12 transports. The final sample size was 246 fish for the TSW and turbine investigations. The treatment and control fish for a given day were randomly drawn from the holding tank, thereby assuring that all treatment fish were of a similar size and condition. The total length frequency distributions of treatment and control fish groups are shown in Figure 3-5. The average total lengths of the treatment and control fish were 591 and 588 mm, respectively. The corresponding median length for the treatment and control fish was 580 and 572 mm, respectively. 3.4 Tagging and Release The fish tagging and release techniques followed those used for other similar turbine and spillway survival investigations (Heisey et al. 1992, 2008a; Mathur et al. 2000; Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2011a,b,c,d and 2013; North/South Consultants and Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2009). The procedures used in handling, tagging, releasing, and recapturing of fish for both treatment and control groups were identical. Control fish were released primarily to evaluate the effects of handling, tagging, releasing, and recapturing downstream in the turbine discharge (Figure 3-3), as well as to provide additional data on recapture probabilities. Fish were randomly removed from holding tanks to the adjacent tagging site using a net. Fish were placed individually into the induction system holding tub, HI-Z and ATS radio tags were attached, tags were activated, and fish was released. Adult fish were not anaesthetized, but placed in a fish restraining tube, and three to eight HI-Z tags were attached with a small cable tie through the musculature beneath the dorsal, adipose, and pelvic fins via a curved cannula needle (Figure 3-6). Most fish received six tags. The adult fish were released directly from the restraining tube after activating the HI-Z tags. The inflation time of the HI-Z tags after injecting water was approximately 2-4 minutes. The inflation time of the tags can be adjusted slightly by varying the temperature and amount of water injected into tags prior to release. Between 12 and 50 fish were individually tagged and released each day (Table 3-3). 3.5 Fish Recapture Treatment fish were retrieved from the tailrace by boat crews (Figure 3-7). Boat crews were notified of the ATS radio tag frequency of each fish upon its release. Only crew members trained in fish handling retrieved tagged fish. McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

16 ATS radio tag signals were received on a loop antenna coupled to an ATS receiver. The radio tag signal enabled the boat crew(s) to follow the movement of each fish after TSW or turbine passage, and position the boat for quick retrieval when the HI-Z tags buoyed the fish to the surface. The boats maintained a safe distance downstream of the turbulent water from the spillway. When fish were released during times of heavy spill, mainly during the TSW releases, some of the fish remained in the immediate spill area and did not move downstream for recapture. When this happened, boat recapture crews had to remain out of the boat restriction zone (BRZ) until spill was temporarily curtailed. Once permission was granted the boat crews entered the BRZ and began tracking and recapturing any remaining fish. Once all remaining fish were recaptured or only a radio tag signal was located, the boat crews left the BRZ notified the control room and spilling resumed. This process took time and explains why some of the TSW passed fish had longer recapture times than the turbine passed fish. Any fish with active radio tags that failed to surface were tracked for about 30 minutes, and then periodically, to ascertain if fish were displaying movement patterns typical of adult salmonids, stationary or drifting. Recaptured fish were placed into an on-board holding facility, and the tag(s) removed. Each fish was examined for scale loss and injuries and assigned codes relative to descriptions presented in Table 3-4. Recaptured adult fish were transferred in 100-quart coolers to a transport truck and then taken to an onshore holding pool to assess 48 h survival (Figure 3-8). Each day's specimens for a given trial were held in the same or similar pool. Pools were continuously supplied with ambient river water and shielded to prevent fish escapement. 3.6 Classification of Recaptured Fish The immediate status of an individual fish was designated as alive, dead, predation, dislodged inflated tag(s) recovered, or unknown. The following criteria have been established to clearly define these designations: 1) alive--recaptured alive and remained so for 1 hour; 2) alive--fish does not surface but radio signals indicate movement patterns typical of adult fish; 3) dead--recaptured dead or dead within 1- hour of release; 4) dead--only inflated tag(s) are recovered without the fish and telemetric tracking or the manner in which tags surfaced is not indicative of predation; 5) unknown--neither tags nor fish are recovered and radio signals are not received or only briefly and a more detailed status cannot be ascertained, 6) predation predator observed taking fish, predator captured with ingested fish, unique predator inflicted external marks on fish, and telemetric movement indicative of strong swimming predator. Mortalities occurring >1 hour post-passage were considered 48 hour mortalities. However, fish were evaluated at intervals of approximately 12 hours. Dead fish were identified by a Floy tag, examined for descaling and injury, and a necropsy was performed to determine the potential cause of death. Injuries were evaluated immediately following recapture, and later during a detailed examination after completion of the 48 hour holding period. Injury and descaling were categorized by type, extent, and area of body. Photographs of injured fish were taken. Fish without any visible injuries that were not actively swimming were classified as LOE. This condition has been noted in past studies, and often disappears within 10 to 15 minutes after recapture. The re-examination of immobilized fish after the 48 hr holding period minimized the need for extensive handling and associated stress upon immediate recapture. The initial examination upon recapture allowed detection of some injuries, such as bleeding and minor bruising that may not be evident after 48 hours due to natural healing processes. Fish without maladies were designated malady-free (MF). This MF metric was established to provide a standard way to rate how a specific route affects the physical condition of passed fish (Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2004, Normandeau Associates, Inc. and Skalski 2005, 2006a,b). The MF metric, was chosen so it would be more comparable to survival; however, the MF metric is based solely on fish physically recaptured and examined and is adjusted for control fish with injuries and non-passage induced McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

17 ˆ injuries (i.e. tagging, release effects such as tears at tag sites). The MF estimate in concert with sitespecific hydraulic and physical data can provide insight into which passage conditions may provide a safer fish route. Visible injuries, scale loss and loss of equilibrium (LOE) were categorized as minor or major, based on laboratory studies by PNNL et al. (2001) and Normandeau s field observations (Table 3-5). 3.7 Spillway Hydraulic Conditions Tests were conducted with an average of 11.2, range kcfs spill through Spillbay 20 (Table 3-1 and Appendix B). Total project discharge ranged from kcfs with an average of kcfs. The estimated velocity of the discharge jet upon entering the tailrace was 70 to 73 ft/sec. Laboratory studies suggest that a velocity exceeding approximately 58 ft/sec is capable of inflicting injury/mortality on fish when discharged into a water surface without hard objects (Neitzel et al. 2000). Fish may begin to suffer injuries if discharged onto hard objects at a velocity 20 ft/sec (Bell et al. 1972). 3.8 Turbine Hydraulic Conditions Fish were released at one location which could direct fish towards an area between the turbine hub and mid blade if the fish exhibit little or no volitional movement. The release location was close to where most naturally entrained fish were expected to approach a turbine when fish diversion screens were removed. The unit was operated at best geometry ( 14.0 kcfs). The average generation and discharge for Unit 12 was 75.4 MW and 14.9 kcfs (range kcfs) for adult fish releases (Table 3-1). The total project discharge during fish releases ranged from kcfs with an average of kcfs. Total project discharge was generally lower earlier in the study when most of the turbine testing was conducted (Appendix B). The total powerhouse discharge ranged from kcfs, average kcfs during fish releases (Table 3-1 and Appendix B). 3.9 Statistical Analysis Passage survival probabilities for turbine and TSW were estimated relative to the control using the likelihood model given in Mathur et al. (1996). Appendix C describes the likelihood model and provides statistical derivation of precision, sample size calculations, and likelihood parameters. The estimators associated with the likelihood model are: For survival (ˆ) ˆ Where, R T = number of fish released for the treatment condition; a T = number of fish alive for the treatment condition; R c = number of control fish released; a c = number of control fish alive. For malady-free fish (MF) McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

18 Where, c T = number of control fish with maladies; c c = number of control fish recovered and examined for maladies; R c = number of treatment fish with maladies; R T = number of treatment fish recovered and examined for maladies. A likelihood ratio test was used to determine whether recapture probabilities were similar for live (P a ) and dead (P d ) fish. The statistic tested the null hypothesis of the simplified model (H o :P a =P d ) versus the alternative of the generalized model (H a :P a P d ). The outcome of this test indicated that a simplified model (H o :P a =P d ) can be used for estimating survival and malady free rates and their associated standard errors. Differences in fish survival and malady free estimates between passage routes were tested using a twotailed z-test (P=0.05 level). Disposition of individual fish is given in Appendix D while Appendix E and F provide the statistical outputs. Only summarized information is discussed in the main body of the report. Malady- free (MF) rates are based on the proportion of recaptured fish without passage related visible injuries, LOE, and/or scale loss or fish with injuries that were not attributable to passage, i.e., injuries attributed to tagging/release procedures (e.g., flesh tears at tag site). The MF estimate for the treatment group was made relative to the control fish without maladies. Based on HI-Z tag study guidelines for major and minor injury classifications, a fish with no visible internal or external injuries that dies beyond one hour is classified as a non-passage related minor injury (Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2004; Normandeau Associates, Inc. and Skalski 2005, 2006a,b, PNNL et al. 2001). Only five fish were removed from the analysis of the MCN TSW study because the fish were trapped in areas too hazardous for boat retrieval while the spillbays were open. Some fish were removed because they were subjected to violent hydraulic conditions post TSW passage, when they were drawn back into the TSW spill discharge after the HI-Z tags had buoyed the fish to the surface. In some instances, fish were trapped in areas prior to or after surfacing and became unrecoverable shortly after release, because they swam or were pulled under submerged pockets in the spillway area. A precedent for removing unrecoverable fish from the analysis has been reported for a sluice way study at Bonneville Dam (Johnson et al. 2003). 4.0 RESULTS 4.1 TSW Recapture Rates The recapture rate (physical retrieval of alive and dead fish) was 96.6% of the 88 TSW released fish and 93.8% of 16 control released fish. All recaptured fish were alive (Table 4-1). Two treatment fish were assigned dead based on the recapture of only HI-Z tags and one treatment and one control fish were assigned an unknown status. Each recaptured fish was immediately examined for maladies consisting of McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

19 visible injuries, scale loss and LOE, and assigned appropriate condition codes (Table 3-4) Retrieval Times Retrieval times for treatment fish averaged 50 minutes, compared to 22 minutes for controls. The respective median retrieval times were 15 and 20 minutes (Figure 4-1). The retrieval times for treatment fish were partially dependent upon whether spill was curtailed after a group of fish were released, which allowed for quicker fish retrieval. Also, the longer retrieval times were due to the recapture boat crews having to remain downstream of the turbulent discharge from the spillway and wait until the fish cleared the turbulent area or until the spill was reduced or curtailed completely. Some treatment fish became trapped in an eddy within the BRZ and remained there until the spill was curtailed Passage Survival The 1 and 48 hr survival estimate were both 97.7% (SE = 1.6%; 95% CI= ± 3.2%), (Table 4-1 and Appendix C) Injuries Only 2 of the 85 (2.4%) TSW passed fish had any visible external injuries (Table 4-2 and Appendix D). These injuries consisted of bruises to the caudal area and damaged gills. One injury was attributed to mechanical forces (minor) and one to shear forces (major) (Table 4-3). The MF estimate was 97.7% (SE=1.6%; 95% CI= ± 3.2%), (Table 4-4 and Appendix C). 4.2 Turbine Recapture Rates The recapture rate (physical retrieval of alive and dead fish) was 95.4% for fish passed through Unit 12 (Table 4-1and Appendix B). A total of 117 (90.0%) recaptured fish were alive, 7 (5.4%) were dead, 5 (3.8%) were assigned dead and 1 fish was assigned an unknown status Retrieval Times Retrieval times for fish averaged 15 minutes for Unit 12, compared to 22 minutes for controls (Figure 4-1). The retrieval times for fish were partially dependent on whether fish were buoyed to the surface in the immediate tailrace or further downstream of MCN. During most of the turbine releases, the boat crews were able to be inside the BRZ to recapture fish which aided in quicker recapture times Passage Survival The 1 and 48 h survival estimate was 90.7% (SE = 2.6%; 95% CI= ± 5.0 %), (Table 4-1 and Appendix C) Injuries Eight of the 124 (6.5%) recaptured turbine passed fish had visible injuries. The common injuries were severed or nearly severed bodies and decapitated or nearly decapitated fish (Table 4-2; Appendix D). Other injury types exhibited by fish at Unit 12 were gill damage, torn isthmus and one fish exhibited only LOE. All injuries were classified as passage related and only one of the injured fish had injuries classified as minor. Seven fish had injuries attributed to mechanical forces, one fish exhibited shear forces/pressure and the cause of LOE on one fish was undetermined (Table 4-3). No control fish exhibited a minor or major injury. The MF estimate for Unit 12 was 92.7% (SE = 2.3%) (Table 4-4 and Appendix C). Precision (ε) was ± 4.6%, 95% of the time. McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

20 5.0 DISCUSSION 5.1 Comparison of Present Study Survival Results (Direct Effects) With Similar Studies at McNary Dam and Other Sites Relative to the data set on survival (direct effects) of juvenile salmonids in passage through non-turbine routes (Mathur et al. 1999; Johnson et al. 2003; Heisey et al. 2008b) and large Kaplan type turbines (Table 5-1), similar direct passage survival data are sparse for adult fishes (non-turbine routes: N=10; turbine routes [N=5]). The larger data set for juvenile salmonids resulted primarily from controlled releases of fish at multiple locations within spillbays (N=222) and turbines (N=167) at multiple discharges across sites, particularly relative to the development of fish friendly turbines and potential modifications of spillways for safer fish passage. Results from these releases have allowed for some generalized conclusions on the relationship between spillbay or turbine characteristics and potential survival or injury causing factors to entrained fish. For survival and injury minimization of juvenile salmonids passing non-turbine exit routes, the following factors have been identified: spill volume, configuration of spill, spillbays with or without flow deflectors, shear/pressure, season(s), collisions with stilling basin structures, depth of water cushion of the receiving water, travel path and trajectory within spill jet, interception angle of spill jet with spillway chute and flow deflector, and post-passage lateral transport of fish (Johnson et al. 2003; Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2004, 2011a,b, 2013; Normandeau Associates, Inc. and Skalski 2005, 2006a,b; Normandeau Associates, Inc. et al. 1996; Heisey et al. 2008a,b). The following factors have often been identified as important in affecting survival/injury of turbine entrained fish: fish size relative to runner diameter, runner speed, number of runner blades, turbine operational geometry, entrainment depth, and project head (Heisey and Avalos 2011; Amaral et al. 2011). The present study involved the release of adult steelhead only at one location at the McNary TSW and at fluctuating spill volume. Turbine Unit 12 releases were also made at a single release point and at a single discharge of approximately 14.9 kcfs; a similar discharge was tested for juveniles in an earlier study by Normandeau Associates, Inc. et al. (2003). Thus, the comparisons discussed below focus on effects of fish size on survival and injury and provide a perspective on present McNary data relative to other earlier studies at McNary and other sites and species (Tables 5-2 to 5-5) Temporary Spill Weir (TSW) Some evidence of size-related passage survival, though within statistical variation, and injury rate was observed in passage through the TSW (Table 5-2). Survival of juvenile salmonids (average length 141 mm) in passage through TSWs installed in McNary s Spillbay 20 and 22 was higher and injury rate lower than that for the adult steelhead (Normandeau Associates, Inc. et al. 2008). For juveniles, the survival was estimated at 99.3% with injury rates estimated at 0.7% and 1.8%. Survival of adult steelhead was slightly lower at 97.7% and injury rate was estimated at 2.4%. The crest of the weir for TSW2 which is currently in bay 20 has a longer downstream extension of the leaf assembly and is also the type tested for the adult steelhead in the present study (Figure 3-1). Because so few TSW passed adult steelhead died (2 of 88 assigned dead) no apparent relationship between survival and length was discernible (Figure 5-1). This is an important observation as there is no evidence of higher survival for smaller adults (e.g. John Day River fish compared to Snake River B-run), or between the maximum and minimum spill levels experienced during testing. Although only a handful of direct injury/survival studies on adult salmonids in passage through nonturbine routes (spillbays and bypass structures) have been conducted to date (Table 5-1), results from these investigations provide a perspective on McNary data and point out the importance of certain factors in affecting survival of entrained fish. The survival was 100% and injury rate 1% for adult steelhead passed through an ice-trash sluice and McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

21 corner collector at Bonneville Dam (Normandeau Associates Inc. 2011c) and over a flow control structure at Willamette Falls (Karchesky et al. 2009). The adult steelhead (mean length = 633 mm) at Bonneville were introduced into a 1.2 to 5.0 kcfs discharge and dropped 53 ft into a plunge pool. The adult steelhead (mean length=716 mm) were passed over a flow control structure at Willamette Falls from a height of approximately 40 ft. In both of these cases the fish were entrained in a discharge jet that was several feet deep. The effects of head and entrained fish location within the spill jet were apparent on survival and injury on adult steelhead at the Foster Dam, OR, and Box Canyon Project, WA (Table 5-5). The 48 hour survival was considerably lower (77.5%) and injury rate higher (46.9%) for adult steelhead (mean length = 708 mm) passed over a weir at the Foster Dam (Normandeau Associates Inc. 2013) at a project head near 108 ft. In contrast, at Box canyon with a lower head of 86 ft the estimated survival of the adult steelhead was 100% and injury rate was 16.4%. The discharge jet was shallow (less than 1 foot in depth) for both tests and the fish were discharged onto a concrete sill. Direct survival and injury estimates were also obtained on adult rainbow trout (mean length = 431 mm) passed under a vertical lift gate at the Box Canyon Project (Normandeau Associates Inc. 2011b). This study was designed to test a suspected worst case condition by releasing fish near the bottom of the discharge jet and also in line with an energy dissipation block in the spilling basin. The operating head was near 40 ft. The direct 48 h survival estimate was 96.3%; injury rate was 11.9%. A similar type test was also conducted on adult rainbow trout (mean length = 446 mm) at the Albeni Falls Project (Normandeau Associates Inc. 2014). The fish were passed under a leaf gate discharging 930 cfs and opened only 1 foot. The discharge jet was directed onto a shallow bedrock area; however the head was only 19 ft. The 48 h survival was 97.6% and 6.8% of the adult rainbow trout were visibly injured (Table 5-5). One study conducted at the Arrow Rock Project (Table 5-5) on adult rainbow trout (mean length = 460 mm) indicated the importance of the orientation and characteristics of the substrate that a spill jet contacts on the condition of the passed fish (Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2011d). Eighty percent (16 of 20) of the fish were injured when passed over a 60 foot high water fall with exposed and partially exposed basalt boulders at its base. Survival (48 h) of these fish was 63.2% (Table 5-5). Based on these studies the direct survival at 48hour (97.0%) and injury (2.4%) estimates for adult steelhead passed through the MCN TSW are similar to or better than these other non-turbine passage studies. Although the operational head at the MCN TSW was relatively high (71 feet) and estimated impact velocities were near 70 ft/sec for the discharge jet, few of the adult fish were injured. The low observed injury rate at the MCN TSW appears to be due to the depth of the discharge jet and minimal obstructions in the path of the jet; additionally the jet does not intercept the spillbay chute at a steep angle Turbine Although the test conditions and release locations were not identical, results of two separate investigations of passage survival on juvenile salmonids (average length = 150 mm) passed through McNary Turbine Unit 12 show that survival is fish size-related with higher survival ( %) for juveniles than for the 591 mm long adults (90.7%), (Table 5-3). Fish were released at discharge levels near 8, 12, 14 and 16 kcfs during the earlier studies. The direct 48 h survival ranged from % in the1999 study (Normandeau Associates, Inc. et al. 1999) assuming 100% control survival (no control fish were released) and from % in the Normandeau Associates, Inc. et al. (2003) study with the highest survival coinciding with the turbine operating at best geometry ( 14.9 kcfs). The average survival estimate for juveniles across all test conditions was 95.4%. Juveniles were introduced through pipes mounted at the stay vanes which directed the fish near the hub, mid blade, and blade tip in the Normandeau Associates, Inc. et al. (1999) study. In the Normandeau Associates, Inc. et al. (2003) investigation the fish were released into a head gate slot similar to the present study on adults, however, the fish guidance screens were in place and the fish were released in the non-diverted flow just below the screens. Since the passage survival of adult steelhead at McNary turbine was estimated at only one McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

22 operating condition, it is unknown whether the trend in survival for adults would be similar to that for the juveniles (Normandeau Associates, Inc. et al.1999, 2003). However, support for the observed survival rate of adult steelhead was gleaned from the results of the blade-strike model of Franke et al. 1997; this model was developed as part of the U.S. Department of Energy Project for design of a fish friendly turbine. Using a correlation factor of 0.15 (λ), model predicted survival of adult steelhead passing McNary turbine at 14.9 kcfs discharge was 90.1%, virtually identical to the empirical estimate of 90.7%. There was also some evidence that size was a factor in survival for the adult steelhead. Figure 5-1 shows a general downward trend in survival with increased length. The effect of the size of salmonids was also reflected on injury rates at MCN (Normandeau Associates, Inc. et al and 2003). The average injury rates of juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytcha) were 4% for the Normandeau Associates, Inc. et al study and 2.6% for the Normandeau Associates, Inc. et al investigation (Table 5-3). These rates are lower than the 6.5% injury rate observed on the larger sized adult steelhead in the present study. Size-related passage survival (direct effects) differential is also observed for other species as well. However, the magnitude of difference in absolute survival of juvenile and adult fish varies (Bell and Kynard 1985; Heisey et al and 2008b; Mathur et al. 1994; Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2011b, c, and d, 2013). The difference in survival between juvenile ( mm) and adult American Shad ( mm), Alosa sapidissima, ranged from 9 to 21% at three projects (Bell and Kynard 1985; Heisey et al and 2008b; Mathur et al. 1994) on the United States East Coast Rivers. The difference in survival between smaller sized juvenile ( mm) and large sized ( mm) triploid Rainbow trout ranged between 9.4 and 12.7% in studies conducted at Box Canyon and Albeni Falls Projects on the Pend Oreille River, ID. The investigations were conducted at turbines with 4-7 runner blades, runner diameters in, and runner speeds of rpm. However, the survival of adult steelhead in passage through MCN turbine is one of the highest and injury rates one of the lowest reported for salmonids to date in passage through a 5 or 6-bladed Kaplan type turbine (Table 5-4). Adult ( mm) triploid Rainbow trout survival at Box Canyon and Albeni Falls Dams ranged between 83.8 and 90.1% and injury rates ranged from 13.7 to 19.6%. Based on the characteristics of these studied turbines, the estimated turbine passage survival of 90.7% and 6.5% injury rate for the larger adult steelhead (mean length = 591 mm) passed through the MCN turbine are better even though the MCN unit has 6 blades, runner diameter of 280 inches, rotation speed of 85.7 rpm, and operational head of 72 ft (Table 5-4). Eleven other HI-Z tag studies conducted on non-salmonids including American shad, Northern Pike (Esox lucius), Walleye (Sander vitreum) and elongate form American (Anguilla rostrata) and European (A. anguilla) Eels passing Kaplan type turbines showed a trend, though not statistically significant (p >0.05), for decreased survival and higher injury with an increase in the number of turbine blades, rotational speed, and decrease in the operational head and runner diameter (Figures 5-2 through 5-6). The influence of the number of blades was more evident, on survival of adult eels and Northern pike. Average survival (mean length mm) of eels was 92.4% and 93.0% for the 4-bladed units (Table 5-4). Survival was 79.9% and 73.5% for 5 and 6-bladed units, respectively. The corresponding injury rate also increased (6.5% to 36.7%) with an increase in blade number. The corresponding blade speeds were similar at 88.2, 94.0, 93.8, and 99.2 rpm. The average survival of adult Northern pike (mean length mm) decreased from 75.7 to 65.9% upon passing a 5-bladed unit versus a 6-bladed unit. Similarly, adult Walleye (mean length mm) survival was 87.8% for the 5-bladed turbine and 80.4% for fish passing the 6-bladed turbine. Both of the Kelsey turbines at the same blade speed of rpm. Survival of the adult American shad (mean length mm) passed through a 5-bladed Kaplan unit was 88.2% compared to 84.3% for a 7-bladed mixed flow unit (Table 5-4). In this case the blade speed was considerably lower for the 7 bladed unit (76.6 rpm) than the 5 bladed unit (109.1 rpm) and may have partially diminished the negative effects of the number of blades. McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

23 Kaplan turbine features that can affect survival of turbine passed fish include: number of blades; thickness and shape of leading and trailing edge of blades; turbine rotation rate; turbine runner diameter and blade speed (impact velocity); stay vane and wicket gate number, alignment, and shape; clearance at wicket gates; wicket gate overhang; and low absolute pressure (nadir). Cada et al. (1997) have reviewed the physical and hydraulic features of turbines that can affect entrained fish injury and mortality. Strike inflicted injuries due to blade contact is the dominant injury observed for most direct survival/injury studies conducted using the HI-Z tag fish recapture technique. Thus, minimizing the number of blades should have a positive effect on fish friendliness. Blade number minimization should be most beneficial for larger adult fish at a propeller type turbine, provided good flow characteristics are maintained through the turbine blades. The shape, thickness, and speed of the leading edge of the turbine blades can affect both survival and injury rate of fish that make direct contact. Generally, the thicker and rounder the leading edge, and the slower it is traveling, the less chance of blunt force injury and/or lacerations; however, making the leading edge of the blades too thick could impact turbine efficiency. The size of the fish, its orientation to the blade, and area of the body that makes blade contact affect the extent, type, and severity of injuries. Laboratory studies conducted by Amaral et al. (2008 and 2011) evaluated the effects of fish species, fish length, and fish orientation to the blade, blade impact speed, and blade thickness on fish mortality. Blade speed and the ratio of fish length to the thickness of the leading edge of the blade were the two primary factors affecting survival of fish encountering the upstream edge of a turbine blade. The ratio of the length of the fish to the thickness of the leading edge of the blade was designated as L/t. Survival was high (>90%) for L/t ratios close to 1 when fish were struck by a blade travelling close to 28.8 ft/s, while L/t ratios 10 resulted in survival rates less than 60% at blade strike speeds close to 23 ft/s. Survival decreases with an increase in strike velocities and L/t ratios. The effects of blade leading edge shape and thickness was observed on adult Walleye and Northern pike passed through 5 and 6-bladed units at the Kelsey Project (North/South Consultants and Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2009). Although direct survival was higher for the 5-bladed units than the 6-bladed units as noted above the injury rates were similar for the 5-bladed units. The injury rates for adult Walleye were both near 32%, while 68% of the adult Northern pike passed through the 5-bladed unit had injuries compared to 55% of those passed through the 6-bladed unit. The other characteristics of these two turbines were similar. Post study examination of the turbines revealed the leading edges of the 5-bladed unit turbines was thinner and sharper. Higher rotation rates of turbine runners can affect the fish friendliness of units by increasing the probability of fish contacting a blade, and also by increasing the speed at which the leading edge impacts a fish. Rotation rate is influenced by runner diameter and operational head. The rotation rates of the turbines where adult fish have been tested ranged from 54 to 109 rpm; these turbines were all large and ranged from 208 to 312 inches in diameter. Because of the interaction of number of blades, runner diameter, operating head, and other factors, the direct effects of rpm on fish survival/injury was not always obvious. Fish passing through a turbine experience pressure changes over a short period of time. In a conventional hydroelectric facility, pressure increases as a fish descends to the upstream side of the runner, drops rapidly upon passing the runner, increases in the draft tube, and then returns to near atmospheric pressure at the surface of the tailrace (Deng et al. 2010; Trumbo et al. 2013), or greater pressures if the fish swims to deeper water upon exiting the turbine. Low absolute pressure that the fish may experience upon passing the turbine runner can cause barotrauma; meaning decompression related injuries to the fish that are acclimated to different depths prior to turbine entrainment (Brown et al. 2009, 2012; Trumbo et al. 2013). The lowest pressure a fish encounters (pressure nadir ) and the depths at which it is acclimated appear to be the primary factors affecting mortality rate, mortality type, injury rate, and severity of injury. Injuries associated with sudden decompression trauma include ruptured air bladder, ruptured blood vessels, and air bubbles in the internal organs and fins (Brown et al. 2012). Many of these injuries results McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

24 in death. Although thousands of HI-Z tagged fish have been passed through turbines with a wide range of nadirs, very few (<1%) of the recaptured fish have displayed injuries that could be attributed to sudden decompression trauma. Because the HI-Z tagged fish are held in water less than 40 cm deep prior to turbine passage, these test fish are not acclimated to depths that a portion of naturally entrained fish would be. However, there is little evidence from the HI-Z tag tests that the sudden increase or decrease in pressure experienced during turbine passage has any substantial negative effects on near surface acclimated fish. 6.0 CONCLUSIONS Adult steelhead had significantly higher survival passing through the TSW (97.7%) than the turbine Unit 12 (90.7%). Although less TSW passed fish were injured (2.4%) than turbine passed fish (7.3%) the injury rates were not significantly different (p > 0.05, two-tailed z-test; calculated z value = 1.72 versus table value = 1.96). However, all the turbine inflicted visible injuries were severe and life threatening. Although the direct survival of adult steelhead in passage through the tested turbine was lower than in passage through the Spillbay 20 TSW, it was generally higher than those estimated for large sized fish in 14 other investigations at other hydroelectric stations. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that the Spillbay 20 TSW should provide a relatively benign passage route and higher survival for adult steelhead than passage through a turbine. McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

25 7.0 LITERATURE CITED Amaral, S.V., G. Hecker, and P. Stacy Effects of leading edge turbine blade thickness on fish strike survival and injury. Hydro Vision, HCI publication, Number 250 Amaral, S.V., G. Hecker, and D.A. Dixon Designing Leading Edges of Turbine Blades to Increase Fish Survival from Blade Strike, Alden Research Laboratory & EPRI, paper presented at EPRI Conference on Environmentally-Enhanced Hydropower Turbines in Washington, D.C., May Bell, C.E. and B. Kynard Mortality of adult American shad passing through a 17-megawatt Kaplan turbine at a low-head hydroelectric dam. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 5: Bell, M.C., A.C. DeLacy, and H.D. Copp A compendium on the survival of fish passing through spillways and conduits. Report prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland, OR. Brown, R.S., T.J. Carlson, A.E. Welch, J.R. Stephenson, C.S. Abernethy, B.D. Ebberts, M.J. Langeslay, M.L. Ahmann, D.H. Feil, J.R. Skalski and R.L. Townsend Assessment of barotrauma from rapid decompression of depth-acclimated juvenile Chinook salmon bearing radio telemetry transmitters. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 138(6): Brown, R.S., T.J. Carlson, A.J. Gingerich, J.R. Stephenson, B.D. Pflugrath, A.E. Welch, M.J. Langeslay, M.L. Ahmann, R.L. Johnson, J.R. Skalski, A.G. Seaburg and R.L. Townsend Quantifying mortal injury of juvenile Chinook salmon exposed to simulated hydro-turbine passage. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 141(1): Cada, G.F., C.C. Coutant, and R.R. Whitney Development of biological criteria for the design of advanced hydropower turbines. DOE/ID U.S. Department of Energy, Idaho Operations Office, Idaho Falls, ID. 85 p. Deng, Z., T.J. Carlson, J.P. Duncan, M.C. Richmond and D.D. Dauble Use of an autonomous sensor to evaluate the biological performance of the advanced turbine at Wanapum Dam. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 2(5): doi / Franke, G.F., D.R. Webb, R.K. Fisher, Jr., D. Mathur, P.N. Hopping, P.A. March, M.R. Headrick, I.T. Laczo, Y. Ventikos, and F. Sotiropoulos Development of environmentally advanced hydropower turbine system design concepts. Prepared for U.S. Dept. Energy, Idaho Operations Office. Contract DE-AC07-94ID Heisey, P. G., D. Mathur, and T. Rineer A reliable tag-recapture technique for estimating turbine passage survival: application to young-of-the-year American shad (Alosa sapidissima). Can. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: Heisey, P. G., D. Mathur, J. L. Fulmer, and E. Kotkas. 2008a. Turbine passage survival of late running adult American shad and its potential effect on population restoration. American Fisheries Society Symposium 61: , Amer. Fish. Soc., Bethesda, MD. Heisey, P. G., D. Mathur, J. R. Skalski, R. D. McDonald, and G Velazquez. 2008b. Effects of spillway structural modifications on fish condition and survival. American Fisheries Society Symposium 61: , Amer. Fish. Soc., Bethesda, MD. Heisey, P. G., and C. Avalos Assessing Fish Condition after Passage through Fish-Friendly Turbines Using a Release-Recapture Method. Pages In EPRI-DOE Conference on Environmentally-Enhanced Hydropower Turbines: Technical Papers. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

26 Johnson, Gary E., B.D. Ebberts, D. D. Dauble, A. E. Giorgi, P.G. Heisey, R. P. Mueller, and D.A. Neitzel Effects of jet entry at high flow outfalls on juvenile Pacific salmon. Jour. Fish. Mang. 23: Karchesky, CM., R.D. McDonald, P.G. Heisey, J.L. Fulmer, and S.N. Graver Estimating survival condition of juvenile salmonids after passage through the flow control structure at the apex of Willamette Falls, Willamette River, Oregon. Review draft report prepared for Portland General Electric (PGE), Portland, OR. Mathur, D., P. G. Heisey, and D. A. Robinson Turbine-passage mortality of juvenile American shad in passage through a low-head hydroelectric dam. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123: Mathur, D., P. G. Heisey, E. T. Euston, J. R. Skalski, and S. Hays Turbine passage survival estimation for Chinook salmon smolts (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at a large dam on the Columbia River. Can. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: Mathur, D., P. G. Heisey, J. R. Skalski, and D. R. Kenney Survival of Chinook salmon smolts through the surface bypass collector at Lower Granite Dam, Snake River. Pages in M. Odeh, editor. Innovations in fish passage technology. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD. Mathur, D., P. G. Heisey, J. R. Skalski, and D. R. Kenney Salmonid smolt survival relative to turbine efficiency and entrainment depth in hydroelectric power generation. Jour. Amer. Water Resour. Assoc. 36: Neitzel, D. A., and nine co-authors Laboratory studies of the effects of shear on fish, final report FY Prepared for Advanced Hydropower Turbine System Team, U. S. Department of Energy, Idaho Falls, ID. Normandeau Associates, Inc Juvenile salmonid direct survival/injury in passage through the Ice Harbor spillway, Snake River. Report prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District, Walla Walla, WA. Normandeau Associates, Inc Direct survival/injury of eels passing through Fessinheim Station, Rhine River, France. Report prepared for EDF, Chatou, France. Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2011a. Estimates of direct survival and injury of juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) passing spillway, turbine, and regulating outlet at Detroit Dam, Oregon. Report prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Portland District Willamette Valley Project, Portland, OR. Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2011b. Direct Survival/Condition of Juvenile and Adult Rainbow Trout Passed through Spillbay 2, an Existing Turbine (Unit 2), and a Newly Installed Turbine (Unit 4) at Box Canyon Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. 2042), Pend Oreille River, Washington. Report prepared for Public Utility District No. 1 of Pend Oreille County, Newport, WA. Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2011c. Estimate of direct effects of steelhead Kelt passage through the first powerhouse ice-trash-sluice and second powerhouse corner collector at Bonneville Dam. Report prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon. Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2011d. Assessment of survival/injury of fish passing through the Arrowrock Dam and Arrowrock Dam Hydroelectric Project, Boise, Idaho. Report prepared for Boise Project Board of Control, Boise, ID. Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2011e. Direct survival/injury of eels passing through Beaucaire Station, Rhone River, France. Report prepared for Compagine National Du Rhone (CNR), France. Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2011f. Direct survival/injury of eels passing through Ottmarsheim Station, Rhine River, France. Report prepared for EDF, Chatou, France. McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

27 Normandeau Associates, Inc Estimates of Direct Effects of Steelhead Salmon During Downstream Passage Through a Turbine and Weir at Foster Dam, Oregon. Report prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, OR. Normandeau Associates, Inc Direct Survival/Condition of Subadult and Adult Rainbow Trout Passing Through Spillbay and Turbine At Albeni Falls Dam, Pend Oreille River. Report prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Seattle District, Seattle, Washington. Normandeau Associates, Inc. and Gomez and Sullivan Engineers, P.O Estimation of survival of adult American Shad passed through Francis and Kaplan Turbines, Conowingo Hydroelectric Project. Report prepared for Exelon, King of Prussia, PA. Normandeau Associates, Inc. and Skalski Draft final report Estimation of survival of American eels after passing through a Turbine at the St Lawrence FDR Power Project. New York. Report prepared for New York Power Authority, White Plains, NY. Normandeau Associates, Inc., and J. R. Skalski spillway passage survival investigation of juvenile Chinook salmon at Rock Island Dam, Washington. Report prepared for Public Utility District No. 1 of Chelan County, Wenatchee, WA. Normandeau Associates, Inc. and J. R. Skalski Effects of differential spill volume and entrainment depth on survival and injury of juvenile salmonids at the Ice Harbor Dam spillway, Snake River. Report prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District, Walla Walla, WA. Normandeau Associates, Inc., and J. R. Skalski. 2006a. Comparative direct survival and injury rates of juvenile salmon passing the new removable spillway weir (RSW) and a spillbay at Ice Harbor Dam, Snake River. Report prepared for U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District, Walla Walla, WA. Normandeau Associates, Inc. and J. R. Skalski. 2006b. Comparative assessment of spillbay passage fish condition and survival for installation of a Removable Spillway Weir (RSW) at Lower Monumental Dam, Snake River. Report prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District, Walla Walla, WA. Normandeau Associates, Inc., J. R. Skalski, and Mid Columbia Consulting, Inc Potential effects of modified spillbays on fish condition and survival at Bonneville Dam, Columbia River. Report prepared for Department of the Army, Portland District COE, Portland, OR. Normandeau Associates, Inc., J.R. Skalski, and Mid Columbia Consulting, Inc Relative passage survival and injury mechanisms for Chinook salmon smolts within the turbine environment at McNary Lock and Dam, Columbia River. Report prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District, Walla Walla, WA. Normandeau Associates, Inc., J.R. Skalski, and Mid Columbia Consulting, Inc Survival and condition of Chinook salmon smolts under different turbine operations at McNary Dam, Columbia River. Report prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District, Walla Walla, WA. Normandeau Associates, Inc., J. R. Skalski, and R.L. Townsend Direct survival and injury evaluation of yearling Chinook salmon passing Temporary Spillway Weirs and conventional spillbays with guide walls at McNary Dam, Report prepared for US Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District, Walla Walla, WA. North/South Consultants, Inc., and Normandeau Associates, Inc Survival and movement of fish experimentally passed through a re-runnered turbine at the Kelsey Generating Station, Report prepared for Manitoba Hydro, Winnipeg, Manitoba. McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

28 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), BioAnalysts, ENSR International Inc., and Normandeau Associates, Inc Design guidelines for high flow smolt bypass outfalls: Field, laboratory, and modeling studies. Report prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, OR. Trumbo, B.A., M.L. Ahmann, J.F. Renholds, R.S. Brown, A.H. Colotelo and Z.D. Deng Improving hydroturbine pressure to enhance salmon passage survival and recovery. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 24: doi /s McNary Dam September Normandeau Associates, Inc.

29 TABLES McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

30 Table 1-1 Physical and hydraulic characteristics of a Kaplan type turbine and TSW for the adult Steelhead Trout released through Turbine Unit 12 and TSW in Spillbay 20 at McNary Dam, March, Unit 12 Manufacturer: Type: Kaplan Rated Output (MW): 85 Approximate flow at rated output (kcfs): 16.5 Approximate flow during test (kcfs) 14.9 Peak Efficiency (%) 87 Approximate Efficiency during test (%) 84 Number of blades: 6 RPM of blades: 85.7 Runner diameter (in): 280 No. of wicket gates: 20 Operating head (ft) 75 Operating head during test (ft) 72.3 TSW Spillbay 20 Spillway control structure tainter gate Weir control structure head gates Average flow during test (kcfs) 11.2 height of tainter gate (ft) 51 width of spillbay (ft) 50 slope of spillbay chute ( ) 43 depth of Weir opening (ft) Crest elevation (FMSL) 325 Forebay elevation (FMSL) McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

31 Table 3-1 Physical parameters (range and average values) measured when adult steelheads were released through Turbine Unit 12 and TSW located in Spillbay 20 at McNary Dam, March, Controls released from the barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility. Elevations Generation Discharge Total Station (MW) Spillbay 20 TSW (kcfs) Total Project (kcfs) Test / Control Forebay (msl) Tailwater (msl) Net Head (ft) Unit 12 (MW) Unit 12 (kcfs) Powerhouse (kcfs) Unit 12 Range Mean TSW Range Mean Controls Range Mean McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

32 Table 3-2 Calculated sample sizes (R c =R t =R) for control and treatment fish releases for achieving precision (ɛ) of ±0.05, 95% of the time on estimated adult steelhead survival in passage through McNary Turbine Unit 12 and TSW located in Spillway 20. Control Survival (S) Probability of Alive Recapture (P a ) ˆ Survival ( ) Precision (ɛ) ± 0.05, 95% of the time McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

33 Table 3-3 Daily schedule of released adult steelhead passed through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March Controls released from the barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility. Water Adult Steelhead Temperature Test Combined Date ( C) Condition KCFS Turbine TSW* Control 3/6 3.6 Turbine /7 3.7 Turbine /8 4.2 Turbine /9 5.0 TSW / TSW / Control 16 3/ Turbine / TSW Total *Five fish removed from analysis due to unrecoverable conditions McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

34 Table 3-4 Condition codes assigned to fish and dislodged HI-Z tags for fish passage survival studies. Status Codes Description * Turbine/passage-related malady 4 Damaged gill(s): hemorrhaged, torn or inverted 5 Major scale loss, >20% 6 Severed body or nearly severed 7 Decapitated or nearly decapitated 8 Damaged eye: hemorrhaged, bulged, ruptured or missing, blown pupil 9 Damaged operculum: torn, bent, inverted, bruised, abraded A No visible marks on fish B Flesh tear at tag site(s) C Minor scale loss, 20% E Laceration(s): tear(s) on body or head (not severed) F Torn isthmus G Hemorrhaged, bruised head or body H Loss of Equilibrium (LOE) J Major K Failed to enter system L Fish likely preyed on (telemetry, circumstances relative to recapture) M Minor P Predator marks Q Other information S Special describe as needed R Removed from sample T Trapped in the rocks/recovered from shore V Fins displaced, or hemorrhaged (ripped, torn, or pulled) from origin W Abrasion / Scrape Survival Codes 1 Recovered alive 2 Recovered dead 3 Unrecovered tag & pin only 4 Unrecovered no information or brief radio telemetry signal 5 Unrecovered trackable radio telemetry signal or other information Dissection Codes 1 Shear M Minor 2 Mechanical N Heart damage, rupture, hemorrhaged 3 Pressure O Liver damage, rupture, hemorrhaged 4 Undetermined R Necropsied, no obvious injuries 5 Mechanical/Shear S Necropsied, internal injuries 6 Mechanical/Pressure T Tagging/Release 7 Shear/Pressure U Undetermined B Swim bladder ruptured or expanded W Head removed; i.e., otolith D Kidneys damaged (hemorrhaged) E Broken bones obvious F Hemorrhaged internally J Major L Organ displacement McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

35 Table 3-5 Guidelines for major and minor injury classifications for fish passage survival studies using the HI-Z Tags. A fish with only Loss of Equilibrium (LOE) is classified as major if the fish dies within 1 hour. If it survives or dies beyond 1 hour it is classified as minor. A fish with no visible external or internal maladies is classified as a passage related major injury if the fish dies within 1 hour. If it dies beyond 1 hour it is classified as a non passage related minor injury. Any minor injury that leads to death within 1 hour is classified as a major injury. If it lives or dies after 1 hour it remains a minor injury. Hemorrhaged eye: minor if less than 50%. Major if 50% or more. Deformed pupil(s) are a: major injury. Bulged eye: major unless one eye is only slightly bulged. Minor if slight. Bruises are size-dependent. Major if 10% or more of fish body per side. Otherwise minor. Operculum tear at dorsal insertion is: major if it is 5% of the fish or greater. Otherwise minor. Operculum folded under or torn off is a major injury. Scale loss: major if 20% or more of fish per side. Otherwise minor. Scraping (damage to epidermis): major if 10% or more per side of fish. Otherwise minor. Cuts and lacerations are generally classified as major injuries. Small flaps of skin or skinned up snouts are: minor. Internal hemorrhage or rupture of kidney, heart or other internal organs that results in death at 1 to 48 hours is a major injury. Multiple injuries: use the worst injury. McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

36 Table 4-1 Summary tag-recapture data and estimated 1and 48 h survival for adult steelhead passed through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March Controls released from the barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility. Proportions are given in parentheses. Survival rates estimated from reduced model (see Appendix E). Turbine TSW Control* No. Released No. Alive 117 (0.900) 85 (0.966) 15 (0.938) No. Recaptured Dead 7 (0.054) 0 (0.000) 0 (0.000) No. Assigned Dead 5 (0.038) 2 (0.024) 0 (0.000) Tags Only 3 (0.023) 2 (0.024) Stationary Signal 2 (0.015) 0 (0.000) No. Unknown 1 (0.008) 1 (0.012) 1 (0.063) Survival 1h** 90.7% 97.7% SE 2.6% 1.6% 95% CI (±) 5.0% 3.2% No. Held Died in Holding Alive 48h Survival at 48h** 90.7% 97.7% SE 2.6% 1.6% 95% CI (±) 5.0% 3.2% *Common controls for TSW and turbine **TSW survival significantly higher (p < 0.05, calculated z value of versus tabled value of 1.96). McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

37 Table 4-2 Summary of visible injury types and injury rates observed on recaptured adult steelhead passed through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March Controls released from the barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility. Proportions are given in parentheses. No. Released No. Examined Passage Related Visibly Injured LOE** only Displaced Organs Cut/Bruising/ Hemorrhaging on body/fins Injury Type* Torn isthmus/ Damaged gills/ Severed Body/Decapitated Turbine (0.954) 8 (0.065) 1 (0.008) 1 (0.008) 0 (0.000) 2 (0.016) 6 (0.048) TSW (0.966) 2 (0.024) 0 (0.000) 0 (0.000) 1 (0.012) 1 (0.012) 0 (0.000) Combined Controls (0.938) 0 (0.000) 0 (0.000) 0 (0.000) 0 (0.000) 0 (0.000) 0 (0.000) *Some fish had multiple injury types **loss of equilibrium (LOE) McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

38 Table 4-3 Probable sources and severity of maladies observed on recaptured adult steelhead passed through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March Controls released from the barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility. Proportions are given in parentheses. No. of Fish Total With Shear/ Severity Examined Maladies* Mechanical Pressure Shear Undetermined Minor Major Turbine (0.073) 7 (0.056) 1 (0.008) 0 (0.000) 1 (0.008) 1 (0.008) 8 (0.065) TSW 85 2 (0.024) 1 (0.012) 0 (0.000) 1 (0.012) 0 (0.000) 1 (0.012) 1 (0.012) Combined Controls 15 0 (0.000) 0 (0.000) 0 (0.000) 0 (0.000) 0 (0.000) 0 (0.000) 0 (0.000) *Maladies include both visible injuries and LOE McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

39 Table 4-4 Summary malady data and malady-free estimates for recaptured adult steelhead passed through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March Controls released from the barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility. Proportions are given in parentheses. Turbine TSW Combined Control Number released Number examined for maladies 124 (0.954) 85 (0.966) 15 (0.938) Number with passage related maladies 9 (0.073) 2 (0.024) 0 (0.000) Visible injuries 8 (0.065) 2 (0.024) 0 (0.000) Loss of equilibrium only 1 (0.008) 0 (0.000) 0 (0.000) Number without passage related maladies 115 (0.927) 83 (0.976) 15 (1.000) Without passage related maladies that died 0 (0.000) 0 (0.000) 0 (0.000) Malady-free rate* 92.7% 97.7% SE 2.3% 1.6% 95% CI (±) 4.6% 3.2% *TSW survival not significantly higher (p > 0.05, calculated z value of 1.72 versus the tabled value of 1.96). McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

40 Table 5-1 Summary of HI-Z tag direct passage survival estimates of fishes in passage through Kaplan type turbines and non-turbine exit routes at various hydroelectric projects, Juvenile salmonids Adult salmonids Adult non-salmonids Turbine Number of Projects 27 3* 7 Number of Test Conditions Length Range (mm) Median Length (mm) h Survival (%) Min Median Max Non-Turbine Number of Projects 22 7* 0 Number of Test Conditions Average Length (mm) Median Length (mm) h Survival (%) Min Median Max *Includes present study McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

41 Table 5-2 Comparison of direct survival, injury and hydraulic conditions of juvenile Chinook salmon and adult steelhead passed through Spillbays 20 (TSW2) and 22 (TSW1) at McNary Dam in 2007 and * 2007* 2014 TSW 1 (Spillbay 22) TSW 2 (Spillbay 20) Present Study TSW 2 (Spillbay 20) Juvenile Chinook Juvenile Chinook Adult Steelhead Fish mean length (mm) No. Released Recaptured Rate 96.6% 98.6% 96.6% Survival at 48h (SE) 99.3% (0.5) 99.3% (0.4) 97.7% (1.6) No. Examined No. Injured Injury Rate 0.7% 1.8% 2.4% Dominant Injury Eye damage Eye and operculum damage Bruise on body, gill damage Hydraulic Conditions Discharge (kcfs) Release Location approx. 6 ft above TSW crest approx. 6 ft above TSW crest approx. 6 ft above TSW crest Forebay Elevation (ft) Tailrace Elevation (ft) Head (ft) *Normandeau Associates, Inc. et al. (2008a) McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

42 Table 5-3 Comparison of direct survival, injury, and hydraulic conditions of juvenile Chinook salmon and adult steelhead passed through turbines at McNary Dam 1999, 2002, and Year 1999** 2002*** 2014**** Fish Species juvenile Chinook juvenile Chinook adult steelhead Fish size (mm) Range-Average , , , 591 No. Released h Survival (%) * highest survival at 14.0 kcfs 90.7 No. Examined Dominant Injury Damaged eyes, Severed body Severed body bruising, severed body Injury Rate (%) Ave combined 2.6 lowest injury of 1.2% beyond peak efficiency 16.0 kcfs 6.5 Hydraulic conditions Unit Tested Test Flows upper 1% operating efficiency, 12 kcfs 8, 11.2, 14, and 16.4 kcfs kcfs best geometry Intake Bay single bay (B) A, B, and C single bay (A) Release Location intakes at stay vane and intake gate slot below fish intake gate slot 6.5 ft upstream of stay vanes diversion screens below intake ceiling Fish Diversion Screens in place yes yes no *no controls released assumed 100% control survival ** Normandeau et al. (1999) *** Normandeau et al. (2003) **** Normandeau Associates (present study) McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

43 McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

44 Table 5-5 Physical and hydraulic characteristics of non-turbine passaage routes and corresponding direct survival/injury data on adult salmonids passed through these routes. Project Test Spill Station Sudy Year River Passage Route Head (ft) (kcfs) Source Albeni Falls, WA 2013 Pend Oreille spillbay/leaf gate NAI 2014 Arrowrock, ID 2010 Boise clamshell valve NAI 2011b Arrowrock, ID 2010 Boise waterfalls NAI 2011d Bonneville, WA 2011 Columbia sluice NAI 2011c Bonneville, WA 2011 Columbia corner collecter NAI 2011c Box Canyon, WA 2010 Pend Oreille spillbay/leaf gate NAI 2011b Foster, OR 2012 S Santiam spillbay/weir NAI 2013 Foster, OR 2012 S Santiam spillbay/weir NAI 2013 T. W. Sullivan, OR 2008 Wilamette waterfalls/flow control Karchesky 2009 McNary, WA 2014 Adult steelhead spillbay/weir Present Study Average Recapture 48 h Visibly Station Species Length (mm) Sample Size Rate (% ) Survival (%) 48 h SE (%) Injuried (% ) Dominent Injury Albeni Falls, WA Triploid Rainbow trout torn operculum Arrowrock, ID Rainbow trout tears/scrapes Arrowrock, ID Rainbow trout operculum damage Bonneville, WA Steelhead kelts bruised head Bonneville, WA Steelhead kelts torn operculum Box Canyon, WA Triploid rainbow trout scrapes Foster, OR Adult steelhead NA 16.4 bruised/scraped head Foster, OR Adult steelhead bruised/scraped head T. W. Sullivan, OR Adult steelhead NA 0.0 none McNary, WA Adult steelhead bruised body/damaged gills McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

45 FIGURES McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

46 Figure 1-1 General location and layout of McNary Dam showing treatment and control fish release locations, March McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

47 A B C D Figure 1-2 Adult steelhead releases through Spillbay 20 TSW 2 (treatment) at McNary Dam, March A- release system, B -release hose, C - steel release pipe, D- Spillbay 20 conditions during testing. McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

48 Flexible 8 in release hose U/S Slot Steel support pipe D/S Slot Operation during testing El El El Normal Operating Range End of pipe El , 15 bend TSW Leaf Assembly TSW Crest El FLOW TSW Crest Assembly El Spillway Gate Lower Leaf TSW Support Frame Spillbay Crest (Origin) Spillway Crest El Figure 3-1 Configuration of Spillbay 20 TSW2 with extended leaf assembly and fish release pipe location at McNary Dam, March McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

49 Figure 3-2 Adult steelhead releases through Turbine Unit 12 (treatment) at McNary Dam, March McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

50 Release Point Figure 3-3 Adult steelhead control releases at barge loading dock located at the Juvenile Fish Facility at McNary Dam, March McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

51 Figure 3-4 Adult steelhead transported from Round Butte Fish Hatchery near Madras, OR and held in tanks at McNary Dam, March McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

52 Turbine and TSW and Controls Percent Turbine TSW Controls Turbine Range = mm Average = 591 mm Std. Err. = 4.4 N = 130 TSW Range = mm Average = 591 mm Std. Err. = 5.5 N = 88 Controls Range = mm Average = 588 mm Std. Err. = 14.2 N = Total Length (mm) Figure 3-5 Length frequency distributions of adult steelhead passed through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March Controls released from barge loading dock at the Juvenile Fish Facility. McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

53 Placing fish in restraining tube Floy tag insertion at Dorsal fin Attaching HI-Z tag and radio transmitter via cannula HI-Z tag attachment at pelvic fins HI-Z tags activation via Fish released into induction system Figure 3-6 Tagging sequence for adult steelhead sent through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

54 Figure 3-7 Recapture of adult steelhead sent through the TSW located in Spillbay 20 and Turbine Unit 12 at McNary Dam, March McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

55 Figure 3-8 Adult steelhead transported from recapture boats and transported to on shore holding pools at McNary Dam, March McNary Dam September 2014 Normandeau Associates, Inc.