Thanks to: -Current and former Habitat staff -Fish Program Marine Fish Division & Region 6 Staff
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1
2 Thanks to: -Current and former Habitat staff -Fish Program Marine Fish Division & Region 6 Staff -
3 Overview Intro to forage fish What they are and why are they important Nearshore Forage Fish Habitat surveys Questions?
4 Forage fish Forage fish are: An ecological, not genetic, group Generally small, abundant, schooling fish at the middle of food webs A vital conduit between primary producers and higher level consumers Commercially, recreationally, and culturally important Currently account for over 1 / 3 of overall marine harvest by weight A valuable indicator of ecosystem health PEW
5 What are forage fish & why are they important? Forage fish are: An ecological, not genetic, group Generally small, abundant, schooling fish at the middle of food webs A vital conduit between primary producers and higher level consumers Commercially, recreationally, and culturally important Currently account for over 1 / 3 of overall marine harvest by weight A valuable indicator of ecosystem health Qmakie.wordpress.com
6 What are forage fish & why are they important?
7 What are forage fish & why are they important? SwitterSB.wordpress.com Forage fish are: An ecological, not genetic, group Generally small, abundant, schooling fish at the middle of food webs A vital conduit between primary producers and higher level consumers Commercially, recreationally, and culturally important Currently account for over 1 / 3 of overall marine harvest by weight A valuable indicator of ecosystem health Theguardian.com Learnnc.org
8 Nearshore Spawners: Surf Smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus) Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes hexapterus personatus) Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii) (adapted from Penttila, 2005)
9 Warning signs: Puget Sound Herring
10 Warning signs: Bird declines in WA State -Birds that dive and forage for fish in the Salish Sea, including this western grebe, are 11 times more likely to experience population declines than other birds in the area. (Joe Gaydos, journal of Conservation Biology) Plumas Audubon Society
11 Challenges Facing Forage Fish Forage fish are susceptible to: Climate change Over fishing Poor water quality Habitat Loss
12 Risks to forage fish habitat include: -Direct habitat loss -Loss of riparian cover -Change sediment supply and transport
13 What are forage fish & why are they important? Protected by law: the construction of all bulkheads or other bank protection must not result in a permanent loss of surf smelt or Pacific sand lance spawning beds
14
15 Herring Spawning Stocks 21+ stocks spawn at discrete times and locations Usually spawn January -April, but some stocks spawn into June. Eggs stick to vegetation. Three genetic groups in Puget Sound Cherry Point stock Squaxin Pass stock All other Puget Sound herring stocks
16 Herring Egg Surveys Spawn on subtidal vegetation (eelgrass, kelp, etc.) during spring and early summer. Surveys use a rake to collect this vegetation Egg densities on vegetation and the area covered by spawn are used to estimate the annual spawning population Spawning escapement estimated as opposed to prespawning biomass Primary tool for status assessment since 2010
17 Smelt & Sand Lance Egg Surveys Spawning beach surveys: Began in 1972 Over 1,000 miles of beach surveyed Outer Coast South Sound All Puget Sound present Don Noviello
18 Surf Smelt Spawn intertidally in Puget Sound Year round North Sound, peak spawning in Summer South Sound, Peak Spawning in Winter Little known about life history, ecology away from beaches Habitat About 266 miles of spawning beach documented Spawning Beach Distribution Surveyed (1077 miles) Surf Smelt (266 miles)
19 Sand Lance Spawn intertidally throughout Puget Sound during winter May remain dormant in the sand during winter Little else known about life history or ecology No population estimates or stock delineation work to date Habitat About 118 miles of spawning beach documented Spawning Beach Distribution through 2013 Surveyed (1077 miles) Sand Lance (118 miles)
20 Spawning beach attributes Surf smelt: Spawn from +7 ft tidal elev. (Seattle equivalent) to extreme high water Prefer sand/gravel mix, most sediment in 1-7 mm diameter size range Riparian shade is critical for embryo survival, especially in summer Helps regulate temperature and relative humidity
21 Surf Smelt
22 Surf Smelt spawning beach South Dugualla Bay, North Whidbey Island Photo: D. Penttila
23 Spawning beach attributes Sand lance: Spawn from +5 ft (Seattle equivalent) up to MHHW (maybe subtidally?) Prefer sand, most sediment in mm diameter size range Riparian shade not critical Tend to spawn in winter Tend to spawn lower on beach = more water coverage
24 Photo: D. Penttila Spawning pit detail 6-10 inches in diameter Generated by motion of spawning aggregation
25 Sand Lance spawning beach Miller Bay Spit, Kitsap Co. Photo: D. Penttila
26 Smelt & Sand Lance Egg Surveys Record location data and collect site photos Describe general habitat characteristics like: sediment size, width of suitable substrate, beach shade, etc. Collect a bulk sediment sample for egg analysis Photo: D. Penttila Probable Surf smelt Possible Sand lance
27 Typical Forage Fish Sample
28 Side Note on Sampling Methods Sediment samples are collected from each suitable location Sample Collection Egg Extraction Samples are sieved through 4mm, 2mm, and 0.5 mm sieves Reducing Sample Volume Vortex egg extraction; a new, more efficient method Lab Analysis Lab analysis Egg count and developmental staging
29 Developing & Testing New Methods Vs. Winnow method: old method Vortex method: new method
30 Isolating the light-fraction : winnowing method
31 Vortex Method How the Vortex Works: How it works: The movement of the water creates a pressure gradient Material moves from high pressure to low pressure in the middle Lower Pressure
32 Vortex Method How the Vortex Works: How it works: The movement of the water creates a pressure gradient Material moves from high pressure to low pressure in the middle The elevated cone in the middle reduces the amount of sand that leaves the bowl The sieve collects only the material large enough to be an egg Lower Pressure Egg Sand 0.5mm Sieve
33 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Results from Seeded Trials % Surf Smelt Eggs Recovered Average Surf Smelt Egg Recovery Vortex: 90% (range 53%-100%) Winnow: 58% (range 19%-93%) Vortex Winnow 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% % Sand Lance Eggs Recovered Average Sand Lance Egg Recovery Vortex: 74% (range 35%-95%) Winnow: 45% (range 8%-75%) Vortex Winnow
34 Pros and Cons of Vortex Method Pros Cons Greater egg detection Less variability among users More efficient lab processing More expensive (~$200) Less portable Longer set up time Winnow Vortex
35 Smelt Egg Elevation Surveys Identify elevation of likely egg deposition elevation. Measure change in elevation from a reference elevation such as the waterline at a given time. Collect scoops of sediment across elevations and then weigh sieve and winnow the sediment down to egg sized material. Samples analyzed in the lab to identify eggs. Collect Samples Photo: D. Penttila Probable egg deposit
36 Sample sites 70 Egg bearing samples were collected from three sub regions: San Juan Islands HAT: 9.72 MHHW: 7.76 Whidbey Basin HAT: MHHW: South Sound HAT: MHHW: 13.48
37 Eggs/gram Eggs/gram Eggs/gram San Juan Islands Egg Densities Regional Egg Distrubution Feet above MLLW Whidbey Basin Egg Densities Feet above MLLW South Sound Egg Densities Feet above MLLW
38 Eggs/gram Egg Distribution: Preliminary Results Egg Densities Eggs found from +3 to over % of sites had eggs at or above MHHW 20% of sites had most eggs above MHHW 2 sites only had eggs above MHHW MLLW Scaled Elevation (MLLW to HAT) MHHW HAT
39 Habitat Squeeze: Rising Sea Level Conceptual model of shift of forage fish egg distribution with sea level rise on an unarmored beach. (from Krueger et al. 2009)
40 Implications: Estimating Impact Cummulative Proportion of Eggs In San Juan Co. ~2 foot Encroachment Or Sea-level Rise (2100 projection) ~70% of eggs covered or inundated HAT MLLW
41 Resources Web-based info available Contains sampling protocols, identification guides, and other materials wdfw.wa.gov/conservation/research/p rojects/marine_beach_spawning/ Approved biologist list is at: hnical_assistance.html, then click the WDFW Trained Biologists link under the Forage Fish Beach Spawning Surveys bullet. For training or consulting contact Phillip Dionne, WDFW, Habitat Science Division Forage Fish mapping to tool Interactive map of documented surf smelt and sand lance beaches wdfw.wa.gov/conservation/research/p rojects/marine_beach_spawning/
42 Questions?
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