Carnoustie Golf Club. Ecological Management Plan Covering the Championship Course, Buddon Course and Burnside Course

Transcription

1 Carnoustie Golf Club Ecological Management Plan Covering the Championship Course, Buddon Course and Burnside Course Report date: 11 June 2013 Consultant: Mr Bob Taylor Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 1

2 Contents Purpose of the Management Plan Background Location Course history Present management structure Designations Natural interests Management Objectives Golfing objectives Ecological/environmental objectives Landscape objectives Combined Summary of issues of concern Review of Current Turfgrass and Environmental Management Practices Turfgrass management Landscape management Waste management Future Ecological and Environmental Management Management constraints Management prescriptions Other environmental opportunities Management recommendations for the Barry Burn and associated watercourses On-Course Notes and Recommendations Appendices Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 2

3 Purpose of the Management Plan This Management Plan is designed to document the current turf grass and landscaping (ecological) management and future management requirements undertaken over the 3 courses under the ownership of the Carnoustie Golf Links Management Committee (CGLMC) acting as an update to the management plan undertaken in The principal aims are to effectively and sustainably maintain the three world renowned, high quality golf courses, whilst managing, and where possible improving, important ecological and landform interests. The ecological management work to be undertaken under this Plan is designed to complement, rather than compromise, these ambitions. Consideration has been given throughout to other important issues such as the ongoing agronomic management of the courses, to spectator routings and the visual impact that any work may have on the aesthetic nature of each hole and on the playing quality of the courses as a whole. A comprehensive assessment of the general condition and management requirements of the Burnside Championship and Buddon courses was undertaken as part of the process of compiling this plan and consideration was given to the very specific and detailed hole by hole compartment plan issued in 2007 (see appendix 3). This management plan gives cognisance to outstanding management issues from STRI s 2007 management plan that remain unresolved as well as identifying and addressing more recent management issues whilst reviewing ongoing course maintenance and monitoring strategies. The report takes into consideration the important wildlife habitat and species interest based on previous survey work carried out since the late 1990 s. However, further survey detail (comprehensive list of the diversity of flora and fauna which occur on the courses) would always help the ongoing management process and should form an ongoing commitment as raised in this plan going forward. Note: No particular ecological rarities were noted during the inspection of the three courses, however numerous and widespread populations of birds, including: skylark (Alauda arvensis); linnet (Carduelis cannabina); yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) and stonechat (Saxicola torquata) were noted; mammals, including brown hare (Lepus capensis), and plant species including northern Marsh orchid and yellow bartsia are represented and dictate that the management of the entire site is being undertaken sensitively and is appropriate in helping to safeguard habitat for these species. Indeed just out with the golf course boundary the rare sea pea is also locally represented. Its presence again gives a good indication that management is appropriate but this needs to continue as such, always taking great care with all aspects of the ongoing turf management working. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 3

4 1. Background 1.1 Location The three courses at Carnoustie Golf Links are situated south of the small town of Carnoustie accessed from the A92 Dundee to Arbroath Road. The courses are surrounded by the railway and town to the north, ecologically significant MOD land to the immediate south and west, and by the coastline to the east of the Buddon Course. The three courses run adjacent to each other; the Burnside Course being situated to the north of the more centrally located Championship Course with the Buddon Course to the south and west. The Buddon is in part used for car parking and infrastructure erection during more important tournament periods. Part of the large turf nursery west of the Buddon has recently been developed (2011/2012) and now forms and extension of the Buddon Course including two new water courses and increasing the length of multiple holes along the Buddon Course. 1.2 Course history Golf has been played over the links at Carnoustie since the 1500s. The Championship Course was constructed in 1850, designed by Alan Robertson with changes to the length (to 18 holes) made around 1870 by Old Tom Morris. Additional extensive changes to the Championship Course were made between 1926 and 1937, the course from here on remaining very similar in terms of its layout through to present. The Burnside Course, built adjacent the Championship Course, provides additional interest and variation to the wider links but is often overshadowed by its immediate neighbour. This course supports similar habitat diversity to the Championship Course although, being somewhat less used, the quality of the habitats (particularly heather [Calluna vulgaris]) is much improved. The Buddon Course, since its fairly recent construction (1979), has undergone several changes including the most recent incorporation and development of the former practice area. This has given additional length challenge and interest to the Buddon course raising its status to that of the neighbouring courses. The Carnoustie Golf Links remains a prestigious golf club with a rich history, hosting the Open event in 1931, 1937, 1953, 1968, 1975, 1999 and 2007 with several more Open events no doubt being played at Carnoustie in the future. 1.3 Present management structure The golf courses are run by the Carnoustie Golf Links Management Committee (CGLMC), headed by Mr. Graeme Duncan, General Manager. As these are public links, the local community and local golf clubs all have playing rights on the courses. The management of the three courses is the responsibility of the Courses Manager, Mr. Sandy Reid. Sandy heads a team of twenty-eight to thirty green keepers in Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 4

5 total: twelve to thirteen on the Championship Course and five to six on the Burnside and Buddon Courses. 1.4 Designations No specific statutory designations apply to the Carnoustie Golf Links itself, however the three courses do lie in close proximity to the wider Barry Links Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and the Barry Links Special area of Conservation (SAC) to the south of the golf courses located in an ecologically significant area along a coastline which has also been deemed a significant area for migratory birds under the RAMSAR convention. A description of the citation and the conservation interest of these protected areas is provided in appendix 1. The close proximity of Carnoustie Golf Links to these areas ensures that there is a need for sensible management practices to be carried out with a limited margin for error due to the ecological significance of this area to the south of the golf links. The Carnoustie Golf Links does however provide an important buffer zone to these adjacent areas providing an area of natural habitat and green space to separate the Barry Links designations from the town of Carnoustie to the north-east. 1.5 Natural interests The landscape accommodating the three courses at Carnoustie extends to over 300 hectares (as managed by the Carnoustie Golf Links Management Committee). The area is predominantly of fixed dune and associated grassland with gorse and localised patches of heather spread throughout the grassland in a sporadic and scattered nature. The gorse throughout the curse is not only ecologically significant in the fact that it provides ideal habitat for several bird species, including some red-listed species, but it constructs the identity of the Carnoustie Golf Links and helps to retain that links an fixed dune profile of the course. While trees were formerly well represented on the course, they are now a rare sight. Those trees that are retained provide boundary screening or visual/strategic playing interest. Together the different habitats within their appropriate and respective positions are of value to a host of wildlife. The grassland habitats are predominantly made up of fescue and bent species with occasional patches of sea lyme. Yorkshire fog and perennial ryegrass, while present on the course, are considered to be weeds and are appropriately managed due to the fact that they would not feature in a natural, native links environment. Grassland also provides habitat for wildflowers, which vary in density throughout the Championship Course. The most ideal wildflower habitats appear between holes two and three, right of hold seven and between holes seven and 14. Species of wildflower found at Carnoustie Golf Links include yellow batsia, birdsfoot, trefoil, rest harrow, dove s foot and bulbous buttercup with orchids also appearing in a number of areas over summer months, including northern and southern marsh orchids. Grassland areas not only provide habitat and nesting areas for birds such as skylark and meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis), but also provides habitat for smaller rodents such as brown hare and particularly field vole, which is the main food source for birds of prey such as kestrel and owls, as well as foxes. Scrub encourages birds such as stonechat, linnet, yellowhammer, wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) and robin (Erithacus rubecula) but is also important for invertebrates and can be an ideal early-season food source for bees and other pollinators. Tree cover can be detrimental to ground and scrub nesting species and can, importantly, reduce the ecological significance of these habitats. However, localised tree cover can be of value and, on the Buddon in particular, allows other bird species such as siskin (Carduelis spinus), warblers (chiff chaff and willow warbler) and a number of the tit family to find refuge and potentially breed. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 5

6 The Barry Burn winding its way through both the Championship and Burnside Courses provides important connecting habitat for a diversity of wildlife, some of the more obvious being heron (Ardea cinerea), oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) and eel (Anguilla anguilla) the latter occasionally seen by golfers when crossing the numerous bridges. The Buddon also supports strong dry and wet heathland characteristics dominated by heather (also strongly evident on the Burnside Course) and cross leaved heath. Birch (Betula pendula) woodland is also more strongly evident here, more appropriately called birch heath, these woodlands also support gorse and heather. This habitat, although of specific value, must not be allowed to spread to the detriment of the more important grassland/heath habitats. A number of larger water features are also evident on the Buddon course which provides valuable oases for water birds such as moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) and dragonflies as well as a range of other insects such as beetles as well as amphibians. These areas provide important golfing interest as well. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 6

7 2. Management Objectives 2.1 Golfing objectives To enhance and maintain the prestigious nature of the historic links and retain its worldwide reputation as one of the world class golfing venues. To manage the golf course to retain standards whilst recognising and conserving the landform and associated habitats that play a fundamental part in the nature and quality of the golf course. Maintain the character of the golf course and the balance with the surrounding countryside in order to promote the Carnoustie links (and the industry as a whole) as a positive land use to the wider public. To display to golfers, visitors and residents the wildlife value of the site and its importance to the local conservation framework. 2.2 Ecological/environmental objectives Conserve and enhance the diversity of habitat that exists by achieving and maintaining an acceptable balance between the different habitat types. Promote and conserve the links landscape based on fixed dune grassland, gorse, heather, with very occasional natural groups of native trees. Retain the size, health and connectivity of the different habitat types. Reinstate and conserve the botanical/ecological interest and diversity of the coastal, fixed dune and species-rich grasslands through appropriate management including ongoing tree/scrub removal. Recognise and ensure environmental sustainability through best practice working and by understanding and embracing new and developing environmental practices. Review current management practices and develop future management in line with best practice guidelines. 2.3 Landscape objectives Maintain the open links landscape character of the course without impact from natural succession, artificial inclusions or inappropriate management, i.e. non-native tree planting, etc. Maximise age structure within the retained gorse stands to benefit birds and other wildlife, this will also improve the visual and golfing interest. Increase and conserve the extent of heather on the course, which forms an important feature within this landscape. Minimise course furniture (waste bins, seating, signage, etc.) that can reduce the naturalness of this important historic landscape. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 7

8 2.4 Combined The above objectives are not mutually exclusive. The long-term vision must be to maintain the golf course to a level that has become expected at Carnoustie whilst retaining and improving the conservation interests of the site. All concerned with the site must recognise and understand how best to integrate the nature conservation elements with those of golf. It will be important not to compromise the nature conservation interests and species present. This can be readily achieved by: Reviewing this Management Plan from time to time and by considering to, where necessary, revise management practices. Recognising where inputs of fertilisers, herbicides and water should and should not be used. This will help maintain golfing standards without necessarily impacting overly on the wildlife interests. Working to a minimal use strategy which will ensure that groundwater quality is not adversely affected and that nutrient enrichment of the grasslands is not encouraged. The policy for grass clipping disposal will need to be maintained to further guard against potential nutrient enrichment. Setting up a programme of scrub/tree management. Scrub management will form an integral and important part of the ongoing conservation management of the facility. Adopting a programme of grassland rough management that gives recognition to both golf and wildlife interests. Obtain satisfactory waste management and resource use standards through the development of waste and resource use management plans and the development of targets. Develop and maintain effective working relationships with surrounding local community groups, golf members, schools and the general public. Note: Carnoustie Golf Links Management Committee and the greenstaff managing the three courses are keen to promote best practice and recognise the importance of the site for wildlife and the role that wildlife plays alongside golf. Carnoustie also understands the level of scrutiny being given to land users and that good stewardship of their local environment is key to the long-term economic, social and environmental sustainability of the area. 2.5 Summary of Primary Management Topics The principal topics to be addressed by the Carnoustie Golf Links Management Committee relate to: 1. Maintaining existing gorse and selective planting of new. Gorse is an important feature on all courses though it is likely to spread if allowed. This, if not controlled, will compromise the underlying grassland which also forms a priority habitat type. 2. Maintenance of structural quality of the retained scrub to involve ongoing management to maintain health and quality. 3. Expansion of heather and ongoing management of existing areas (heather is being lost through trampling particularly during the important tournament events). 4. Grassland management and improvement. Whilst no management is required through some areas, others are weak or rank in nature requiring additional intervention. This will be important from both a golf and wildlife perspective. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 8

9 5. Maintenance of water bodies, including erosion control through sections of the Barry Burn. 6. The prevention of broom and other unwanted natural regeneration (e.g. gorse, pine, bramble, etc.) and the maintenance and improvement of the grassland habitat types. 7. Effective management of playing surfaces to reduce future resource use by establishing effective monitoring processes and employing appropriate Integrated Pest Management practices. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 9

10 3. Review of Current Turfgrass and Environmental Management Practices 3.1 Turfgrass management Aim: To provide excellent all year round playing conditions for golf and maintaining the courses to the highest standard whilst ensuring low resource input and minimal environmental cost through best use practices and Integrated Pest Management strategies. Below is a summary table of the principal turfgrass management practices carried out on the three courses. The list covers greens, green surrounds and approaches, tees, fairways, semi-rough and bunkers. No specific changes to current practices are required, although the following will need to be continually progressed with appropriate guidance from a reputable and experienced turfgrass agronomist. Currently, this role is filled by Richard Windows of STRI who is an experienced agronomist engaged by The R&A to undertake site assessments of all of The Open Championship venues. Carnoustie benefits from several visits each year which are helping to maintain close scrutiny of turfgrass practices. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 10

11 3.1.1 Greens Operation Mowing Description Greens generally cut to 4 mm on the Championship Course (5mm in the winter). Greens are cut to mm on the Buddon and Burnside Courses. Mowing required 2 to 3 times per week in April rising to almost daily in summer. During event periods greens on all courses will be cut daily to a height of 3 mm (may change depending on weather). Greens are hand mown in the month before major events to optimise the quality of cut and minimise the risk of oil leaks. Grass clippings are collected, temporarily stored in concrete bays and removed to central disposal areas prior to uplift and removal off site. Dew removal Aeration Grooming Overseeding Top dressing Rolling Irrigation Fertiliser Brushing is employed to remove dew, but only if not cutting grass. High-pressure water injection and mini-tining preferred in summer (eight times per year on all courses) normally with seaweed extract added. Aeration work is selective to individual greens or parts of green and is carried out to reduce and or maintain thatch levels to desirable levels and to improve water movement from the surface. Aeration is important in disease reduction, maintenance of playing quality and in maintenance of desirable sward composition. Verti-Draining is generally carried out on all three courses in November (outside the main playing season) using 8 to 15mm tines. Greens on all three courses slit tined almost monthly in winter. Verticutting is undertaken selectively and as required. Up to 6 x per year on greens Top dressing is of major importance in that it influences playing quality and turf condition allowing other artificial inputs to be kept to a minimum. Top dressing will promote desired species of turfgrass to flourish.100 tons per year applied over all greens; may increase through selected areas as required using. Sand currently sourced through Hugh King & Co. Ayrshire (no more local source), Local opportunities are always investigated but currently do not meet requirements. Frequency and timing of top dressing is based on 2 yearly monitoring of organic matter content within upper soil profile Greens rolling is year round implemented to regularly (based on routine objective measurements of performance to optimize playing quality whilst aiming to reduce disturbance pressures on the sward and to reduce subsequent requirements for fertilizer pesticides and irrigation. Irrigation is based on greenkeeper experience, local weather forecasts and regular use of a theta probe moisture meter. This allows green specific inputs and or spot treatments to be made to immediate sections of greens meaning overall inputs are kept to a minimum. Target soil moisture range is between 12 to 20% VMC (Volumetric Moisture Content). A new control system has been installed (2013) to enable monitoring and importantly identify areas of greatest need this should help reduce run times and minimize use. Regular assessment of sprinkler arcs ensure water is applied in a targeted manner and evenly thus reducing waste Irrigation is supplemented with Hand watering. Wetting agents are used (generally Monthly) to optimize water moisture penetration, reduce runoff and retain soil moisture levels within rootzone. The new irrigation will allow records to be kept going forward current available records would be available through the STRI extranet. Use of a locally sourced, homemade fertiliser mix of sulphate of ammonia, iron sulphate, dried blood, hoof and horn on Championship Course, applied in spring when growth begins and in early summer. Liquid fertiliser also applied on Championship greens. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 11

12 Regular assessment of turf quality, playing quality and clipping production inform nutritional requirements throughout the year and to specific greens the traditional approach of hoof and horn products is the priority form of nutrition providing a slow release of nutrients which reduces potential for run off and or leachate. Supplements may be used on an occasional basis as required. Weed control Disease control Weed control is carried out by physical removal (primary method) chemical treatment is employed when population levels exceed desired thresholds i.e. at which weeds compromise visual and playing quality. 2, 4-D is main active ingredient used, chemical use may extend to a maximum of two treatments per annum. Spot treatments using contact fungicides as required (winter period). Application records available to demonstrate best practice usage. Applications are based on experience and oncourse scouting (regular basis), green staff are experienced in Noroso spray calibration optimum water volumes nozzle selection, all to ensure minimal spray drift and optimal efficacy of ingredient application. Disease control is carried out through cultural and mechanical treatments which are employed to maximize turf and soil health and to promote development of the finer grasses to keep disease pressures and fungicide levels to a minimum. Fusarium is treated preventatively using modern systemic fungicides applied when weather conditions allow to prevent outbreaks. Spot treatments using contact fungicides as required (winter period). Application records available to demonstrate best practice usage. Applications are based on experience and oncourse scouting (regular basis), green staff are experienced in Noroso spray calibration optimum water volumes nozzle selection, all to ensure minimal spray drift and optimal efficacy of ingredient application. In preparation for events, Breaker curative wetting agent was applied on the Championship Course to remove waxy deposits in the soil. This is to be followed by applying Breaker Advanced to prevent drying of greens and establishment of dry patch (monthly application in summer). Pest control Rarely carried out; based on experienced and on-site observations, pest control would be carried out on a required basis (generally less than one times per annum) No pest control measures have been required no championship course over the past 4 years. The lack of pests is a factor of good turf health and best practice management. Note: With respect to fertilizer, levels applied over the last few years have been reduced through concentrated effort and best management practice. Example in kg N/ha, kg N/ha. Seaweed applications are applied on a regular basis to help minimize need for other inputs. Seaweed is provided as a turf hardener and soil conditioner. Records are available to demonstrate fertilizer use Green surrounds and approaches Operation Mowing Dew removal Description Green surrounds and approaches generally cut to mm on all three courses two to three times per week. Cut to 7 mm on Championship Course during events cut in the direction of play to maximise ball roll. Grass clippings are temporarily stored in concrete bays and removed to central disposal areas. Not composted. Concentrated through periods when disease pressures are most likely, switching is employed as required to reduce worm casts. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 12

13 Aeration Grooming As per greens, mini-coring is employed in addition to reduce surface consolidation and to facilitate seeding. Undertaken as required to manage turf. Brushing is employed to reduce postrate growth through collars etc. This work (verticutting and brushing) used to fine down perennial rye-grass. Overseeding Top dressing Up to 6 x per year as per on greens Carried out in conjunction with aeration, 3 times per year, to keep tees firm and try and to manage thatch levels tonnes applied using same sand-source as greens. Rolling Approaches rolled using ride-on rollers through specific (softer) approaches to improve firmness and maintain consistency. Irrigation Fertiliser Weed control Pest control Irrigation is used through surrounds but targeted to specific areas. Aim here is to maintain sward health and surface firmness and to manage wear through more highly trafficked areas. Similar to greens a VMC of 12-20% is aimed for. As per greens, generally less fertilizer use overall but concentrated through trafficked areas. Concentrated to reduce perennial rye and broadleaf weeds using physical pulling, verticutting, grooming and chemical use (as per green). No pest control employed but would remain a provision if ever required Tees Operation Mowing Aeration Grooming Description Employ to maintain turf figure and firmness. Cut at 6-7 mm (tidying operation, all areas undertaken 1-2 times per week). Grass cover on tees is of fescue, bent and poa species, with occasional perennial ryegrass. Employ to manage traffic and thatch levels, also undertaken prior to over-seeding and topdressing. Aeration used to control organic matter through surface. Soil tines include verti-draining, other tines also employed two-three times per year. Slip-tines employed to encourage water-movement. Brushing is occasional to refine prostrate growth. Overseeding/Divot repairs Divot repairs filled with soil/sand/seed mix using a fescue only mix. Mix includes compost made on-site daily operation. Weak areas overseeded 1-2 times per year on back of and in conjunction with aeration. Overseeding Top dressing Rolling Up to 6 x per year as per on greens Target for green surrounds differs from greens. Top-dressing is applied to maintain turf condition. Between tonnes keep surface smooth, dry and with optimal sward vigour. Some areas receive slightly more than above depending on local ground conditions or where foot traffic is high. Rolling is occasional following aeration or leading up to major events (rare operation otherwise) Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 13

14 Irrigation Same as approaches. Used to manage wear areas. Irrigation applies selectively and is targeted to areas of need. Fertiliser Broad use in spring of organic locally sourced nutrients (8% N). Nutrient applied in spring as hoof and horn and SO4 with weaker areas treated with other organic fertilisers containing no more than 5% N. Fertiliser applications are bespoke and used to assist divot recovery and stimulate over-seeding. Disease Control Weed control Localised treatment if required (very rarely required Physical removal and chemical spot treatments are undertaken as required on a localized basis (occasional to two times per annum). Pest control As disease control above, SO4 is used as fertilizer as this helps to suppress worm activity so to reduce the need for wormicides. SO4 applied up to 2 times per year Fairways Operation Description Mowing Fairways cut to 9-10mm. Low-lying areas containing perennial ryegrass cut again at 6-7mm to control prostrate growth. Cutting uses a 5 unit ride-on cylinder mower 1-2 times Aeration per week. Verti-draining employed 1 time per annum, particularly through low-lying areas to improve water movement. Mounds receive hydro-jet using 6mm tines (dry periods only up to 2 times per annum). More heavily worn traffic areas are aerated using mini-cores to relieve surface consolidation. Hollow coring may be undertaken on a blanket basis at 5 year intervals. Grooming Dew Removal Overseeding Top dressing Blanket brushing 2-3 times per season. Verti-cutting reserved for lush and more dense areas to improve consistency Dew removal usually occurs through mowing however will be brushed if required in the late season however dew removal is generally not needed on fairways. Mounds and traffic areas oversown in autumn. Fairways divoted weekly (15g per m2 pure fescue). Blanket topdressing done in November and March with one treatment during summer. Applied through low-lying areas on a localized basis, 2-3 times through summer. Quantities = 20 tonnes per ha, a total of 500 tonnes per annum. Topdressing is important to maintain firmness as well as improve visual and playing quality. Rolling Irrigation Rolling is occasional following aeration or leading up to major events (rare operation otherwise) On championship course sprinklers can be individually controlled allowing specific arc to be targeted (individual control), though greens, tees and surrounds are controlled in same way. Irrigation use to help divot recovery and seed germination. Applied paringly (none in 2012). High areas may require local irrigation using individually controlled sprinkler heads. No hand watering. Soil profile monitored, irrigation applied overnight Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 14

15 when required with sprinkler heads set to serve semi-rough. Recommendations for improvement consider linking weather station with new upgraded irrigation system to generate better record keeping and reduce unnecessary application. Wetting Agent Fertiliser Disease Control Applied to drier mounds and traffic areas. Normally 2-4 treatments in conjunction with aeration and irrigation or when using hydrojet Usually one time per annum, at l/ha. Source = ammonia+so4, 10% N. concentrated over mounds and through traffic areas, may also utilize urea sourced liquid feed at 5-7 % N at 20l/ha = 7kg N/ha. Fertiliser applied to maintain resilience of sward, reduce weed grass and maintain turf quality. Same as tees, very rare and only is specific diseases are prevalent. Weed control Pest control Occasional physical pulling and spot treatments carried out, no more than 2 times per annum. No pest control implemented very rare Semi-rough/rough Operation Mowing: Rough Description Intermediate rough cut at 100mm, between 2-4m width, carried out early in season, and where unfavorable growth occurs, repeated 4-6 times per annum, or just one time per year through better areas. Mowing: Rough Ecology Ecology rough is generally not mown. Some areas are chain harrowed and other areas of thick grass are selectively cut. Mowing: No-spray buffer zones Other Fertiliser No-spray buffer zones are maintained to a width of 2m around water features and watercourses. The buffer zones are cut to a height of 12mm. Areas of semi-rough and rough are scarified. Scarification, deep aeration, Hydrojecting, overseeding and wetting agent applied to traffic areas on Championship Course prior to events. Organic based fertilizer through traffic areas one time per year, low N products such as TX10 containing 4-8 %N Bunkers Operation Raking Mowing Description Manual raking as required throughout the year. Bunker edges mown or strimmed as required to encourage gather. Sand Replenishment Irrigation Sand top up when required. T o t a l t o p - u p s a n d = 6 0 t o n n e s Irrigation on bunker faces in very dry weather. Sprinklers target some south and west facing bunkers, provision exists for hand watering as required, generally early season, Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 15

16 through new bunker faces. Weed Control Bunker Replacement Physical pulling of weeds and chemical spot treatment applied through bunker faces (occasional need basis). All bunkers rebuilt over a 3-5 year cycle, giving 20-33% of bunkers rebuilt per annum. Turf is utilized in rebuilding with turf grown for this purpose. Note: no. of bunkers on championship course = 113, no. of bunkers on Buddon course = 46 & no. of bunkers on Burnside = 41, making 200 in total. 3.2 Landscape management Aim: To maintain and enhance the distinctive landscape features in which the courses are set. Below is a summary table of the principal landscape management practices carried out on the three courses. Operation Manage gorse, trees and other scrub Description Identify scrub by way of this plan and assign a phased management programme. Establish a plan of gorse management to include strategically unimportant and degenerate scrub. Establish localised gorse, scrub and tree replanting programmes. Establish an ongoing monitoring programme to check health and condition (3 year monitor). Remove scrub from sensitive grasslands. Identify areas of grassland and manage to maintain status Establish a management plan and manage to maintain condition (cutting and important scarification techniques). Monitor condition annually to fine tune management requirements. Identify and retain areas where no management is to be given. Reduce where possible the amount of amenity grassland. Maintain patch size Minimise course furniture Optimise the size of each area of grassland or pocket of scrub and maintain and promote their and habitat connection with neighbouring patches to aid wildlife movement/dispersal, etc. connectivity Course furniture should be restricted to maintain naturalness. If used, then ensure subtle features are used and placed appropriately (avoid the horizon lines and other highly visible locations). Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 16

17 Minimise bunkers Bunkers can represent a negative landscape impact. They should be suitably sited to be subtle and of a reasonable size. Use an appropriately coloured (ideally native) sand to marry with existing surrounds. Bunkers should, in most cases, form an extension of the rough and should be linked into the rough. Promote diversity Minimise fragmentation structural habitat The promotion of structural an species diversity within a habitat can greatly expand the range and populations of species it is able to support. Management of species diversity can also provide increased aesthetic value for golfers. Habitat fragmentation can have detrimental effects on the local biodiversity. Connectivity between habitats should be promoted in order to increase species diversity and movement patterns around the links. Maintain water courses The maintenance of water courses is essential in order to promote water dependent species such as fish, birds, reptiles and amphibians. The creation and maintenance of littoral shelves as well as the establishment of riparian zones will aid in increasing the biodiversity of water courses around the links. 3.3 Waste management Aim: To minimise waste and ensure disposal meets with best practice and current legislation. Objectives and actions here relate to best management practices for the disposal of grass cuttings, corings and other organic materials including gorse and other scrub/tree brash; the storage and disposal of used oils; pesticide storage and disposal; training in and treatment of spillages; and the retention and conservation of deadwood. In the clubhouse, although separate to this plan, consideration should be given to recycling and minimisation of waste and to improving energy efficiency. Below is a table of current waste management practices carried out on the three courses together with recognition where improvements could be made. Operation Waste Disposal Description Waste is disposed of in two large storage areas and by burning. No composting. This situation needs revising see below. Some soil waste goes to creating mounding or is used in construction projects. Recommendation - scope exists to develop a recycle area, however areas are limited and will need to be identified. Washdown Facilities Washdown water treated using an aboveground Hydroscape system, installed in Water is recycled. Uses ozone purification as a final purification process. Water sourcing Irrigation water is sourced from boreholes, mains used in emergency. Irrigation water Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 17

18 is alkaline (approx. ph 7.6) and can cause fluctuations in ph in irrigated areas of the courses. Looking to puirchase a neutralizing (quadrup) system to reduce acid ph. Greenstaff to develop further with agronomist. Irrigation systems Efficient irrigation system on Championship Course. Irrigation system upgraded to greens on Buddon course. Yet to upgrade systems on fairways. System upgraded to tees on Burnside course with a total upgrade voer championship course. Oil storage Oil tanks are bunded to 110% capacity. Chemical storage Chemicals stored within purpose made storage unit which is well-lit, ventilated and signed. Battery and Waste Application Chemicals of Temporary storage on site, collected bimonthly by registered contractor, an Edinburgh based oil disposal company that disposes of contaminated oil and batteries. Weather conditions are considered before scheduling fertiliser, herbicide, fungicide or pesticide applications to avoid wastage and leaching to surrounding areas. No-spray buffer zones of 2 m maintained around watercourses and water features. Carnoustie Golf Links Management Committee recognise their environmental responsibility regarding waste management. A main challenge for The Links will be to keep up to date with current (and developing) legislation Waste disposal The Carnoustie Golf Links are aware of improvements that could be made to waste management strategies. Those changes that have not yet been made are continued to be investigated by the administration in order to solve cost and land-use problems related to implementing these waste management schemes. These waste management schemes and changes to waste management recommendations are covered below in section Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 18

19 4. Future Ecological and Environmental Management 4.1 Management constraints The principal constraints on management are twofold. The worldwide reputation of the three courses controlled by the Carnoustie Golf Links Management Committee mean that ongoing management is not only scrutinised by the local community, who most have a vested interest in the ecological and landscape value of the site, but also the golfing fraternity throughout the world. Secondly, the amount of gorse encroachment that has already taken place during the latter part of the twentieth century means that the aesthetic character of a number of areas of the course will be dramatically altered as part of this Plan and therefore will undoubtedly raise suspicions from regular golfers and other interested parties. It is hoped that this Plan will somewhat alleviate these fears and that interested/concerned individuals will realise that any management taking place is for the long-term good of the course for both golf and wildlife. It is felt that the current greenstaff and indeed the Carnoustie Golf Links Management Committee as a whole have an enthusiastic and progressive outlook on course management and, when combined, can rise above any challenges which may threaten the future ecological management of the course. 4.2 Management prescriptions General Management operations must be coordinated and phased so as not to over-burden the greenstaff or compromise other on-course operations. Gorse and tree management work would normally be carried out during the winter period, i.e. October through to April, a traditionally less busy period for the greenstaff. Grassland management will be carried out outside the bird breeding season, i.e. during February to early March and late August to October. Work should be phased over the five-year timescale of this plan. Any opportunities not progressed in any one year should be carried over and not forgotten. Periodic review will be essential if the original aims and objectives are to be met. This management plan will need to be agreed by The Carnoustie Golf Links Management Committee, individual priorities set out by STRI may need revision to suit the aims and commitments of the Links Management Committee Gorse and scrub management Gorse is an integral part of the Carnoustie Golf Links contributing to the character and identitity of the three courses as well as providing biodiversity rich habitats where nesting birds often inhabit. Gorse management programmes across Carnoustie golf Links, particularly on the Championship Course, have so far been effective with most gorse managed to ensure aesthetic value as well as biodiversity value whilst being kept under control to prevent its rapid expansion. Greenstaff are well educated in gorse and scrub management and this is evident throughout the Links where management practices such as rotational coppicing have occurred. Current gorse management practices are ideal and have significantly improved gorse health since the previous management evaluation by STRI., Only minor fine-tuning is required going forward in order to ensure the most effective gorse management. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 19

20 1. Infrequent topping/selective rotational coppicing This work will involve the three yearly rotational topping of gorse shrubs, retaining individuals at a height of between 1 and 1.5 metres unless otherwise instructed. In conjunction, selective and rotational de-limbing/coppicing will be undertaken, judiciously cutting back individual limbs to less than mm above ground level in order to encourage basal and lateral regrowth ensuring the longevity of the individual. 2. Selective and judicious coppicing Selective rotational coppicing of individual limbs on a three yearly cycle unless otherwise instructed. Individual/selected limbs will be cut to around mm above ground level to stimulate basal and lateral regrowth in order to regenerate the structure and form of the individual shrubs. This prescription would normally be recommended where coppicing of the entire individual would result in a detraction of the aesthetic, ecological or strategic interest of the area in question % rotational coppice Coppicing of the entire individual/stand to ± 150 mm above ground level in order to stimulate regrowth. This work will be undertaken in conjunction with hand scarification/disturbance of the surrounding soil in order to expose the buried gorse seed bank. This prescription would normally be recommended where retention of the entire area in question is desirable, however the existing gorse is sufficiently degenerate to warrant short-term removal. As always, strategic, aesthetic and ecological factors have been considered before recommending this prescription % rotational coppice Work carried out under this prescription will involve designating the individual shrub, copse or stand in two equal sections which will receive alternate management. The first section will receive a coppice to ± 150 mm above ground level in accordance with any guidance given for the individual compartment. This area will then be allowed to regenerate to a height of 1.5 metres (unless otherwise instructed) before coppicing the remainder of the area. No timescale is given for the management window between the two sections as regrowth of newly coppiced gorse will vary throughout the course. This work will be carried out in conjunction with a light hand scarification of the upper 50 mm of the soil surface in order to expose any buried gorse seed bank and stimulate germination % rotational coppice Work will be carried out as directed in Prescription 4, however the individual copse or stand will be designated into three equal sections as outlined in the corresponding compartment notes which will each receive a coppice to ± 150 mm above ground level on an individual basis % rotational coppice Again work carried out under this recommendation will mirror that of Prescription 4, however designation of the compartment into five equal and appropriate sections (as outlined by the corresponding compartment notes) will be required. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 20

21 7. Total removal and reinstatement of bare open sand The objective of this prescription will be to remove gorse and associated vegetation and to reinstate a clean underlying sand in order to allow natural succession of the grassland to occur. Existing gorse will be removed initially by cutting to less than 150 mm above ground level, with smaller individuals having their root systems removed manually using a Mattock or similar digging tool, with larger and more woody root systems being physically grubbed out using a root-cutting chainsaw such as the Husqvarna 371 or appropriate stump grinding equipment. Roots of mature gorse individuals must be removed in their entirety or stump ground to a minimum of 150 mm below ground level (note: depth measured after removal of brash) in order to prevent regrowth from the cut stump. All surface debris will then be removed, including brash, thatch and any associated decomposing organic matter, in order to reinstate the clean underlying sand. If the corresponding recommendation advises the complete removal of gorse and prevention of regrowth then any new shoots noted, either from germinating seedlings or the cut stump, can be removed via physical pulling or spot treatment using a triclopyr-based herbicide applied in strict accordance with label recommendations. 8. Total removal and reinstatement of grass cover Management as recommended in accordance with Prescription 8 will be identical to that in Prescription 7, however it will be followed by the application of a light seeding of a fescuedominated seed mix also containing sweet vernal-grass at a rate of g/m 2. This prescription will largely be used where an immediate greening effect is required, i.e. in highly visual areas of the golf course, or if an immediate stabilisation of the sand surface is required. 9. Three yearly monitoring This prescription will be recommended where gorse is currently in a healthy condition providing the optimum strategic visual and ecological interest. Three yearly monitoring will be required in order to ensure that the individual shrub/copse does not extend from its current location or begin to show signs of degeneration. If deterioration of the compartment does occur then appropriate coppicing as in Prescription 2 would be the most likely way forward. 10. Prevention of spread of gorse and broom Where the prevention of gorse spread has been recommended, i.e. in species-rich grasslands where young gorse individuals are prevalent, then removal by physically pulling will be the most appropriate way forward. If the gorse spread is to such an extent that this would be impractical given the labour and time investment, then spot treating with a triclopyr-based herbicide or weed wiping using the same will be required. With both of the above, take care not to physically disturb the underlying habitat as the recommendation of this work would usually suggest that the surrounding grassland or heathland is particularly ecologically important. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 21

22 11. Introducing new gorse Certain areas would benefit from the introduction of gorse. Although samples were not taken at the time of the visit, it is assumed that the ph of the soils throughout is conducive for gorse to thrive and therefore no amelioration or alterations to the surface/sub-surface rootzones have been recommended. There are a number of options available for introducing new gorse where it is required involving the purchase of seed or container-grown stock, or indeed the collection of seed/brashings from the bountiful supply on the ground and its reintroduction when required. If container-bought seedlings are to be introduced then individual plants should be notchplanted at close centres not exceeding 0.6 metres. Once planted, the surface around each individual should be firmed and watered, with protection thereafter being given throughout the first twelve months by the complete enclosure of the area using 450 mm high chicken wire fencing in order to protect from grazing rabbits, deer and other mammals. Gorse should not be planted within single tree guards as this inevitably leads to lollipop-shaped individuals which have little to no basal growth and do not have the strength to remain upright beyond their first year after tree guard removal. Following this work, the entire area should be designated as Ground Under Repair (GUR) again for the first twelve to eighteen months in order to allow establishment. Gorse seed can readily be collected by gloved hand removal during late July/August of any given year when the yellow flowers have disappeared and the brown pea-like capsules are prevalent. The seed and associated debris will be stored during the winter months and applied to a cut and scarified surface during early spring (i.e. February to March) given favourable ground conditions. Alternatively, surface brash/debris can be collected from beneath mature gorse bushes following work as outlined in Prescriptions 7 and 8 and applied at a rate of approximately g/m 2. This surface material will inevitably contain large proportions of gorse seed and again this can be applied to a recently cut and raked surface at a depth measuring no greater than 30 mm. Again, protection of these gorse seedlings will be required via the introduction of a 450 mm high chicken wire fence surrounding the entire plantation and the designation of a GUR until such time as the gorse can withstand moderate grazing and golfer pressure. 12. Tree management Trees on all three courses have spread naturally and in places have been planted. Whilst localised groupings are important as stepping stones, etc. for wildlife, in the wrong place they can detract from the landscape and ecological significance of the courses. Areas have been identified in Section 5 where individual trees or larger groupings are to be removed. Haul routes: Consideration will need to be given to access and the most appropriate exit points for removing the trees once felled and to how individual trees will fall (so as not to damage sensitive grassland areas). Bats: Larger trees should first be assessed for the presence of bats before removal. Note that no more than 5 m 3 of wood (loppings and toppings) can be removed during any one calendar quarter without a Felling Licence available through the Forestry Authority. STRI would be pleased to advise on this. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 22

23 Stump management: Stumps around the woodland margins, i.e. 10 metres into the woodland centre, should be stump ground to 150 mm below the surface prior to covering with indigenous sand to reform surface levels. Stumps would need to be removed from all areas if reverting back to grassland. They should be retained in situ if reinstating to gorse. Tree planting: When replanting forestry transplants or small standards, introduce at close 2 metre spacings and provide appropriate protection via tree/shrub guards or post and chicken wire fencing. Utilise trees and plant in accordance with the Woodland Survey produced by Angus Council Community Services in August Management Prescriptions Recommendations for gorse management throughout the Carnoustie Golf Links are listed in section 5 for each hole across all three courses. While no major gorse management operations are needed, focus is now on the appropriate maintenance and management of gorse in order to ensure structural diversity within tracts of gorse as well as keeping tracts of gorse restricted to limit its encroachment on other vegetation types such as dry and wet heath. An example of this on the Championship Course is the encroachment of a tract of gorse into established heather populations between the 7 th and 14 th holes. In this area, gorse needs to be managed effectively through individual plant removal methods, in order to halt its advance on the tract of heather. There are also some areas on the Championship, such as the area to the left of the 7 th fairway, where individual gorse plants have established themselves within an area of heather. If left unchecked, these gorse plants can spread to form much larger areas and it is best to remove these plants as soon as possible. An area where gorse has been effectively managed providing ideal aesthetic and biodiversity value is to the left of the 9 th tees on the Championship Course. The structural diversity in place in this area as well as the effective transition of gorse from the rough edge to the dense gorse in between fairways makes for an ideal and effective area of habitat. The establishment of new gorse is also a form of gorse management and can be used as a screening tool to create separation between areas of grassland such as between fairways. This not only helps to create visual separation, increasing aesthetic value and aiding play, but provides areas of habitat for species to take refuge. It has been recommended for gorse establishment to occur in a select few areas across the Carnoustie Golf Links. The area to the right of the fairway on hole 2 on the Buddon Course could benefit from the establishment of new gorse to create separation between the Buddon Course and the Championship Course. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 23

24 4.2.3 Grassland management Management techniques will involve one of the following: 1. Cutting only (either in spring or autumn) and cutting with scarification treatment (either in spring or autumn. More specific details regarding these management techniques are detailed in the tables below. 2. Two cuts per annum plus intensive scarification treatment the first cut to accommodate an intensive scarification treatment before the end of March (giving cognizance to nesting skylark), the second cut in late August (all litter to be collected). Continue over two to three years only, or until advised otherwise. Note: Spring scarification work is aggressive and will weaken the more rank grasslands, particularly if applied over successive years. Late summer scarification work will be less aggressive but useful in thinning basal growth and in creating gaps so as to sustain seedling establishment and gap colonisation. Repeating the above annually will result in a major weakening of some of the grasslands and it will be essential therefore that periods of rest are given. Note however that continued annual cutting without scarification is likely to thicken the vigour of the sward, particularly through the base, closing any gaps which over time will result in a marked reduction of wild flower species. The Graden scarifier will be ideal for the above recommendations. Suitable equipment will need to be considered for collecting all arisings. 3. Collection of arisings arisings must be collected following each operation and either burned or composted. A purpose-built compost facility or similar will need to be constructed with sufficient surrounding hard standing to facilitate the temporary storage of soils, hollow cores and other organic wastes prior to their inclusion within the composting process. See also Waste management (4.3.2) below. 4. All areas must be monitored on an annual to three yearly basis. STRI would be pleased to be engaged to provide a continued ongoing independent report if requested. Management Prescriptions The following tables provide a summary of grassland management actions t h a t m a y b e required for areas around all three courses. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 24

25 Cut and Scarify spring and autumn, ongoing. Grassland Recommendation 1 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Spring Autumn Spring Autumn Spring Autumn Cut/Collect Rescue Scarify/Collect Overseed Other P Review Cut spring and autumn and annual autumn scarification, ongoing. Grassland Recommendation 2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Spring Autumn Spring Autumn Spring Autumn Cut/Collect Rescue P P Scarify/Collect Overseed P P Other Review Cut and Scarify 2 times per annum with spring scarification over 2 years only. Grassland Recommendation 3 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Spring Autumn Spring Autumn Spring Autumn Cut/Collect Rescue P P Scarify/Collect P Overseed P P Other Review Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 25

26 Annual autumn cut and one scarification treatment. Grassland Recommendation 4 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Spring Autumn Spring Autumn Spring Autumn Cut/Collect Rescue P Scarify/Collect* Overseed P P Other *repeat 2/3 year intervals Annual spring cut and initial scarification treatment. Grassland Recommendation 5 Review Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Spring Autumn Spring Autumn Spring Autumn Cut/Collect Rescue Scarify/Collect Overseed Other P P P Review Infrequent cutting only. Grassland Recommendation 6 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Spring Autumn Spring Autumn Spring Autumn Cut/Collect Rescue Scarify/Collect Overseed Other Review These tables outline some of the management recommendations for grassland management over a three year period. These approaches differ in intensity with some areas possibly requiring intensive maintenance involving cutting and scarifying processes in spring and autumn with other areas only requiring a more relaxed approach such as cutting once a year in autumn. The area to the left of the approach on the second hole on the Burnside Course is one that may require grassland management work in the future. Because this area has high populations of Yorkshire fog and perennial ryegrass, treatment along the lines of grassland recommendation 3 as shown above would help to promote growth of links grasses such as red fescue in this area. An initial cut and scarify with treatments of rescue would take place followed by provisional rescue application and overseeding in year 2 if necessary. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 26

27 4.2.4 Heather management Heather still dominates at Carnoustie, although it is reducing significantly in places due to trampling pressures (acute at times) and through scrub/tree regeneration and planting. Grassland succession through nutrient enrichment has also affected its extent. This type of habitat is of high conservation value as coastal heath has declined dramatically over the past fifty years. Estimates are that across the UK about 95% of this type of habitat has been lost. That remaining on the courses is therefore worthy of conservation management. The conservation of heather is in the best interest of the golfer due to the colour (visual interest), character and definition that it provides. Heather grows cyclically. It progresses from juvenile to mature and, if left unmanaged, will degenerate, with the encroachment of rank grasses and scrub gaining the competitive edge. It is however also sensitive to over-management, i.e. too frequent a cutting regime. The main threats to the health of the heather include: Trampling and traffic, e.g. golfers, caddie carts, trolleys and maintenance equipment. Changes in ph occasionally irrigation water may be slightly alkaline, raising the ph above the optimum mark required for healthy establishment. Gorse and scrub/tree encroachment which can out-muscle heather and restrict its growth and expansion. Encroachment of rank grasses which can also jeopardise the health of heather populations and prevent future growth. Spray drift and leaching of fertiliser, herbicide and insecticide. Indiscriminate disposal of grass clippings. Mowing or topping can encourage the horizontal spread and rejuvenation of heather but it can also kill it if practiced too frequently. Cutting would best be practiced on a four year rotation. Cutting should be undertaken between December and late February to a high height of cut, certainly no less than 125 mm. This should help stimulate lateral growth and spread as well as rejuvenation of the plant. Care should be taken not to cut during frosty conditions and/or to avoid too low a cutting height as removal of all the green, fleshy shoots would be damaging to its regrowth. Differentiate between heather closer to the playing-line (4-8 metre maximum band) and that further off-line. The stands of reasonably healthy heather well off the playing-line should be left without management other than scrub control. It may be best to divide heather management into two categories: (a) Management of existing stands ongoing management Depending upon position, either monitor only or undertake periodic cutting. Cutting should be carried out as infrequently as is possible, ideally every four years, to increase the plant s spread and vigour. Cuttings need not be removed. The Courses Manager is aware of these areas and, as such, they are not covered further in this report. Do however consider each area in conjunction with the comments made in the On-Course Notes. (b) Reinstatement of heather into new areas or areas lost to grass encroachment Shallow turf stripping to remove the surface grass, thatch, etc. can be very effective indeed, but care will need to be taken not to dig in too deeply in the first instance. Take regular samples at intervals through the areas being worked to quantify the amount of thatch to be removed and, moreover, the depth of the humus layer is being retained. Removing the humus layer will slow down the rate of recovery, leaving potentially unsightly scarring for longer periods. The resulting surface should be consolidated but lightly scarified and left without further intervention unless advised otherwise. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 27

28 Litter collection will be an essential part of all the above. All litter must be disposed of in accordance with Best Management Practice guidelines. Additional information is available in the publication Heather and its Management, available through STRI. Management Prescriptions Heather on the Carnoustie Golf Links is an essential element of the landscape adding to the character of the courses and contributing to the links profile. The maintenance and expansion of heather is an essential part of golf course management in the future and due its relatively fragile nature, it is imperative that heather management is carried out with care and due diligence. The expansion of tracts of heather is always encouraged in order to improve aesthetic value of the golf course which will help to improve playing experience, as well as improve biodiversity value of the course. An example of this is the recommendation for heather expansion between the 5 th and 6 th holes on the Championship Course however it also needs to be ensured that grassland does not encroach into areas of heather and restrict growth. Scrub such as gorse, broom as well as grassland at Carnoustie needs to be managed in order to ensure it does not restrict heather growth. Several recommendations have been made over all courses to encourage the removal of scrub or grassland vegetation that have the potential to restrict heather growth such as to the right of the 7 th fairway on the Championship Course where gorse and broom plants need to be managed as they currently have the potential to jeopardise the expansion of heather. Recommendations for heather management for each hole over all three courses can be referred to below in section 5. In summary, to effectively manage heather populations it is essential that the following practices occur: 1. Monitoring of all areas annually for scrub or grassland encroachment and for trampling pressures. 2. Eradicate scrub on an annual to three year cycle using only physical management (avoiding chemical use) to remove invading scrub vegetation. 3. Consider the development of new areas of heather possibly by expanding existing areas including mechanical work that will remove grass/turf and reinstate more open growing conditions. 4.3 Other environmental opportunities Bird boxes A number of bird boxes have been positioned at intervals over the courses. Scope exists to introduce more such as under the bridges of the Barry Burn at the end of the tenth hole. Aim should be to create a diversity of nest box types, i.e. small to large hole and open-fronted boxes. One bird of prey box (kestrel or owl) could be introduced on each course. Bat boxes have been situated at strategic positions, i.e. on tall sentinel trees; however scope exists for the introduction of more bat boxes throughout the courses. Bird boxes are recommended under the permanent bridges of the Barry Burn in between holes 10 and 11 on the Championship Course (see section 5 for details). A number of designs have been included in Nestboxes for Birds and Mammals available through STRI. Note: Monitoring of the boxes will be fundamental to their long-term success. Those not being used should be relocated until normal carrying capacities have been reached. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 28

29 4.3.1 Operation Pollinator Operation Pollinator has been establish at Carnoustie Golf Links and is particularly focussed on the area to the left of the 4 th hole and is aimed at reducing the damage done to native bees and their natural habitats around the UK, particularly on golf courses. The establishment and promotion of pollen and nectar rich habitat is vital to providing essential food sources and nesting habitat for local bee populations. The promotion of wild-flower growth to the left of the 4 th hole as well as the establishment of a bee box is an ideal approach to establishing Operation Pollinator at Carnoustie Golf Links. Focus should be given to maintaining and improving the quality of this area as well as the expansion of wild-flower rich grassland around the links in order to advance wild bee populations and further Operation Pollinator efforts Existing waste management A major issue not only affecting Carnoustie but most golf clubs throughout the UK is the disposal and management of organic waste. Hardcore waste must be separated and removed off site to a registered landfill. This will prove both time-consuming and costly but would be the preferred option. Some of the hardcore waste could be buried to depth in exchange for sand (to be used for top dressing and other purposes) and the use of waste to construct moundings throughout the course has been recently employed. This can prove time-consuming and labour-intensive but will be less costly than having waste sent to landfill. Any burial of hardcore (inert) wastes would need to be such that a sand cap could be placed over the spoil to a minimum 1.5 metre depth. Clearly this will be important to avoid any nutrient influence at the surface. This option may be best employed where mounds are to be developed on the courses (see On-Course Notes, Section 5). Organic spoil could similarly be buried but depth will be limited by groundwater levels. The spoil should not be allowed to sit into the groundwater regime. In conjunction with the above, some of the brash could be allowed to dry out and burnt at an appropriate location, i.e. within the existing areas and in accordance with existing bylaws. All resulting ash should be buried and capped with at least 1 metre of sand to avoid any nutrient influence at the surface. Larger logs, branches, etc. could be stockpiled as log piles and encouraged to break down naturally over time. These should be appropriately located out of play and well within the retained sections of woodland. Use a chipper or shredder to reduce the extent of intermediate to small branches. Having removed the majority of hardcore and organic spoil, it will be necessary to bury that remaining in situ. This would be best undertaken by surface scraping and stockpiling the waste prior to its burial following excavation of sufficient underlying sand. Again the spoil should be covered with at least 1.5 metre depth of sand then reinstated by seeding either with red fescue only or a mix of red fescue, browntop bent and possibly marram. The whole operation will help to reduce the unsightly mounds that have been created through long-term dumping in the past. The whole area will need to be appropriately re-profiled to achieve more subtle low level and more acceptable moundings. A number of grass storage bays have been established, particularly near the Championship Course, which is an ideal method of temporary storing grass clippings before their relocation to a designated site for composting. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 29

30 Hazardous waste such as used batteries are currently collected by an off-site contractor based in Edinburgh who appropriately dispose of such materials. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 30

31 4.3.4 Future organic waste management There is potential for the establishment of a central composting facility at Carnoustie Golf Links however several land space and financial constraints arise here. A central compost facility will be large enough to handle two or three compost piles on a hard standing base, slightly leaning to collect any leachate. After six to eight months in one position, each compost pile can be turned before the commencement of a second or third composting pile. Any leachate collected can be reapplied to the compost as a wetting agent. The facility should be completely covered to prevent the addition of rainwater which will aid the run-off of leachate whilst destroying the integrity of the compost. Fine turf clippings alone are poor for making good quality compost as air cannot move within them, thus creating anaerobic decomposition and subsequently the unmistakable foul odours associated with piles of fine turf clippings. It is therefore beneficial to the Golf Links that all organic waste taken from cut rough grasslands or recently trimmed trees is collected and chipped in order to mix with fine turf clippings to create a good standard of compost. If worked correctly then usable compost should be ready for use within twelve months. This can then be applied to areas of the course, i.e. as a top dressing for tees or in garden-style areas near the clubhouse, or sold to members or the general public in order to generate extra revenue. Several golf courses in the UK have already established such a project and are receiving a sustainable income from it. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 31

32 4.4 Management recommendations for the Barry Burn and associated watercourses A network of ditches runs through the courses, together with the Barry Burn, which winds its way through each course before discharging into the sea Erosion control The Barry Burn has suffered from natural erosion in the past and the banks have been strengthened using concrete stepping (Figure 1) and corrugated iron sheets. Other smaller ditches have been protected with wooden fence posts (Figure 2). A gently sloping bank profile, although less typical of the ditches at Carnoustie, would be much more stable than a vertical bank, especially when protected with grasses, and would act to dissipate the energy in flood flows as the water level increases. Vertical banks are particularly vulnerable to undercutting where the bank toe is removed and overlying soil slumps down when its foundation is lost. This kind of problem would be much reduced following bank re-profiling. In addition, the creation of sloping banks increases the cross-sectional area of the channel and will help prevent flooding. Gently sloping banks would also encourage increased use of the burn and ditches by wildlife, by easing exit and entry. Bank protection has already been provided for much of the burn and many of the drainage ditches. If more bank protection is required then it is recommended that similar protection to that already existing on the course should be used (excluding the corrugated sheeting). This would be more harmonious than introducing a new method of bank protection. It is recommended that fence post protection be used for the smaller ditches and more expensive concrete stepping be used on the Barry Burn. Stone gabions could be considered as a good alternative to the concrete stepping but consideration should be given to aesthetic value on the course, and these would need to be covered with an indigenous soil and grassed to give a more natural appearance. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 32

33 4.4.2 Vegetation control Currently, in-channel vegetation in the ditches is treated with glyphosate in summer, when the beds are dry, to ensure that the ditches are free flowing and drainage is not compromised. However, drainage is least important in summer, when plant cover is highest, and the greenstaff should consider whether the removal of vegetation is necessary. A management trial in summer could be undertaken on selected holes to determine whether the retention of the vegetation has any negative effect on drainage. In winter, when efficient drainage is required, vegetation cover is lowest and causes minimal interference to flow. The maintenance of vegetation cover would serve to reduce bank erosion in winter high flows. Glyphosate is approved for amenity use in water bodies but specific environmental advice applies: The use of glyphosate when the ditches are dry and not wet is a sensible precaution. SEPA (The Scottish Environmental Protection Agency) must be contacted before using glyphosate in or near water and this may still apply to the ditches, even if they are temporarily dry. The advice given when spraying land-based vegetation is that a minimum period of 6 hours (ideally 24 hours) should be left between spraying and the first rainfall and this applies equally to the filling of the ditches with water spraying should not be undertaken if rainfall is forecast. The maximum level of glyphosate permitted for use in water is 0.2 ppm (parts per million). If rain is forecast when spraying in the dry ditches then it would be best practice to adhere to this rate. Finally, the dead and decaying vegetation should be removed before the ditches are expected to fill with water, to prevent an excess of nutrients entering the water and entering into the Barry Burn. If this is not undertaken the large release of nutrients will affect water quality and could encourage algal growth in slow-flowing ditches. As an alternative to glyphosate, vegetation in the ditches could be removed in summer by cutting and removing the plant material. If submerged vegetation growing in the channel centre is to be removed from the Barry Burn or from the drainage ditches when under water, then best practice suggests that the vegetation be cut, collected and left on the bank side for several hours so that aquatic invertebrates can re-enter the water. Management recommendation Identify areas requiring glyphosate. Some less visual ditches which drain the less intensively managed areas of the course, e.g. ditches running through the rough, may require no management or could be managed on a two-year rather than an annual cycle. For example, the left of the ditch could be treated in year one, followed by the other side in year two. This means that the habitat is intact on at least one side of the ditch at any time and improves survival chances of affected species. Create buffer zones of longer grass of 1-3 m width alongside all the more prominent ditches, to help reduce the number of well-struck rolling balls entering the watercourses. No pesticides or fertilisers Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 33

34 should be applied within this buffer zone to help reduce the likelihood of chemicals leaching from the soil into the water during application. Glyphosate should be applied by a trained operative in accordance with the above recommendations and in strict compliance with the product label and manufacturer s instructions. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 34

35 5. On-Course Notes & Recommendations 1 st Hole Championship Course The red fescue rough to the right of the 1 st hole has improved significantly over the last three or so years, the sward is upright, seeding and generally forming good separation between holes. Some areas of weakness were noted right of 18 th, due to heavy trampling pressures, recent cutting and scarification work. Wildflower incidence through the rough was generally low; white clover, dandelion and cats-ear were evident along with sea lyme. Recommendations for management: Areas of grassland such as here should be managed in two discreet sections. The first i.e. the fringing rough to be managed with two cuts per annum, together with an occasional scarification treatment to the sward to prevent it coming overly dense. A provision for rescue will also need to be available again to maintain more playable and seeding roughs. Broom was evident through the 1 st approach up to the green (right side) the broom is relatively young and would benefit from early control to involve physical cutting and thereafter chemical eradication. Any older growth will die from cutting avoiding the need for chemical application. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 35

36 2 nd Hole Area of important salt marsh grassland to extreme left of 2 nd hole The salt marshes and important areas of type dominated by more salt tolerant red fescue and sea lyme. A large area of Japanese rose was noted west of the bridge, this pocket does seem to be enlarging and should be produced in extent throughout the term of this plan. Japanese rose extending outwards towards Burn and playing line Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 36

37 Control through physical grubbing out throughout the margin and carefully timed application of a woody herbicide such as Timbrel. Burn crossing 2 nd carry The burns closer to the seed tend to require less intervention than those situated further inland i.e. around 9 and 10 th hole. Strong rough to back of fairway bunkering provides excellent visual interest whilst allowing greater retention of rough extent. The 2 nd hole is an important hole for wild flowers and ground nesting birds such as skylark and meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis) Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 37

38 Grasslands approaching the 2 nd and 3 rd holes is botanical, with localised areas of more dense Yorkshire fog evident particularly in old bunker positions etc. The Yorkshire fog and occasional perennial ryegrass (both alien to a links environment) will require localised scarification work together with a careful and timed application of the graminicide rescue to reduce them further. Trial and turf nursery area to extreme left side of 3 rd hole Area supports very strong successful growth of sweet vernal-grass with areas of red fescue (greens mixture and tee mixtures). Left of 5 th The box introduced to attract native bees onto the course Bees are becoming extremely rare within our countryside and golf courses do provide a superb habitat for their conservation, therefore it was pleasing to see the bee box having being installed to provide roosting, breeding etc. alongside the grasslands for them to feed. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 38

39 Operation Pollinator grassland left of 4 th germination and establishment success. hole recommend on-going seeding spring/autumn 2013 to improve Between 5 th and 6 th holes significant area of heather right of carry with sporadic heather right of 6 th carry. Heather expansion needs to continue going forward along with grassland management practices to prevent grass expansion into heather. The mounds right of 5 th fairway generally in excellent condition, one area of lush Yorkshire fog and perennial ryegrass still to be thinned. Between 7 th and 14 th holes excellent example of irregular and random coppicing/pruning of gorse, providing different heights whilst maintaining optimal conditions. Interestingly yellow bartsia has been recorded through area of rough right of 7 th tee. Well managed gorse between 7 th and 14 th holes Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 39

40 Heather is an important component through the 7 th carry running right side to the right of the 14 th forward tees. The gorse and broom separating the 14 th tees is quite dense and good progress is being made with respect to cutting out clearings and allowing ground level regeneration. Need to clear broom and gorse from heather right of 14 th forward tees, right of 7 th fairway. Gorse is increasing within the area of heather situated between the 7 th and 14 th holes and there clearly is a need to continue with a programme of its eradication. This ideally should be carried out over the first 1-2 years of this management plan. Possibly whilst removing the gorse do ensure that the broom is also removed. Heather is a significant component along the left side of the 7 th fairway, and this is places is being compromised by regenerating gorse. Three discrete clusters of gorse exist to the front left side of the green. These compromise spectator viewing and should be removed in their entirety within the first 2-3 years of the management plan. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 40

41 Heather compromised with gorse to left side of the 7 th fairway Consider possibility for mounding as per policy document left of 7 th green. General view through 8 th hole This hole has been improved considerably over the past year as more native grasses have been introduced and the course grass managed, the gorse has been reduced in significance, heather is evident to both the left and right sides and this hole is now reasonably well balanced. Work around the tee area, linking the 14 th and 8 th tees has also proven successful. Regulation alternation of wear will need to be practiced on a regular basis to maintain grass cover through the centre of the carry. The rubber matting around the right side should prove successful in this respect. Rescue had been applied to reduce the more course natured grasses and this work has Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 41

42 been very effective, scarification work is required together with additional over-seeding to improve condition further. 9 th Hole General view through 9 th hole The mosaic of gorse rough grassland through the right side of the carry provides a gradual margin to the denser groupings of gorse, which are being managed on a phased basis. The tall pines left of the 9 th hole have been brought into a programme of management which although steady is producing good results. The localised clearings through these trees provide good views to the landscape beyond. Back of 9 th green Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 42

43 Trees to the back of the 9 th green are similar to those left side, the pines are of an even age and many are leaning. There is a need here to develop soft mounding around the back of the green together with further low level tree planting all to improve separation between the course and the adjacent housing, this would involve the removal of the majority of the pine. This is a project that ideally should be completed within the term of this management plan. The work is to be complemented by other design works within the vicinity of the 9 th green, to include additional mounding, coveting of ditches and redeveloping the right hand approach bunker. Such work will need to be on-going and will be specifically targeted within the annual report undertaken on behalf of the R&A. 10 th Hole Through the 10 th, focus was centred on developing additional mounding right of the immediate carry, running back to the area of gorse which too can be re-mounded following the removal of the gorse. We discussed the need to sand cap with at least 0.5m of sand excavating to at least this depth by the margin of the carry, and using the excavated fill at this point to give height to the mounds further back. This area is quite silty and did lay quite wet through the winter of 2012/13. Additional mounding right of the 11 th fairway will be tied in with the mounding highlighted above i.e. right of 10 th hole. Again this will need to be specifically dealt with on a project by project basis within the R&A briefing report. Opportunity for nesting boxes under bridges front or back left of 11 th tees Provision exists to introduce one or two nest boxes under the bridges beneath the Barry Burn for species such as grey wagtail or even swallow. A guide for bird boxes is provided in appendix. I was pleased to see the area of the burn reinstated with gabian baskets. This area was quite dilapidated and previously prone to erosion. No additional intervention required here. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 43

44 13 th Hole The pines back of the 13 th green are becoming increasingly degenerate, selective removal of at least two trees is required here to maintain better quality character standard. Ideally the removal of the two trees will be carried out within the term of this plan. 14 th Hole Some work has been undertaken to manage the gorse left side of the carry/fairway, this is helping to conserve remnant pockets of heather from trampling pressure. 15 th Hole The gorse particularly left side of the 15 th is of high importance for nesting birds, including yellowhammer. The majority of gorse here is matured and degenerate, but some work is being undertaken to improve condition. This needs to be undertaken quickly given the sensitivity and importance for nesting birds. 16 th Hole Through the term of this plan give consideration to the 16 th to reducing the severity of the dip (front of the tees) to encourage more random usage across the whole of the carry. This would enable the removal of the quite artificial and contrived astro turf currently evident through the right hand side. 17 th Hole The 17 th green complex is well framed with gorse although that to the back left is quite dense becoming increasingly degenerate. There is a proposal to reduce extent of gorse here and introduce a more appropriate low level mounding. This work would be extremely positive, it had been reported on previous occasions within the R&A brief and should be implemented throughout the term of this management plan. 18 th Hole Astro turf noted right of tees. Provision should be given to removing all astro turf by the end of the management plan term. Implement localised trials either side of selective bridges across the Barry Burn (right of 18 th approach for example) to note success of rubber matting close grass seeding following Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 44

45 Buddon Course 1 st Hole Short 1 st hole Buddon Course The 1 st hole on the Buddon lacks vegetation interest and emphasis should be given both right and the left to the provision of gorse, probably as an offset gateway simply to give additional interest without compromising play. Gorse is not recommended to the back of the green although the open aspect is desirable. Further left of the 1 st and 2 nd holes the gorse line supports sea pea which is a notable species found within the vicinity of the outlet. 2 nd Hole Opportunity exists to increase the extent of gorse through the 2 nd hole by a) extending the gorse from the right side over and into the playing line (neatly along the fairway) connect with existing gorse left of 2 nd hole of the Championship Course; b) develop in at least 2 clusters of gorse along the left side to give separation of interest, these to be of significant size i.e. minimum 15m x 6m area. Gorse here particularly linked with that on the Championship Course would have the advantage of increasing nesting habitat when mature, this being particularly important given the extent of gorse management now being extended over the Links. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 45

46 The 2 nd green is set very well within the low level dunes, the mounds to the left side do support quite a high extent of Yorkshire fog, and would benefit from on-going thinning work which should involve physical raking, scarification, sanding and the occasional use of tines with graminicide rescue. Extent of Yorkshire fog over the mounds to left of green These mounds where more favourable grasses exist do support good botanical interest. Here rest harrow was noted in denser areas however, supported a marked increase in dandelion and creeping buttercup. 17 th /3 rd Holes General view 3 rd hole short par 3 plays adjacent to 17 th hole Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 46

47 17 th hole playing back into the dune back drop, gorse left of the carry helps definition and in the playing of this hole. The gorse could be extended further i.e. over the left hand mounding to link with existing degenerate gorse running back down towards the cart track. Plant over 12m x 6m area. Possibility to increase gorse left of 17 th carry 16 th /4 th Holes Heather is a significant feature left and particularly right of the 16 th hole. It is generally in good condition and does form an important golfing and ecological feature. Heather appears to be holding its own with little management intervention and no additional requirements are outlined other than to monitor periodically (2 yearly) to assess grass and gorse invasion. Opportunity exists to introduce 2 groupings of gorse between holes, the first left of the general tees i.e. left of the 17 th approach. This would enable the salvage of some good quality grassland for use elsewhere. The gorse will provide good separation between holes, the second tract of gorse could be used mid-way along the 10m before the connecting mounding near the area of Yorkshire fog. This will provide habitat value and further ensures separations between holes. An important water feature situated left of the 4 th green, left of 5 th tees the adjacent gorse and tree cover provides good habitat for birds such as willow warbler. The goat willow too adds additional interest around the margin of particular importance however is the common reed, which forms quite a dense and dressy white back drop to the green. This habitat is of particular value to reed, sedge warbler and reed bunting which should be conserved. The water body also supports typha, yellow flag and water lily however, a good 60% above the water is being maintained which is quite acceptable to maintain healthy water conditions. Outlets were becoming colonised with brooklime and water crowfoot, these areas will need to be cleared on occasion simply to maintain water flow through and into the Burn system. Water crowfoot is however an important species and if possible should be retained. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 47

48 Water feature to left of 4 th green 5 th Hole The 5 th hole plays in a westerly orientation across the Burn that enters the water body. The left side is dominated by few pines with a strong run of mature to degenerate gorse. Log piles have been retained at intervals, which together with the stone piles around the water feature will provide excellent habitat conditions for amphibian species. Left side of 5 th hole Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 48

49 15 th Hole Short hole running back in an easterly orientation adjacent to 4 th. This hole backs onto the water body, which envelopes the green to the right side. The pine and gorse to the back of the green is entirely appropriate linking well with that to the right of the water feature i.e. left of 16 th carry. Soft rush is around the margin of the water feature, giving way to common reed. None however is over dominant, such that views of the water feature are compromised. The taller reed vegetation does give the golfer an indication of the water body from the tee. Management intervention need be minimal it will however, be necessary to monitor the extent of broad leaved pond weed and water lilly on an on-going annual basis through the mid-summer, with a view to maintaining at least 60% open water going forward. Monitor spread of broad leaved pond weed and water lilly on an annual basis Heather is a significant component through the 15 th carry situated both left and right. A few clusters of gorse were noted within the heather, these will need to be contained and removed so as not to compromise this important habitat. Having removed the gorse it will be important to remove all underlying brash i.e. back to clean dark humus layer, or sand horizon, remove the gorse stumps all to give the heather every opportunity to recolonize, leaving the brash and stumps will simply lead to the regeneration of the gorse. 6 th /14 th Holes A small tract of coach willow is developing left of the 6 th general tees, this is compromising the localised patch of mature heather. These trees near the drinking fountain should be removed in their entirety. The sentinel willows, birch and pines separating these holes as appropriate should be retained. Bird boxes were noted on these tees adding to the nesting potential for smaller birds. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 49

50 Mound with trees within centre of heather I did question the need for the mound with planted pine and gorse situated within the centre of the large stand of heather. This area is quite contrived and unnatural, I would recommend that this be totally removed, and the ground re-scraped back to a bare sand horizon and allowed to regenerate more naturally over time. It may be that a nurse soring of red fescue be introduced simply to mask the area until heather has recovered here. Indeed some translocation of heather could be considered. Habitats to the back of the 6 th green is very appropriate consisting of mature heather, strong grassland with soft rush, sporadic tree and grub cover and uprooted dead wood and log piles. This area caters for a variety of invertebrates through to smaller bird species. This habitat continues through to the 7 th hole, no management intervention is required. 7 th Hole The 7 th hole is much more dominated by trees, the heather and gorse carry is well defined around the teeing area, extending back and towards the 6 th green. Birch is the dominant tree with occasional Scots pine close to the right giving good separation between the adjacent championship course. There is clearly a difference in bird song between the Championship and Buddon course, as the Championship Course does provide a good habitat for species such as linnet and yellowhammer, the Buddon around the area of the 7 th holes provides excellent habitat for smaller birds of the tit family, finches and warblers included chiffchaff and blue warbler. Management going forward should concentrate on maintaining the relatively sporadic and thin tree colour through the area of heather i.e. through the carry and denser group of trees left and right of the hole is appropriate although the trees are of uneven age and it would be beneficial to remove one or two on an on-going basis replacing immediately thereafter with similar species, i.e. birch. This will simply give greater structural diversity, encouraging a greater range of species without compromising the features. The trees are important for the likened interest which is well represented particularly on the west side of the birch trees. At least 4 species were immediately recognised. Further down the fairway gorse becomes well represented, occasional management will be required to maintain its condition. The gorse provides a good understory component and should not be totally removed. Coppice management however will if carried out on an infrequent basis help to maintain conditions. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 50

51 The gorse back of the green gives a good back drop as well as separation between holes. Occasional infrequent coppicing will be required throughout the areas of gorse through this hole, simply to maintain conditions going forward. 8 th Hole Short par 3 playing in oval orientation. Gorse is well represented although mature to degenerate back and left of the tees. The gorse to the right of the tees is in slightly better condition but none the less mature to degenerate. Infrequent coppicing is required to maintain condition of gorse through the 8 th hole. In addition into retain as much heather as is practically possible through the carry i.e. particularly right side, removing any naturally invading birch or gorse. 9 th Hole Good bird habitat exists to the right side of the 9 th tees, this being provided by the extent of elderberry, rowan, gorse and bramble. The birch also provide higher level canopy interest. Here robin, hedge sparrow, chaffinch, chiffchaff and willow warbler can all be readily heard through the summer months. Management here will need to be given to contain the extent of outward spread of the scrub, which if allowed will start to compromise site lines. The gorse should be maintained through the outer fringe at around 6.5-1m in height. Bramble should be kept from the margin over perhaps 3m, and more centrally dominant gorse whilst appropriate will require coppicing on occasion and this should be undertaken sensitively moving no more than one or two individual limbs from anyone plant at any one time. This is necessary given age and degree of degeneration of the course. Repeat on an annual basis. Given the extent of work required this need not be overly onerous. The water feature running right of the fairway is generally in good condition with quite a high percentage of open water. Water lily is increasing through certain areas and will need to be monitored and occasionally controlled. The golf club in 2011 engaged STRI to undertake a great crested newt survey; other aquatic surveys have also been carried out within this area (Seagreen 2011). 11 th Hole The 11 th tees are well fitted within the surround of gorse and associated taller pine/birch cover. The majority of gorse here is relatively young requiring little immediate intervention. The hole opens providing excellent views of the water feature right side and the heather running left side. Heather is generally in good condition, requiring little management intervention. The gorse however, will need to be monitored annually and any outward spread should be contained. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 51

52 General view through 11 th hole 2 groups of pine situated left and right of the 11 th green are appropriate and should be retained. I did question the more centrally located tree, which if removed would open up quite an attractive expansive tract of mature gorse. Possibility to remove the central pine back of green to open up back drop of gorse. 12 th Hole The new hole plays back in a southerly orientation adjacent the new water feature and is developing extremely well. The water feature adds considerable interest and good views are provided out into the west. Sand martins were very common at the time of the 2013 visit within excess of 30 flying around the water feature. Consideration during the construction of the water feature was given to the provision of sand martin habitat. This however, did not happen it would within the term of this Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 52

53 management plan be appropriate to develop a bespoke artificial nesting facility for these birds. I would be pleased to provide additional advice, should you wish to take this project further. The heather left side forms a good habitat mosaic with the underlying grass, sward and the taller trees. Birch however, is regenerating quite freely and will need to be physically grubbed out on an annual basis i.e. as and when noted. Newly establishing translocated heather, note extent of new tree invasion. Physical removal will be required on an ongoing annual basis. New Holes The 1 st of the new holes extending out to the west is establishing extremely well, this hole bordering the water feature would benefit from some marginal and emergent vegetation, concentrating this within the southernmost corner of the water feature so as to be visible from the existing 12 th hole and to ensure views are not compromised through the new hole. Additionally vegetation could be introduced over in the north west quadrant, again to provide visual interest without compromising views through the water feature. Common reed would be tall and entirely appropriate; the white coloured stems would give great contrast between the adjacent grassed areas. An additional pocket of common reed should be introduced from the outland culvert north side through to the taller willows. This habitat would be ideal for nesting water fowl and ducks as well as smaller bird species such as reed and sedge warbler. The shallows around the water body are already providing feeding habitat for waders including oyster catcher, curlew both heard and seen at the time of this visit. Additional interest could be provided around the margin of the island (south side) to involve marginal and emergent species to include; marsh marigold, branched bur-reed and purple loosestrife if planted in single species grouping and as significant features. This would give excellent colour and interest for golfers. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 53

54 Well established water feature through carry and returning hole, soft rush has taken extremely well through the margin of the water body and no additional management interventions required around the 2 nd water feature, other than to monitor northern marsh orchid numbers, on an on-going annual basis when in flower. Soft rush here may provide ideal nesting habitat for reed bunting, it was noted within this area. The ecologically sensitive area extreme right of this hole will require monitoring on an on-going 3 yearly basis, with a view to assessing outward tree and gorse expansion with periodic thinning and removal all to maintain the moss and heather dominated wet vegetation. Periodic monitoring and scrub/tree clearance required to maintain quality of habitat. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 54

55 13 th Hole The attractive short par 3 heavily guarded on both left and right sides by heather and mature gorse. The hole is well profiled with the green quite open and trees are set well back from the putting surface. Occasional monitoring required to maintain condition of heather with infrequent composite gorse (to be undertaken on a band of individual basis). 10 th Hole Short par 3 playing in a southerly orientation, this hole is well framed given the taller standard of birch trees and the occasional gorse set on an elevated plateau while outwardly surrounded by vegetation. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 55

56 Burnside Course 1 st and 2 nd Holes Holes 1 and 2 play in a westerly orientation, gorse is evident but on a sporadic and local basis. The rough is generally quite thick, particularly left of 2 nd carry, but becomes more conducive to golf through the left side of the 2 nd fairway. Clover is evident in places, this is a very important plant species for pollinating bees and other invertebrates. Its control however will need to be carefully coordinated i.e. on-going and localised with a view to maintaining its presence without allowing it to become overly dense. Rough running between 2 nd and 4 th holes The rough between holes from the maintenance track was relatively weak both from a landscaping and ecological point of view. A large discreet tract of gorse could be introduced some 15-20m beyond the 1 st left hand fairway bunker, possibly with one or two discreet clusters to create an offset gateway with that situated right side. Indeed a small grouping of gorse could run from the pines back of the green in a westerly fashion to give a little more interest and separation between the 2 nd fairway and 4 th green. The fringing rough running left of 2 nd and left of 4 th hole could be further developed with cutting, scarification and the occasional use of the graminicide rescue to create a more playable seeding rough. If the fringing rough was allowed to develop over perhaps 4-6m only and the wider more central rough could be left without any cutting intervention, to allow it to become denser and indeed more natural. Cutting through the central section may need to be undertaken initially on a once per year basis (late autumn) but, may overtime reduce to once every 2 years. In addition to the above consideration should be given to introduce in one small discreet grouping of gorse front right of the 3 rd green, and a second grouping immediately left of the 3 rd tees i.e. within the deeper area of rough. This is to create offset interest in the green complex, this would add additional golfing and ecological interest. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 56

57 3 rd Hole The 3 rd hole is a highly complicated golf hole with all of the features within its vicinity. Some additional gorse planting could be sensitively provided to focus the eye through the line of play. With this in mind I recommend a small grouping of gorse on the margin of the burn i.e. left side of carry around 20m from the tee. This need no more than around six individual plants, this could be merged on the right side just before and just after the crossing point with an additional small grouping of gorse extending over no more than 8m in length and perhaps 3m width. Gorse would take the back and towards the tee into the fence line, a similar small cluster could be provided green side again tapering from the front back towards the fence line and in the direction of the greens. All of the above would work well with the recommendation for additional gorse back of the 4 th tees, which if implemented would enable the eventual removal of the artificial fence. 4 th Hole The 4 th plays back and in an easterly orientation running adjacent to the maintenance complex. Tees are protected from play off the championship course by an artificial fence, with potential for tree planting, as mentioned in previous management plan, to obscure the netting around tees and create a more natural feel. The 4 th hole is relatively open, gorse if introduced left side of the fairway would help direct the sightline through and towards the green. With this in mind a further cluster of gorse could be introduced on the turn, almost directly opposite the 2 nd crossover bridge just beyond the shallow mound. A large grouping of gorse extending over 12m by 6-8m in width would be possible here. All of the above suggested gorse would compensate well for the on-going management of the gorse that is now being undertaken over the courses (benefitting nesting birds) it will also create a more defined ecological rough, by reducing golfing traffic. The widely spaced trees planted on the mounds right of the fairway to protect maintenance staff and buildings required further work. Ensure appropriate natural screening this for this end, I recommend you introduce gorse around the bottom 1/3 in at least 3 discreet groupings. It may be appropriate to develop slightly more closed spacings again in 3 discreet groupings along the length of the mound, cancelling single species groupings using species such as hawthorn, rowan, birch and goat willow, all of which are entirely native and would fit in here. 5 th Hole Interest on the 5 th hole is provided by the mature crack willows to the left and right, some sympathetic pruning has been carried out. This will increase the longevity of these trees. The tree to the right supports considerable ecological interest. These trees are important for specialist invertebrates particularly moths and are often preferred habitats for bats. 6 th Hole The 6 th runs adjacent a former much more dense woodland block, significant work has been undertaken to body of the larger woodland, respective thinning has worked quite well, the pines are all of an even age and are reaching the end of their active life, further thinning will need to be carried out, possibly with some localised restocking (at least through the margin) to improve the area further. Gorse can also be introduced in-between the retained pockets of trees. The central and more open section of the woodland is gradually being mounded, which in time and once naturalised will enable further removal of trees. The gorse within this area had been coppiced (2012/2013) and this area together with the heather required little further management intervention. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 57

58 7 th Hole 7 th is an attractive hole given the extent of heather left and right and the contribution of the pines through the 2 nd section of hole. The pines however, are of an even age and are becoming increasingly degenerate. A number are leaning or will topple over the next 10 or so years. The management here should be given to creating 2-3 discreet clusters of pine to involve removal of all remaining. The clusters will need some localised thinning, and importantly restocking so as to improve structural condition. The central section currently supporting birch, scrub, bramble and pine could be retained as a scrub area with gorse, birch, hawthorn and bramble. This would involve some additional planting or indeed simply cordoning and allowing to regenerate over time naturally. Log piles could be employed to this area for their wildlife value. 8 th Hole The 8 th hole is particularly attractive and very undulating golf hole, playing back in an easterly orientation as well as the green offset to the north. This hole is well framed with the tall mature gorse and the occasional heather (majority evident along left side). The growth running along the left side consists of red fescue, bent and perennial ryegrass with the sward improving out towards the playing line. Here however, the Yorkshire fog was evident and frequent in places. Consideration could be given to developing a fringing rough over 4-6m if starting say 1-2m into the cut rough, and extending back towards the ecology rough. This with appropriate cutting, scarification and occasional chemical work would provide a very playable seeding rough, giving additional interest through this hole. Broom is noted at intervals, and should be removed before it become overly established. Broom was also represented back of the green and again should be removed whilst young. 9 th Hole Very little intervention is required through the 9 th hole. This short par 3 is well placed, the gorse at the back of the green allows good sighting through to the Carnoustie Hotel, the AstroTurf path running on a diagonal through the carry should over time be replaced, as experience using the rubber matting is developed. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 58

59 General view 9 th hole 10 th Hole There is I feel a requirement to reinstate the gorse right side of carry i.e. on the face of the taller mound, possible through the lower 2/3 following the removal of all young broom, so as to rebalance the hole as sighted from the tee. The remaining area of the golf hole i.e. through to the green is very attractive requiring little further management intervention. Here gorse is sporadic though locally represented, the grassland was relatively fine and a good proportion of heather was noted. 11 th Hole The 11 th hole is a very attractive golf hole, particularly as viewed from the tee given the very undulating nature through the carry and indeed the general undulating topography running through the hole. The topography is managed well with the two bunkers on the right side; the green is set nicely within the back drop of mature gorse. 12 th Hole Well balanced hole with strong heather carry, AstroTurf path that should over time be replaced. The gorse extreme right of carry managed well with that running left of fairway. Little additional intervention of on-going gorse management is required through this hole. 13 th Hole Similar undulating golf hole to 12 th playing back in an easterly orientation, mounds and associated grassland with sporadic error are the main features. Grassland conditions are generally good and there is no specific intervention noted. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 59

60 15 th Hole The 15 th is a long par 5 with the green set just beyond the raised bunkers for the sentinel pine. The fairway is relatively generous to the first section; heather is situated locally along both the left and right sides. No major management intervention is required through this hole. 17 th Hole The 17 th plays back over the Barry Burn which remains a prominent feature right side of the fairway. The rough grassland beyond the maintenance track thickens, supporting quite a considerable amount of perennial ryegrass. Repeated cutting is currently being undertaken to maintain golfing conditions here. Consideration going forward should be given to cutting, scarification and the timed use of rescue to thin the fringing rough, to reduce time currently spent on cutting. Coarse perennial ryegrass dominated rough to right of 17 th hole 18 th Hole 18 th plays back in an easterly orientation with the green set before the car park. The tee is given some shelter from the tall mature gorse back and right. Barry Burn runs along the left side cutting across the carry. The 18 th hole is relatively open; a strong tract of gorse screens the starter hut. This hole supports an internal out of bounds right side, hence the need for good visibility along the length of the hole. No specific management intervention was suggested through this hole. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 60

61 Signed Bob Taylor Head of Ecology & Environment STRI is completely independent and has no alliances to commercial products, services or contractors. This ensures that our design, project management and advisory services provide the best solutions for each individual client. The contents of this report are provided by STRI Ltd. It should be noted, that whilst every effort is made to meet the client s brief, no site investigation can ensure complete assessment or prediction of the natural environment The STRI Programme provides golf courses with measurements and data that help to monitor and assess golf course performance. The R&A has recently developed CourseTracker ( a free, online business management tool for golf courses, to record, review and analyse golf club performance across many areas of your business, including the golf course. STRI believes The R&A CourseTracker combined with the STRI Programme provides the tools you need to objectively monitor and assess your golf course performance. Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 61

62 6. Appendices Appendix 1 Relevant Land-use Designations Appendix 2 (to be added) Appendix 3 Previous STRI report on Carnoustie Golf Links, 2007 Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 62

63 6.1 Relevant Land-use Designations The Firth of Tay and Eden Estuary Special Protection Area Barry Links Site of Special Scientific Interest Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 63

64 Barry Links Special Area of Conservation Ramsar Designation located at Carnoustie Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course 64