ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN INDIA. S D ATTRI INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, NEW DELHI GAW 2009 Workshop, Geneva, 5 7 May 2009

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1 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN INDIA S D ATTRI INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, NEW DELHI GAW 2009 Workshop, Geneva, 5 7 May 2009

2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN IMD Atmospheric Radiation 1952 Net Radiation on surface 1958 Direct Radiation from sun 1974 Atmospheric Turbidity (Total aerosol loading in the atmosphere) 2004 Solar Energy and Wind energy potential over different parts of the country (Joint program with Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources) 2005 Sky Radiometer Radiative properties Atmospheric Ozone 1955 Ozone Total Column ozone measurements 1970 Tropospheric ozone measurements 1972 Surface ozone 1987 Antarctic Ozone

3 Precipitation Chemistry 1976 BAPMoN 1982 Total Suspended Particulate Matter (air quality) 1988 GAW (Precipitation chemistry) 1999 SO 2, and NOx at Antarctica 1999 SO 2, NOx and CO (Pune) 10 stations Environmental Impact Assessment 1982 Impact studies of Mathura Refinery and regular monitoring for Taj Mahal Site 1985 Member of Expert Panels of MoE&F for environmental appraisal of Thermal Power, Industrial and Mining Projects for Environmental Clearances 1987 Participation in creation of National Air Quality Standards (Revision in 2006) 2004 National level policies on air shed management BAPMoN

4 GAW NETWORK BACKGROUND AIR POLLUTION MONITORING NETWORK (BAPMoN) JODHPUR MINICOY 0.02 SRINAGAR 0.10 PUNE 0.03 KODAIK A ph TRENDS Unit per year NAGPUR ALLAHABAD NAL Turbidity (Air) Rain water chemistry VISAKHAPATNAM Supply of monthly data 0.03 PORT BLAIR to WMO Global Data Centre Ashville, USA A ph trend value of 0.1 per year indicates a tenfold rise in acid concentrations over a period of decade. Negative trends across the country indicate increasing acidity. Soils in most parts of the country have capacity to buffer acidification. But there are still vulnerable regions in the country Turbidity (Air) Rain water chemistry Supply of monthly data to WMO Global Data Centre, Ashville, USA

5 Decadal Change in annual precipitation weighted mean ph at Indian GAW Stations Decadal change in ph of Rainwater at IMD GAW Stations ph Pune Kodaikanal Minicoy Portblair Mohanbari Nagpur Allahabad Jodhpur Visakhapatnam Srinagar

6 Annual Precipitation Weighted Mean ph Variation KODAIKANAL: ph Variation Pune: ph of Rainwater Nagpur: ph of Rainw ater Allahabad: ph of Rainwater Visakhapatnam : ph of Rainw ate r 7.0 Mohanbari: ph of Rainwater Minicoy: ph of Rainw ater Portblair: ph of Rainwater Stations Mohanbari, Kodaikanal, Nagpur, Vizag, Minicoy, Portblair show significant declining trend in ph values (increasing acidity of rainwater)

7 Decadal Change in annual precipitation weighted mean concentration of Sulfate at Indian GAW Stations micro eq/l Decadal Change in Sulfate (micro eq/l) in Rainwater Pune Kodaikanal Minicoy Portblair Mohanbari Nagpur Allahabad Jodhpur Visakhapatnam Srinagar Significant increasing trend in concentration of Sulfate at all the stations except at Kodaikanal

8 Decadal Change in annual precipitation weighted mean concentration of Nitrate at Indian GAW Stations Decadal Change in Nitrate (micro eq/l) in Rainw ater micro eq/l Pune Kodaikanal Minicoy Portblair Mohanbari Nagpur Allahabad Jodhpur Visakhapatnam Srinagar Significant increasing trend in concentration of Nitrate at Pune, Minicoy Portblair and Jodhpur

9 OZONE NETWORK

10 SURFACE OZONE CONCENTRATION OVER LODI ROAD (NEW DELHI) OZONE CONCENTRATION IN ppb June May Aug Apr July Feb Mar Dec Jan Oct Nov Sep YEAR: HOURS

11 GLOBAL IRRADIANCE Varanasi Kodaikanal Patna Hyderabad Minicoy Portblair Vizag Trivandrum Shilong Pune Panjim Nagpur Mumbai Kolkata Chennai Jodhpur Delhi Ahmedabad Post mon Monsoon Pre mon Winter Annual Trend % per decade

12 B El Chichon TURBIDITY COEFFICIENT B 0.5 : NAGPUR Aerosol and Global Dimming y = 0.006x NAGPUR: GLOBAL Nagpur: Clearsky Global y = 0.46x R 2 = y = 0.30x R 2 = NAGPUR: DIFFUSE y = 0.20x R 2 = Nagpur: Clearsky Diffuse y = 0.65x R 2 =

13 0.20 TURBIDITY COEFFICIENT B 0.5 : JODHPUR 0.15 B y = 0.001x Allsky Clearsky JODHPUR: GLOBAL Jodhpur: Global y = 0.92x R 2 = y = 0.81x R 2 = JODHPUR: DIFFUSE Jodhpur: DIFFUSE y = 0.08x R 2 = y = 0.23x R 2 =

14 AEROSOL MONITORING PREDE SKY RADIOMETER installed in IMD, New Delhi Filter Wavelengths (Å): 315, 340, 400, 500, 670, 940, 1020

15 AOD & Alpha Time Series of Aerosol Parameters Alpha (500 nm) AOD (500 nm) SSA (500 nm) 2 Post 1.8 Pre monsoon Monsoon monsoon Winter Time SSA

16 Conclusions Pre monsoon Season AOD is second minimum, SSA and Alpha are lower then Monsoon season. This indicates that due to convection there is lateral as well as vertical expansion aerosols which results in dilution of aerosol concentrations. Monsoon Season AOD is minimum at all wavelengths, SSA and Alpha are high, which indicates presence of small aerosols and washout of large aerosols by rains. Postmonsoon Season AOD is maximum and SSA is minimum, which indicates the presence of large no. of aerosols because during November High pressure area exists over Delhi with weak winds. Winter Season AOD is lower then Postmonsoon season because of movement of westerly systems over Delhi wind speeds are higher.

17 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT IMD has responsibility for meteorological services as nodal agency to assist in environmental services Evaluation of pollutants emission, fuel, micrometeorological and air quality data monitored at site Assessment of effectiveness of AAQ station network on the basis of meteorological data and wind roses. Prediction of incremental values of different air pollutants using Air Quality Models Evaluation of environment management plan Pollution carrying capacity and source apportionment Total Projects Evaluated related to Thermal Power, Industries and Mining

18 Met Monograph No. Environment Meteorology 01/2008. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT Spatial Distribution of MH during Pre monsoon Season in India (1400 hrs IST) ATLAS OF HOURLY MIXING HEIGHT AND ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY OF ATMOSPHERE IN INDIA 2008 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING AND RESEARCH CENTRE INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, NEW DELHI

19 SURFACE OBSERVATORIES NETWORK (559)

20 RAINFALL NETWORK ( 2500 OPERATIONAL REPORTING STATIONS)

21 MODERNISATION OF OBSERVATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE AWS ARG DWR Wind Finder Aviation Upgrade RS/RW Upgrade PB Aerosol Ozone NE and Port Blair

22 Environment Monitoring & Research Centre (2004) OBJECTIVES Monitor GHGs (CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O), aerosols and minor constituents of troposphere and stratosphere (Ozone). Set up Standards for measurements, calibration and data quality Provide air quality forecast Archive and disseminate environmental (atmospheric) data and data products. Research and application on environmental impacts Participate in international programs viz. GAW, GCOS, WCRP, GEOS etc. Provide specific data and inputs for policy formulation.

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24 ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES ( ) POINT BINOMIAL FILTER TREND= C/100 YEARS Postmonsoon 0.7 o C Annual Mean Temp Anomalies(0C) Y E A R S Winter 0.67 o C Premonsoon season 0.50 o C Monsoon season 0.30 o C

25 TREND OF SOUTH WEST MONSOON SEASON IN MM ( IN 100 YEARS)

26 MONSOONS A RELATIVELY REGULAR PHENOMENON INTERSPERSED WITH LARGE EXTREMES 40 All India SW Monsoon Rainfall (JUNE SEPTEMBER) RAINFALL ( % DEPARTURE ) Negative extremes tend to bunch together in bidecadal blocks marking them out as stressful epochs

27 SIGNIFICANT DECREASING TREND IN ANNUAL FREQUENCY OF CYCLONIC STORMS OVER THE NORTH INDIAN OCEAN ( ) y = x R 2 = FREQUENCY Y E A R S

28 FREQUENCIES OF MONSOONAL CYCLONIC DISTURBANCES AND CYCLONIC STORMS (JUNE SEPTEMBER) ALONGWITH THEIR TRENDS OVER NORTH INDIAN OCEAN DURING THE PERIOD

29 REGIONAL JODHPUR CREM NETWORK SRINAGAR BASE LINE DATA CENTRE RANICHAURI ANALYSIS LAB STANDARDS LAB DARJEELING NEW DELHI RAIPUR 6 GHG stations REGIONAL SHILLONG CREM A new multi agency program (IMD, NPL, JNU, IITM and RRL) for set up of permanent stations for monitoring GHGs and aerosols CREM DOMAIN 15 PUNE Sub tropical Sub humid 10 BASE LINE KODAIKANAL PORTBLAIR 2 THIRUVANANTHAPURAM E AEROSOL OZONE GREENHOUSE GAS (Baseline) GREENHOUSE GAS (Grab sampling) Tropical humid Arid region Tropical sub humid Tropical wind reversal region Maritime

30 Greenhouse Gases Aerosols Radiative properties Air Quality SO 2, NOx, ph Meteorology RANICHAURI OBSERVATORY (2000m) The surroundings of the new Climate Monitoring Station of IMD at Ranichauri, Central Himalayas

31 14 th WMO/IAEA Meeting of Experts (2007) Component CO 2 Inter Laboratory comparability ± 0.1 ppm (± 0.05 ppm in the SH) d 13 C CO 2 ± 0.01 d 18 O CO 2 ± 0.05 D 14 C CO 2 ± 1 O 2 /N 2 CH 4 CO N 2 O H 2 SF6 ± 1 per meg ± 2 ppb ± 2 ppb ± 0.1 ppb ± 2 ppb ± 0.02 ppt

32 GREENHOUSE GAS (Baseline) SKY RADIOMETER AETHALOMETER GREENHOUSE GAS (Grab sampling) OZONE O HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER Rain water chemistry and turbidity AUGMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SRN O RANICHAURI O JODHPUR O PUNE DELHI DELHI NAGPUR VARANSI VISHAKAPATNAM O GUWAHATI GOA MINICOY BANGALORE KDL PORT BLAIR

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34 FLUX PARAMETERS Tower Measurements Downward and upward total Radiation Downward and upward PAR Downward and upward UV Upward IR Temperature Relative Humidity Precipitation Wind speed and direction Aerosol size distribution Ozone, SO 2 & NO x Above Canopy CO 2 H 2 O Sensible heat Momentum VOCs Ground Upward IR Upward and downward total Radiation Soil heat flux Soil moisture Snow depth Bole temperature

35 thank you