Capturing Fisheries Value for Tribal Economic Development in Aotearoa/New Zealand
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1 Capturing Fisheries Value for Tribal Economic Development in Aotearoa/New Zealand Ngai Tahu territory in New Zealand s South Island. Waipapa Point, Catlins, New Zealand Hekia Bodwitch University of California, Berkeley Ngai Tahu Research Centre
2 Tribes in New Zealand look like mini developing countries with highly enforceable property rights. Ngai Tahu investment properties. Ngai Tahu fishing community. Ngai Tahu is a $1 billion Maori coastal tribe with high unemployment for tribal members, many former fishers.
3 Problem Most tribal fishers did not receive quota and can no longer fish commerically. The tribe obtained commercial quota rights in Ngai Tahu fisher dispossessed in quota allocation. Ngai Tahu tribal headquarters, Christchurch, NZ. How should tribes manage commercial fishing rights? Should you lease quota to highest bidder or allocate to tribal members?
4 My task Examine how tribe can obtain maximum value for fishing rights by identifying barriers to value creation in fish supply chain. Value in fish supply chains comes from: 1. Production enforceable rights and ability to harvest fish. 2. Technology increased efficiency through fishing & processing technologies. 3. Markets access and information transfer about supply chain to consumer.
5 Main message Processor-lease models disincentive maximum value creation for fish, fisher-held quota allocation models do not.
6 Preview 1. Outline processor-lease model & factors dis-incentivizing value creation. 2. Outline fisher-held quota model & factors that incentivize value creation. 3. Introduce case-study example of fisher-held quota model.
7 (1) Lease model. Tribal quota owners Most tribal quota is leased in packages to fish processing companies who lease it on to fishers. Market Access Tribal seafood company Overseas Importer Fish processing company Processed fish Fresh fish Tribal fisher
8 (1) Lease model rationale. Tribal quota owners For tribes, leasing quota in packages ensures quota in small share holdings and quota for hard to access species is fished. Tribal seafood company For processors, leases override aggregation limits and package exports ensure low-value fish is sold. Fish processing company For fishers, fishing with a big company ensures access to quota to cover by-catch. Fresh fish Tribal fisher
9 (1) Obstacles to value in lease model. Tribal quota owners In lease model, fish is aggregated and sold, obstructing possibilities for added value through traceability. Technology and capital transfer to fisher for improved efficiency does not occur, diminishing value. Tribal seafood company Market Access Overseas Importer Fish processing company Processed fish Fresh fish Tribal fisher Fisher leasing quota must land to company and has little negotiating power.
10 (1) Obstacles to value in lease model. Fish processing company Fisher operates as share-cropper for fishing company, does not receive sufficient capital for technological improvements. Fresh fish Tribal fisher Fisher receives $1-2/kg from quota holding processor. Ngai Tahu flounder fisher. Fisher s flounder selling locally for $10/kg.
11 (2) Fisher held quota model. Quota for culturally significant species is allocated directly to tribal fishers who can contract directly with overseas companies. Tribal quota owners Tribal fisher Market Access Fresh fish Fishing & processing technologies International fishing company
12 (2) Value add rationale found in fisher held quota model. Restrictions on quota ownership & fisheries enforcement ensure transparency and consistency in value chain for maximum value realization. Tribal quota owners Fishers with quota rights provide fish to international company with full information transparency. Tribal fisher International company provides capital and technology to fisher. Market Access Fresh fish Fishing & processing technologies International fishing company
13 (2) Barriers to value add in fisher held quota model. Tribal quota owners Getting quota from Te Runanga risks privileging some at expense of others. Tribal fisher Currently, only culturally significant species are allocated directly. Fishers lack access to international companies. Market Access Fresh fish Fishing & processing technologies International fishing company
14 (3) Case study example of economic development through fisher-held quota. Eel quota leased to tribal fishers promotes economic development for Ngai Tahu communities. Tribal fishers employ unemployed tribal members. Tribal fishers holding quota negotiate prices with exporters. Tribal fishers provide monitoring data to tribal scientists.
15 Review 1. Lease models are hierarchical with fisher operating as sharecropper. 2. Relationship between international company and fishers with quota is reciprocal. 3. Fisher-held quota promotes regional economic development.
16 Conclusion Property rights held by producers who contract with international companies incentivizes highest value for fish in market and to fishers.
17 Funding Eels prepared traditionally, drying before smoking. NSF Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant NSF East Asian Pacific Summer Institute Social Science Research Council DPDF UC Berkeley Human Rights Center
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