Determining Potential Environmental and Social Factors Affecting the Success of the Black Rhinoceros in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa
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1 Determining Potential Environmental and Social Factors Affecting the Success of the Black Rhinoceros in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa Rachel Santymire, Jordana Meyer, Evan Sorley, Jed Bird, Bruce Schulte, & Elizabeth Freeman 1
2 Background: Black Rhino Natural History ~65,000 2,000 by 1992 Due to poaching & habitat loss Now, ~5,000 (IUCN, 2013) Critically endangered 2
3 Background: Black Rhino Biology Herbivore: Browser (eats shrubs/trees) using prehensile lip Weigh ~3,000 lbs Horns (n=2) composed of keratin In same family as the horse (odd-toed; perissodactyla) Solitary except female with calves Use middens to mark territory and for communication Crepuscular (active evening/mornings) 3
4 What factors are influencing black rhino populations? 4
5 What factors are influencing black rhino populations? 5
6 What factors are influencing black rhino populations? 6
7 What factors are influencing black rhino populations? Rhinos shift their activity patterns in response to elephant presence (Tambling et al. In prep) Rhinos shift diet in areas where elephants have altered the vegetation (Landman & Kerley In Press; Landman et al. In Press) 7
8 What factors are influencing black rhino populations? Environmental conditions 8
9 What factors are influencing black rhino populations? Anthropogenic activity 9
10 So how are all of these factors affecting rhino behavior, physiology and ultimately population success? 10
11 Using Endocrinology in the Field Hormonal analysis provides valuable information about factors influencing free-ranging wildlife population dynamics. Gonadal hormones (for reproduction) Adrenocortical hormones (for stress physiology) Monitor the health status of wildlife Assist with management and conservation decisionmaking by providing information 11
12 Addo Black Rhino Project Our goal is to establish a health monitoring program that will investigate the relationship among black rhino hormonal activity and ecological factors that vary between two sections of Addo Elephant National Park (AENP). 12
13 Addo Elephant National Park In 1931 its goal was to protect the remaining 11 elephant. Now there are >400 individuals!! AENP will be the third largest national park in South Africa. 13
14 AENP Black Rhino Sub-populations 1995 AENP reintroduced south-western arid subspecies of black rhino (Diceros bicornis bicornis) Now has ~70% of South Africa s population Addo Population (21) 9 males, 10 females and 2 unknown Nyathi Population (24) 12 males, 10 females, 2 unknown 14
15 Environmental Factors Factors Addo Nyathi Sex ratio Female-biased Male-biased Elephant density High (~300) Moderate (~100) Predators Present Absent Vegetation Limited Abundant Tourism High Low Size of section 11,500 ha 14,000 ha 15
16 Field Methods: Looking for Rhinos 16
17 Looking for rhinos in AENP 17
18 Rhino Middens 18
19 Camera traps Set Up on Middens Identify individuals by: ear notch horns Get sample date and time 19
20 Fecal Sample Collection Endocrine analysis Parasite load 20
21 Modifying methods for the field LAB Homogenize All equipment is battery-powered Very cost effective Simplifies storage Simplifies transportation Simplifies treatment for disease (Santymire & Armstrong 2010 in Zoo Biology) 21
22 Factors Analyzed Park Section Addo Nyathi Type of road Staff Concession Landscape cover Xeric Mesic Season Wet Dry Number of rhinos 22
23 Camera Trap Locations Grouped our camera traps with at least 10 samples We collected 167 fecal samples 23
24 300 Preliminary Stress Results Park Section Glucocorticoid metabolites (ng/g feces) a Addo b P < Nyathi 24
25 Preliminary Stress Results Park Section b a, b a P < a 25
26 400 Preliminary Stress Results Landscape cover-addo only Glucocorticoid metabolites (ng/g feces) Xeric P >0.05 Mesic 26
27 400 Preliminary Stress Results Type of road-addo only Glucocorticoid metabolites (ng/g feces) P > Staff Concession 27
28 Glucocorticoid metabolites (ng/g feces) Preliminary Stress Results Season P =0.05 b a 0 Dry Wet 28
29 Preliminary Stress Results Season and number of rhinos # of rhinos C-trap location Season Waterhole FGM (ng/g) 7 (3.4) N. Addo Wet Yes ± (2.2) S. Addo Dry No ± (2.3) S. Addo Wet No ± (4.5) Nyathi triangle Dry No ± (6.8) Nyathi triangle Wet No ± (4.1) West Nyathi Dry Yes 70.1 ± (3.1) West Nyathi Wet Yes ±
30 Preliminary Stress Results Season and number of rhinos # of rhinos C-trap location Season Waterhole FGM (ng/g) 7 (3.4) N. Addo Wet Yes ± 20.1 a 4 (2.2) S. Addo Dry No ± (2.3) S. Addo Wet No ± 26.6 a 9 (4.5) Nyathi triangle Dry No ± (6.8) Nyathi triangle Wet No ± 21.9 a 5 (4.1) West Nyathi Dry Yes 70.1 ± (3.1) West Nyathi Wet Yes ± 68.0 a 30
31 Preliminary Stress Results Season and number of rhinos # of rhinos C-trap location Season Waterhole FGM (ng/g) 7 (3.4) N. Addo Wet Yes ± (2.2) S. Addo Dry No ± 27.1 a 5 (2.3) S. Addo Wet No ± (4.5) Nyathi triangle Dry No ± 21.9 a 14 (6.8) Nyathi triangle Wet No ± (4.1) West Nyathi Dry Yes 70.1 ± 12.6 b 4 (3.1) West Nyathi Wet Yes ±
32 # of rhinos Preliminary Stress Results Season and number of rhinos C-trap location Season Waterhole FGM (ng/g) 7 (3.4) N. Addo Wet Yes ± (2.2) S. Addo Dry No ± (2.3) S. Addo Wet No ± (4.5) Nyathi triangle Dry No ± 21.9 b 14 (6.8) Nyathi triangle Wet No ± 21.9 a 5 (4.1) West Nyathi Dry Yes 70.1 ± (3.1) West Nyathi Wet Yes ±
33 Preliminary Stress Results Season and number of rhinos # of rhinos C-trap location Season Waterhole FGM (ng/g) 7 (3.4) N. Addo Wet Yes ± (2.2) S. Addo Dry No ± (2.3) S. Addo Wet No ± (4.5) Nyathi triangle Dry No ± (6.8) Nyathi triangle Wet No ± (4.1) West Nyathi Dry Yes 70.1 ± 12.6 b 4 (3.1) West Nyathi Wet Yes ± 68.0 a 33
34 Summary Rhinos in Addo had higher FGMs than Nyathi rhinos. In Addo, landscape cover and type of roads did not influence FGM values; however, couldn t test tourist roads. FGMs were higher in wet versus dry season, but season did not seem to influence the number of rhinos at each site even the two sites with waterholes. FGM values were not influenced by the number of different individual visitors nor by sex. 34
35 Conclusions We are limited by the c-traps on middens. Rhinos may be avoiding the highly disturbed areas Addo rhinos did have higher FGMs than Nyathi Inter-species conflicts (elephants and lions) Calving interval longer in Addo by ~1 year Addo rhinos have fewer commensal parasites Results can be used to assist AENP managers with improving the success of their rhino populations. 35
36 36
37 Next Steps Extract DNA from feces to identify unknown samples and possibility determine paternity 37
38 Acknowledgments Co-authors (Jordana Meyer, Evan Sorley, Bruce Schulte and Elizabeth Freeman) John Addendorf, SANparks AENP Conservation Biologist Angela Gaylord, SANparks Regional Ecologist Thando Mendela, SANparks Research Assistant Maggie Hook, WKU MS student Maggie Wisniewska, WKU MS student Guides at River Bend Lodge, Gorah Lodge, Nguni Lodge and AENP Diana Armstrong, LPZ 38
Research article. Elizabeth W. Freeman 1 *, Jordana M. Meyer 2, Jed Bird 3, John Adendorff 3, Bruce A. Schulte 4 and Rachel M.
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